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sUmEfg
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-1-

kMNt'esr
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esovePA nrNaCaXatkrrasExr enHxMV
nsresry"agbnan' nig
sUtCaTIbMput Gs'kMLgCagVMmYyEx edImI[Tan'tamkalbriecT
dltUv
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rdkalIh&r nij"a ehtuenHehIyVnCamantk' kgH esckI xH Btman CMBUk

ekay@ xMVnkat'bny
bMBYjesckI[xc
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edAemdwknSyYnk~gkarelbsukExr etIbbgg'sin rhUtdl'ExF~q~S1989 eTI
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sresrsarCafI edayxMr kaTukcMNgeCIgnigCMBUkdEdl EkdkecjEtkMhusb"ueNaHdUcCaelakEm"nEknEpndI ekayBIsaksYrmk KWCamnusEdlela
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nrs'enApg .
enAPaKxagekay xMVnbEnm
Gkr anukm ( Glossary ) nigCMBUkbEnm
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BbeTsExr EdlVncuHpayk~gBitib&tTsnExrrdmInIsUta .
mYyeToteQaH Lg-rWut CaeQaHnYn-Ca CaCatif ( sm&yfykVt'dMbgq~S1941-46 ) kalCnenHeTAeronsukesomenaH sUmemtaEkCa rugelIt vij eJHsMenogPasaf xl' r mansMelgeTACa l eTIbG~k
xH ehAeQaHenHfa lug-elIt eTAvij .
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hiun-sIufan
-2-

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etIminTan'Kb'Kan'lmnwg[ExrKb'K~aPak'tiHriHBicarNa rkbuBehtuBit
neKaHmhnrayenHedImICaemeron nigCaeKalkarNr_ YbrYmeLIgvij ?
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sMenrenHKan'EtCakarsaklgsavCav BicarNa sikarkkarBitBI
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ekIteLIgmunkarTsnT
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Giut-sarink*VnsresrBIkarP&ncLMneyaVy BIKMeragbMpajsgmnig
sukExredayExrhm k~gesovePA seNaHBlwgExr k~gq~S1973
EdlKannrNaPak'epIlesaH . ekABIksarsresredayesrCatiExr ni
gbreTsnana xMVneFIkarTak'Tgpal' edaysmasnp
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karJt'Vs'nirasrbs'ExrTSgnKrenH .
tSgBIVncUlCMrMexA GIudagfTI21 vicika 1979em"H xMVneKagTukfa
nwgsresrBIerOgra"vnkarkab'smab'ExrenH[Vn . xMk*cab'savCavsnM
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l&yk~gCMrMnigbNal&yenAkugtaxUmaxH EtPaKecInVnsMuftcmgksarBIbNal&ynmhaviTal&yK&rENl ( University Library Cornell )
enATIkugGIutaka ( Ithaca ) rdnIvy"k ( New York ) shrdGaemrik .
sMenrenHxMEckecjCaVMBIrCMBUkrYmTSgCMBUkeyabl'pg .
CMBUkTImYybriyayerobrab'rMlwkBIEpnkaryYnUbniykmk~graCktIGg
mIu dMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglicelIkTImYy Epnkarrbs'BHecAmij-m"ag,
eTOg-mijy"ag, BHecAy"a-Lg nigyYnUbniykmEdndIkmCaekam .
CMBUkTIBIr KWrMlwkBIbvtisassm&ycugstvtTI19 nigedImstvt
TI20 BIkarbHeVr Gacarsa eJrkMeVr ( deNImraC ), kartsUbqSgVrSgrbs'elakkjaBiselakQUk nigkjakLaehamKg' edaykarKS
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-3-

edaHElgBHKUEhm-ecov, clnarMedaHCati Exrsr: eJlKWvKbriyayBIKMnites~haCatidMbUg .

CMBUkTIbIbriyayBIEpnkarrbs'hU-CImij k~gkarelbbeTskmCa ni
iglav edImIsMercnUvkarsabnamhackyYn ehAfa shB&nNcin .
karbegItExreyokmij, EpnkaryYneyokmijk~grvagq~S1945-50 . CMBUk
enHBiBNnaGMBIEpnkarndMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglicelIkTI2 rbs'yYnhU
CImij k~geKaledAbegIt shPaBkumynisNcin .
CMBUkTIbYnGFibayBIneyaVyxusrbs'semcsIhnu cab'BIq~S1962
mk edayXubXitCamYycin CYyT&Beyokkug edaypl'esg Ggr f~SeB
T edaymancinm~ak'eQaHKYc-Gan rksIupac'muxdwkGgrf~SeBT edayman
karGnuJatBIsemc nigkarcUlhunedaykumraCvganuvgxH nigG~km~agm"U
nicpg . karGnuJat[dwkGavuF Kab'rMesv kSePIgFM edaymannayTahan
ExrCYycat'EcgdMelIg nigdwknSykeTA[eyokkug ekamBHraCbJarbs'semcsIhnu . esdkicsH bCaBlrdxHGgrbriePaK karsgt'sgin
rbs'GaCaFrextVt'dMbgeTAelIbCaCntMbn'sMLt rhUt[mankarbHeVr
eLIg nigkMeNItclnaExrkhmkumynisem"AniymhYsehtu .
CMBUkTIVMbriyayCMuvijbuBehtu EdlbNal[mankarTmak'semc
karb"unb"grbs'semcedImIkan'GMNacvij karBIXatd*GafkMVMgelIrUbela
kvr:esniyk esg-sunf . karvaylukrbs'T&BeyokkugmkelIsaFa
rNrdelakln'-nl' . rNsirrMedaHCatiKSTedayeyokkug nigmans
emcCabFanEtKanGMNaccat'Ecg sIhnucaj'eVkcin, yYn nigExrkhm .
CMBUkTIVMmYysIBIlTplrbs'hU-CImij . karkMeTcGnak'TI1rbs'
yYn Etb"ul-BtVnFak'cUleTAk~gGnak'TI2rbs'yYneTotedaymindwgxn
. karsMercneKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImij dMeNIeqaHmkTisxaglicelI
kTI2edaysuvtiPaB nigEpnkaryYnUbniykmelIbCarasExrelIbeTs
Exr .
CMBUkTIVMBIrKWCMBUkeyabl' karsaklgEvkEjkrkmuxXatkrras
ExrCagbIlannak' nigkarbemIemIlcMeJHneyaVybcbn~ nigGnaKtrb
s'matubeTsExr . etIbeTsExrnwgtUvVt'bg'BIEpnTIsklelakdUccM
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Etcg'lattdagnUvkarBitxH@ nigbuBehtunmhnrayenHEtb"ueNaH Ka
n'CaBnWdl'bn@CMnan'ekay ebIehacNas'Kan'TukCaemeron edImIkMu[
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-4-

teTAGnaKtkal .
eTaHCay"agNak*eday kMhusk~gkarsresr karPSgPat' karsni~dan
minsmrm EtgEtmanecosminrYc eJHfamnusm~ak'@minEmnsuTEtyl'tUvhUtminEdlxusenaHeT L'homme n'est pas parfait . Gas&yehtu
enH sUmbgbnmitG~kGanemtaGP&yeTasedayGnueKaHdl'xMVT .
kugsIuGafil, fTI8 Extula q~S1986

hiun-sIufan

esckIepIm
eBlenHbeTsExrVnTTYleKaHmhnrayd*FMelIslb' edaysab'
Gs'ExrCagbIlan BmTSgGs'TSgsukExreTAeTot eJHEtrbbExrkhmEdlVnrMlaykMeTcCatisasn_ nigvbFmrbs'ExrtameKalbMNg
rbs'yYn EdlBYkeKVnGnuvtrYcmgmkehIy kalenAraCktIGgmIuq~S
1840 . yYnVnbJa[BHsgExreskJk'dUcBHsgyYn, [mnIExr
bCarasExreskJk'dUcyYn, eronPasayYn, [kab'edImeJFi, rMlayBH,
bMpajvtGaram dUcEdlBYkExrkhmVneFImkk~geBlfI@kngmkenH .
kaleNaHyYneFIpal' Etdl'mkraCb"ul-Bt KWkumExrveggQk'nwgTw
sIkal'm"ak-em"AniymhYsehtuenH VnrMlayKwHsgmExr, vbFmnigb
eTsExrxng KanbeTsNamYyelIsklelakeFIVndUcenAeLIy .
bCarasExrCit50PaKrytUveKsmab'ecal . kumExrKMnityYnenHrhUt
mkdl'sBf(1987)eKenAEtfa BYkeKminVnsmab'ExreT KWBYkkt'eTEd
lVnsmab'Exr ( sMdIrbs'CYn-eCOn EdlcUlmkk~gCMrMexAGIudag enAfdM
bUgTI21 Exvicika q~S1979 ) .
( kkn enAfsMucuHcUlCamYyrdaPiVlhun-Esn kalBIfTI25 ExF~ q~S
1998 exov-sMpnVnsarPaBfa kumExrkhmrbs'xnVnbBwtGMeBIsmab'rgaleTAelIbCaBlrdExrBitVkdEmn . Kat'VnniyaysMu
eTas nigsMu[bCaBlrdExr bMePcGtitkalecaleTA . PammYyrMeBC, naykrdmnIExrhun-EsnVnEfgbJak' bnab'BIVnTTYlyl'B
mkarcuHcUlfa ExrKYrelIkElgeTas edImIsniPaBnigkarsMruHsMrYlCati
TSgmUl ! . enHehIyCaPstagy"agcas' bJak'GMBIkllicnigkarsMu
KlMuK~a rvagBYkExrkhmTSgBIrkumEdlCaGay"grbs'cin-yYn ) .
KanKYsarExrNamYyEdlfaminmansac'jati, Bukmay, bgbnbussIGMumamIg sab'edaysars~adExrkhmb"ul-BtesaH . KYsarxH
sl'Etm~ak' xHmYyKYsartUvsab'TSgGs' . CaTahrN_ bCaCnExrCa
gdb'BIrmWunnak'EdlExrkhmCensecjBIkugP~MeBj ehIyykmkeV
-5-

secalenAvalP~MFibtIenaH tUvsab'vinasswgEtTSgGs' . eBlEdlyYn

QanJncUlmkyksukExrkalBIedImq~S1979enaH ExrG~kP~MeBjenAvalP~MFibtIenArs'EtbmaNCagbIJn'nak'b"ueNaH . qwgexacExrenAecal
rat'rayeBjvaleBjKumsv reNAxHmanexacBIVMrynak'eTABIrJn'nak'
TSgcas' ekg TarkbITTwg .
eKsmab'edayKb'viFI EdlPasakhmeKniyayfaKb'rUbPaB KWcab'
yktg'@eTAsmab' dak'XMuk~gmnIredayeFITaruNkmsBEbby"agrhUt
dl'sab' nigviFIbgt'Vy[dac'eJHsab'y"agEsnevTna .l.
sMenrenHCakarsaklgsavCav BicarNarkFatuBitnigbuBehtuep
g@ EdlCasarvnnS[bCarasExrtUvsab'vinas Jt'Vs'nirasGs'
xg'bmaNCagbIlannak'enH .
sMenrenHKan'Etcg'lattdagnUvkarBitxH@EdlemdwknSExrxMbMbwT
xMlak'xMsresredImIlagxnBIkarefaleTasBIsMNak'kUnExrCMnan'ekay, BIkardak'eTasrbs'bvtisasExr nigbvtisassklelak .
GnicasukExr etIfNaeTIbExrmanemdwknSEdlecHKitdl'CIvPaBrasExr dl'karKg'vg'nbeTsExr !
eyIgxHemdwknS pyeTAvijemdwknSevotNamVneFIbricaKKb'y"ag
edImIsukeK [beTseKrIkFMTUlay !

