Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 1: TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

1. Ta

vc t Ta

im
Cho a = (x1; y1;z1 ), b = (x 2 ; y 2 ;z 2 ) v s thc k . Khi



* a b = (x1 x 2 ; y1 y 2 )


* ka = (kx1;ky1;kz1 )
x1 = x 2










x1 y1 z1

* a // b a = kb
=
=
= k a = b y1 = y 2 .
x 2 y2 z 2
z = z
1
2
Ch : nu x 2 = 0 ( y 2 = 0, z 2 = 0) th x1 = 0 ( y1 = 0, z1 = 0)


* | a |= x12 + y12 + z12






* a.b = x1x 2 + y1y 2 + z1z 2 a b x1x 2 + y1 y 2 + z1z 2 = 0






a.b
* cos(a,b) =


| a || b |
Cho A = (x A ; y A ;z A ), B = (x B ; y B ;z B ), C(x C ; yC ;zC ), D(x D ; y D ;z D ) . Khi :


* AB = (x B x A ; y B y A ;z B z A )


* AB =| AB |= (x B x A ) 2 + (y B y A )2 + (z B z A ) 2
x + x B yA + yB z A + z B
* Trung im I ca on AB: I = ( A
;
;
)
2
2
2
x + x B + x C y A + y B + yC z A + z B + z C
*Trng tm G ca ABC : G( A
;
;
)
3
3
3
*Trng tm G ca t din ABCD:
x + x B + x C + x D yA + yB + yC + yD z A + z B + zC + z D
G( A
;
;
)
4
4
4
2. Tch c hng ca hai vc t v ng dng

a) nh ngha: Cho a = ( x1 ; y1 ; z1 ) v b = ( x 2 ; y 2 ; z 2 )


y z z x x y
[a,b] = 1 1 ; 1 1 ; 1 1
y2 z 2 z 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
b) Cc tnh cht:









* a cng phng b a,b = 0










* a,b a v a,b b









* a, b = a . b .sin(a,b)
c) ng dng ca tch c hng:
1 


Din tch tam gic: SABC = AB,AC .
2
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Ta trong khng gian

Th tch:




* Hnh hp: VABCD.A ' B ' C ' D ' = AB, AD .AA '
1 



* T din: VABCD = AB, AC .AD
6
iu kin 3 vct ng phng:








* a, b,c ng phng a,b .c = 0




* A, B, C, D ng phng AB,AC .AD = 0

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

V d1: Trong khng gian cho bn im A(0;2;0), B(1;0; 3), C(0; 2;0), D(3;2;1)
1) Chng minh rng A,B,C,D khng ng phng
2) Tnh din tch tam gic BCD v ng cao BH cu tam gic BCD
3) Tnh th tch t din ABCD v ng cao ca t din h t A
4) Tm ta E sao cho ABCE l hnh bnh hnh
5) Tnh gc gia hai ng thng Ac v BD
6) Tm im M thuc Oy sao cho tam gic BCM cn ti M
7) Tm ta trng tm G ca t din ABCD v chng minh A, G, A thng hng vi A
l trng tm tam gic BCD.
V d 2: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.A 'B'C'D 'c
A trng vi gc ta , B(a;0;0),D (0;a;0), A '(0;0;b) vi
(a > 0, b > 0) .Gi M l trung im ca CC' . Tnh th tch ca khi t din BDA 'M
V d 3: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho A(1;2;1). B(5;3;4), (8;3;2)
1) Chng minh rng tam gic ABC vung
2) Tm ta chn ng phn gic trong gc B cu tam gic ABC
3) Tnh th tch t din OABC
V d 4: Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz cho A(4;0;0), B(x 0 ; y0 ;0) vi x0, y0 tha

= 600 .
mn AB = 8 v AOB
1) Tm C trn Oz sao cho th tch t din OABC bng 8.
2) Gi G l trng tm ABO v M trn cnh AC sao cho AM=x. Tm x
OM GM .
V d 5: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht AB = a ,AD = 2a ng
cao SA = 2a.Trn cnh CD ly im M sao cho MD = x ( 0 x a )
1)Tm v tr ca M din tch tam gic SBM ln nht, nh nht.
1
2)Tm v tr ca M mp(SBM) chia hnh chp thnh hai phn VC.SBM = VS.ABCD
3
V d 6: Trong khng gian vi h ta Cc vung gc Oxy cho t din ABCD vi
A(2;3;2), B(6;1; 2), C(1;4;3), D(1;6;-5) . Tnh gc gia hai ng thng AB v
CD. Tm ta M trn CD sao cho tam gic ABM c chu vi nh nht.

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GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 2: PHNG TRNH TNG QUT CA MT PHNG

1. Vc t php tuyn:



nh ngha: Cho (). Vc t n 0 gi
l vc t
php tuyn (VTPT) ca
mp() nu n nm trn ng

thng


vung gc vi (), k hiu n ( ) .


n
Ch

: *Nu n l VTPT ca () th
P
kn (k 0) cng l
VTPT ca (). Vy mp() c v s
VTPT.



* Nu hai vc t a, b (khng cng




phng) nm trn hai ng thng song song (hoc nm trn) () th n = [a, b] l mt vc



t php tuyn ca (). Cp vc t a, b gi l cp vc t ch phng ca mp().




* Nu ba im A,B,C khng thng hng th vc t n = [AB,AC] l mt VTPT ca
mp(ABC).
2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng:


* Cho mp() i qua M(x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) , c VTPT l n = (A;B;C) . Khi phng trnh tng
qut ca mp() c dng: A(x x 0 ) + B(y y0 ) + C(z z 0 ) = 0 .


* Nu mp() : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 th n = (A;B;C) l mt VTPT ca mp().
* Nu A(a;0;0), B(0;b;0), C(0;0;c) th phng trnh ca mp(ABC) c dng:
x y z
+ + = 1 v c gi l phng trnh theo on chn ca mp().
a b c
3. Cc v d:
V d 1: Lp phng trnh ca mp(P) trong cc trng hp sau:
1) (P) i qua A (1;2;1) v song song vi mp ( Q ) : x + y + 3z 1 = 0 .
2) (P) i qua M ( 0;1;2 ) , N ( 0;1;1) , P ( 2;0;0 ) .
3) (P) l mt phng trung trc ca on MN (M,N cu 2).
4) (P) i qua cc hnh chiu ca A(1;2;3) ln cc trc ta .
5) (P) i qua E (1;2;0 ) , F ( 0;2;0 ) v vung gc vi mp ( R ) : x + y + z + 1 = 0 .
Li gii:





1) mp (Q) c VTPT n Q = (1;1;3) . V (P) //(Q) nn (P) c VTPT n P = n Q = (1;1;3) .
Vy pt mp(P) l :1(x 1) + 1(y 2) + 3(z 1) = 0 x + y + 3z 6 = 0 .




2) (P) i qua M,N,P nn (P) c cp VTCP MN = (0;0; 1), NP = (2; 1; 1) , do VTPT




ca (P): n = [MN, NP] = (1; 2;0)
Vy pt ca (P): x + 2y = 0 .

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Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

3
3) Gi I l trung im ca MN I(0;1; ) . mp(P) l mp trung trc ca on MN nn (P)
2


i qua I v nhn MN lm VTPT. Vy phng trnh (P): z-1=0.
4) Ta hnh chiu ca A ln cc trc ta l A1 (1;0;0 ) , A 2 ( 0;2;0 ) , A3 ( 0;0;3) . p
dng phng trnh on chn ta c phng trnh ca mp(P) l:
x y z
+ + = 1 6x + 3y + 2z 6 = 0
1 2 3


5) V mp(P) i qua E,F v vung gc vi mp(R) nn (P) nhn EF = (1;0;0) v






n R = (1;1;1) lm cp VTCP VTPT (P): n P = [EF, n R ] = (0;1; 1)
Vy phng trnh mp(P): y 2 = 0 .

Ch : 1)Qua cc v d trn ta thy lp phng trnh ca mt mt phng ta phi xc

nh mt im m mt phng i qua v VTPT ca n. xc nh VTPT ta cn ch mt
s tnh cht sau y
* Nu hai mt phng song song vi nhau th chng

c cng VTPT.
* Nu mp(P) cha hoc song song vi AB th AB l mt VTCP ca mp()
* Nu mp(P)(Q) th VTPT

ca mt phng ny s l VTCP ca mt phng kia.
* Nu mp(P) AB th AB l mt VTPT ca mp(P).
* Thng thng lp phng trnh mt phng ta phi i tm cp VTCP, t tm c
VTPT.
2) M(x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Ax 0 + By0 + Cz 0 + D = 0 .
V d 2: Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A ( 1;2;3) v vung gc vi hai mt
phng : ( ) : x 2 = 0 ; ( ) : y z 1 = 0 .
Gii: V mp(P) vung gc vi hai mp ( ) v mp ( ) nn mp(P) c VTPT l




n P = [n , n ] = (0;1;1) pt mp(P) : y + z 5 = 0 .
V d 3: Cho mp ( P ) : 2x + y + z + 1 = 0 v A (1;2;3) .
1) Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca A ln (P).
2) Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua mp(P).
Gii:
1) Gi H(x; y;z) l hnh chiu ca A ln mp(P), ta c: 2x + y + z + 1 = 0 (1)




Mt khc: AH (P) AH = (x 1; y 2;z 3) cng phng vi n P = (2;1;1)
x 1 y 2 z 3

=
=
= t x = 2t + 1; y = t + 2;z = t + 3 thay vo (1) ta c:
2
1
1
4
5 2 5
2(2t + 1) + t + 2 + t + 3 + 1 = 0 t = H( ; ; ) .
3
3 3 3
2) Gi A '(x; y;z) i xng vi A qua mp(P), khi H l trung im ca AA
13 2 1
A '( ; ; ) .
3 3 3
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Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
Bi tp:
Bi 1: Vit phng trnh mp(P) bit

1) (P) i qua A (1;0; 3) v c VTPT n = (1; 3;5) .
2) (P) i qua M (1; 1;1) , N ( 0;2;0 ) , P ( 2; 3; 4 ) .
3) (P) l mp trung trc ca on AB vi A ( 4;3;2 ) , B ( 0; 1;4 ) .




