II.

Residents' support for tourism development

khi s thin ch v hp tc ca cng ng a phng l cn thit cho s thnh cng va
tnh bn vng ca nhng d n pht trin du lch, s hiu bit v quan im ca ngi dn v s
h tr l rt quan trng i vi chnh quyn a phng, cch nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc
doanh nghip (Dyer, Gursoy, Sharma,&Carter,2007;Lee,2013;Nunkoo&Gursoy,2012). Thc t,
l mt ch trong s nghin cu v du lch hin nay (Gursoy, Jurowski,& Uysal, 2002;
Nunkoo& Ramkissoon, 2012). Nghin cu ban u b ch trch l m t, cung cp khng c
li gii thch l l do ti sao ngi dn nhn thc v p ng du lch v h lm. cung cp mt
li gii thch su sc hn v cc yu t hnh thnh s h tr ca ngi dn, cc nghin cu sau
thng qua cc khun kh l thuyt khc nhau, chng hn nh Fishbein v (1975) L
thuyt Ajzen ca l lun hnh ng (v d, Dyer et al., 2007) v X i din L thuyt (v d,
Andriotis Vaughan, 2003). Social Exchange Theory (SET) c chp nhn hu nh ph bin
nht trong vic gii thch phn ng ca ngi dn pht trin du lch, v n cho php nm bt
c quan im khc nhau da trn cc kt qu thc nghim v tm l (Nunkoo Ramkissoon,
2011;. Prayag et al, 2013). SET xem xt cc tng tc x hi l mt s trao i ca cc ngun ti
nguyn, cho thy rng cc c nhn c kh nng tham gia vo mt cuc trao i nu h mong i
t c cc li ch t n m khng pht sinh chi ph khng th chp nhn (Ap, 1992). Lin
quan n du lch, thi ca ngi dn c xy dng da trn nh gi ca h v du lch "v
cc li ch d kin hoc chi ph thu c i ly cc dch v m h cung cp" (Ap, 1992, p.
669). Nu nhng tc ng tch cc nhn thc (ts bene fi) ln hn nhng hu qu tiu cc tim
nng (chi ph), c dn c nhiu kh nng h tr pht trin du lch (Dyer et al, 2007;. Grsoy et
al, 2010;. & Stewart, 2002; Lee, 2013) .Nh nh vy, ngi dn nhn thc v tc ng ca du
lch l mt yu t quan trng cho s pht trin thnh cng v hot ng ca ngnh du lch
(Andriotis & Vaughan, 2003; McGehee & Andereck, 2004).
2.1. Residents' perception of tourism impacts:
Nghin cu trc y cho thy ba yu t chnh tham gia vo qu trnh trao i pht trin
du lch l kinh t, social- cultural and environmental impacts. iu ny cng ph hp vi cch
tip cn ba im mu cht tc ng, thng c s dng trong vn hc pht trin bn vng
trong ngnh du lch. Ngoi ra, n c cng nhn rng du lch c tim nng cho c hai tc ng
thun li v bt li i vi cc cng ng a phng i vi mi ngi trong cc lnh vc

thng mi. V d, du lch c th lm tng c hi vic lm v nng cao mc sng, nhng c th

lm tng chi ph sinh hot. Pht trin du lch ln tng cng trao i vn ha v cung cp cc c
hi gii tr, nhng c th dn n t l ti phm gia tang. Thng th du lch c coi l chu
trch nhim cho tnh trng nhim mi trng, ting n v n tc. Tuy nhin, n cng c th c
tc ng tch cc v mi trng bng cch ci thin hin trng ca khu vc v tng cng bo v
thin nhin v vn ha. Da trn SET, nhiu nghin cu c xc nhn s trng yu ca nhn
thc v tc ng ca du lch ca ngi dn t s nh hng ca h cho s pht trin du lch. Tuy
nhin, c t s ng thun trong cc ti liu lin quan n vic phn loi o lng v nhn thc
v tc ng ca ngi dn. Mt nghin cu ti liu cho thy ba phng php chnh, m c
p dng trong cc nghin cu trc . y c th c gi l costs-benets approach, domain
related costs-benets approach and the non-forced approach (see Table 1). Cc nghin cu ny
tip cn cc tc ng tim nng ca du lch thnh hai kch thc ca chi ph v cc li ch (hoc
tch cc / tc ng tiu cc), thng thy mt mi quan h tiu cc trc tip gia chi ph nhn
thc v h tr cho pht trin du lch v mt mi quan h tch cc trc tip gia nhn thc cc li
ch v h tr. Trong khi phng php ny l khng phc tp v n gin, n bao qut cc tc
ng ca du lch i vi cc kha cnh khc nhau ca i sng cng ng (tc l, kinh t, vn
ha x hi v mi trng). V vy, n ch cung cp mt s hiu bit mt phn trong nhng cch
thc m nhn thc tc ng t s nh hng ca ngi dn, m c th gy tr ngi chdaansuwj
vng chc ca vic tin lng, phng on ca cc m hnh cu trc (Grsoy Metal, 2010;.
Nunkoo Ramkissoon, 2012) v l t kh thi cho s pht trin bn vng v tip th cc d n mi.
Nghin cu p dng cc khong vng lin quan n chi ph-li ch tip cn- benefit nhm mc
ch cung cp mt s hiu bit ton din hn v cc mi quan h gia tc ng nhn thc v h
tr ca ngi dn bng cch xem xt c hai bn cht (positive/negative or cost/benet) and
domain economic,socio-cultural,environmental)impacts. V y, cc nghin cu m t tc
ng vo mt s lnh vc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc v mi trng, x hi / vn ha v kinh t
nhn nhn. V d, Grsoy v Rutherford (2004) kim tra s nh hng ca li ch kinh th, li
ch x hi, chi ph x hi, li ch vn ha v chi ph vn ha ca s h tr ca cng ng. Nhiu
nghin cu gn y khm ph su lnh vc tc ng kinh t, vn ha x hi v mi trng
tiu cc v tch cc (Prayag et al., 2013). Tng t nh phng php tip cn cc costsebenets,
cch tip cn lnh vc lin quan costsebenets v a ra gi thuyt mi quan h tch cc trc tip

gia cc chi ph kinh t, vn ha x hi v li ch mi trng, v cc mi quan h tiu cc trc

tip, chi ph mi trng vn ha-x hi v kinh t t h tr ca cng ng.
Table 1
Cch tip cn lnh vc lin quan costs-benefits nhn mnh s cn thit phi xem xt
khng ch bn cht ca tc ng (v d, chi ph / li ch) m cn l mt lnh vc tc ng t
c mt s hiu bit tt hn t phn ng ca ngi dn i vi ngnh du lch. Nh vy,
phng php ny li phn s tha hip gia cc lnh vc a dng ca cc tc ng tch cc v
tiu cc ca pht trin du lch m m mc ch c th sn sng thc hin (Anderecketal,
2005;.. Dyeretal, 2007) v gii thch sagreaterportion ca phng sai ca ngi dn h tr
(Grsoy & Rutherford, 2004).