snisJakat'bnyBMEdnExr
snisJacuHfTI18 Exkum: q~S1979
CasnisJashbtibtikark~gry:20q~S ehIynigbnyCasmat'k~g
rvag10q~Smg . tg'xTI4nsnisJaenH bJak'BIkarkMritBMEdnmitPaB
EdleKagfanwgBinitBiPakaeLIgvij edayykBMEdnbcbn~eFICaeKal
snisJacuHfTI7 Exkkda q~S1982
CasnisJakat'bnyEdnsmuTExrk~gtMbn'ekaHesH EdlCatMbn'ma
nebgkat . rbbehgsMrin-hunEsnVnbKl'eTA[yYn .
snisJacuHfTI20 Exkkda q~S1983
sIBIkarkat'bnyBmEdnExrbKl'eTAevotNamCafIeTot .
q~S1984
eL-DwkfU smaCikkariyal&yneyaVyyYnVnmkeFITsnkicenA
kmCa ehIyVnBnl'ENnSehgsMrin-hunEsnfa etagmanKYsaryY
nmYyKYk~gcMeNamKYsarExrbYnKYenATICnbT nigKYsaryYnmYyKYk~g
cMeNamKYsarExrBIrKYenAtamTIbCMuCnnigtamTIkugnana .
snisJaExF~ q~S1985
snisJakMNt'BMEdnbnydIExrCafIeTot nigkaryl'Bm[niKmyY
ncUlmktSgTIlMenAelIEdndIExr eday[ExrCYypt'pg'sBy"agdl'niK-6-

myYnfI@enH mankarykpHExr (edjmas'ecj) dkdIFI[eTAniKmyYnTSg

enaHpg .
q~S1985
emdwknSevotNamVnbkasfa snisJamYysIBIkarlb'bMVt'BMEd
nrvagevotNamnigkmCa . snisJaenHCameFaVyrbs'evotNam[ni
KmyYnfI@cUlmktSgTIlMenAedaysbcab'elITwkdIExr EfmelIcMnYnniKmyYncas'CitBIrlannak'kalBIminTan'mansnisJaenH .
snisJacuHfTI20 Exkkda q~S1988
hun-Esnnigegg-kUfac'VncuHhtelxaelIsnisJaenH EdlsIBI
karrkdMeNaHsayvivaTBMbTl'Edn rvagsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNamnigsaFarNrdbCamanitukmCa ehIyVncuHhtelxaelIkicBm
eBogmYyeTotsIBIl&knik:BMEdnfInbeTsTSgBIr .
q~S1991
niKmyYnk~gsukExrmancMnYneLIgdl'bIlannak'ehIy @VnTTYl
sJatiCaCatikmCa BIrbbGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsnEfmeTot .
cab'BImat'smuTeLIgrhUteTAdl'BMrYmbImum (Exr-lav-yYn) eKVn
bgitbegalsImaBMEdncmayBI3eTA8KILEm"t cUlmkk~gdIExr . kEng
xHbgitcUldl'eTA30KILEm"tpg .
eBlfI@enH tamry:rUbPaBpayrNb (Satellite) EdlGaemrikSg
ftVn@bJak'fa evotNamVnbgitBMEdnExrCafI edayVnCIkEBkmYyTTwg25Em"t cmay550KILEm"t tambeNayBMEdnextkMBt kat'
tamexttaEkv kNal BEvg sayerog kMBg'cam . bCarasExrk*tUv
Cab'kMENnCamYyrasyYn k~gkardanCIkEBk vijetTI2 enHEdr . k~g
eBlGb'rMneyaVyBYkGay"gehg-sMrin KUyYnVnBnl'ENnS[BYk
ehg-sMrineyaKyl'GFas&ydl'BMEdnfIrvagevotNam-kmCaenH sMu
kMu[nwkKiteTAdl'BMEdncas'eFIGI .

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sasaerOgburaNnana ( sasaswkrwtBYkGaFmiLbJa[ykeTAedreFImY
kJk'sgnigcUtsUv

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-7-

ykeTAdutecal esovePAvijBYkva[mUrVrICk' nigykeTAKrdutecal (

tampvVt'dMbg-sIusupun-cMkareck ) CaBiesssasacarBIbvtisas
Exr EdlBMuTan'VneFIkarsikasavCavenAeLIy tamTIsansMxan'@xHdUc
Ca tamvtGaramtMbn'fBYk bnayqar tamvtGaramxagtaEkv GgrbUrI, VP~M,
vthar, kac'reTH (cMNarBIbvtiecABjasgamhuk, vtetol rMlg (cMNarBIerOgrbs'kjaeteCamas eteCakhmk)CaedIm . smtiGkr
sasenH KYr[esaksayCaBn'eBk nigrkrkGImkebobBMuVn . tSgBIra
b'ryq~SmkehIy eTaHbImancMVMgrSgCl'fMy"agNak*eday k*smtivbFm Gkrsas bvtisasTSgGs'enaH VnenAKg'vg'tamvtGaramnana
rhUtmk. rbbBYkeqgniymhYsehtulIlaBulkcxuseKmYysklela
k dwknSsukmindl'bYnq~Spg k*bJa[bMpicbMpajnUvekrm
i_ rtkCatiExrTSg
enaHGs'rlIg . ekrm
i_ rtkxagksarGs'TSgenaH eyIgminGacnwgrkmkvi
jVnesaHeLIy .
erOgKYr[GaeNacGFmmYyeTot KWsmtisil: cmak'f rUbbdimakr
tamVsaTbuerGgrnana tUvbMpicbMpajdUcteTA
1- sm&yExrsr:
BYkGtiExrsr:Vnniyayfa k~gkartsUCamYyVrSg BYkeKVnKa
s'ykburaNvtbdimatamburaNsanbuerGgrk~gtMbn'rnamdUnsM Vt'dMbg
trmanC&y ykeTAlk'[Qjesom ykluyeTATijkSePIgcSgCamYy
VrSgxH nigTukCasmtipal'rbs'emExrsr:eFICaG~kman .
2- sm&ysIhnu-ln'nl'
ecAhayGnuextbnayqar hul-Tn, tamesckIbkas[karNr_ bs
elaksik-ey ( naycMNg'enAfBYkq~S1971-72 ), Vn[TahanKas'
ykbdimakrsat@ tamburaNVsaTnanaeTAlk'[BYkesom . k~grbr
rksIubMpajCati kt'CatienH eKmaneFIlansMgat'sMrab'TmaKckcuHenA
k~gBCitbnayqar . eBlyb'eTIbTmaKckesomcuHmkdwkykbdima
krExrenaH . k~gerOglYcburaNvtExrenHmanecAhayextesk-sMeGot
VncUlhunCamYypg . CnNa TahanNaEdldwgerOgenH tUvhulTn[eBCXatykeTAkEblecalGs'

tamsMdIelaksik-ey

fahul TnVnsmab'bMbwTmat'kUnTahannigG~ksukGs'ecInNas' .
elaksik eyVnbEnmfa hul-TnCaCnkt'Cati bMpajCatielx1 . eda
ykarkab'smab'bMbwTmat' nigGMNacpac'karxSgeBkenaHenAcugq~S 19 72
Ta hank*bHeVrrksmab'hul-Tnecal EtemBukrlYyesk-sMeGot (1)
VnykTmaKckeTAcuHenAfBYkrMedaHkUnCwgxnenH rYcehIyykeTAdak'
[lYcCa tienAbrb"lineTot . CnenHgEdlkwbbMVt'yktgTMgn'Cag bI
rykar"atenaH .
BHeksBHBuTrUbbknaKbIGgenAk~gVgkMBUlP~MVNn' nigkalG
-8-

sur:T
TarVltUveKlYc . enACitPUmiGUrVsaT nayTahans&kiVMVnnS
TahaneTAbn'ykrUbtaBhnigBHPKens . kUnVsaTbuerGgrmYyenA
k~gdubB Tl'muxbnayswkrgsIusupun tUvBYkTahanKas'ykbdimakar.
enAfBYk cmayBIrKILEm"tBIBMEdn kUnVsaTbuerGgrCaVgfTSg
mUlmYytUvesomykTmaKckmkscykeTAtMerobenAk~gdIesomeTA k~
gsm&yBHGgexA kjakfafnesk-sMeGot .
3- sm&yExrkhm
BYkExrkhm tamTwsIbdivtnv_ bFmrbs'cwkem"A (Exrkhm) BYk
TmiLenHVnbMpajsmtibUraNenHy"agecIntKNna . BYkvabmUl
yktamvtGaramnUvbdimakrtUcFM dwktamLanTugykeTAdUrGMbilCamYy
esom ebgnn: . vtbUraNVNn'ekammanbUraNvtCaecIn manbdi
maBHBuTrUbbknaKBIrqak'BIfPk' ( Sandstone ) kMBs'BIrEm"t tSgBIst
vtTI14mkem"H nigbdimakrCaecIneTottMkl'Tukk~gvihar . k~gbrievNvt
manbUraNvtCaecIn manBHBuTrUbsl'EtEP~nTMhMb"unBHBuTrUbenAVsa
tV"liL eJHTIsanVNn'CakEngEdlBHVTC&yvr&nTI7Vnksag
Tisdl'BuTsasna ekayBIbgabkarbHeVrenAtMbn'enHrabTabmk . BY
kExrkhmVnerIsykBuTrUbtUc@eTAdUresomykGMbil ykebgsSg
m"asUt bdimakrFM@BYkvavaykMeTcecal CJnykeTAcak'ecalk~gswg
eJHBYkCnsamanGs'enHvatUvkarykBHvihareTAeFICamnIrBiesaFn_ eB
TvHeJHmnusrs' [siseBTlitlg'va

sikaBIviCaeBTCak'Esg .

sarmnIrvteJFival tUvBYkvaerIbMpajykbUraNvteTAdUresom ykvihar

eFICamnIrXMuXSg. VsaTvtkP~MEdlCas~adBHVTTyaTitavr&nk
sagk~gq~S910 VntUvBYkTmiLGnrFanGs'enH ykeFICaKukXMuXSgExr
EdlBYkvacat'TukfaCasMNl'BukrlYynrbbsgmcas' CJSgeFIBIf
VyekomEp~kxagtgVsaTtUvBYkvaerIKas'vaybMEbkykeTAcak'kal
f~l'BIvtkP~MmkJmk mkTIbCMuCndUnTav . karbMpicbMpajvtbUraN
VsaTbUraNExr vtGaramVneFIeLIgTUTSgbeTsExr KWCakarbMpajKwH
sgmExr[sabsUnbg' smtambMNgrbs'emdwknSyYnhU-CImijEt
mg .
4- sm&yyYn-ehgsMrin / hunEsn
BYkyYnVnerIyksmtiKruP&Ntamvtnana rUvcmak'tamVsaTTenV
TI, P~MCIsUr, GgrbUrI sarmnIrsalarcnadwkykeTAsukvabwgbnykeTA
lk'enAhugkug BYkehg-sMrink*lYcKas'ykbUraNvtykeTAlk'[eso
m-yYnEdr . BYkyYnVnKas'ykekadimasenAectiytMkl'BHsarIrikFatu
enAmuxsaniyrfePIgkugP~MeBj . BYkvalYcykkalBhBIk~gsarmnIr
vteJFival.
5- BYkclnatsUExr
-9-

emBYkclnatsUreb"HreV"HtSgBIq~S1978mk suTEtrs'eday[BYkTahanKas'ykbUraNvttamVsaTnanaeTAlk'[esom bn'rasykmas

eBC . kUnTahanrbs'sI-eFOn, sBfrs'kugtakUm"a (rdva"siunetan)Vn
niyayfa sI-eFOnVn[TahancUHeTAKas'mkbdima vayykBHeks
(kalG~kta) ykmklk'[esom . sBfTahanrCrbxxHkMBugEtbMpi
cbMpajKas'ykbUraNvtBIVsaTnanaeTAlk'[esomEdr dUcCatmesniyL-vir: rYmCamYyTahanvresniyeTavibul eTAKas'bUraNvtenA
VsaTyagdgM (sarBtmanGgrbUrI cuHfTI31 mkra 1991), elakEkmEcg, s&kibYnsIufa, eQaHq nigelakpaymYyXYn-erOn VnKas'ykrUb
bdimaelakeketsr:BhsVM kMBs'BIrEm"tBIrtwk eTAlk'tfCamYyf
Catm7lanVt (sarBtmanGgrbUrIcuHfTI31 mkra 1991) CaedIm.
kUnsemcsIhnu, neratm-ckBg, k*CaemxagbMpajvtburaNExrm~a
k'Edr edaybJa[kUnTahaneTAKas'ykburaNvttamVsaTnana mkl
k'[BYkQjesom . TijpHtm1lanVtenAsurin[bBnCatif ( bBn
TI6 ) bBnVMeTotnigkUnenAV"rIs_ .
kMNt' tMbn'PaKxaglicextVt'dMbg fBYk sMbUredaybUraNVsaTbu
erGgrCaecIn xg'CitVMrykEng . VsaTbuerGgrGs'TSgenaHecInksagBId tUvVk'EbkrlMKrCaBMnUk CaTYlG~kta kb'TSgrUbbdimakrenAk~g
BMnUkenaH . TIbUraNsanGs'TSgenaHenABMuTan'VneFIkMNaysavCavenA
eLIyk~gsm&yekaHsniPaBrbbsemcsIhnuenaH . esomEtgEtcUlmk
lYcCIkKas'ykbUraNvttamVsaTGs'enaHCaerOy@dUcCa VsaTkMEB
gJvcmayxg'db'KILEm"txaglicsayeck, VsaTembuN, VsaT
bnayTabk~gkumVsaTbnayqarCaedIm.
ebIExrKb'K~a Kb'rbb Kb'nin~akarnSK~abMpajCatigy"agenH etIBYk
eKnSK~aeTArMedaHCati k*nSK~aeTArMedaHykGMNacedImIbMpajCati ?
(1) CaCnBukrlYyCageKmYyk~grbbsaFarNrdln'-nl' rksIu (minVc'manedImTun) rt'BnCa
mYynayTunFM@enAVt'dMbgdwkTSgTU@reTHePIg rksIuCamYysug-sak'k~gkarkab'BeQIExr
ykeTAlk'enAsukesom emlYcburaNvtExreTAlk'[Qjesom . edayBukrlYyxSgeBk
k*tUvpas'ecjk~gq~S1974 (CMnYsedaytmesniysr-ehar) EtVnniyayVb'BYknayTun
enAVt'dMbg rdkarextnana KUbegonfa xMnwgviltLb'mkvijCaecAhayextVt'dMbgdEdl
. Emnesk-sMeGotVnvilmkvijenAedImq~S1975 BukrlYyelIsedIm . CaecAhayextCYy
T&Bsemc (BYkExrkhm) edaydwkkSePIg Kab'ral'@Ex eTApl'[Exrkhm BI8eTA10Lan
GMC Tahan . CaeBCXatsMlab'bMbwTmat'rasExr CnNaEdldwgBIGMeBIkt'Catirbs'esksMeGot nwgtUvBYkddl'kEblecal dUcCakUnTahanBIrnak'enAbnayBCUk (pvBIsIusupun
eTAkLaj') EdlhansUrembJakareQaHm"a-GUn BIerOgdwkkSePIgnigKab'cUleTAk~gtMbn'xSg
. CaCnelaPsI, k~gkariyal&yext esk-sMeGotmanelxaFikarpal'xn suTCasIekg@cM
nYn7nak', manbBncugCaenAcMkarsMerag,