4) (P) i qua M ( 2;3;2 ) v c cp VTCP l u (1;1; 2 ) ;v ( 3;1;2 ) .
5) (P) i qua M ( 2;3;4 ) v song song vi trc Ox;Oz .
6) (P) i qua hai im M (1; 2;1) ; N ( 1;1;3) v // vi trc Oy .
7) (P) i qua M ( 2; 1;1) ; N ( 2;3; 1) v vung gc vi mp ( Q ) : 4x y 2z + 1 = 0 .
8) (P) i qua cc hnh chiu ca im M ( 4; 1;2 ) trn cc mt phng to .
Bi 2: Cho mp ( P ) : 2x + y z + 1 = 0 v hai im A (1;1;3) , B ( 0;2;1) .
a) Tm hnh chiu ca A ln mp(P).
b) Tm M (1; y;z ) thuc (P) sao cho MA = MB .
Bi 3: Cho mp ( P ) : 3x 8y + 7z 1 = 0 v hai im A ( 0;0; 3) , B ( 2;0; 1) . Tm M thuc
(P) sao cho tam gic AMB l tam gic u.
Bi 4: Cho t din ABCD c A ( 5;1;3) ;B (1;6;2 ) ;C ( 5;0;4 ) ;D ( 4;0;6 )
1) Vit phng trnh mt phng (BCD).
2) Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P1 ) i qua A v vung gc vi BC
3) Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P2 ) i qua A,B v //CD
4) Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P3 ) i qua A v cha Ox
5) Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P4 ) i qua B v // mt phng (ACD)
6) Tm to hnh chiu ca A trn mt phng (BCD).

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Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 3: V TR TNG I CA HAI MT PHNG

1. V tr tng i ca hai mt phng :
Cho hai mp(P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v (Q): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
* (P) ct (Q) A : B : C A: B: C .
A B C D
*(P) //(Q)
= =
A ' B' C' D '
A B C D
= = =
*(P) (Q)
A ' B' C' D '
*(P) (Q) AA '+ BB'+ CC' = 0
2. Chm mt phng:
Cho hai mp(P) v (Q) ct nhau ; () l mp i qua giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Khi
phng trnh ca () c dng: (Ax + By + Cz + D) + (A 'x + B' y + C'z + D') = 0
v c gi l phng trnh chm mp.
3. Cc v d:
V d 1: Cho ba mt phng: (1 ) : x + y + z 3 = 0; ( 2 ) : 2x + 3y + 4z 1 = 0 v
( 3 ) : x 2y + z + 4 = 0
1) Xt v tr tng i gia (1 ),( 2 ) v (1 ),( 3 ) .
2) Vit phng trnh mp(P) i qua A (1;0;1) v giao tuyn ca (1 ) v ( 2 ) .
3) Vit pt mp(Q) i qua giao tuyn ca hai mp (1) v (3) v ng thi vung gc vi
mp (2).
Gii:
1 1 1
1) Ta c: (1 ) v ( 2 ) ct nhau.
2 3 4
Tng t th hai mt phng (1 ) v ( 3 ) cng ct nhau.
2) V mp(P) i qua giao tuyn ca (1 ) v ( 2 ) nn phng trnh ca (P) c dng:
(x + y + z 3) + (2x + 3y + 4z 1) = 0 vi 2 + 2 0
( + 2)x + ( + 3)y + ( + 4)z 3 = 0 .
V A(1;0;1) (P) 5 = 0 = 5
Vy phng trnh mp(P): 7x + 8y + 9z 16 = 0 .
3) Phng trnh ca mp(Q) c dng: (x + y + z 3) + (x 2y + z + 4) = 0
( + )x + ( 2)y + ( + )z 3 + 4 = 0



V (Q) ( 2 ) n Q .n 2 = 0 2( + ) + 3( 2) + 4( + ) = 0 = 0

Vy phng trnh mp(Q): x 2y + z + 4 = 0 hay (Q) (3 ) .

V d 2: Tm m,n hai mt phng sau song song vi nhau
( P ) : 2x + my + nz 5 = 0 v ( Q ) : ( m + 1) x + 6y 6z + 2 = 0 .
Gii:
m + 1 6 6
2
Hai mp (P) v (Q) song song vi nhau
= =

2
m n
5

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Ta trong khng gian

m = 4
m +1 6
= m 2 + m 12 = 0
T
.
2
m
m = 3
* Vi m = 4 n = 4
* Vi m = 3 n = 3
Vy (m;n) = (4;4), (3; 3) l cc cp s cn tm.

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

V d 3: Tm m,n 3 mt phng sau cng i qua mt ng thng:

( P ) : 2x + my + nz + 3 = 0 , ( Q ) : x + y 3z + 1 = 0 , ( R ) : 2x + 3y + z 1 = 0 .
Gii:
Cch 1: Ly hai im A,B thuc c hai mp(Q) v (R), khi ta ca A,B l nghim
x + y 3z + 1 = 0
c a h :
2x + 3y + z 1 = 0
*Cho z = 1 x = 6, y = 4 A(6; 4;1) .
*Cho z = 0 x = 4, y = 3 A(4;3;0) .
Ba mp cho cng i qua mt ng thng A, B (P)
5

m
=
4m + n = 15
3

l gi tr cn tm.
25
3m = 5
n =

3
Cch 2: Phng trnh ca mi mp i qua giao tuyn ca (Q) v (R) u c dng
( + 2)x + ( + 3)y + ( 3)z + = 0 .
+ 2 + 3 3
Ba mp trn cng i qua mt ng thng
=
=
=
2
m
n
3
+ 2
5
25
T
=
= 8 , chn = 1 = 8 m = , n = .
2
3
3
3
Bi tp:
1) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua M (1;0;1) v i qua giao tuyn ca ( ) v ( ) .
Vi ( ) : 2x y + z 4 = 0 , ( ) : x + y 3z 1 = 0 .
2) Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua giao tuyn ca hai mp (P): x + y 2 = 0 v
(Q) : 4y + z 2 = 0 ng thi song song vi mt phng(R): x 3y z + 2 = 0 .
3) Xt v tr tng i gia cc cp mt phng sau:
a) x + 2y z = 0 v 2x 4y 2z + 1 = 0
b) 5 x y + 1 = 0 v y 5 x 1 = 0
4) Tm m,n hai mp sau y song song vi nhau
(P) : mx + 2y (n + 1)z + 1 = 0 ; 3x + (m 1)y mz + 2 = 0
5) Vi gi tr no ca m th hai mp sau y vung gc vi nhau
(P) : mx 2y (2m + 1)z + 1 = 0 ; 3x + (m 1)y 3z + m 1 = 0
6) Chng minh rng ba mp sau cng i qua mt ng thng:
(P) : x + 3y + 2z 1 = 0; (Q) : 3x y z 1 = 0; (R) : 25x 5y 6z 9 = 0 .
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GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 4: PHNG TRNH NG THNG

TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng:
Cho hai mp ( P ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v ( Q ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 . Gi s (P) v
(Q) ct nhau theo giao tuyn ( ). Khi phng trnh ca c dng.
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
(1)

A 'x + B' y + C'z + D' = 0

(1) Gi l phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng .
2. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng:


a) nh ngha: Cho ng thng . Vc t n 0 gi l vc t ch phng ca /t nu
n nm trn ng thng song song ho
c trng


vi .
Ch : * Nu c pt tng qut (1) th u = [n, n '] l mt vc t ch phng ca .


* ng thng AB c AB l VTCP .


b) Cho ng thng i qua M(x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) v c VTCP u = (a;b;c) . Khi phng trnh
x = x 0 + at

ng thng c dng: y = y 0 + bt t R (2)

z = z + ct
0

(2) gi l phng trnh tham s ca ng thng , t gi l tham s.

3. Phng trnh chnh tc:


Cho ng thng i qua M(x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) v c VTCP u = (a;b;c) . Khi phng trnh
x x 0 y y0 z z0
ng thng c dng:
=
=
(3)
a
b
c
(3) gi l phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng .

Ch : Trong (3) nu mu bng 0 th ta quy c t cng bng 0.

4. Cch chuyn t pttq sang ptts v ngc li:
a) Chuyn t tham s sang tng qut
T 1 trong 3 phng trnh ca h (2) ta rt t ri th vo hai pt cn li
b) Chuyn t pttq sang ptts



C 1: T (1) suy ra VTCP u = [n, n '] , chn im i qua ta cho mt n v gii h tm hai
n cn li.
C 2: t mt n bng t, gii hai n cn li qua t ta tm c ptts.
5. Cc v d:
V d 1: Lp ptts, ptct v pttq ca

ng thng d bit:
1) d i qua A ( 2;0;1) v c VTCP u = (1; 1; 1) .
2) d i qua A (1;2;1) v B ( 1;0;0 ) .
3) d i qua M ( 2;1;0 ) v vung gc vi mp(P): x + 2y 2z + 1 = 0 .

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Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

x + y z + 3 = 0
4) d i qua N ( 1;2; 3) v song song vi ng thng :
.
2x y + 5z 4 = 0
Gii:
x = 2 + t

1) Phng trnh tham s ca d: y = t

z = 1 t

x 2 y z 1
Phng trnh chnh tc ca d:
=
=
1
1 1
x 2 y
1 = 1 x + y 2 = 0
Phng trnh tng qut ca d:

.
y
z

1
y

z
+
1
=
0

=
1 1


2) V d i qua A v B nn d nhn AB = (2; 2; 1) l VTCP
x = 1 2t

Phng trnh tham s ca d: y = 2 2t

z = 1 t

x 1 y 2 z 1
Phng trnh chnh tc ca d:
=
=
2
2
1
x 1 y 2
=
x y + 1 = 0
2
2
.
Phng trnh tng qut ca d:

2
z

1
y

2z
=
0

=
2
1


3) V d vung gc vi mp(P) nn d nhn VTPT ca (P) n P = (1;2; 2) lm VTCP
x = 2 + t

Phng trnh tham s ca d: y = 1 + 2t

z = 2t

x + 2 y 1 z
Phng trnh chnh tc ca d:
=
=
1
2
2
x + 2 y 1
=
2x y + 5 = 0
1
2
Phng trnh tng qut ca d:

.
y

1
z
y
+
z

1
=
0

=
2
2




4) ng thng c VTCP: u = [n1 , n 2 ] = (4; 7; 3)


V d// nn d nhn u d = (4; 7; 3) lm VTCP.
x = 1 + 4t

Phng trnh tham s ca d: y = 2 7t

z = 3 3t

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Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

x +1 y 2 z + 3
=
=
.
4
7
3
x +1 y 2
4 = 7
7x + 4y 1 = 0
.

