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Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits
Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits
Branch: CSE
UNIT 1
AMPLITUDE MODULATION :Transmission
and Reception
1. Define modulation?
Modulation is a process by which some characteristics of high
frequency carrier
Frequency assignment
Reduce the equipments limitations.
10.What are the types of AM modulators?
There are two types of AM modulators. They are
Linear modulators
Non-linear modulators
Linear modulators are classified as follows
Transistor modulator
There are three types of transistor modulator.
Collector modulator
Emitter modulator
Base modulator
Switching modulators
Non-linear modulators are classified as follows
Square law modulator
Product modulator
Balanced modulator
11.What is single tone and multi tone modulation?
If modulation is performed for a message signal with more than one
frequency
modulation.
Solution:
Given: I c =8A
I t =8.93A
m=0.8
Formula:
I t =I c (1+m /2)
2
8.93=8(1+m /2)
m=0.701
2
I t =I c (1+m /2)
15. What is the bandwidth of AM?
Bandwidth =2fm
16 Compare linear and non-linear modulators.
Linear modulators
1.Heavy filtering is not
Non-linear modulators
1.Heavy filtering is required
required.
2.These modulators are used in
level high level modulation.
3.The carrier voltage is very much
very much
voltage.
fsi = f s + 2 fi
fsi - image frequency
It can be eliminated by providing adequate image signal selectivity between
antenna and mixer input.
24. What is intermediate frequency?
Intermediate frequency (IF) is defined as the difference between the
signal frequency and the oscillator frequency.
IF = f s f o when f s > f o (or)
IF = f o f s when f o > f s
25.Define super heterodyne principle.
It can be defined as the process of operation of modulated waves to
obtain similarly modulated waves of different frequency. This process uses a
locally generated carrier wave, which determines the change of frequency.
16 marks
1.Explain AM modulator circuits in detail?
1.Low level AM modulator
Diagram
Explanation
2.Medium power modulator
Diagram
Explanation
2 .Explain AM transmitters in detail?
1.Low level transmitters AM modulator
Diagram
Explanation
2. High level transmitters AM modulator
Diagram
Explanation
3.Explain the various receiver parameters?
1.Selectivity
2.Sensitivity
3.Dynamic range
4.Insertion loss
5.Noise temperature
4.Explain the circuit of TRF receiver?
Diagram
Explanation
5. Explain the operation of Super heterodyne receiver?
Diagram
Explanation
UNIT II
ANGLE MODULATION: Transmission and Reception
1. Define frequency modulation.
Frequency modulation is defined as the process by which the
frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
2. Define modulation index of frequency modulation.
It is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to
the modulating frequency. = f/fm
3. What do you meant by multitone modulation?
Modulation done for the message signal with more than one frequency
component is called multitone modulation.
Message signal
PM Signal
Carrier
Phase
FM Signal
Modulator
Carrier
NBFM
ii) Indirect method
In this method the transmitter originates a wave whose phase is a
function of the modulation. Normally it is used for the generation of WBFM
2 (
iii) J n )=1
n = -
i)
ii)
B =2 f(1+1/ )
15.Define the deviation ratio D for non-sinusoidal modulation.
The deviation ratio D is defined as the ratio of the frequency deviation
WBFM
1. Modulation index is
greater than one.
2. Frequency
NBFM
Modulation index is less
than one
Frequency deviation=5KHz
deviation=75KHz
3. Modulating frequency
Modulating
KHz.
4. Bandwidth 15 times
Bandwidth = 2 FM.
NBFM.
5. Noise is more
suppressed.
communication.
1.
2.
1.
(1) Direct FM generation
(2) Indirect FM generation
NBFM
3. Linearity is better
Disadvantages:
It requires Amplitude limting circuit
reduced , In this way, the step size is adapting to the level of the signal. The
resulting method is called adaptive delta modulation (ADM).
6.Name the types of uniform quantizer?
Input
signal
Compressor
uniform quantizer
expander
1. law companding
2. A law companding
11. What is PAM?
PAM is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude
modulation, the amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of
o/p
t Tb
O,
elsewhere
fi = nc+ i/ Tb
6. Give the two basic operation of DPSK transmitter.
1.
2.
shift keying
7.Define Information Capacity?
M=8.
17.What is the need of maximum distance code?
It is used to reduce the number of transmission errors.
18.What is Quad bits?
A 16 bit PSK modulator acts on the incoming data in groups of
four bit is called Quad bits.
19.Define DPSK?
UNIT V
SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
Then it becomes difficult for the jammers to send jamming signals. This is
called antijamming.
11.What are the three codes used for the anti jamming application ?
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
user.
20.Give the advantage of TDMA over FDMA?
1.Interleaving samples in the time domain allows for a threefold
1. Fast FH
Diagram
Explanation
3.Explain the properties of PN sequences?
the balance property
run property
correlation property