[eKrksI@ykmk[dUcCakUnkat'cinyYnenApar

-10-

ekam pvelxBIrknH ykmk[esk-sMeGotk~glacmYyenAm"UEtlextekaysalaTkiN (

lacenaHesrkMBugGgyelgenAeCIgm"afmuxpHCYl, pHelakm"at'-erOmG~keFIkatcinyYn ) . ta
mEj"rsasacarkUlab-salIrt~EtminVn EtVnsasacarecjq~S1973m~ak'enAviTal&y
Gab-XuteTAvij . Tak'TgVnG~kKUbzmsikam~ak'eQaHtan'-yk'sanenATkiNsala ( Eco
le primaire groupe sud ) Tl'muxvtkMEpgehIyTijpHenAkac'CugsalaTkiN nigpveTAbrb"lin nigkUnLanhugdamYy[eTotpg . edaysarCnenHebIGMNacCiHCan'pac'kar dUcCaes
ctaj'dab-QYn kfafnQMu (esctaj'cugekaybgs', tMNTI5ntkUlecAhaEbn Edn
Vt'dMbg cgat'bUJnraCaNackf) enaHeTIbesk-sMeGot manrhsnamekAmYyeTot Edl
G~kVt'dMbgdak'[fa BHGgexA .

-11-

CMBUkTI1

rMlwkbvtisaRs
edaysarEtCemaHrvagraCvgktExr Edlcg'esayraC eTIbbNa
l[mankareCotECkBIbreTsCitxag EdlcUlmkCYycSgdeNImraC
[ktExr rYcehIyTaryksrKuN edaysMuykextenH-extenaHeTACa
rbs'esomrbs'yYn . beTsExrk~gstvtTI18-19 VnkayeTACaB
lancMVMgrvagT&BesomnigT&ByYn . bCarassab'hinehacJt'bg
bn kUnecAKaneBlEl . eBlesomfyeTAsukvij esomEtgEte Kor
ykKYExr bn'bmUlykePaKTBExrminEdlxan . k~gGtItkal ras
ExrminEdlsal'sniPaBesaH .
edaysarBHraCaGgcncgsanemtInwgyYn eTIbnS[BHGnuCGgGium
nigBHGgdYgePosrt'eTAbeTsesom . BHecAGFiraCyYnmij-m"agVn
cat'emT&BeQaHeTOg-mijy"ag nST&BcUlmktSgenAk~gsukExr tames
ckIsMurbs'escExrGgcn edImIkarJrGMNacescenHEkgT&BfcUlmk
yayI .
BHecAyYnmanbMNgnwgyksukExrTSgmUleFICaEdndIyYn TukCa
rnSgedImITb'Tl'CamYyesom EdlkaleNaHk*CaGaNackxSgBUEkmYy
Edr enAk~gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . minKan'EtmanEkalbMNgcg'yksukExr
b"ueNaHeT escyYnVnerobcMEpnkar eFIyYnUbniykmelIbCarasExr bM
Vt'vbFm GariyFm BHBuTsasnaefrvaT Gkrsas rebobeskJk'
eJlKWyYntUvEtbMVt'nUvGI@TSgGs'EdlCaExrecalecj ehIybgM[
ExrsikaPasayYnEfmeTot edImIsMrYldl'karTak'Tg . k~gksaryYn
eKehAExrfa GanarCn ( Barbarians ) KWCnEdlminsal'GarFmrugerOg
CnBp .
karelIkykbvtisastg'vKenHmkPab'Cabzmehtuk~gkarsresr
enH KWxMmaneKalbMNgcg'[ExrTSgGs' yl'nigVndwg[cas'fa yYn
VnerobcMnigbMVt'CatiExr elbsukExr rMlayvbFmExrcas'Nas' .
ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTot xMcg'bgajfa yYneKVnsika eFIviPaKnUvkarbra
C&yrbs'dUntaeK k~gkarEdleFIyYnUbniykmminsMerc mkelIbeTsExr
k~gq~S1840 . ehtuenHehIy eTIbemdwknSyYnhU-CImij VnerobcMEpnkar
eFIyYnUbniykmbeTsExrsarCafImgeTot EdlmanEcgenAk~gbNShUCImij ( Ho's testament ) k~geKaledAtYttaGasIuGeK~yT
_ SgmUl .
ehtuEdlxMelIkykbvtisastg'eNHmkrMlwk eJHcg'bgajBI
eKalbMNgBitVkdrbs'yYnmkelIsukExr . kalenaHBHecAyYnVn
ecjraCbJa[emT&ByYnGnuvtEpnkaryYnUbniykmelIbCarasExr nig
-12-

beTsExr EdlksaryYnVnsresrBIBHraCbJamij-m"ageTAT&BBH
Gg (1) fa
BYkGnarCn (k~gsukExr ) VnkaymkCakUnecArbs'eyIgehIyL
venH ehIyelaktUvEtCYyBYkeK ehIybegoneKGMBITMenomTmab'rbs'eyI
g CaTahrN,_ eyIgVnmkfa dI(ksikm)sMbUrehIymanCIrCatiNas' ehIysMbUreKa(sMrab'Pr) b"uEnbCaCnKankarecHdwgBIksikm(Tan's
m&y)esaH, eKebIEtcbtesH cbkab' CaCagebIkmSgeKa . eKeFIEsEd
lKb'Kan'[eKbriePaKBIrdgk~gmYyf EteKminsksUvTukeT . vtEdl
tUvkarcSVc'ral'fdUcCa sMBt'Gav, sUt, Ta nigCUkfxSgNas'. vt
kMrGs'enH KWbNalmkBIExrxil ehIybJarbs'eyIgcMeJHelakKW b
egonBYkeK[ecHebIeKa, begonBYkeK[ecHbegInplsUv[VnecIn, b
egonBYkeK[ecHdSedImmn, ecHciJwmCUknigTa. ehIycMeJHPasavij
elaktUvEtbegonBYkeK[ecHniyayPasaevotNam . (rebob)eskJk'
nigebItutamTMenomeyIg k*tUEtBYkeKeFItamEdr . ebIsinCamanTMenomTMlab'NahYssm&y CaTMenomTMlab'EdlBp k*KYrEtEksMrYl k*bgabkMu[egIbrYc (1) .

yYnUbniykm
dMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglic
ekayEdlBHGgcnsuKtedayeraKcuHmYlk~gq~S1834(2) elIBHTI
nSgnavakMBg'ekaHsaEktmk emT&ByYnGugelAeTOg-mijy"ag VnelIk
ktIGgmIu CabutIbnab'[eLIgesayraC edayminykktIEbnbutITI1
eT eJHeKecaTfakt' edayBHmatart'eTAesomCamYyBHGgGiumnigBH
GgdYg .
elak David P. Chandler Vnsg'ksaryYnEdlsIBIkarelIkktI
GgmIuenH tg'TMB&r125fa edImIeFICaGFibtIk~gkarEtgtSgktIGgmIu
enH escyYnmiujm"ag VnbJnmnIyYnmkBIkugBnKr ehIyenAk~g
eragBiFIEdleKsg'eLIgedImIVrBkarEtgtSgenaH ktIGgmIuBmTSgGa
nuCTSgGs'tUvQrEbrBHPkeqaHeTATisxageCIg bQmnigBHraCsar
rbs'escyYnEdlGnuJat[BHnagesayraC . k~geBlenaHtMNagni
gGs'mnIyYnQrEbrmuxeTATisxagtg dUcEdlBHecAGFiraCyYnEtg
eFIy"agenH enAk~gBHraCvSgBHGgkugehenaH .
kalVneLIgesayraCk~gq~S1835

enaHBHnagKanGMNacGIesaH

(1) G~kbvtisasbswmbeTssal'fa eQaHeTOg-mijy"ag EtksarExrsal'faeQaH

egog-yuSgFuy ( Nguyen Van Thuy ) ehAekAfa GugelA@ .
(2) ksarmhabursExrTMB&r1048 esovePAelakedvId-qan'l&rfa q~S1835 .

-13-

karcat'EcgkickarEpndI KWBYkesnabtIEdlsitenAekamkartYttarbs'
eTOg-mijy"agTSgGs' . eTOg-mijy"agVntSgbnaytYttaenAP~MeBj ehIytiHriHrkEt{kasledImIykbeTskmCaeTAeFICasukrbs'
yYnb"ueNaH (2) .
GugelAk*cab'GnuvtEpnkaryYnUbniykmrbs'BHecAmij-m"ag . edImI
sMerckickarenH escyYnVndak'T&ByYncMnYn50,000(VMmWun)nak'tYtta
elIsukExr manbnayFMenAP~MeBj nigenAexteJFisat' .
kalebIdUec~H GMNacEpndITSgmUlk*Fak'mkelIkNab'dyYnTSgGs'
(3) . yYnVnbeJjGMNacy"ageXareXAmkelIrasExr KWbgMmnIExr[
eskJk'CayYn [raCkarExrrkesgGaharciJwmTahanyYn yYnVn
ebotebonyayIBHBuTsasna edjBHsgExr[cuHecjBIvt (3) [BH
sgExreskJk'dUcBHsgyYn [kab'edImeJFi rMlayvtGaramExryk
eTAsg'viharyYn bMpajBHBuTbdimakr [rasExrmnIExreronPasayYn
nigeskJk'tamyYn ( CaTahrN_ KWsMNl'GavbMBg'Evg EdlsIExr
minvHcMehogdUcCaGavpaysIyYneT EbrCaedrPitCab'K~aeTAvij ExrxHy
l'cLMfaCaGavExrbUraN ) yYnpas'eQaHTIkugP~MeBj [ehAfa NS
y"ag (4) KWyYnerobcMrMlayvbFm Gksas TMenomTMlab'Exr nigsa
snaExrCamun eJHvaCaKwHEdlTTg'nUvkarrs'rannbCaCatiExrnigbeTsExr .
k~gkarGnuvtnE_ pnkarenH yYnVnbJns~gkarneyaVydb'VMmYy
nak' kmkarcitsibnak' nigKUdb'nak'mkP~MeBj edImIerobcMs~lnEp~krd
VltYttasukExr . eKEckEpnkareKCabYnvK
vKTI1- KWerobcMextExrCafI edaydkecAhayextExrecj rYcdak'ecA
hayextCayYn . sukExrkayeTACaextyYnehAfa tan' tayfaj' . ex
tTSgGs'tUvdUreQaHExrecj ehIydak'eQaHCaJkyYnCMnYsvij . k~g
karerobcMenH yYntUvrk[mans~gkarf~ak'Tabxg'mnak' EdlmancMeNHxa
geFIEs nigxagviCaCanayTahan edImIdwknSrasExr nigdwknStYtta
extExrTSgGs' .
vKTI2- KWebIkEpnkarvaysMrukBgIkbgbegInpl, bgat'BlTahan
Exr[VnecInsMrab'Tb'nwgesom nigsksUvTuk[VnecInedImIciJwm
kgT&ByYn .
vKTI3- karbegonExr[ecHPasayYn edImIsMrYldl'karTak'TgK~a .
vKTI4- KWCakarCMrujEpnkareFIGaNaniKmsukExr edayykniKmCn
cin nigG~keTasyYn [mktSgTIlMenA@elITwkdIExr edImIbegonTMenomTM
lab'yYndl'bCaCnExr[eFItam .
(3) tamesovePAsegbBgavtabeTskmCarbs'elakreKaviT faemT&ByYnFM@manbInak'KW
eTOg-mijy"ag, pS-v"agy"ag nig v"ag-Ng .