Phng trnh tng qut ca d:

y

2
z
+
3
3y

7z

27
=
0

=
3
7

Phng trnh chnh tc ca d:

Ch :
Mt ng thng hon ton c xc nh khi bit:
1) N l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng: V c nhiu cp mp i qua ng thng nn khi
chn cp mp ta cn ch cc tnh cht sau:
*) Nu ng thng d i qua M v vung gc vi d th ng thng d nm trong mt
phng i qua M v vung gc vi d
*) Nu ng thng d i qua M v ct ng thng d th ng thng d nm trong mt
phng i qua M v ng thng d
*) Nu ng thng d i qua M v song song vi mt phng (P) th ng thng d nm
trong mt phng i qua M v song song vi mp(P)
*) Nu ng thng d song song vi ng thng d v ct ng thng d thi ng
thng d nm trong mt phng cha d v song song vi ng thng d
2) i qua mt im v VTCP.
V d 3: Vit phng trnh ca ng thng bit
1) i qua M (1;0; 1) v vung gc vi hai ng thng
x + y z 3 = 0
2x + y + 1 = 0
(d1 ) :
(d 2 ) :
.
2x

y
+
6z

2
=
0
z
=
0

Gii:




Ta c: d1 c VTCP u1 = (5; 8; 3) ; d 2 c VTCP u 2 = (1; 2;0)


Cch 1: Gi s u = (a;b;c) l mt VTCP ca . V vung gc vi d1 v d2 nn



a = 2b

b
u .u1 = 0
5a 8b 3c = 0

u
= .(6;3;2)





2
a

2b
=
0
3
c
=
b
u
.u
=
0

2
3

x = 1 + 6t

Phng trnh l: y = 3t
.
z = 1 + 2t



Cch 2: Gi (P) l mp i qua M v vung gc vi d1 (P) nhn u1 = (5; 8; 3) lm
VTPT (P) : 5x 8y 3z 8 = 0


Goi (Q) l mp i qua M v vung gc vi d 2 (P) nhn u 2 = (1; 2;0) lm
VTPT (P) : x 2y 1 = 0 .

Trang 10

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
2) i qua M (1;4; 2 ) v song song vi hai mp ( P ) : 6x + 6y + 2z + 3 = 0 v
( Q ) : 3x 5y 2z 1 = 0 .
Gii :
Cch 1 : G

i d l
giao

tuyn ca hai mp(P) v (Q)
VTCP u d = [n P , n Q ] = (1;9; 24)



//(P)
V
// d u = u d = (1;9; 24)
//(Q)
x = 1 t

Vy phng trnh ca : y = 4 + 9t
(t R) .
z = 2 24t

Cch 2 : Gi ( ) l mp i qua M, song song vi (P) () : 3x + 3y + z 13 = 0

Gi ( ) l mp i qua M, song song vi (Q) () : 3x 5y 2z + 13 = 0
//(P)
( )
3x + 3x + z 13 = 0

:
.
V

//(Q)

)
3x

5y

2z
+
13
=
0

3) nm trong mp(P): y + 2z = 0 v ct hai ng thng

x = 1 t
x = 2 t

(d1 ) : y = t
(d1 ) : y = 4 + 2t .
z = 4t
z = 1

Gii: Gi A, B ln lt l giao im ca (P) vi d1, d2

Thay phng trnh d1 vo phng trnh (P) ta c : t + 8t = 0 t = 0 A(1;0;0)
Thay phng trnh d2 vo phng trnh (P) ta c : 2t + 6 = 0 t = 3 B(6;2;1)
V nm trong (P) ng thi ct d1, d2 nn i qua A,B nhn

AB = (5;2;1) lm VTCP
x = 1 + 5t

Vy phng trnh ca ng thng l: y = 2t .

z = t
x +1 y + 3 z 2
4) i qua M (4; 5;3) v ct hai ng thng (d1 ) :
=
=
v
3
2
1
x 2 y +1 z 1
(d 2 ) :
=
=
2
3
5
Gii:

Cch 1: Ta c d1 i qua M1 (1; 3;2) v VTCP u1 = (3; 2; 1)

ng thng d 2 i qua M 2 (2;1;1) v VTCP u 2 = (2;3; 5)
Gi (P) l mp i qua M v cha ng thng d1. Khi (P) c cp VTCP l


MM1 = (3;2; 1) v u1 = (3; 2; 1)

Trang 11

Ta trong khng gian

  
Suy ra (P) c VTPT n P = [MM1 , u1 ] = (4;0; 12)
Phng trnh (P): x + 3z 5 = 0 .

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Tng t gi (Q) l mp i qua M v ng thng d2, ta c

mp(Q): 7x 13y 5z 22 = 0 .

phng trnh ca

V i qua M v ct hai ng thng d1 ,d 2 nn l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q)

x + 3z 5 = 0
Vy c phng trnh l:
.

7x 13y 5z 22 = 0

Cch 2: Gi A, B ln lt l giao im ca v d1 ,d 2

A d1 A(1 + 3t;3 2t;2 t) MA = (3t + 3;2t + 2;t 1)
V


B d 2 B(2 + 2y;1 + 3y;1 5y) MB = (2y + 6;3y + 4;5y 2)

3(t + 1) 2(t 1)
2y + 6 = 3y + 4


i qua M nn MA cng phng vi MB hay

3(t + 1) (t + 1)
=

2y
+
6
5y + 2


y = t = 0 MA = (3;2;1) .

x = 4 + 3t

Vy phng trnh : y = 5 + 2t

z = 3 t

(t R) .

Nhn xt: * Khi bi ton yu cu vit phng trnh ng thng m khng ni g thm
th ta vit mt trong ba loi phng trnh tham s, tng qut, chnh tc
* Cch gii th hai l ta xc nh ng thng bng cch xc nh hai im thuc ng
thng . xc nh mt im thuc ng thng ta chuyn phng trnh ng thng v
phng trnh tham s, vic lm ny gip chng ta gim bt s n cn tm.
5) i qua M (0;1;1) , vung gc vi ng thng d1 :

x 1 y + 2 z
=
= v ct ng
3
1
1

x + y z + 2 = 0
thng d 2 :
.
x
+
1
=
0

Gii :

Cch 1 : ng thng d 2 i qua A(1;1;3) v c VTCP u 2 = (0;1;1)

Trang 12

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI


ng thng d1 c CTCP u1 = (3;1;1)


Gi (P) l mp i qua M vung gc vi ng thng d1 (P) nhn u1 = (3;1;1) lm
VTPT phng trnh ca (P) : 3x + y + z 2 = 0 .

Gi (Q) l mp i qua M v ct ng thng d 2 (Q) c cp ch phng l u 2 = (0;1;1)


 
v MA = (1;0;2) n Q = [u 2 , MA] = (2;1;1)
Phng trnh (Q) : 2x y + z = 0 .

3x + y + z 2 = 0
V l giao tuyn ca hai mp(P) v (Q) :
.
2x y + z = 0

Cch 2 : Gi N l giao im ca v d 2 N(1;t;t + 1) MN = (1; t 1;t)
 

V vung gc vi d1 MN.u1 = 0 t = 2 MN = (1;1;2)
x = t

Phng trnh : y = 1 + t
(t R) .

z = 1 + 2t
x 2 y 1 z +1
V d 4: Cho ng thng :
=
=
v im A(2;3;1)
2
1
2
1) Tm ta hnh chiu A ca A ln ng thng .
2) Tm M thuc sao cho MA = 4 .
Gii :

1) Cch 1 : V A ' A '(2 + 2t;1 + t;1 2t) AA ' = (2t;t 2;2t 2)
 
2
14 7 5
Mt khc AA ' AA '.u = 0 t = A '( ; ; )
9
9 9 9
Cch 2 : Gi (P) l mp i qua A vung gc vi
(P) : 2(x 2) + (y 3) 2(z 1) = 0 2x + y 2z 5 = 0
14 7 5
A chnh l giao im ca v (P) A '( ; ; ) .
9 9 9

2) M M(2 + 2t;1 + t;1 2t) AM = (2t;t 2;2t 2) MA = 4
2 2 19
9
14 + 4 19 7 + 2 19 5 4 19
14 4 19 7 2 19 5 + 4 19
Vy M(
;
;
) ; M(
;
;
)
9
9
9
9
9
9
4t 2 + (t 2) 2 + 4(t + 1) 2 = 16 9t 2 + 4t 8 = 0 t =

Bi tp:
x = 2 + 2t

x +1 y + 3 z 2
Bi 1. Cho M ( 4; 5;3) v hai /t (d1 ) :
=
=
v d 2 : y = 1 + 3t

3
2
1
z = 1 5t
1) Vit pt mp(P) i qua M v cha (d1).
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M ct (d1) v vung gc vi (d2).

Trang 13

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
3) Vit pt ng thng i qua M ct (d1) v (d2).
4) Vit pt mp(Q) i qua (d1) v song song vi (d2).
5) Vit pt ng thng i qua M vung v ct (d1).
6) Vit pt mp(R) i qua A(1 ;2 ;3) v vung vi (d2).
Bi 2. Vit pt ng thng i qua A (1 ;1 ;2) song song vi mp (P) : x y z 1 = 0 v
x +1 y 1 z 2
vung gc vi ng thng
=
=
2
1
3
Bi 3. Trong khng gian cho A ( 0;0;1) , B ( 1; 2;0 ) v C ( 2;1; 1) .
1) Vit pt tng qut ca mp ( ABC ) .
2) Vit pt ng thng i qua trng tm ABC v vung gc vi mp(ABC).
Bi 4: Cho A (a;0;0), B(0;a;0),C(a;a;0),D (0;0;d )(a,d > 0) .Gi A1, B1 l hnh chiu
vung gc ca gc ta O xung DA,DB. Vit pt (OA1B1 ) .CM : (OA1B1 ) CD .Tnh d

theo a A
1OB1 = .
4
Bi 5: Chuyn phng trnh ca cc ng thng sau:
x = 2 + 3t
3x + y + 2z + 1 = 0

1)
v ptts.
2) y = 1 t v pttq
x y z + 1 = 0
z = 3t

x = 1
x + y + z 3 = 0

3)
v ptct
4) y = 1 + 2t v pttq v ptct
2x 2x + 3z 1 = 0
z = 2 t

x = 1 + t
x 2y + z 4 = 0

Bi 6. Cho hai ng thng (d1 ) :

(d 2 ) : y = 2 + t
x + 2y 2z + 4 = 0

z = 1 + 2t
1) Vit pt mp(P) cha (d1) song song vi (d2).
2) Cho M(2;1;4). Tm H thuc (d2) sao cho MH nh nht. (H Khi A-2002)
Bi 7: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng
x = 1 + 2t
x y 1 z + 2
d1 : =
=
v d 2 :
.Vit phng trnh ng thng d vung
y
=
1
+
t
;
z
=
3
2
1
1

gc vi mt phng (P): 7x + y 4z = 0 v ct hai ng thng d1, d2 .(H Khi A -2007).

Bi 8: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho im A(4; 2;4) v ng thng
x + 3 y 1 z +1
:
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A, vung v ct ng
2
1
4
thng (H Khi B 2004 ).