-14-

GugeFogKun ( eTOg-mijy"ag ) GKembJakaryYn kalVnCaFMenA

sukExrehIy VnerobcMKMeragkary"agcas'VkdNas' k~gkaryksu
kExreFICasukyYn . vtmanBHbraC(Gium) nigBHGgdYgenAextVt'dMb
g Cabs&KmYyrarSgdl'KMeragkarNe_ mT&ByYnenH (5) . kalenaHBH
ecAesomVncat'[BHGgGiummkKg'enAextVt'dMbg nigBHGgdYgmkKg'
enAextmglbUrI . eTog-mijy"agk*rkVyklepg@ nigykyYncMNgBHhsEdlescyYnVnfaymkBHGgcnenaHCaP~ak'garnSlixit
nigniyayeVkBHGgGiumCasmat' fa[BHGgGiumrt'cUleTAsukExrcuH
yYnnwgfayraCsmti . edaycg'esayraC BHGgGiumk*TUlbgac'BHG
gdYgfa bugkt'bMrugrt'cUlyYn . BHecAesom BHBuTLitLanPal&y k*
cab'BHGgdYgdak'kIykeTAkugeTB (kugVgkk) . edImIrt'eTAsukExr
enaH BHGgGiumVncab'ykkmkarextVt'dMbg KWelakVLat'rs'eTACa
mYypg k~gq~SrkanBs&kKs1837 . BHGgekorykKUExrtampverog
mkdl'eJFisat' . enATIenaHyYnk*cab'XMuBHGgGiumBmTSgraCvganuvgnSmkP~MeBj dl'eBlyb'sat'k*nSBHGgGiumnigBHjaticuHeTABnKr
rYcbnykeTAXMuTukenAkugeheTA . escyYneFov-TI VnecjraCsarmk
eTOgmijy"agenAP~MeBjbJnsemcecAhaTl:Lg1semcecABjahU1
kjakLaehamman'1 [cuHeTAKal'escenAkugeh rYcXMuesnabtIExr
TukenATIenaH . ekaymkeTOg-mijy"agcat'esnaTahan[XMuxnktIG
gmIu GgEbn GgeBA nigGgsn nSykeTAsukyYnCasmat'eTot . eTA
dl'kuglg'ehar GugdugdukecAhayext@lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) bJn
EtktbIGgeTAkugeh Xat'TukBHGgEbneJHvaecaTfakt'va ehIyk*
eFIKtBHGgEbn edayCmuCTwksmab'enAsuklg'eharenaHeTA (6) .
EpnkardkecAhayextExr nigkarcab'ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExr
ykeTAXMuTukenATIkugeh CabuBehtueFI[Exrkan'Etyl'cas'fa yYnbu
grMlaybeTsExrEmnETnehIy . esckIekAkhayk*ekItmaneLIgTUTSgbeTsExr . rasExrKb'ext niKmCnbTCMnMuK~akCas&KbkBYk BIm
hasib mYyrynak' dwknSedayemEdleKTukcit bHeVrcYlcbl'k~
gkMLgExkJanigtula1840 . k~gkarbHeVrenH ems&KbkBYkEtgbCMu
Tak'TgK~aeTAvijeTAmk . karbHeVrCadMbUg elcecjmkBImMextPaKxag
ekItkugdug tamCYrmat'Ten manextlam, sIsQr, extkNalswg
exteKonsay, extxac'kNal, extP~MeBjCaedIm . enAeBlEdlVn
dMNwgfa yYnVncab'esnabtI ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExrVt'eTAehIy . dMNwgenHVnpBpayy"agrh&s BIsukmYyeTAsukmYy BIextmY
yeTAextmYyeTot . k~gkMLgExsPa1841 karbHeVrVneLIgdl'krM i
tCaGtimrima. ems&KbkBYkk*snt'K~abHeLIgBm@K~ak~gkMLgevla8f
elIkK~aeTAeLamB&TbnayyYnnanaKb'sukextXMutMbn' kab'smab'yYn TS
-15-

gsIuvilTSgTahan enAKb'TIkEngEdleKCYbbTH . KmnaKmnr_ vagTIku

gtUvdac' . BYkExrbHVneLanB&TT&ByYn EdlGactYttaEtTIkug kg
T&ByYntSgenAdac'sy"al manesckIPitP&yCaxSg . kumExrbHxHman
TSgBHsgCaemdwknSpg (7) cMnYnExrbHeVrkalenaHeLIgdl'CagbImWun
nak' EdleFI[enT&BeTOg-mijy"ag mindwgrkviFINaedImITb'Tl'nwgExr
bHeVr[Vnsb'eTAvijVn . (8) yYnEdlrYcCIvitBIT&BExrbHeVr k*nSK~a
rt'mkCkCamYyT&BFMk~gbnayexteJFisat' nigbnayFMenAP~MeBj .
edaysMNUmBrBImnIExrnigecAhayexteJFisat' (9) sMu[BHecA
esomBHNSgkavbJnBHGgdYg mkesacsg'sukBIkNab'dyYn
enaHBHecAk*bJa[Bjab:DineteCanST&Besom 15,000nak' dEgrBHGg
dYgcUlmksukExr tamry:V
Vt'dMbg nigekNrasExrbJlCamYyT&B
esom Vn35,000nak' elIkcUleTAeLambnayexteJFisat'Vneday
mWuncabecHeFIKab'kSePIgFMVj'epagcUlk~geqHbnayyYn emT&ByYnk*sMu
cuHcaj' minhanTTYlcSg Tg'k*elIkT&BExr-esombnmkvaykMcat'yYn
ecjBIkugdgnigP~MeBjeTot .
edayGs'sgwmnwgeFIyYnUbniykmsukExr nigbraC&yk~gkarb"unb"g
dak'BHGgGium[esayraCvijenaH ( eJHExrElgeCO ) enAcugq~S1841
eTOg-mijy"agk*dkfyT&ByYn ykBHGgGium ktIGgmIu nigBHraCvganuvg BmTSgeKorKYExrCagVMmYyJn'nak' cuHeTAEdnkmCaekam rYc
ehIyePpIlixiteTAkugeh sMuTTYleTasEdleFIkarminVnsMerc rYcehI
yeTOg-mijy"agk*pwkf~SbMBuleFIGtXatxnsab'eTA (10) .
escyYnk*bJnemt&BeQaH Gug xSsay dayfan' nST&BCaecInnS
ykeTABHGgGium nigktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvgExr BIextmat'CUk mkTuk
enAbnayP~MeBj . cMVMgrvagExrnigyYn kalenaHmincaj'minQ~H eTIbem
t&ByYnnigBjab:DinsuMcrcaK~aQb'cSg ehIyTTYlsal'BHGgdYgCa
ktExrTSgGs'K~a ehIysMu[yYnbKl'ktIGgmIu BmTSgraCvganuvg
ExrmkvijCaf~r nigeQIyswkyYn-camEdlesomXMuTukCaeQIykalmun
enaH . edImIesckIsuxdl'bNaras BHGgdYgk*suxcitykesomnig
yYneFICaGaNaBaVlelIsukExr .
EpnkaryYnUbniykmtUvbraC&y edayExrVndwgxnTan' EtedImIkMu[
xatTn'xSgeBk yYnk*fyeTA EteTAtSgT&Bsg'bnaykan'kab'rkextExr
EdnkmCaekam CamSmYn tSgBITSgetIytg mat'CUk kmYn -s Jm Twk
exA Bllav BHtJMg EBksI CaedIm .
munnwgcUldl'EpnkaryYnUbniykm xMsUmrMlwktYs@Edr GMBIclna
tsUrbs'ExrkmCaekam EdlbqSgnwgneyaVybMVt'TMenomTMlab'Exr
bMputBUCExrmas'sukenAEdndIkmCaekam .
-16-

viFankarEdlyYnebIsmab'Exrekam
nigkarts~Urbs'Exrekam
k~gq~S1776 ExrenAPaKxagekamnEdnkUsSgsIunVnbHeVreLIg va
ykMcat'yYnEdlebIviFIeXareXAsmab'Exr ( extBHtJMg ) . eqt{ka
senaH BHGgnn'k*elIT&BExrcUleTAvaydeNImykextvijLg ( L gehar ) nigextmIufU ( em-s ) mkvij (11) .
k~grCkalBHGgcnTI2 (1806-1834 ) sbeBlEdlBHGgmas'
egg-Gan bkasxnCaescyYn ehIycSgCamYyBYkyYnbHeVrtsWn
enaH ecAhayextExrenAextBHtJMgeQaHkjasYs VnekakeLIg
ekNT&BcSgbeNjyYnQanJn escExrEbrCabJnT&BeTACYyes
cyYneTAvij .
ekaymkk~grCkalktIGgmIu (1834-1841 ) edayQWcitnwgyYn
EdlyayIbMpajTMenomTmab' nigBHBuTsasna elakecAhayKuy enA
extBHtJMgVnekakeLIgekNT&BcSgbeNjyYneTot edayman
esnaCMnitVMnak'KW PUQYyKg', hWnk, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars' .
T&BelaktSgTIenAtMbn'p~rdUg . kartsUrbs'elakecAhayKuytUvbraC&y
eJHPUQYyKg'kt'cUldnwgGuglUv emT&ByYnEdlsnafanwg[PUQY
yKg'eLIgTICakjaCMnYsecAhayKuy . PUQYyKg'VnVb'kickarGaf
kMVMgT&BecAhayKuydl'yYnGs'Kansl' rhUtrkmeFaVysmab'shkarIrYmtsUCamYyK~a manhWnk, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars'Gs'
eTot . ecAhayKuytUvyYncab' rYcvaEtgtSgCaPUQYyva . eBlEdlBH
ecAyYnmij-m"agecjbJati[ExrekameVHbg'TMenomTmab' BHBuTsas
naefrvaT enaHelakecAhayVnTamTarbqSgnwgkarEkEbenH elaksux
cit[yYnsmab'elakcuH [EtyYnBmsnarkaTukTMenomTMlab'BHBuTsasna[Exrekam . GuglUvVnbharCIvitkjaKuyenAmuxsalaXMubin
Dwk . bCarasVnyksBkjaKuy mkeFIbuNbJHk~gectiymuxvt
eJFisalraC k~gextBHtJMg . PUQYyKg'Edlkt'ecAhayKuy k*
tUvemT&ByYncab'dak'Tugsmab'ecalEdr . (12)
k~gq~S1847 rCkalBHGgdYg ExrextBHtJMgk~gsukcab'ePIgm~a
k'eQaHeLam-esamVnekakeLIgdwknSkartsUbqSgnwgyYn sgswkCY
selakkjaKuypg nigedjyYnecjBIkmCaekampg . elakmanes
nak esnaeVj nigemOg-esamCaCMnYy . eLam-esamVnvayQ~H
yYnehIyVnTSgsmab'ecAhayextyYnGugbUpg . T&BelakeLam-esa
mvaycUldl'p~rdUg ehIyVnsmab'yYnCaecInpg . EtyYnVnbJn
T&By"agecInmkBIextxagekIt mkTb'T&BeLam-esam .
-17-

yYncab'eLam-

esamVndak'TugykeTAkugeh ehIyescyYneFov-TI k*bJa[sma

b'elakeTA . (13)
k~gKMeragkarvatTIcuHmkTisxaglic nigBgwgsanPaByYnpg k~gq~S
1856 yYnsg'bnayy"agmSenATIrYmextXSgVsak'(Soctrang ) . elak
ecAhaysuksukVnekakeLIgekNT&BvaykMcat'yYny"agkahanKb'
TIkEngk~gtMbn'TMnb'nigkMBg'tb' ( Thuan Hoa ) .
k~gq~S1859 elakesnasYs enAextXSgVnekakeLIgtsUvaykMcat'yYnenAmhaTb' (Hoa Thuan)) nigcugVLag ( An Ninh ) . k~gkartsU
CagbIq~S ExrVnsmab'tmembJakaryYnBIrnak'pg mYyeQaHGugLan'sm nigmYyeToteQaHGugLan'-binsIu . EtekaymkelakesnasYsV
ntUvBYkcam EdlCasmnmityYnlYcbMBulelaksab'eTA .
k~gq~S1860 k~gextXSgVsak' ( Soctrang ) manbgbnBIrnak'eQaH
esnaTa esnaman' enAeLam BUy"a ( Nhu Gia ) VnekakeLIgekNT&Bt
sU EtedayT&ByYnecInsnwkeBk elaktUvbgMnST&BfyeTAPUmiLg fan'
k~gtMbn'ta xa extBllav ( Baclieu ) rYcelakVnnST&BvaycanyYnrhU
tdl'JmbU lIv . edayyYnVnCMnYyT&Bcam Car EfmmkCaecIneTot
elakesnaTak*tUvBYkCarVj'elakedaykSePIgsab'CIviteTA . BlTaha
nVnyksBelak eTAbJHelIkUnekaHmYyEkrvtExrenAExg bbil k~g
extBllav .
sm&yeTOg-mijy"agtYttasukExrenaH ExrnigyYntUvkarCacSV
c'nUv EBkvijet edayCIkPab'BImat'smuT cUlmkcmay53Km . k~gkar
CIkEBvijetenH emT&ByYnVnTTYldavGaCaswkmYy nigBHsgartaBI
escExrBHGgcn edImItYttakarCIkEBkenaH . mnusCab'kMENnman
Exr nigyYnlayK~a . eKEckCakumedImIErkGacmd
_ IecjBIk~gVtEBk .
k~gkumnimYy@manyYnm~ak'edIrmux yYnm~ak'edIrekay nigyYnm~ak'eTotedIr
kNalCYr edImIKk'tb'[ExredIreTAmux[elOn . yYnEtgrkerOgecaT
Exrfacg'rt'eKc mineFIkarCaedIm rYcExrenaH@k*tUveTas ehIyykeTA
kb'dItwmkbI@nak' eFICamumeCIgkandSEtGug . eBlEdlyYnvadutePIgdS
EtenaH ExrG~keTaserIbMrHedayekAnwgePIg yYnvaEskfa kMukMerIk by&t~
kMBb'EtGug KWdSEt[elakFMyYn .
enHCarebobsmab'Exry"agsahavBp ExrKb'@K~aEtgrMlwkerOg
enHVb'tkUntecA CabuBehtueFI[Exrsb'yYnrhUtdl'Lv . dl'eBl
CIkEBkrYcehIy yYneKlYcVb'KI~K~aeKTSgGs'[dwgCamun ExreKmin[
dwgesaHeT . eKykX~agEvgmkdak'KabkExrbnK~adb'nak' mnak' rab'
rynak'edayykelsfa kMu[Exrrt'ecalkMENnCIkEBk . rYcehIyemT&
ByYnk*bJa[TmaydImuxTMnb' [TwksmuThUrcUlEBkCIkliclg'sab'
ExrvinasGnrayGs'Kansl'

eJHkCab'X~agerIminrYc .
-18-

edaysarkar

smab'Exry"ageXareXAEbbenaHehIy eTIbExrenAtMbn'EBkCIkvijet nig

enAtMbn'CYrP~MVMBIr manP~MBJl P~MGkyMCaedImekItesckIQWcab'ekAkha
ynwgyYnEdleFITaruNkmkab'smab'Exry"agsahavBpdUec~HenaH k*
ekakeLIgbmUlKI~K~atsUvaysgswknwgBYkyYn rhUtsmab'VnemT&ByY
n nigesnaTahanCaecInnak' EdlVk'T&Brt'cuHBIsukExreTA .
kartsUrbs'ExrekammanmkCahUrEhrhUtmkdl'eBlfI@enH CaTahrN_ nkartsUmYyk~gcugq~S1945 nigedImq~S1946CaedIm EdlyYnku
mynishU-CImij VneKagsmab'ExrekameTot . kartsUenHVnekIt
eLIgenAk~gEdndIs~ k~gextXSg nigk~gPUmiekaHbhatk~gextBllav .
k~gkMLgExF~ 1945 yYneyokmijVnbeJatbCaCnExrbus@k~gPUmi
ekaHbhat y"ar"ay ep~aGENt dSKin dSyIuy EBkhUrpug faykeTATTY
lelakFM faykeTAhat'hwkhWn ehIybJlk~geragdak'sUvCb"undut
smab'TSgrs'Gs'rab'rynak' Kan'EtG~kPUmiep~aGENtEtmYymansab'cMnY
nEssibnak'eTAehIy (14) xHeTotBYkvabeJat[eLIgelITUksmuT rYc
vaecaHBnicTUksmab'Exr .
eyIgeXIjfa Kb'viFankarN_ yYneFIkarsmab'ExrCanicKanQb'Qr
esaHeLIy . buBehtuedImKWmkEtBIescExrekItvivaTK~adeNImraCblg
deNImGMNacK~arvagraCvgg eTIbeTABwgyYn[mkCYy yYnk*Vnels
enHgcUlmkkan'kab'extExrTSgLayenAkmCaekam nigeFIkarkab'sma
b'rgalbCaCnExr EtGkuslExrminecHpaykarEdlyYnsmab'ExrenH
dl'BiPBelakesaH .

evotNamUbniykmkmCaekam
edayeFIyYnnUbniykmkmCaelIminVnsMerc yYnVncUleTAtYtta
EdndIkmCaekamCamSmYnmYyry: eBlEdlExrkMBugEtsagxn sarbeT
sEdleTIbnwgrYcBImhnrayedaysgam . tSgBIBHecAmij-m"agrhUt
BHecAy"a-Lg escyYnVnGnuJat[ExrekameVHbg'ecalTMenomTMla
b' Gkrsas kareskJk'CaExr BmTSgBHBuTsasnaefrvaTpg . Ca
dMbUgeKcab'EkEbeQaHextCaExr dak'CaPasayYnvij . extExrenAkmCa
ekamTSgGs'man17ext EtenACMnan'GaNaniKmVrSg eKVnEkEbeTACa
21ext . extTSgLayEdlyYnVnEkEbmandUcteTA
eQaHCaExr
1- extkMB b'skatI
cgartJMg

eQaHEkEbCaPasayYn
EkCa Bien Hua rYc Phuoc Thanh rYc
Phuoc Long

2- exteragdMrI

EkCa Tay Ninh

3- extBnKr

EkCa Saigon rYc Gia Dinh Cholo rYc

Ho Chi Minh
-19-

4- extpMGMebIs

EkCa Ben Tre rYc Kien Hoa

5- extem-s

EkCa My Tho rYc Dinh Tuong

6- extekaHKg

EkCa Go Cong rYc Long An

7- extEBksI

EkCa Can Tho rYc Phong Dinh

8- extlg'ehar

EkCa Vinh Long

9- extBHtJMg

EkCa Tra Vinh rYc Vinh Binh

10- extparEdk

EkCa Sadec rYc Kien Phong

11- extmat'CUk

EkCa Chau Doc

12- extXSg (Vsak')

EkCa Soctrang rYc Khanh Hung rYc

Ba Xuyen

13- extTwkexA

EkCa Camau rYc Quan Long rYc An

Xuyen

14- extJm

EkCa Hatien

15- extkmYns

EkCa Rachgia rYc Kien Giang,

Chuong Thien

16- extBllav

EkCa Baclieu rYc Baclien

17- extJmVr"aC

EkCa Long Xuyen rYcCa An Giang

18- exttaemak

EkCa Thudomot rYc Binh Duong,

Binh Long

19- BHsYKa

EkCa Baria rYc Phuoc Le, Phuoc Tuy,

Binh Tuy

20- GUkab'

EkCa Cap St. Jacques rYc Vung Tau

21- (eQaHfI )

EkCa Tan An

suknigTIkEngxHeTot EdlyYnVnEkEbCaeQaHyYnKW
valBUs

EkCa Dong Nai

kjaDin

EkCa Gia Dinh

ekaHtLac

EkCa Con Son

ekaHtl'

EkCa Phu Quoc

sukGNgTwk

EkCa Long Phu

sgat'EBkKy

EkCa Rachgoi

sgat'EBkcak

EkCa Chac Vang

sgat'epAeBn

EkCa Lo Vieng

sgat'dgekag

EkCa Bai Gi

sgat'kUnEkk

EkCa Ngang Ho

sgat'edImeJFi

EkCa Lam Vo

sgat'xintag

EkCa Dinh My

sgat'dng

EkCa Lieu Tu
-20-

sgat'tanav

EkCa Bang Lang

sgat'bwgGna

EkCa Bung Sa

sgat'Tentg

EkCa My Than

sgat'lic

EkCa Lich Hoi Thuong

sgat'ep~aGENt

EkCa Giang Noi .l.

rUbKMnUrEpnTIenH
KUredayelakfac'-sMu
GtitcaghagGgrbUrI
nigCaGtitbFan
smaKmExrkmCaekam
bcSrdkalIh&rnij"a

enAeQaHExrCaecIneTotEdleyIgminGacdak'[Kb'Vn

EpnTIEdndIkmCaekamcMnYn17ext EdlkayeTACaevotNamxagtg cMeJHEp~kxagtgBnKr sPaGaNaniKmVrSgVnsMercbKl'eTA[BH

ecAedayk~gyb'fTI21 sPa q~S1949 . ( dksg'ecjBIsarBtma
nGgrbUrI rdkalIh&rnij"a GtbTrbs'elakfac'-bunerOg fTI15 mina 87)
edaysarxHksar xMKanlTPaBnwgerobrab'nUveQaH suk XMu sga
t'TSgGs'enAEdndIkmCaekam EdlyYnVnEkEkCaPasayYnenaHeLIy.

yYnUbniykmbCaraRsExrekam
k~gsm&yeTOg-mijy"ag EdlyYnVnGnuvtEpnkaryksukExreFI
CasukyYnenaH ksaresomVnehAExrfa bCaCnyYnfI . bEnmelI
karbgM[ExreVHbg'TMenomTMlab' Gkrsas BHBuTsasnaefrvaTecal
-21-

nig[ExreronPasayYn escyYnVnbJat[ExrekamTSgGs' ykEst

kUleTAtamJk EdlescyYndak'[sMrab'extnimYy@ . enHCameFaVyedImI[yYneKsal'sKl'nbCaras yYnkMeNItExrGs'enaHEt
b"ueNaHeJHExrextnimYy@EtgmancritxusBIextmYyeTot CaTahrN_
ExrEdlmantkUlfac' ecInmancitEbbYl yksuxykrYcxn ExrEdlmantkUlsWnecInmancitkahan man:rwgtwg mineGankal[yYntYt
ta hanbHeVr .l. BHecAmij-m"agVnbJati[ExrekamykEstkU
lCayY nmanCagmEs Etcab' BIraCBHecAy" aLgmk eKVnrab' ykEt
EsVMmYyeTAvij . KWfaEsExrdTeTot VntUvyYnbMPeXasnabMVt'da
nfaCaCatiyYnsuT EtExrTSgGmalmaNenaH enAEtrkaTMenomTmab'Ca
Exr nigniyayPasaExrenAeLIy . EsTSgVMmYyenaHKW fac', sWn, KIm,
Kag, y"aj nigecA . ExeKattkUlEdlescyYnbJatidak'[rasExr
enAkmCaekammandUcteTA
ExrenAextBllav

tUvEtykEsCa

XSg nigBHtJMg
ExrenAextmat'CUk

sWn, fac', KIm, KagTa hrN_

sWn-jil, Kag , rinCaedIm

tUvEtykEsCa

ecATahrN_ : ecA-esam

ExrenAextkmYns

tUvEtykEsCa

y"aj, daj' Ta daj'-kUc

ExrenAexteragdMrI

tUvEtykEsCa

kavTahrN_ kav-nU

ExrenAextEBksI

tUvEtykEsCa

dav dav-kan (15)

EsdTeTotenAJseBjkmCaekamk*suTCaExrEdr EtyYnminrab'b JlKW

yWb, lI, Lwm, Tin, tS, j"ag, hug, vin, twg, ega, dU, tU, KI, eyOg, Gug (16) .

ksareyag - REFERENCES
(1) A History of Cambodia - David P. Chanler page 126 - published in 1983.
(2) Georges Maspero- L'Empire Khmer page 70 - Phnom Penh - Imprimerie du protectorat -1904
(3) Roger M. Smith, Cambodia's foreign policy, published 1965, page 13.
(4) segbBgavtarbeTskmCa edayreKaviT TMB&r103 .
(5) J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge Fascicule II, page 131.
(6) ksarmhabursExr rbs'elakeGg-sut eVHBumq~S1968 TMB&r1054 .
(7) Roger M. Smith, Camodia's foreign policy, page 14-15.
(8) A History of Cambodia, David P. Chandler, page 131.
(9) M. Giteau, Histoire du Cambodge, page 155.
(10) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, page 134.
(11) Memorandum of Cambodia on her territories in South Vietnam-Cochinchina 1954 Imprimerie Gloor- Geneva, page 4.
(12) sUmGanesovePAkjaKuy rbs'elakEkv-suvti nigfac'-kan' eVHBumq~S1966 .
(13) kUsSgsIunCaEdndIrbs'ExrtUvbKl'[Exrvij TMB&r63, 64, 65 edaysSg-m"ak'sag,
eVHBumq~S1973 .
(14) sUmGanesovePA rs'eJHhansab' rbs'elakm"-pat' q~S1972 .
(15) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksWn-eL nigelakKim-Fwm rdva"siunetan GtItEm"Khk .
(16) EdndIkmCaekam TMB&r118 q~S1971 edayKwm-saGul .