Trang 14

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 5: V TR TNG I GIA NG THNG

V MT PHNG
1. V tr tng i gia hai ng thng:


x x 0 y y0 z z 0
Cho hai /t (d) :
=
=
i qua M(x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) c VTCP u = (a;b;c)
a
b
c
,
,
,


x x 0 y y0 z z 0
v (d ') :
=
=
i qua M '(x ,0 ; y,0 ;z,0 ) c VTCP u ' = (a ';b';c') .
'
b'
c'


a 
*Nu [u,u ']MM ' = 0 d v d ' ng phng. Khi xy ra ba trng hp
+) d v d ct nhau a : b : c a ' : b' : c'
+) d // d ' a : b : c = a ' : b' : c' (x 0 x '0 ; y0 y0 ';z 0 z '0 )
+) d d ' a : b : c = a ' : b' : c' = (x 0 x '0 ; y0 y0 ';z0 z '0 )




* Nu [u,u ']MM ' 0 d v d cho nhau
2. V tr tng i gia ng thng v mt
phng
Cho mp() : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 c VTPT n = (A;B;C) v ng thng


x x 0 y y0 z z 0
() :
=
=
c VTCP u = (a;b;c) v i qua M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ;z 0 ) .
a
c

b

* () ct () n v u khng cng phng Aa + Bb + Cc 0 . Khi ta giao im l
(1)
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

nghim ca h : x x 0 y y0 z z 0
(2)
a = b = c
T (2) x = x 0 + at, y = y0 + bt, z = z 0 + ct th vo (1) t giao im



Aa + Bb + Cc = 0
n u
* ( ) //()

Ax 0 + By 0 + Cz 0 + D 0
M 0 ()



Aa + Bb + Cc = 0
n u
* ( ) ( )

Ax 0 + By 0 + Cz 0 + D = 0

M 0
()
* ( ) () n v u cng phng A : B : C = a : b : c .
3. Cc v d
V d 1 : Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau :
x y z 7 = 0
x + 2y z 1 = 0
1) d1 :
d2 :
3x 4y 11 = 0
x + y + 1 = 0
x = 1 + t
x = 1 + 2t '

2) d1 : y = 2 + t
d 2 : y = 1 + 2t '
z = 3 t
z = 2 2t '

Gii :


ng thng d1 c VTCP u1 = (4;3;1) v i qua M1 (5;1; 3)

Trang 15

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI


ng thng d2 c VTCP u 2 = (1; 1; 1) v i qua M 2 (1;0; 2)






M1M 2 = (6; 1;1) [u1 , u 2 ].M1M 2 = 0 d1 v d 2 ng phng.




M u1 v u2 khng cng phng nn d1 v d2 ct nhau.
x + 2y z 1 = 0
x = 1
x + y + 1 = 0

Cch 2 : Xt h phng trnh :

y = 2 thay vo phng trnh th
z = 4
x y z 7 = 0

3x 4y 11 = 0
t ta thy tha mn h c nghim duy nht
c
t nhau ti A(1 ;-2 ;-4).
Vy hai ng thng d1 v d2 
2) ng thng d1 c VTCP u1 = (1;1; 1) v i qua M1 (1;2;3)


ng thng d2 c VTCP u 2 = (2;2; 2) v i qua M 2 (1; 1;2)




Ta thy u1 v u2 cng phng v im M1 khng thuc d2
Vy d1//d2.
V d 2 : Tm m hai ng thng sau ct nhau v tm ta giao im ca chng.
x 7 y 1 z 3
x4 y z+2
d1 :
=
=
d2 :
=
=
.
2
4
m 1
4
3
2
Gii :
x = 7 + 2t
x = 4 + 4t '

v d 2 : y = 3t '
Cch 1 : Ta c ptts ca ng thng d1 : y = 1 + 4t
z = 3 + (m 1)t
z = 2 + 2t '

7 + 2t = 4 + 4t '

d1 v d 2 ct nhau h 1 + 4t = 3t '
c nghim.
3 + (m 1)t = 2 + 2t '

13
5
T hai phng trnh u ca h t = ; t ' =
thay vo phng trnh th ba ta c :
22
11
13
10
103
3 (m 1) = 2 + m =
.
22
11
13
64 15 12
Khi ta giao im ca hai ng thng l : A( ; ; ) .
11 11 11


Cch 2 : ng thng d1 c VTCP u1 = (2;4;m 1) v i qua M1 (7;1;3)


ng thng d 2 c VTCP u 2 = (4; 3;2) v i qua M 2 (4;0; 2)





[u1;u 2 ] = (3m + 5;4m 8; 22), M1M 2 = (3; 1; 5)




[u1 ;u 2 ].M1M 2 = 0
d1 v d 2 ct nhau 



3(5 + 3m) (4m 8) + 110 = 0
[u
;u
]
0

1 2

Trang 16

Ta trong khng gian

103
64 15 12
m=
v ta giao im l : A( ; ; ) .
11 11 11
13

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

V d 3 : Xt v tr tng i gia ng thng (d) v mp(). Tm ta giao im cu

chng nu c.
x = 12 + 4t

1) d : y = 9 + 3t
() : 3x + 4y z 2 = 0
z = 1 + t

2x + 3y + 6z + 2 = 0
2) d :
() : y + 4z + 17 = 0
x + y + z + 5 = 0
x 13 y 1 z 4
3) d :
=
=
() : x + 2y 4z + 1 = 0.
8
2
3
Gii :
1) Cch 1 : Thay phng trnh ca d vo phng trnh ca () ta c :
3(12 + 4t) + 4(9 + 3t) 1 t 2 = 0 23t + 69 = 0 t = 3
Vy d ct () ti A(0;0; 2) .







Cch 2 : Ta c : u d = (4;3;1), n = (3;4; 1) u d .n = 35 0 Vy d v () ct nhau
2x + 3y + 6z + 2 = 0 y = 4z 17

2x 6z 49 = 0
2) Cch 1 : Xt h phng trnh x + y + z + 5 = 0
y + 4z + 17 = 0
x 3y 12 = 0

Ta thy h ny v nghim d //( ) .








Cch 2 : Ta c : u d = (3;4; 1), n = (0;1;4) u d .n = 0
28 13
Mt khc im M(0; ; ) d m M () d //( ) .
3 3







3) Ta c u d = (8;2;3), n = (1;2; 4) u d .n = 0 v im M(13;1;4) d ng thi
M ( ) d ( ) .

Ch : chng minh ng thng ( ) () ta c th ly hai im thuc () v chng

minh 2 im cng thuc mp( ) .
5x 2y + 3z 5 = 0
V d 4 : Cmr /t d :
nm trong mp() : 2x 3y z 10 = 0 .
x
+
4y
+
5z
+
15
=
0

Gii :
46 6
24 16
Cch 1 : Ly hai im thuc ng thng d l A(1; ; ) v B(1; ; ) . Kim
11 11
11 11
tra ta thy hai im A v B u thuc mp() d () .


Cch 2 : ng thng d c VTCP l u = (22; 22;22) v mp() c VTPT





n = (2; 3; 1) . Ta c u.n = 0 d //()
Trang 17

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
46 6
Mt khc A(1; ; ) thuc d v mp ( ) nn ta c d ( ) .
11 11
(2m + 1)x + (1 m)y + m 1 = 0
V d 5 : Tm m ng thng (dm) :
mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0
Song song vi mp(P) : 2 x y + 2 = 0 (H Khi D-2002)
Gii:


Cch 1: ng thng dm c VTCP u = (2m 2 + m + 1; 4m 2 4m 1;m 2 m) v i qua


A(0;1;-2). Mt phng (P) c VTPT n = (2; 1;0)



u.n = 0
1
4m 2 + 2m + 2 + 4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0
d m //(P)

m= .
2
A (P) 1 + 2 0
(2m + 1)x + (1 m)y + m 1 = 0

Cch 2: d m / /( P ) h pt sau v nghim: mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0

2x y + 2 = 0

m 1

x = 3
(2m + 1)x + (1 m)y + m 1 = 0
m 2 + 11m + 6

mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0
(2m + 1)z =
3
y = 2x + 2

y = 2x + 2

1
Suy ra h v nghim 2m + 1 = 0 m = .
2
x +1 y 1 z 2
x2 y+2 z
V d 1: Cho hai /t: d :
=
=
, d':
=
=
. Cmr (d) v (d)
2
3
1
1
5
2
cho nhau. Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca (d) v (d).

Gii :


Ta c : d i qua M(1;1;2) v c VTCP u d = (2;3;1) ; d i qua M '(2; 2;0) v c VTCP


u d ' = (1;5; 2) .









[u d ;u d ' ]=( 11;5;7), MM ' = (3; 3; 2) [u d ;u d ' ].MM' = 62 0 .
d v d cho nhau.
Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung



Cch 1 : Gi (P) l mp i qua d v nhn u = [u d ;u d ' ]=( 11;5;7) lm VTCP.




n P = [u;u d ]=(16; 25;43) v (P) i qua M
Phng trnh (P) : 16(x + 1) 25(y 1) + 43(x 2) = 0
hay 16x 25y + 43x 45 = 0




Gi (Q) l mt phng i qua d v nhn u = [u d ;u d ' ]=( 11;5;7) lm VTCP.
Tng t ta c phng trnh ca mp(Q) l : 3x + y + 4z 4 = 0 .
Trang 18

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

16x 25y + 43x 45 = 0
.
Phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d v d l:
3x + y + 4z 4 = 0
Cch 2 : Gi AB l on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng d v d
A d A(1 + 2t;1 + 3t;2 + t) , B d ' B(2 + t '; 2 + 5t '; 2t ')


AB = (t ' 2t + 3;5t ' 3t 3; 2t ' t 2) .
37




t
'
=
15t ' 14t = 5
AB.u d = 0

195
V AB l on vung gc chung 


.
30t
'

15t
=
8
2
AB.u
=
0

t =
d'

13

682 62 434


17 7 24
AB = (
; ;
) u AB = (11; 5; 7) v A( ; ; ) .
195 39 195
13 13 13
17
7
24
x+
y
z
13 =
13 =
13 .
Vy phng trnh AB:
11
5
7
Ch : lp phng trnh vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau (d) v (d)
ta c cc cch sau:





C 1: Tm u = u d , u d ' , lp phng trnh mp(P) i qua (d) v nhn u lm VTCP v

phng trnh mp(Q) i qua (d) nhn u lm VTCP. Khi ng vung gc chung
= (P) (Q) .
x = x 0 + at
x = x 0 '+ a 't '

C 2: Chuyn pt (d) v (d) v dng tham s d : y = y0 + bt ; d ' : y = y0 '+ b't '

z = z + ct
z = z '+ c't '
0
0

Ly M v N thuc (d) v (d), khi M(x 0 + at; y0 + bt;z 0 + ct) ,

N(x 0 '+ a 't '; y0 '+ b't ';z 0 '+ c't ') . Khi MN l ng vung gc chung ca (d) v (d)



MN.u = 0



gii h ny ta tm c t, t t ta c M, N.
MN.u
'
=
0

Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho mp() : 3x + y 2z 2 = 0 v ng thng (d) :

x+3 x4 z
=
=
3
1
2

a) Chng minh rng : d () ti A. Xc nh A.

x 1 = 0
b) Cmr ng thng ( ) :
nm trong ( ) . Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha
y 2z + 1 = 0
ng thng (d) v song song vi () . Chng minh ( ) ( ) .
2x + y + 1 = 0
3x + y z + 3 = 0
Bi 2. Cho hai ng thng d1 :
, d2 :
x y + z 1 = 0
2x y + 1 = 0
a) Chng minh rng hai ng thng (d1) v (d2) ct nhau ti A.