-22-

CMBUkTI2

sartIPa k'rk
karEdlxMelIkykvKtg'enHmk eJHCabzmehtuEdlbNal[ma
nCaclnaes~haCatiPak'rk ekakeLIgtsU nigkarCiHCan'nGaNaniKm
VrSg rhUtbegItCaclnaExrsr:,, ExresrI, Exreyokmij, Exrkhmt
@mk .
k~gKs1857 BHGgdYgVnBwgBHsgkatUliknam m"ugEsgj&r
mIs ( Monseigneur Miche)) nSBHraCsareTAsMuCMnYykgT&BVrSg mkvay
sukBnKr ebIVnsMercraCkarkugkmCanwgecjCaVk'500ENn CUn
raCkarVrSg . extTSgetIytg Vsak'(XSg) BHtJMg kmYns ma
t'CUkmagTl'nwgmat'smuT magTl'nwgsukEBnKrenaH raCkarkugkmCanwgcat'kgT&BeTAvayB&TvageTATl'nwgEdnBnKr . BHecANab"UeLGu
gTI3 k*Tg'emtaeVstamBHraCsarKb'bkar . BHecAneratmVncat'
kjaer CaesdIEkb ecAhayext@JmCaemT&BnigesnaTahan Bmeda
ysasavuFbMrugesc cat'kjaymraCm"uk CaG~kbJnesgGaharbMru
gcSkgT&BBIkugVrSgEssmkdl' nigvaypb'K~a (1) . dl'q~SmmIsMriTis&kKs1858 BHecANab"UeLGugVncat'tmnavIk Admiral Doudart
de Lagre nSesnaTahancuHkV"l'eTAvaykugBnKr . raCkarkugkm
Cak*elIkT&BeTAvayextTSgetIytg, Vsak', BHtJMg, kmYns, mat'
CUk (2) EtT&BExrtUveTIenAtg'EBkCIkvijet k*tSgVj'kSePIgFM-tUceTA
vijeTAmk EtCaGkuslBHGgdYgsuKtenAfTI19tula1860 kjaEk
bk*tUvBHneratmtMeLIggarCakjackI (1) ehIy[elIkT&BeTAvayext
TSgtgteTAeTot . VMbIExekayBHGgdYgsuKteTAenaH BHsIusuvta
CaGnuC BHeratmVncat'[s~gsUr menaEkv CajatixagmataekNT&BBI
tMbn'VP~M sgt'extetIyxagekIt edImIcSgdeNImraCBIneratmtamkar
BnHKSTrbs'esom . k~gExmina1861 menaEkvtUveKcab'Vn s~gsUr
nigbkBYkrt'eTABwgVrSgenAbnayexteragdMrI ( Tai Ninh ) VrSgk*nSdak '
(1) k~gEp~krdVlExr manBHmhaktCaFM rYcbnab'mkKWmhabraC (CYnman-CYnKan) rYcKW
semcecAhaTl: CYnkalehA GKmhaesnabtI EdlmanmuxgaresInwgnaykrdmnI (
Prime Monister ) . ekamsemcecAha manesnabtI(rdmnI)bYnnak'KW kjackI Caesna
xagkgT&BeCIgeKak nwgdwknSeCIgeKak, kjakLaeham CaesnaxagkgT&BeCIgTwknwgdwk
nSpvTwk, kjaymraC CaesnabtIksYgtulakar, kjavSg CaesnabtIxagkickarBHraC
vSgnighirJvt ( sUmGanesovePA kalbvtiviTnkmCa rbesrtg'vKTI1 EdlEcgcas'
las'BIrdVlkug ext eKarmgar, zannrs&kimnI, ecAhayext, esctaj'TSgVM, kMENn
kgT&BnrbbskiPUmibUraNExr ) .

-23-

'kV"l'ykeTAbMbrbg'ecalekaHtLaceTA .
k~gExemsa1862 semcsuTsV"bHeVrekNT&BenAextsMeragTg
(extkMBg'sW) EttUvbraC&ycab'Vnsmab'ecal .
k~gq~SkurbJs&k1864 VvelakkjaeteCasuk, extkMBg'say,
eQaHsa rt'eTAextTSgetIytg tSgxnCaGgPwm (2) bJHbJlras
[VnT&BecIn elIkmktSgenAsukeCIgkJMsgt'ykextJm bnaymas TSg Bkbas . evlayb'sat' embHenHnSesnalukkjackIEkb
GnickmenAextTSgeTA .
ecAhayextyYnenAextmat'CUk ( Chaudoc ) VnKSTclnabHeVr
enH (3) . edayVrSgeFIkarKMramxSg eTIbbraCyYnBmbKl'xnGacar
saenAExsIha1866 . EtenAExmkra munbKl'xnGacarsa yYnbegIt
clnabHeVrmYyeTot edaybeJH[KUGaKmeQaHedImnU tSgxnCaeJr
kMeVr ekNT&BtMbn'eragdMrIcSgdeNImraC . eJrkMeVrBitenaH Cabuta
BHGgc&nTI2 VnsuKtenAkugtgtSgBIBHCn8Exem"H (4) . braCyYn
extlg'eharVnKSTclnabHeVrenH (5) . cMVMgenHsIueBlGs'Cit2q~S
TMrSsmab'eJrkMeVrVnen AExF~1867 enATYlbg'bt' PUmisayePIg tSg
eKak edayVyrbs'elakkjaeteCaGIextkMBg'say mnIraCkar
bCarassab'vinasGs'CaecInnak' .
eyIgVneXIjfa BHGgDYgVn[kjaraCaesdIEkbvayykextkmCaekamvij EtedayTg'suKtk~gq~S1860eTA kjaEkbk*paksgam
enaHsin ekaymkhgneratmVntemIggarkjaEkb CaesnabtITahan
eCIgeKakCaTIckIeBjys rYc[elIkT&BeTAvayextTSgetIytgeTot.
ehtuenHehIy edImIkMu[ExreTAvayykextkmCaekamVn mhabraCyY
nEdltSgenAextlg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) enaHk*rkmeFaVyKSTembH
eVrGacarsa [eTAluksmab'kjackIEkbTal'EtVn . ekaymkeTo
tyYnKSTclnabHeVreJrkMeVreTot KWk~geKalbMNgeFI[Exrmancla
clk~gsuk ehIyKan{kasnwgvayykextkUsSgsIunmkvij . Exrk*Fa
k'k~gVyklyYn EdlebIklykFglabmuxman'[Cl'K~a Exrk*cS
gkab'smab'EtK~ag ehIyKan{kasnwgvayykext EdlyYnbn'yk
enaHmkvijeLIy . cMVMgk~gsukExrsBf ( 1979-1990 ) k*Caneya
VydEdlEdlyYnykmkebI[Exrsmab'EtK~ag .
(2) GgPwmCabutarbs'braCGgGwum EdllYcePosecjBIVt'dMbg (esom) edaycaj'Vy
klyYn tUveTOg-mijy"agXMuTukenAextlg'ehar
ehIyenATIenaH .

-24-

GgPwmBitVkdenaHVnsuKtrYceTA

GaNaBaVlVraMg
edImI[rYccakBICMerotCMErkbreTsCitxag BHneratmk*dak'beTskm
CaekamGaNaBaVlVrSg edaysnisJacuHfTI11 ExsIha q~S1863
. edaysarkarbHeVrTSgBIrelIkenaH VrSgVnefaleTasfa mkBIEp~k
rdVlExrexay . VrSgyl'eXIjfa rebobrdVlrbs'BHneratmmin
l k*manbMNgesIerIEkEbrdVlEbbfI . enAq~S1883 elak Charles
VnmkCaGPiVlNcinEp~krdVlsIuvil . elaksMercfatUv
ThomsonV
EtbgM[BHneratmLayBHhtelxak~gkarbKl'kickarEpndIExreTAV
rSgkan'kab'TSgGs' . eKVneKagTukfa ebIBHneratmminBmeTenaH eK
nwgbgM[BHGgdak'raC rYcehIyelIkBHsIusuvtiEdlKSTVrSgenaH[
eLIgesayraCvij . tSgBIyb'ebotPWnfTI17mifunaq~S1884 edImIGnuvtkarenaH elakFumsunVnebIkkaV"l'eQaHsIulUEGtmkctenAcMmuxvSg
P~MeBj (6) . dl'em"agbEhl10yb' elakkan'sMNMulixitcUleTACYb
BHneratm edaymanTahanbdab'GavuFsMLt ( TarVlnigkjavSgmin
[cUleJHesckMBugpM elakFumsunykeCIgQUsTarkLabnMeLIgKSg
) . ebIBHneratmminBmcuHBHhtelxaeTenaH Tg'tUvEtdak'raC BH
neratmk*BmcuHhtelxaTSgeTIsTal'nigBieraF (7) edaysuxcitbKl'
GmNackickarEpndIeTAraCkarVrSgcat'EcgerobcM . VMmYyExekaymk
Tg'k*temIggarPkIQUk Camhatlwk[KggarCakjaBiselakQUk Ca

kV"l'eQaH salEGt EdlVrSgVnCiHmkbgMBHkruNaBHVTneratm [Lay

BHhtelxaelIGnusJaq~S1884 .

-25-

ectiytMkl'FatuBHecABjay"atelIP~MdUneBj ( rUbftq~S
1885 ) xaglicBHvihar VrSgVn[eFICaeFI~enAkectiy
edImI[TahansYlemIlcl
naBYkbHeVrsm&yBiselak
QUk nigkLaehamKg' edayelIgtamCeNIrsIEpkni
gectiy . kMBUlectiytUv
rnHVj'Vk'k~gsm&ysaFar
Nrdln'-nl'q~S1970 .

esctaj'EdndITSgtYtextVMBIrKW bnaymas VTI Bkbas Jm

kMBt kMBg'esam nigekaHkug ehIy[elakcat'EcgbmUlekNT&BeFIsgamtsUvayVrSg edImIykGMNacmk[BHGgvij . k~geBlCamYyK~a
enaHEdr G~kEdlCYykjaBiselakQUkk~gcMVMgrvagT&BVrSg KWmanV
Lat'Eg"t kjahIug VLat'Qub vgaGKraCEkv ehIysuTEtmankgT&B
erog@xn cineQaHlIxagXwm k*manT&BcinenAtMbn'kMBtbHeVrvayVrSgEdr (8) . edayQWcitnwgVrSgdkykbwgLensaT EdlbCarasExr
Fab'rktIpt'pg'KYsar ehIylk'eTA[degAyYn elakkjanraFibtIVk'
BmTSgkmkarekambgab'k~gextBEvgVnrt'ecalraCkar

ehIyeTAk

T&BvayVrSgEdr (9) . k~geBlenaHmanExrCaecIneTotEdlkT&BvayVrS

-26-

gdUcCabNitnUenAVP~M kjasYKaelakenAexteJFisat' GacaresgenA

lamCaedIm (10) .
fmYyeBledjBYkbNitVk'Edlrt'eKcVt'tg'mMvtekaHkbI ela
ks&kiBIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelakKUecAGFikarKg'
EdlkMBugEtqan'Gaharftg' elakVnVb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS
genaHsMLt ehIyykmamdeTAcglfaselak .
fmYyeBledjBYkbNitVk'Edlrt'eKcVt'tg'mMvtekaHkbI ela
ks&kiBIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelakKUecAGFikarKg'
EdlkMBugEtqan'Gaharftg' elakVnVb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS
genaHsMLt ehIyykmamdeTAcglfaselak . edayesckIbmaf
enH k~gyb'enaH elakKUecAGFikarKg' EdlsuTCasisCMnitrbs'elak
pal' . TIkEngkT&BdMbUgKW enAekamedImGMBilevoc PUmiGMBilevoc k~gsuk
kNalswg (4) . ekaymkelakbmUlVnVskCaecInCakgT&B
BmTSgreTHkbI esH dMrI CaecInsMrab'dwkesgpg . garCakj"akLa
eham KWCagarEdlrasVndak'[elakCabeNaHGasn~eT edImIkMu[Gn'
CakjaBiselakQUkEtb"ueNaH . emT&BrgeQaHebgrbs'elak k*TTY
lgarCavibulebgEdr . T&Brbs'elakeFIskmPaBenAtMbn'sag tMbn'ray
db extkNalswg . ekaymk edayVrSgvaybMEbkbnayEdlelak
kMBugsg'enAtMbn'kSgtapU kjakLaehamKg'k*bJaT&BdkfycUleTA
k~gextVTI . yb'eLIgelaknST&Bvayqk'smab'TahanVrSg-yYn Edl
sMrakenAk~gvtTenVTI . ekaymkelakrYbrYmT&BCamYykjaBiselak
QUk rayGnak'cSsak'vayT&BVrSg rhUtVnC&yCMnHenAswgsaKU smab'
TahanVrSgCaecInnak' kat'kaledatenAmat'swgsaKUenaHpg .
xagexttgXMk*manecAhaysuknigkmkar ekNT&BbHeVrvayV
rSgEdr dUcCaVLat'enA ( qg-kecH ), GacareBA ( kUcqar ), VLat'm"a (
kMBg'cam ), VLat'sI ( xageCIgBEvg ) (5) . elakkjamhaviC&y
sukBQr nigemT&BTn'k*ekNT&BvayVrSgEdr (10) . T&BtsUmanb
maNCaVMmYyeTAVMbIJn'nak' eKmanEtkSePIgbUraNtictYc lMEBg dav
ExlCaGavuF .
(4) elakta nU CItarbs'G~kKUCa-sIunI Fab'VnniTan[xMsab'k~gq~S1964-65 . pHKat'nigpHxM
enACitK~a enATnwmnwgpHelaksWg-ePOkf (GtitcaghagsarBtmanmatuPUmi) pvelx290 xag
ekItsalabzmsikaGgeGg. elaktaenHcSerOgkLaehamKg'BIedImdl'cb' EtKYr[sayeda
yelaktaVnVt'bg'CIvitk~gsm&yExrkhm CamYynigkUnecA enAsl'EtbnsIG~kKUBIrnak'
Edlrs'enAk~grbbehg-sMrin . tanUVnTanBIVyEdlT&BcinxagXIm eFICadYlsab'Gs'
eBlVrSgVj' dl'TahanyYnVrSgedIrcUleTAemIlexacedayminby&t~ T&Bcink*egIbeLIgka
b' smab'VrSgnigPaBlg'nExrkalenaH eXIjT&BVrSgedkdak'kSePIgecal eKminlbeTAy
kkSePIgeT EbCaeraTs
i_ rykC&ymunVrSgPak'eLIgTajkSePIgVj'sab'CaecIn .
(5) Etude Cambodgienne. No.11, Juillet - Septembre, 1968, page 39

-27-

tMbn'EdlclnatsUrbs'kjakLaehamKg' nigkjaBiselakQUk
eFIskmPaBbqSgnwgGaNaniKmVrSg edImIykGMNacmk[hgneratmvij

xagextkMBg'say BHGgmas'sIuvta EdlcSgdeNImraCBIBHneratm

Ca BHramenaH enAEtkan'kab'T&BenAtamdgswgEsnenAeLIy EtksarminVnbJak'fa mas'sIuvtaVncUlrYmk~gclnatsUq~S1884-1886

eT .
exteJFisat'mankjasYKaelakC&yekNT&Bvayqk'sgat'nigb"usi_
VrSgCajwkjab' . VrSgminGacedIr ecjqayBIexteJFisat'VneLIy
extkMBg'q~Sgvij manT&BelakVLat'dun garCapavsgam tSgbna
yenAtMbn'kYs bmUlT&BBIreloebr bugelIkeTAvaykugkMBg'q~Sg .
enAJk'kNalq~S1886 T&BesnaVk'nigesnasux
-28-

ykVnsuk

kg, T&BVLat'Ek-Tl', vgasI-kuy, esnavuT enAP~Mkvaj . T&Belak

kjab"ul CaecAhaysuk tSgenAsukTTwgf (6) .
edayxHshbtibtikarrYmrvagclnabHeVrTSgGs' nigPaBxt'exa
yxagsJvuFenaH clnatsUminGacvaytTl'CamYyT&BVrSgVneLIy
eKebImeFaVytamkaryl'eXIjrbs'emT&B embHeVrm~ak'@ nigebIviFI
kgT&Bqk'Etb"ueNaH EdleFI[T&BVrSgmankarlMVkCaxSg k~gkarbga
bclnatsUExreBlenaHNas' . kalenaHVrSgVncMNayCIvitTahan
VrSg-yYnGs'xg'bYnJn'nak' (11) ehIy enaEtbgabExrminVneTot eTI
bVrSgEkEbneyaVy . elak Piqet Caer"sIudg'suEb"rIeyIur VnepIlixit
eTAraCkarVrSgraykarNB
_ IerOgExrbqSgnwgkMENTMrg' . k~gfesAr_ 10
ekIt Exktik q~ScGds&k Ks1886 VrSgeFICabKl'GMNackickarEpn
dImkBHneratmvij . BHneratmVneTAsg'BHBnaenABTTwg (kMBg'sW)
ehIyekaHehA[emclnatsUTSgGs'cUlKal' nigbJb'kartsUteTA
eTot . emdwknSkartsUExrTSgGs' VncUlmkKal'BHneratm elIkElg
EtkjaBiselakQUk nigkjakLaehamKg' EdlsnafanwgcUlKa
l'enAkugP~MeBjfekayvij . hgVnsnafa nwgerobBiFIpl'zannr
s&kikLaehamKg'nigkjaBiselakQUk [eBjysCaesnabtI

enA

hgVnsnafa nwgerobBiFIpl'zannr s&kikLaehamKg'nigkjaBis

elakQUk[eBjysCaesnabtI enAraCvSgkugP~MeBj . kartsUenHVn
sIueBlevlaGs'BIrq~S . raCaNacksitenAk~gsPaBetaky"ak ehIybNal[rasenAextekAmanesckIlMVkCaxSg . eBlbtibtikarswk
TahanVrSgVneFIVbKMramkMEhgnigdutpHsMEbg . G~ksukrt'eKcbYnk~
gB . KYsartUvVk'EbkJt'Vs'K~a nigVt'bg'CIvitGs'CaecIn .
G~kEdlVnVt'bg'GI@Gs'rlIgenaH k*cUlrYbrYmCamYykumG~ktsUEdlma
nncas'@ sInigkUnekgCYypt'pg'xagesgGahar (12) .
edayesckIcENnxackLaehamKg'VnFMCag

namWunvSgm~ak'k*nS

elakfaeTAedIrelgtammat'Ten eBleTAdl'kV"l'cMVMgVrSg namWunk

t'ExrenaHk*[TahanVrSgcab'elakdak'ex~aH cgeGabbMBg'Epg rYcsNn
fTmak'ecalk~gTwkTeneTA. kjaBiselakQUkVneTAsMNak'nwgpH
elakbesIrsuriyvgem"A EdltUvCaBukmaelakenAparkab'eKa ekaym
kenApHelakEdlmaelakVnsg'[enACitvtbTumvtI . fmYyedayGs'
kmSgeBk (eJHeBlyb'elakminsUvVnsMranby&t~xn) eBlelakTMertxnelIkaregO manXatkrm~ak'VneLIglbtampHVy eTAVj'smab'
elaksab'eTA (7) .
edaysarVrSgemIleXIjfa rbbrdVlrbs'Exrsm&yhgneratm
(6) Etude Cambodgienne. No.12, Octobre - dcembre, 1967, pasge 27
(7) sUmGanesovePAkjaBiselakQUk, D-Kam nig Etude cambodgienne No.18, 1969

-29-

dug
EdndITSg
( extesctaj' )

kNalswg

k~gq~S1884

P~MeBj
kSgsMEr
KgBisI

VTI

sag
ekaHFM

P~MsYc
Kus

QUk

Bkbas
TSg

kMBt

Jm

QUgsmuTf

kUsSgsIun

enaHCarbbcas' minEmnCakariyal&yniym ehIyCarbbBukrlYyEfmeTo

t

eTIbVrSgsMerceFIkarEkEbEp~krdVl tulakar JNiCkm Bndar

Qb'[ecAhaysukTarykBIraspal'

bnycMnYnecAhayext

kaledIm ehAfaecAhaysuk TahrNe_ cAhaysuksMeragTg .l. )

edayyk exttUc@xHmkrYmbJlCaextmYydUcCa extswgEtg extkMBg'esom exteCIgB rYmCaextkMBg'camCaedIm .
kMENTMrg'rdVlEbbenH eFI[mankarb"HJl'dl'plbeyaCnB
_ Ykm
nInahWnext kug nigBHraCa BmTSgBHraCvganuvg EdlsYysarGakrVnmkBIkarTarBnBIrasedayBYkecAhayext

rYcexteLIgsYyeTAm

nIk~gkug tamEdlBHraCaVnkMNt' [extNaeLIgmkmnINamYy

eLIg eTABHraCadUcCaEdndITSgtUveLIgsYyeTAkjaymraCCaedIm
.l. (13)
karEdlelakfumsunVneLamvSg ehIyKMramBHneratm[LayBHh
telxaelIsnisJankMENTMrg'enaH VneFI[BHneratmbqSgtbvij
eJHeFI[BHGgGs'GMNacrlIg BHGgk*cat'[bMbHrasExreLIgvayV
rSgedImIykGMNacmkvij .
edImIQancUlk~gkarBicarNarkbuBehtuCasarvnnana EdlbNal
[mankarkab'smab'rgalbCarasExrCagbIlannak'enaH KbIelIkykKM
nitbqSgtbskmPaBbHeVrtsUEdlrasExrVneqIytbeTAnwgrbbCiH
Can'GaNaniKmVrSgenAedImstvtTI20enH eJHBwtikarNT
_ SgGs'enaH
ehIyEdlCaktabegIt[manclnaes~haCati rMedaHCati manclnaExrsr: Exrevotmij ExresrI ExrkhmCalMdab'hUrEhmk .
fIebIsgamelakelIkTI1minVnb"HJl'dl'EdndINcink*eday Et
-30-

kMBg'FM
sMbUr
kecH

ekaHsUTin

clnatsUenAexttgXMnigextkMBg'say k~gq~S1885
edImICYydl'sanPaBesdkicenAsukVrSgGaNaniKmVrSgVntemIgB
n Gakry"agFn'enANcin . bCaksikrExrsm&yenaHkIkNas' k~gmY
yq~S@ KYsarGaclk'sUvVnbEhl40erol BneLIgdl'eTA12erol
eTAehIyk~gmYyq~S . ksikrk*ekItmankarminsbaycit ehIyVnelIk
K~ab'Jn'nak' mkBItMbn'extkMBg'q~S extxagekItTIkugP~MeBj cUlmkTUl
sMuhgsIusuvtibnyBndar . BwtikarNC
_ adMbUgekIteLIg enAedImExvicika
1915 edaymanbCarasbmaNbIrynak' cUleTATamTarsMu[hgbJH
Bn . ekaymkeTotenAedImq~S1916 karTamTarVnraldaldl'extPaK
xagekItTIkugP~MeBj edaymanbCarasrab'mWunnak' cUlrYmk~gknVtukm
edIrcUlmkk~gTIkugP~MeBj . eKBMuVnsal'emVtukmenaHeT ehIykarTam
TarenaHk*minTan'cas'fa eFIeLIgedImIbqSgnwgVrSgenAeLIyEdr EteK
sMKal'dwgfa BYkVtukrVneJlfa VrSgVneFI[eyIgminsbaycitCa
xSgGs'eBlCaecInq~SmkehIy

edayykEtmnusGakk'mkeFICaesc

esayraC nigmnIraCkar ehIyKMramkMEhgsgt'sgineFIVbEtmnus

l (14) .
enAfTI18emsaq~A1925 edayehtuG~ksukkSglavminBmbg'Bn
elaker"sIudg' extkMBg'q~Sgk*GeJIjeTApal'edaymanG~kbkEbPasam~ak'
nigV"TIsg'm~ak'eTApg . elakVncab'G~ksukxHEdlminBmbg'Bndak'
ex~aHenAelIsala ehIykMEhgfanwgykeTAdak'KukeTotpg . Kat'minGnu-31-

Jat[G~keTasTTYlTanVyeLIy EtpyeTAvijKat'Gas&yVyftg'eFIGWgeGIy . kMhwgdl'k bCaraskIkTSgenaHbmaNsamsibnak'

k*eLamvayelaker"sIudg'Bardez BmTSgshkarIsab'eTAehIykab'ciJS
saksBexcxIEfmeTot . hgsIusuvtiVnbJnBHGgmas'sIusuvti-munIv
gCaraCbut[eTABinitehtukarN_ . ekaymkhgk*ecjraCkitdak'
TNkmG~ksukkSglavTSgGs' bJlCaG~kgarCab'kMENn edImIeFIbuNrMlwkfEdlelak Bardez tUvsmab' ehIyEbeQaHPUmikSlav[
ehAfa PUmitircan vijtSgBIfenaHmk (15) . bnab'BIsni~siThWENv
PUmikSglavk*kaymkCamUldanbdivtnB
_ YkExrkhm ehIykUnsIm~ak'
nG~kPUmienHVnkaymkCabBnrug-elIt (nYn-Ca) .