Trang 19

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
b) Vit phng trnh mp(P) i qua hai ng thng (d1) v (d2).
Bi 3. Cho hai im A(0;0;-3), B(2;0;-1) v mp(P): 3x-8y+7z-1=0
a) Tm ta giao im I ca ng thng AB v mp(P).
b) Tm ta im C nm trn mp(P) sao cho tam gic ABC u.
3x + y z + 3 = 0
x x +1 z
Bi 4. Chng minh rng hai ng thng d1 : =
=
; d2 :
v
1
2
3
2x y + 1 = 0
A(1;-1;1) cng nm trong mt mt phng.
x + y + 2z = 0
Bi 5. Xt v tr tng i gia hai ng thng : ( ) :
v ng thng
x y + z + 1 = 0
x+2 y z2
(d) :
=
=
.
1
2
1
Bi 6. Cho A(2 ;3 ;5) v mp(P) : 2x + 3y + z 17 = 0
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua A v vung gc vi (P).
b) Chng minh rng ng thng (d) ct trc Oz ti M. Tm ta im M
c) Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua (P).
x 3 y +1 z +1
Bi 7. Cho ng thng (d k ) :
=
=
k + 1 2k + 3 1 k
a) Cmr (dk) lun nm trong mt mp c nh. Vit phng trnh mp c nh .
b) Tm k (dk) song song vi hai mp: 6x y 3z 13 = 0 v x y + 2z 3 = 0 .
x + y z 2 = 0
x 1 y + 2 z +1
Bi 8. Cho hai /t d :
=
=
, d':
3
1
2
x + 3y 12 = 0
a) Cmr (d) //(d). Vit pt mp i qua (d) v (d).
b) mp(Oxz) ct (d) v (d) ti A v B. Tnh din tch tam gic OAB.
Bi 9. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho 3 ng thng:
x y 2 = 0
x 4 y 2 z 1
x 5 y +1 z + 2
d1 :
,
d2 :
=
=
,
d3 :
=
=
2x

6
=
0
1
2
1
2

1
1

Chng minh rng d1 ,d2 cho nhau v vit phng trnh ng thng d ct d1,ct d2 v
song song vi d3.
Bi 10. Trong h ta trc chun Oxyz cho hai ng thng (1 ) v ( 2 ) :
8x z 23 = 0
2x z + 3 = 0
(1 ) :
v ( 2 ) :
4x y 10 = 0
2x + y + 2 = 0
Vit phng trnh ng thng () song song vi trc Ox v ng thi ct c hai ng
thng (1 ) , ( 2 ) .
Bi 11: Vit pt ng vung gc chung ca (d) v (d)
3x + y 5z + 1 = 0
x 3 y 1 z 1
1) d :
d':
=
=
7
2
3
2x + 3y 8z + 3 = 0
.
x 7 y3 z9
x 3 y 1 z 1
2) d :
=
=
d':
=
=
1
2
1
7
2
3
Trang 20

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 6: KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng:
Khong cch t M(x0;y0;z0) n mp(P): Ax + By + Cz+D=0 l:
| Ax 0 + By0 + Cz 0 + D |
d(M,(P)) =
.
A 2 + B2 + C 2
2. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng:


Cho ng thng i qua M0, c VTCP u v im M . Khi tnh khong
cch t M n ta c cc cch sau: 


| [M 0 M,u]|


C 1: S dng cng thc: d(M, ) =
.
|u|
C 2: Lp phng trnh mp(P) i qua M vung gc vi . Tm giao im H ca (P) vi
. Khi di MH l khong cch cn tm.
3. Khong cch gi hai ng thng cho nhau:


Cho
hai

ng
th

ng
cho
nhau

i
qua
M
c
VTCP
u
v i qua M0 c VTCP
0


u ' . Khi khong cch gia hai ng thng v c tnh theo cc cch sau:




u, u ' .M 0 M '0

C 1: S dng cng thc: d(, ') =

.



u,u '

C 2: Tm on vung gc chung MN. Khi di MN l khong cch cn tm.

C 3: Lp phng trnh mp(P) i qua v song song vi . Khi khong cch cn tm
l khong cch t mt im bt k trn ' n (P).
x = 1 + t

V d 1: Tnh khong cch t A(1;-2;3) n ng thng : y = 1 t .

z = 2t

Gii:


Cch 1: ng thng i qua M(1;1;0) v c VTCP u = (1; 1;2)





AM = (0;3; 3) [AM, u ] = (3;3;3)



| [AM, u ]| 3 3 3 2


Vy d(A, ) =
=
=
.
2
| u |
6
Cch 2: Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln H(1 + t;1 t;2t)





3
AH = (t;3 t;2t 3) AH.u = 0 6t 9 = 0 t =
2

3 3
3 2
AH = ( ; ;0) d(A, ) = AH =
.
2 2
2

Trang 21

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
V d 2: Tnh khong cch gia cp ng thng sau:
x = 1
x = 3t '

: y = 4 + 2t v ' : y = 3 + t ' .
z = 3 + t
z = 2

Gii:
Cch 1:


ng thng i qua M(1;-4;3) v c VTCP u = (0;2;1)


ng thng i qua M(0;3;-2) v c VTCP u ' = (3;1;0)









[u , u ' ]=(1; 3;6), MM ' = (1;7; 5) [u , u ' ].MM ' = 50 .




| [u , u ' ].MM ' | 50



=
.
Vy d(, ') =
| [u , u ' ]|
46
Cch 2:
Ly A A(1; 4 + 2t;3 + t) v B ' B(3t ';3 + t '; 2)


AB = (3t ' 1; t ' 2t + 7; t 5)



AB.u = 0
AB l on vung gc chung ca v ' 


AB.u ' = 0
16

t' =

25 75 150

2t ' 5t = 9
50

23

AB = ( ;
) AB =
23 23 23
46
10t ' 2t = 10 t = 35
23
50
.
Vy d(, ') = AB =
46
V d 3: Lp phng trnh mp(P) bit :
1) (P) song song vi mp(Q): 2x-3y-6z-14=0 v khong cch t O n (P) bng 5.
x 2 y +1 z
1
2) (P) cha ng thng :
=
= v khong cch t M(0;0; ) n (P) bng
2
3
2
1
7
.
6 3
Gii:
1) V (P) // (Q) (P) : 2x 3y 6z + D = 0
|D|
M d(O,(P)) = 5
= 5 D = 35 .
2
2
2
2 +3 +6
Vy phng trnh mp(P): 2x 3y 6z 35 = 0 .
x 3z 2 = 0
2) Phng trnh tng qut ca :
. V (P) cha nn phng trnh
y 2z + 1 = 0
mp (P) : (x 3z 2) + (y 2z + 1) = 0 x + y (3 + 2)z + 2 = 0 .
Trang 22

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
1
| (3 + 2) + 2 |
7
7
V d(M,(P)) =
2
=
6 3
2 + 2 + (3 + 2) 2 6 3
=
2
2
17 12 5 = 0
5 .
=
17

* Vi = (P) : x + y 5z 1 = 0 .
5
* Vi = chn = 17 = 5 (P) : 5x 17y 36z 27 = 0 .
17
V d 4: Trong khng gian vi h to cc vung gc Oxy cho bn im A(1;0;0) ,
B(1;1;0) ,C(0;1;0), D(0;0;m) vi m l tham s khc 0.
1) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v BD khi m=2
2) Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca O trn BD .Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m din
tch tam gic OBH t gi tr ln nht.
Gii: 



Ta c: AB = (0;1;0), CD = (0; 1;m)




1) Vi m=2 ta c: CD = (0; 1;2) v AC = (1;1;0)













| [AB,CD].AC | 2



[AB,CD] = (2;0;0) [AB,CD].AC = 2 d(AB,CD) =
= = 1.
2
| [AB,CD] |
2) t x = OH BH = OB2 OH 2 = 2 x 2
1
1 2
1
1
SOBH = x. 2 x 2 =
x (2 x 2 ) (x 2 + 2 x 2 ) = .
2
2
4
2
ng thc xy ra x = 1 OH = 1 d(O, BD)=1







Ta c: BD = (1; 1;m), OB = (1;1;0) [BD,OB] = (m;m;0)



|[BD,OB |
m 2
d(O, BD)= 

=
= 1 2m 2 = 2 + m 2 m = 1 .
| BD |
2 + m2
Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.

V d 5: (H Khi A 2004 )
Trong khng gian cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi, AC v BD ct nhau
ti gc ta O. Bit A(2;0;0), B(0;1;0), S(0;0;2 2) . Gi M l trung im ca SC.
1) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SA, BM.
2) Gi s mp(ABM) ct SD ti N. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABMN
Gii:
1) V C v D ln lt i xng vi A v B qua gc ta O nn C(-2;0;0), D(0;-1;0)

trung
i m
M(1;0; 2)
ta






1) Ta c: SA = (2;0;2 2), BM = (1; 1; 2), SB = (0;1; 2 2)
Trang 23

Ta trong khng gian








[SA, BM] = (2 2;0;2) [SA, BM].SB = 4 2 .




| [SA,BM].SB | 4 2 2 6



=
=
.
Vy d(SA,BM) =
3
| [SA, BM] |
2 3

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

1
2) Ta c AB // CD//MN N l trung im ca SD N(0; ; 2)
2




1
SM = (1;0; 2), SN = (0; ; 2)
2
1 


2 2
* VSABN = |[SA,SB].SN |=
6
3
1 



2
* VSAMN = |[SA,SM].SN |=
6
3
Vy VS.ABMN = VSABN + VSAMN = 2 .

Bi tp:
Bi 1: Tnh khong cch gia cc cp ng thng sau:
x = 1 + 3t
x 2 y +1 z

1) : y = 2 + 2t
':
=
=
2

2
2
z = 1

x 3 y3 z4
=
=
2
2
3
Bi 2: Tnh khong cch
2) :

':

x 1 y 6 z +1
=
=
1
2
0

x + 2 y 1 z +1
=
=
.
1
2
2
x + y 2z 1 = 0
2) T N(2;3;-1) n ng thng :
.
x
+
3y
+
2z
+
2
=
0

Bi 3: Trong khng gian cho hai ng thng :

x az a = 0
ax + 3y 3 = 0
d1 :
v d 2 :
.
y z + 1 = 0
x + 3z 6 = 0
1) Tm a hai ng thng d1 v d2 ct nhau.
2) Vi a=2: Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d2 v song song vi
ng thng d1. Tnh khong cch gia d1 v d2.
Bi 4: Lp phng trnh mp(P) bit
1) (P) song song mp: 2x-3y-5z+1=0 v khong cch t M(-1;3;1) n (P) bng 3.
6
2) (P) i qua A(2;0;0), B(0;3;0) v khong cch t O n (P) bng
7
Bi 5: Trong khng gian cho t din OABC vi A(0;0;a 3), B(a;0;0), C(0;a 3;0) vi
a>0. Gi M l trung im ca BC. Tnh khong cch gia hai /thng AB v OM.
1) T M(2;3;1) n ng thng :

Trang 24

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

x = 1 + 3t
2x + 3y 4 = 0

Bi 6: Cho hai ng thng: d :

v d ' : y = 2 + t
y + z 4 = 0
z = 1 + 2t

1) Chng minh rng hai ng thng d v d' cho nhau

2) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng d v d'
3) Hai im A, B khc nhau v c nh trn ng thng d sao cho AB = 117 .Khi
C di ng trn ng thng d',tm gi tr nh nht ca din tch tam gic ABC.
Bi 7 : Trong khng

gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz cho hai im A(2;0;0) v B(0;0;8)
v C sao cho AC = (0;6;0) . Tnh khong cch t trung im I ca BC n ng thng
OA.
Bi 8: Trong khng gian vi h trc ta cc vung gc Oxyz cho hai im
S(0;0;1),A(1;1;0). Hai im M(m;0;0), N(0;n;0) thay i sao cho m + n = 1 v m>0, n>0.
1) Chng minh rng th tch hnh chp S.OMAN khng ph thuc vo m v n.
2) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SMN)
Bi 9: Trong khng gian vi h trc ta vung gc Oxyz cho cc im A(1,1,3),
B(-1,3,2) v C(-1,2,3).
1) Kim chng A, B ,C khng thng hng v vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ba
im ny. Tnh khong cch t gc ta O n (P)
2) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC v th tch t din OABC
x 1 y + 3 z 3
Bi 10: Trong khng gian cho ng thng :
=
=
v mt phng
1
2
1
(P): 2x + y 2z + 9 = 0 .
1) Tm ta im I thuc sao cho khong cch t I n mp(P) bng 2.
2) Tm to giao im A ca ng thng vi mp(P). Vit phng trnh ng thng
d nm trong mp(P), i qua A v vung gc vi . (H Khi B 2005 ).

Trang 25

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 7: GC
1. Gc gia hai ng thng:


x x 0 y y0 z z 0
Cho hai ng thng :
=
=
c VTCP u = (a;b;c) v
a
b
c


x x 0 ' y y0 ' z z0 '
':
=
=
c VTCP u ' = (a ';b ';c') . gi =(, ), khi :
a'
b'
c'



| aa '+ bb'+ cc' |
cos =| cos(u, u ') |=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + b + c a ' + b' + c'
2. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng
x x o y yo z z o
Cho mp () : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v ng thng ( ) :
=
=
gi
a
b
c
l gc gia mp() v ng thng (), khi ta c:



| Aa + Bb + Cc |
sin =| cos(n , u ) |=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
A +B +C a +b +c
3. Gc gia hai mt phng
Cho hai mp(): Ax + By + Cz+D=0 v (): A 'x + B' y + C'z + D' = 0 . Gi l gc gia
hai mp (00 900). Khi :



| AA '+ BB'+ CC' |
cos =| cos(n ,n ) |=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
A + B + C A ' + B' + C'
V d 1. Tm gc to bi gia
x = 1 + 2t
x = 2 t '

1) Cp ng thng : y = 1 + t v ' : y = 1 + 3t ' .

z = 3 + 4t
z = 4 + 2t '

x + 2 y 1 z 3
2) ng thng :
=
=
v mp(P): x + y z + 2 = 0 .
4
1
2
3) Hai mp(P): x + y 3z + 1 = 0 v (Q): 2x + y + z + 3 = 0 .
Gii:




1) Ta c: u = (2;1;4), u ' = (1;3;2)
| 2 + 3 + 8 |
9
cos(, ') =
=
(, ') = 580 20' .
22 + 12 + 42 12 + 32 + 22 7 6




2) Ta c: u = (4;1; 2), n P = (1;1; 1)
sin(,(P)) =

| 4 +1+ 2|

42 + 12 + 22 3




3) Ta c: n P = (1;1; 3), n Q = (2;1;1)

7
(,(P)) = 61052' .
3

Trang 26

Ta trong khng gian

| 2 +1 3|
cos((P),(Q)) =
= 0 ((P),(Q)) = 900 .
11 6

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

x = a + 1 + at
ax + 3y a 3 = 0

V d 2: Cho hai ng thng d1 : y = 2

v d 2 :
z 1 = 0
z = t

1) Tnh csin ca gc hp bi hai ng thng (d1) v (d2)

2) Tm a gc gia hai ng thng trn bng 600.
Gii: 



Ta c: u d1 = (a;0;1), u d 2 = (3; a;0)
1) Ta c: cos(d1 ,d 2 ) =

| 3a|

a2 + 1 a2 + 9
| 3a |
1
2) Ta c: (d1 ,d 2 ) = 600
= a 4 26a 2 + 9 = 0
(a 2 + 1)(a 2 + 9) 2
a = 13 + 4 10
a 2 = 13 + 4 10

.
2

a
13
4
10
=

a = 13 4 10

V d 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(1;-5;3) v to vi hai tia Ox, Oy cc gc

bng 600 .
Gii:


Gi s ng thng cn lp c VTCP u = (a;b;c) . V to vi hai tia Ox, Oy mt gc




0
60 nn a, b > 0 . Mt khc: u Ox = (1;0;0), u Oy = (0;1;0) .
|a|
1

=
2
a + b 2 + c2 2
b = a
Nn

.
|
b
|
1
c
=

2a

=
a 2 + b 2 + c2 2


b = a
x 1 y + 5 z 3
u = (a;a;a 2) = a(1;1; 2) :
=
=
.
* Vi
1
1
2
c = 2a


b = a
x 1 y + 5 z 3
* Vi
u = (a;a; a 2) = a(1;1; 2) :
=
=
.
1
1
2
c = 2a

V d 4: (H Khi A 2006 )
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz .Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A'B'C'D' vi
A (0;0;0), B(1;0;0), D (0;1;0),A '(0;0;1) .Gi M,N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD.
1) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng A 'C v MN .
Trang 27

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

1
2) Vit pt mp (P) cha A 'C v to vi mp( Oxy ) mt gc bit cos =
.
6
Gii:
Z

A'

D'

B'

C'

N
C

1
1
Ta c: C(1;1;0), B'(1;0;1), C'(1;1;1), D'(0;1;1) M( ;0;0), N( ;1;0) .
2
2





1



1) Ta c: A 'C = (1;1; 1), MN = (0;1;0), NC = ( ;0;0) [A 'C, MN] = (1;0;1)
2




|[A 'C, MN].NC |
1



d(A 'C;MN) =
=
.
|[A 'C,MN] |
2 2
x y = 0
x 1 y 1 z
2) Phng trnh AC:
=
=

.
1
1
1 x + z 1 = 0
V (P) cha ng thng AC nn phng trnh mp(P) c dng:
(x y) + (x + z 1) = 0 ( + )x y + z = 0 ( 2 + 2 0)


||
1
Do n Oxy = (0;0;1) cos =
=
2 + 2 2 = 0
6
( + ) 2 + 2 + 2
=

= 2
* Vi = pt mp(P) : 2x y + z 1 = 0 .
* Vi = 2 chn = 1 = 2 (P) : x 2y z + 1 = 0 .
Bi tp:
Bi 1: Tnh gc gia ng thng v mp(P) trong cc trng hp sau
x = 2 t

1) : y = 5
v (P): y z = 0 .
z = 1 + t

Trang 28

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
x 2y + 3z + 1 = 0
2) :
v mp(P): 3x + 2y z 4 = 0 .
2x + y 5z 1 = 0
Bi 2: Cho hai mp(P): x + y 3z + 1 = 0 v (Q): 2x + y + z + 3 = 0 .
1) Tnh gc gia hai mp (P) v (Q).
2) Tm ta im M thuc Oy sao cho M cch u hai mt phng (P) v (Q).

Bi 3: Tnh cosin ca gc gia cc cp mp sau

1) () : x + y z + 1 = 0
() : 2x + y + 1 = 0
.
2) () : 3x + z 1 = 0
() : 2x + y + z 2 = 0
Bi 3: Cho t din ABCD vi A ( 2;3;2 ) , B ( 6; 1; 2 ) , C ( 1; 4;3) , D (1;6; 5 ) .Tnh gc
gia hai ng thng AB v CD, Tm ta im M thuc ng thng CD sao cho tam
gic ABM c chu vi nh nht.
x + 3ky z + 2 = 0
Bi 4: Tm k ng thng (d) :
vung gc vi mt phng
kx

y
+
z
+
1
=
0

(P) : x y 2z + 5 = 0 .
Bi 5: Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz, cho A(a;0;0), B(0;b;0), C(0;0;c)
1) Tnh khong cch OH t O n mt phng (ABC).
2) Cho a 2 + b 2 + c2 = 3 Tm gi tr ln nht ca OH.
3) Gi , , l gc hp bi cc mt bn v mt y ca t din OABC. Cmr:

cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 1 .

Bi 6: Trong khng gian vi h ta cc vung gc Oxyz cho hnh hp ch nht
ABCD.ABCD c A trng vi gc ta , B(a;0;0),D(0;a;0),A'(0;0;b) (a>0,b>0). Gi M
l trung im cnh CC.
a) Tnh th tch khi t din BDAM theo a v b.
a
b) Xc nh t s
hai mt phng (ABD) v (MBD) vung gc vi nhau.
b
Bi 7: Trong khng gian vi h ta cc vung gc Oxyz cho hai im
I(0; 0; 1), K(3; 0; 0). Vit phng trnh mt phng i qua hai im I, K v to vi mt
phng (Oxy) mt gc bng 300 .
Bi 8: Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh bng 2.Gi E,F tng ng l trung

im cc cnh AB v DD
1)Cm:EF song song vi (CBD)
2)Gi K l trung im CD.Tmh k/c t C n mp(KEF) v xc nh gc gia hai ng
thng EF v BD

Trang 29

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 8: HNH CHIU
1. Hnh chiu ca im ln ng thng
tm hnh chiu H ca A ln ng thng ta c cc cch sau :
H


C 1: Chuyn phng trnh ca v ptts, khi H l im : 

AH
//
VTCP
u

C 2: Lp phng trnh mp(P) i qua A, vung gc vi . Khi H chnh l giao im

ca v (P).

2. Hnh chiu ca im ln mt phng:

tm hnh chiu H ca A ln mp(P) ta c cc cch sau
H (P)
C1: H l hnh chiu ca A 


AH // n

C 2: Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua A v vung gc vi (P), khi giao im

ca (P) v l im cn tm.

3. Hnh chiu ca ng thng ln mt phng

tm hnh chiu ca ng thng ln mp(P) ta lp phng trnh mp(Q) cha ng
thng v vung gc vi (P), khi giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) chnh l hnh chiu ca
ln (P).

V d 1: Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz cho hai im A(2;1;1), B(0;-1;3) v ng

3x 2y 11 = 0
thng :
.
y + 3z 8 = 0
1) Vit phng trnh mp(P) l mt phng trung trc ca on AB. Gi K l giao ca (P)
vi ng thng . Chng minh rng MK , vi M l trung im AB.
2) Tm phng trnh hnh chiu ca trn mp(P).

Gii:
1) Gi M l trung im ca on AB M(1;0;2) .


V (P) l mp trung trc on AB nn (P) nhn AB = (2; 2;2) lm VTPT
(P) : x + y z + 1 = 0 .

Trang 30

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
3x 2y 11 = 0 x = 3


Xt h phng trnh : y + 3z 8 = 0 y = 1 K(3; 1;3) MK = (2; 1;1) .

x + y z + 1 = 0 z = 3






Mt khc u = (6; 9;3) u .MK = 12 + 12 = 0 MK (pcm).
2) Gi (Q) l mp cha v vung gc vi (P)




n Q = [u , n P ] = (2;1; 1) . M im H(3; 1;3) H (Q)
Phng trnh mp(Q): 2x y + z 10 = 0 .
Vy phng trnh hnh chiu ca ln (P) chnh l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q)

2x y + z 10 = 0
Nn n c phng trnh l:
.
x + y z + 1 = 0

V d 2:

Cho mp(P): x + 2y z + 5 = 0 , ng thng :

x+3
= y + 1 = z 3 v
2

im A(1;2;1)
1) Tm gc gia (P) v , tm ta giao im ca (P) v .
2) Tm ta A i xng vi A qua .
3) Tm im A i xng vi A qua (P).

Gii:




Ta c n P = (1;2; 1), u = (2;1;1) v i qua im M(3; 1;3) .

x = 3 + 2t

Phng trnh tham s ca : y = 1 + t .

z = 3 + t

1) Ta c: sin(,(P)) =

1
(,(P)) = 300
2

Thay phng trnh tham s ca vo phng trnh ca (P) ta c

3t 3 = 0 t = 1 N(1;0;4) l giao im ca v (P).
2) Gi (Q) l mp i qua A v vung gc vi (Q) : 2x + y + z 1 = 0
Thay phng trnh tham s ca vo phng trnh (Q) ta c:
6t 5 = 0 t =

5
4 1 23
H '( ; ; ) l hnh chiu ca A ln ng thng
6
3 6 6

Trang 31

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

5 7 20
V H l trung im ca AA nn A '( ; ; ) .
3 3 3
x = 1 + t

3) Gi ' l ng thng i qua A v vung gc vi (P) ' : y = 2 + 2t , thay vo

z = 1 t

7
13 1 13
phng trnh ca (P) ta c: 6t + 7 = 0 t = H"( ; ; ) l giao im ca
6
6 3 6
' v (P). V H l trung im ca AA A"(

10 8 10
; ; ) .
3 3 3

Bi tp
Bi 1: Trong khng gian cho A(2;0;0), C(0;4;0), S(0;0;4)
1) Tm ta B thuc mp Oxy sao cho t gic OABC l hnh ch nht
2) Tm ta A i xng vi A qua SC.

Bi 2: Cho ng thng ( ) :

x +1 y 1 z 3
=
=
v mp(P): 2x 2y + 2z 3 = 0 .
1
2
2

1) Tm ta giao im ca () v mp(P)
2) Tm ta im A i xng vi A(1;-2;3) qua mp(P)

Bi 3: Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng () ln mp(P)

1) :

x 2 y + 2 z 1
=
=
v (P) : x + 2y + 3z 4 = 0 .
3
4
1

x y + z 5 = 0
v (P) : 3x 2y z + 15 = 0 .
2) :
2x
+
3y
+
z

4
=
0

Bi 4: Cho mp(P): 2x y + z + 2 = 0 , ng thng :

x 1 y +1
=
= z 2 v
2
3

B(1;3; 2) .
1) Tm gc ca (P) v , tm giao im ca (P) v .
2) Vit phng trnh hnh chiu ca ln mp(P).
3) Tm ta B i xng vi B qua
4) Tm im B i xng vi B qua (P)
5) Vit phng trnh ng thng i xng vi qua (P).

Trang 32

i m

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
Bi 5: Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho im A(1;2; -1), ng thng c
x2 y z+2
phng trnh
= =
v mt phng (P): 2x + y z + 1 = 0 .
1
3
2
1) Tm im B i xng vi im A qua mt phng (P)
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A, ct ng thng v song song vi mt
phng (P)
mx y mz + 1 = 0
Bi 6: Trong h to Oxyz cho ng thng dm:
x + my + z + m = 0
1) Vit phng trnh ng thng l hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng dm ln mt
phng Oxy.
2) Chng minh rng ng thng lun tip xc vi mt ng trn c nh c tm l
gc to

Trang 33

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Vn 9: MT CU
1. Phng trnh mt cu tm I(a;b;c) bn knh R l
(x a)2 + (y b) 2 + (z c) 2 = R 2 hoc
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0 vi R 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c2 d > 0

2. Mt cu v mt phng:
Cho mt cu (S) tm I, bn knh R v mp(P). Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca I ln
mp(P). Khi
* Nu IH>R th (P) v (S) khng c im chung
* Nu IH=R th (P) v (S) tip xc nhau ti H
* Nu IH<R th (P) v (S) ct nhau theo thit din l ng trn (C) c pt:

Ax + By + Cz + d = 0
.

2
2
2
2
(x a) + (y b) + (z c) = R
Tm ca (C) l giao im ca /t i qua I vung vi (P), bn knh r = R 2 IH 2

3. Mt cu v ng thng:
Cho mt cu (S) tm I, bn knh R v /t d. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca I ln d Khi

* Nu IH>R th d v (S) khng c im chung

* Nu IH=R th d v (S) tip xc nhau ti H (d l tip tuyn)
*Nu IH<R th d v (S) ct nhau ti hai im phn bit

V d 1: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) bit (S)

1) C tm I(1;1;2) v tip xc vi mp(P): x + 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
2) C bn knh R = 3 v tip xc vi mp(P): x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0 ti im A(1;1;-3).
x 2 y 1 z 1
=
=
v tip xc vi hai mt phng
3
2
2
(P): x + 2y 2z 2 = 0 v (Q): x + 2y 2z + 4 = 0

3) C tm nm trn ng thng d :

4) i qua bn im A(0;1;0), B(2;3;1), C(2;2;2) v D(1; 1;2)

5) C tm thuc mp(P): x + y + z 2 = 0 v i qua ba im A(2;0;1), B(1;0;0) , C(1;1;1). (
H Khi D 2005).
6) i qua im M(0; 0; 3) v qua ng trn (C) c phng trnh:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x 4y 4z 40 = 0
.

2x
+
2y

z
+
4
=
0

Trang 34

Ta trong khng gian

Gii:

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

1) Ta c, bn knh mt cu R = d(I,(P)) =

|1 + 2 + 4 + 1|

8
= .
12 + 22 + 22 3

Vy phng trnh mt cu (S): (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 + (z 2) 2 =

64
.
9

x = 1 + t

2) Gi l ng thng i qua A v vung gc vi mp(P) : y = 1 + 2t .

z = 3 + 2t

V mt cu (S) tip xc vi mp(P) ti A nn tm I I(1 + t;1 + 2t; 3 + 2t)

V d(I,(P)) = R = 3

| 9t |
= 3 t = 1 .
3

* Vi t = 1 I(2;3; 1) (S) : (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 + (z + 1)2 = 9 .

* Vi t = 1 I(0; 1; 5) (S) : x 2 + (y + 1)2 + (z + 5) 2 = 9 .
3) V mt cu (S) c tm I d I(2 3t;1 + 2t;1 + 2t) .
Mt cu (S) tip xc vi hai mp (P) v (Q) nn d(I,(P)) = d(I,(Q)) = R

| 2 3t | | 6 3t |
4
11 11
2
=
2 3t = 6 + 3t t = I(2; ; ) v R = .
3
3
3
3 3
3

Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) : (x + 2) 2 + (y

11 2
11
4
) + (z ) 2 = .
3
3
9

4) Gi s phng trnh mt cu (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0 .

2b + d + 1 = 0
d = 2b 1
4a 6b 2c + d + 14 = 0 4a 4b 2c + 13 = 0

V A,B,C, D (S)

4a 4b 4c + d + 12 = 0
4a 2b 4c + 11 = 0
2a + 2b 4c + d + 6 = 0
2a + 4b 4c + 5 = 0

1
3
5
a = , b = ,c = ,d = 2 .
2
2
2
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x 3y 5z + 2 = 0 .
5) Gi s phng trnh mt cu (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0 .

Trang 35

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
a + b + c 2 = 0
d = 2a 1
a = 1

2a 2c + 4 = 0
b = 0
A, B,C (S) 4a 2c + d + 5 = 0

V
.

2a
+
d
+
1
=
0
a
+
b
+
c

2
=
0
c
=
1
I (P)

2a 2b 2c + d + 3 = 0 2b 2c + 2 = 0 d = 1
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 2z + 1 = 0 .
6) V mt cu (S) i qua ng trn (C) nn phng trnh (S) c dng:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x 4y 4z 40 + (2x + 2y z + 4) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + (2 + 2 )x (4 2 )y (4 + )z 40 + 4 = 0 .
V M(0;0;3) (S) 9 12 3 40 + 4 = 0 = 43 .
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 88x + 82y 47z + 132 = 0 .

V d 2: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mp(P): 2x y + 2z 14 = 0 v

mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y + 2z 3 = 0
1) Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha trc Ox v ct (S) theo mt ng trn c bn
knh bng 3.
2) Tm ta im M thuc mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t M n mt phng
(P) ln nht. (H Khi B 2007 ).

Gii:
Mt cu (S) c tm I(1; 2; 1) v bn knh R = 3 .
y = 0
1) Trc Ox c phng trnh:
phng trnh (Q): y + z=0 .
z
=
0

Mt cu (S) ct (Q) theo mt ng trn c bn knh r = 3 = R

I (Q) 2 = 0 , chn = 1 = 2 .
Vy phng trnh mp(Q): 2x + y = 0 .

2) Gi l ng thng i qua I v vung gc vi mp(P) :

x 1 y + 2 z +1
=
=
2
1
2

ct mt cu (S) ti hai im A, B. Khi nu d(A,(P)) > d(B,(P)) d(M,(P)) ln nht

MA.

Ta giao im ca v mt cu (S) l nghim ca h:

Trang 36

Ta trong khng gian

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y + 2z 3 = 0

.
x 1 y + 2 z +1
=
=

2
1
2

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

Gii h ny ta c hai giao im A(1; 1; 3), B(3; 3;1) .

Ta c: d(A,(P)) = 7 > d(B,(P)) = 1 .
Vy d(M,(P)) ln nht M(1; 1; 3) .
2x 2y z + 1 = 0
V d 3: Trong khng gian cho ng thng :
v mt cu
x
+
2y

2z

4
=
0

2
2
2
(S) : x + y + z + 4x 6y + m = 0 . Tm m ng thng ct mt cu (S) ti hai
im phn bit A, B sao cho AB = 8 . ( d b Khi A 2002 ).

Gii:


ng thng c VTCP u d = (2;1;2) v i qua M(2;2;1)
Mt cu (S) c tm I(2;3;0) v bn knh R = 13 m .
Gi I l trung im ca AB R = IA 2 + d 2 (I, )



|[u ,MI] |


M d(I, ) =
= 3 R = 5 13 m = 25 m = 12 .
| u |

Vy m = 12 l gi tr cn tm.

V d 4: Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz cho mp(P) c phng trnh

2x + 2y + z m 2 3m = 0 v mt cu (S): (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 1)2 = 9 . Tm m
mp(P) tip xc vi mt cu (S). Vi m va tm c hy xc nh ta tip im (D b
Khi A 2003 ).
Gii:
Mt cu (S) c tm I(1; 1;1) , bn knh R = 3 .
Gi l ng thng i qua I, vung gc vi mp(P) :

x 1 y +1 z 1
=
=
.
2
2
1

| m 2 + 3m 1|
Mp(P) tip xc vi mt cu (S) d(I,(P)) = R
=3
3
m 2 + 3m 10 = 0

m = 5, m = 2 .
2
m
+
3m
+
8
=
0
VN

Khi (P) : 2x + 2y + z 10 = 0 . Ta tip im A l nghim ca h:

Trang 37

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
x 1 y +1 z 1
=
=

2
1 , gii h ny ta c x = 3, y = 1,z = 2 A(3;1;2) .
2
2x + 2y + z 10 = 0
V d 4: Trong khng gian vi h ta cc vung gc Oxyz cho I(1;2;-2) v mp(P):
2x + 2y + z + 5 = 0 .
1) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I sao cho giao ca (S) vi mp(P) l ng trn (C)
c chu vi bng 8 .
2) Chng minh rng mt cu (S) ni trong phn 1 tip xc vi ng thng

: 2x 2 = y + 3 = z .
3) Lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha ng thng v tip xc vi (S).

Gii:
1) Gi R,r ln lt l bn knh ca mt cu (S) v ng trn (C).

Ta c: 2r = 8 r = 4 v d(I,(P)) = 3 nn R = r 2 + d 2 (I,(P)) = 5 .
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) : (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z + 2)2 = 25 .


2) ng thng c VTCP u = (1;2;2) v i qua A(1; 3;0) .








| [u ,AI] |


AI = (0;5; 2) [u , AI] = (14;2;5) d(I, ) =
=5
| u |
Vy ng thng tip xc vi mt cu (S) .
2x z 2 = 0
3) Phng trnh tng qut ca :
.Phng trnh mp(Q) c dng:
y z + 3 = 0
(2x z 2) + (y z + 3) = 0 2x + y ( + )z + 3 2 = 0 .
Mp(Q) tip xc vi mt cu (S) nn ta c:

d(I,(Q)) = 5

| 2 + 7 |
5 + 2 + 2
2

= 5 121 2 + 22 + 2 = 0 = 11

Chn = 1 = 11 (Q) : 2x 11y + 10z 35=0 .

Ch : Vi cu 2,3 ta cn c cch gii khc nh sau:

x = 1 + t

2) Phng trnh tham s ca : y = 3 + 2t , thay vo phng trnh mt cu (S) , ta c:

z = 2t

2
t 2 + (2t 5) 2 + (2t + 2)2 = 25 (3t 2)2 = 0 t =
3

Trang 38

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI

5 5 4
mt cu (S) v giao nhau ti mt im M( ; ; ) .
3 3 3
Vy ng thng tip xc vi mt cu (S) ti M.
3) V mp(Q) cha v tip xc vi m
t c
u (S) nn M l tip im cu mp(Q) v mt cu
(S) (Q) l mp i qua M v nhn IM lm VTPT. T y ta lp c phng trnh
mp(Q).

V d 5: Cho A(a;0;0), B(0;b;0), C(0;0;c) vi a,b,c > 0 v

1 1 1
+ + =2
a b c

1) Chng minh rng khi a,b,c thay i th mp(ABC) lun i qua mt im c nh.
2) Tm tm v bn knh R mt cu ngoi tip t din OABC. Tm gi tr nh nht ca bn
knh R.
3) Gi r l bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t din OABC. Chng minh rng:
1
3
<r
.
4
2( 3 + 1)

Gii:
1) S dng phng trnh on chn ta c phng trnh ca mp(ABC) l:
x y z
+ + = 1.
a b c
Mt khc

1 1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
+ + =2
+
+
= 1 mp(P) lun i qua M( ; ; ) .
2 2 2
a b c
2a 2b 2c

2) Gi s mt cu (S) ngoi tip hnh chp OABC c phng trnh:

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2mx 2ny 2pz + q = 0 .

a 2 2ma + q = 0
a
b

2
m
=
;
n
=
b 2nb + q = 0

2
2

Thay ta cc im A,B,C,O vo ta c:
c2 2cp + q = 0
p = c ; q = 0

2
p = 0
a b c
1 2
tm ca mt cu (S) I( ; ; ) v bn knh R = IO =
a + b2 + c2 .
2 2 2
2
27 27 27
27 27
+

a2 +
. Ta cng c hai BT tng
8a 8a 4
4a 4
27 27 2 27 27
t : b 2 +
;c +

. Cng ba BT ny li vi nhau ta c:
4b 4
4c 4

p dng BT Csi ta c: a 2 +

Trang 39

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
27 1 1 1 81
27
3 3
a 2 + b2 + c2 + ( + + ) a 2 + b 2 + c2
R
.
4 a b c
4
4
4
ng thc xy ra a = b = c =

3
3 3
. Vy min R =
.
2
4

1
3) Ta c th tch ca t din OABC l: VOABC = abc .
6
1
Din tch ton phn ca t din : Stp = (ab + bc + ca + a 2 b 2 + b 2 c2 + c 2 a 2 )
2
Suy ra r =

3V
abc
=
Stp ab + bc + ca + a 2 b 2 + b 2 c2 + c2 a 2

1
T gi thit ab + bc + ca = 2abc . M a 2 b 2 + b 2 c2 + c 2 a 2 (ab + bc + ca)2
3
r

abc
3
=
.
2
2(
3
+
1)
2abc +
abc
3

Mt khc: a 2 b 2 + b 2 c2 + c 2 a 2 < (ab + bc + ca) 2 = (2abc)2 r >

abc 1
= .
4abc 4

Bi tp
Bi 1: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) bit
1) C tm I(6;3;-4) v tip xc vi Oy
x = 2
2) C tm nm trn ng thng d :
v tip xc vi hai mt phng
y = 0
(P): x-2z-8=0 v mp(Q): 2x-z+5=0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x 4y 4z 40 = 0
3) i qua M(0;0;3) v i qua ng trn :
2x + 2y z + 4 = 0
4) C tm I(-3;2;2) v tip xc vi mt cu: (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z 4)2 = 16
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 4x + 6y = 6z + 17 = 0
Bi 2: Cho ng trn (C) :
x 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
1) xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn (C)
2) Vit pt mt cu cha ng trn (C) v c tm nm trn (P) : x + y + z + 3 = 0 .
Bi 3: Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho 3 ng thng:
x y 2 = 0
x 4 y 2 z 1
x 5 y +1 z + 2
d 1:
, d 2:
=
=
,
d 3:
=
=
2x

6
=
0
1
2
1
2

1
1

V mt cu: (S) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x 2y + 2z 1 = 0

Trang 40

Ta trong khng gian

GV NGUYN DUY KHI
1) Chng minh rng d1,d2 cho nhau v vit phng trnh ng thng d ct d1, ct d2 v
song song vi d3.
2)Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d1 sao cho giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) v mt
cu (S) l ng trn c bn knh r=1.
Bi 4: Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(0;0;4), B( 2 3 ;2;0),
C(0;4;0).Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic OBC (O l gc ca h ta ) v K l hnh chiu
vung gc ca im H xung mt phng (ABC)
1) Chng minh rng tam gic OBC l tam gic u v vit phung trnh mt cu ngoi
tip t din OABC
2) Chng minh K l trc tm ca tam gic ABC
3) Gi N l giao im ca hai ung thng HK v OA.Tnh tch s OA.ON
Bi 5: Trong khng gian vi h trc to -cc vung gc Oxyz , cho 4 im :
A(1;2;2) , B(-1;2;-1) , C(1;6;-1) , D(-1;6;2).
1) Chng minh rng: ABCD l t din v c cc cp cnh i bng nhau.
2) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v CD
3) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD
Bi 6: Trong khng gian vi h to -cc vung gc Oxyz cho hai mt phng song
song c cc phng trnh tng ng l:
(P1 ) : 2x y + 2z 1 = 0 ;
(P2 ) : 2x y + 2z + 5 = 0 v im A(-1,1,1) nm trong khong gia hai mt phng . Gi
(S) l mt cu bt k qua A v tip xc vi c hai mt phng (P1 ) , (P2 )
1) Chng t rng bn knh ca hnh cu S l mt hng s v tnh bn knh .
2) Gi I l tm ca hnh cu S . Chng t rng I thuc mt ng trn c nh
Xc nh to ca tm v tnh bn knh ca ng trn .

Trang 41