BHVTss
uI vu ti

-32-

BwtikarNq
_ ~S1916nigq~S1925 CalMGan[ExrecHPak'rlwk ecHtva"bqS
gnwgkarsgt'sginBIrbbtYtta . BwtikarNT
_ SgBIrenHCaedImGaTinKMni
tKMnites~haCati EdlVncab'bdisnieLIgCadMbUgbgs'k~gcMeNameromc
gbJv&nExrenAcugq~S1930 ehIycab'rIkduHdaly"agxSg bnab'BIkarbegIt
BtmanExrCadMbUgk~gq~S1936eQaH nKrvt edaykumbCaFibetyma

nnin karesrIniymbqSgesc dwknSedayelakV"c-QWnnigelakswumva"r EdleBlxagekaybnicmk manelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ( GtitsuPacarbursexteJFisat' nigGtitnisitsukVrSg ) VncUlrYmpgEdr (16) nig
BHsgecHdwgCan'xs'xagBuTckmYycMnYnman elakKUV"g-xat', Gacar
exov-CMu, GacarGuk-Ca, elakKUGacarEhm-ecovCaedIm.
ekaymkG~ksIsuysan-kaeBIels ( Suzanne Karpeles ) VnsMu
ykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'[mkeFICabNaKar&kenAviCasanBuTsasnbNi t
EdlCa{kas[elakeFIkarTak'Tgsal'elakKUGacarEhm-ecov Edl
maneQaHlIlajBUEkeTsnaNas'enAsm&yenaH ehIymanBuTsasni
kCnCaecIncUlcitsab'FmeTsnarbs'elakKUenHNas' (17) .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnykKMnites~haCati eTApBpaynwgBHsg
CasmNsisenABuTikviTal&yBuTsasnbNit edayeFIkarTak'TgCamY
yelakKUGacarEhm-ecov edImICYyeTsnaBnl'[ExrPak'rlwkeLIg .
edayehtuenHehIy eTIbExrnigKijVrSgVneTATUlBitVrSg [mkcab'Ga
carEhm-ecovpwkenAfTI17 kkda 1943 (5) rYcPammYyrMeBcenaH eKk*nS
elakdak'LanbJneTABnKr ehIybJneTAKukekaHtLack~gExmifuna
1943 . VMmYyExekaymk elakmanCmWraKmYlrhUtVt'bg'CIviteTA .
esovePAelakKg'-smarVnsresrfa semcsIhnuCaG~kxwb[VrSgcab'
GacarEhm-ecov (6) .
bIfekaymk BHsgsmNsisCagVMryGg rYmCamYyKhs
Cag500nak' VnedIrEhrknsMedAeTAGaKarer"sIudg'VrSgenAvtP~M TamTar[
VrSgedaHElgGacarEhm-ecovmkvij . edayxHreboberobry karTamTar
k*minVnplelakV"c-QWn, elakbuNcnm"ul, elakGacarnYn-DYgk*tUv
VrSgcab'ykeTAdak'KukeTot . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'rt'cUlBYnenAk~gbnay
GavuFhtCb"un nayTahanCb"unCYylak'ehIybeNaHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'
[eTACkekanneyaVyenAkugtUkbeTsCb"un . elakbuN-cnm"ul,
elakV"c-QWn, GacarnYn-DYg tUvbJneTAXMuenAKukekaHtLacmunelak
GacarEhm-ecovbnic .
(5) GacarEhm-ecov niBnedayKg'-smar TMB&r43 .
(6) GacarEhm-ecov niBnedayKg'-smar TMB&r42 .

-33-

clnats~UExrsr:
BwtikarN_ f9 mina 1945 Cb"uncgVrSgenANcinTSgmUl . enAf
enH escekgsIhnumankarP&yPit ehIyePosxnecjBIvSgctumuxeTABYn
lak'xnenAkudisemcvtbTumvti emT&BCb"untameTArkeXIjehIyk*ykmk
[GgyelIblgraCvij enHebItamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaktUc-QYg
G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' . Cb"unVnCYyelaksWgg"ukfaj'[viltLb'BICb"uncUlmkk~gsukExrk~gExsPa1945 (7) ekayBIelaks~ak'enAtUkkalBIsm&yVrSgcab'GacarEhm-ecovmk . enAf
TI13 mina 1945 Cb"unVn[BHecAlav, semcsIhnu nigescyYneday bkasbeTskraC EtkalenaHBYkevotmijminBm ehIyhU-CImijk*vaydeNImykTIkughaNUyVn (18) .
fTI20 kkda 1945 elakV"c-QWn, buN-cnm"ul, nYn-DYg VntUveK
edaHElgmkvij . escsIhnuVneFICabFank~gkarCYbbCMurMlwkdl'VtukmBHsgkalq~S1942 edaymanelakV"c-QWnCaG~kEfgsunrkfarMlw
kBIkarbHeVrbqSgesck~gq~S1860, kartsUvayVrSgq~S1884-1886,
BwtikarNq
_ ~S1916, BwtikarN_ Bardez,, VtukmBHsgq~S1942 .
enAfTI8-9sIha rdaPiVlGwug-GIuEdlrNbVrSgtUvrlM . escsI
hnuVnEtgtSgelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CardmnIkarbreTs rYcCanaykrdmnI
(19) tamkaresI~rrbs'Cb"un . enAJk'kNalExtula1945 T&BsmnmitEd
lmanTahanGg'eKs-NacUlmkdl'BnKr . elakXwm-TitEdlTTY
lebskkmeTAcrcaCamYyVrSgVnkt' ( sIhnucUlrYmpg ) . Kab'Ebk
mrmaNUBIrKab'Tmak'enAGIur"UhIm"a-NahasaKI eFI[Cb"uncuHcaj' . fTI16
tula1945 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanaykrdmnItUvVrSgcab'
(20),, GacarGuk-Ca, Gacarexov-CMuePosBHGgeTAesom, elakbuN-cnm"u
l, nYn-DYgeKcxneTAVt'dMbg EdlkaleNaHsitenAekamkartYttarb
s'f . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'tUvtulakarVrSgenABnKrecaTfaCaG~kcUld
CamYyCb"un ehIyskmPaBelakCakarKMramkMEhgdl'snisuxnkgT&Bs
mnmit EtescsIhnuVnsMuVrSg[nireTselaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTAsukVrSgenAtMbn' Poitiers (21) Gs'ry:6q~S KWrhUtdl'q~S1951 (22) . G~kEdl
(7) namedImKW Kg'-QYn CaGtItTahanVrSgk~gsgamf-VrSgq~S1942 rt'eTAcUlfedaycg'
VnbuNs&kixs'Jk'twmnaydab (eday) ehtuenHKg'-QYnk*yks&kinaydabeFICanamt
kUlvij . dab-QYnk*rt'cUlExrsr: rYccuHcUlCamYysIhnuk~gq~S1949 ehIyVnTTYlbu
NCaesctaj' emT&BextesomrabnigkMBg'FM . enAcugq~S1958 sIhnuVncaj'kgT&Bexmr
PUmineTAB&tpHdab-QYn eJHVnkt'bugeFIrdbhar edaymankarKSTBIkumesGIuGaGaemrikSg nigsg&yfaelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlrYmpg . cMerIn-siunVncat'[s&kiBIrehg CaCMnitdab-QYntameTAsmab'Vn rYcTak'kGUstamLanmk .

-34-

cUlrYmtsUCamYyelak k*eKcEbkK~aCaBIrkum . kumTI1 ePosxneTAVsa

k'kmCaekam manelakV"c-QWn, ecAEsn-kuslQMu, G~ksIsWg-g"ukfa
j'namedImLS-FIGuk nigbkBYkCaecInnak'eTot . kumTI2eKceTAVt'dMbg
manelakbuN-cnm"ul, nYn-DYgCaedIm (23) . kalenaHVt'dMbgsitenA
ekamkartYttaftSgBIq~S1941dl'1946 .
edImIeFIkartsUnwgVrSgeTot

edaymankarKSTBIelakb"uk-XunCama

pgnigkarKSTBIraCrdaPiVlfpg elakbuN-cnm"ulk*begItclnatsU
rMedaHCatiehAfa Exrsr: eLIg nacugq~S1945 . tamelakm"ulfa Exr
sr:mann&yfaFM, minkJHeK, CaG~kCa (24) maneKaledArMedaHsukBInwm
GaNaniKmVrSg . k~gesovePA critExr elakcnm"ulVnerobrab'eQaH
emExrsr:dMbUgKWman Ehm-savag, Ehm-savat, sarU, Tg'cnrgI,
eQog, cn-etaets, pan-say, rs'-yin, hU, Guk-san, BMu, ePaK-nI.l.
ekaymkTak'TgVn ekA-tk', sIuv-ehg, dab-QYn EfmeTot (7) . elak
buN-cnm"ul nigb"uk-Xun CaG~krt'karTak'TgcuHeLIgVgkk sMukSePIgxHBI
GaCaFrf nigTijkSePIgEfmBIVgkkmkeTot . elakcnm"ulVnsresrBI
kMhkcity"agxSgrbs'elak elIskmPaBBprbs'BYkExrsr: xusca
kKMnitedImk~gkartsUCamYyVrSg . ekaymkeTotedaykarcENnK~arvag
BYksr: karbTUsraykab'smab'K~agk*ekItmaneLIg BmK~aCamYykar
lUkdy"ageCAnkumyYneyokmijmkk~gclnaExrsr: . k~gcMeNam
emsr:EdlelakbuN-cnm"ulnigb"uk-XunCaG~kbegIt manEtekA-tk'ni
gdab-QYneT EdlmaneQaHlIlajCageK . dab-QYnmaneQaHlI
xagsahavkab'smab'K~ag edImIkMu[G~kNaelIsCagxn mankarbeJat
ykEhm-savag, Ehm-savat eTAsmab'ecalCaedIm . ekaymkBYks
r:k*Vk'EbkK~amanT&Berog@xn eTAtSgenATIdTBIK~a elakcnrgIenAcar
mnkMBg'sW, dab-QYnenAesomrab, ekA-tk'enAtrmanC&y. edImIrkesa
huyTb'Tl'karcMNayciJwmT&B Exrsr:k*eFIkarrGgasCYnkaleTA
bn'Etmg . dl'ekaymkmanekItsr:Ekgkay EdlrassamJxwbK~a
fa ser"acak' Klas'mkfa sr:eecar . esovePA critExr
rbs'elakbuN-cnm"ulk*VnsresrBItg'enHEdr, dUcCaBYkecaryIenAkMB
g'cam-BEvg, nigkMeNItBYksr:Edleqt{kasksagnigtSgxnedImI
rklaPskar: dUcCaBYk But-qay ( GtItCneV"EL ElgsIusg ), s&kimYy
Fij (GtItTahanVrSg), s&kibIsab (GtItTahanVrSg) CaedIm edIrbn'G~k
sukcinpar G~kmanbgrenAtamCnbT mancab'[ykluyeTAelaHCaedIm
.l. bCaCnmanesckIrgTukevTnaNas' eBlyb'eLIgKWnSK~aPitP&y
mindwgfaetIeKaHGnraynwgFak'mkelIKYsarxnmYyk*eT. emExrsr:T
TS
gGs'k~gsm&yenaH, dUcK~anwgsm&ybHeVrq~S1884-86Edr KWBYkeKmincuH
sMrugrYbrYmK~aCakmSgkMcat'stUvrYmeT, enHehIyCacritmYyrbs'Exr, m~ak'@
-35-

xitxMksagkmSgnigkitiysxn[Vnxg'xs'lIx&rxarBUEk edayeCOsb'
eTAelImnGaKmKafa Vj'minmutdutmineqH bMVMgxndUcCaBut-qayEdl
lgsMukUnbBnxngmanpeJH

rYcehIyerobcMeFIehamBiFIraneTvta

VysI12f~ak' nigeKOgskar:bUCay"agecIneTot rYck*smab'bBnxnenaH

vHykkUnrMuGMeVHeqA

eqIrTukCab'nwgxnCakUnkk

EdlKat'manCMenOfa

GacCYyKat'dwgCamunnUveKaHGasn~dl'xn nigCYy[rYcBIkarBYnsak'edaHcM
eNamCaedIm nigCMenOecIneTot mankEng y&n xketC: (8) , Exkfa,
nagBYnEckac'(9), kNaj'sk'elI, kNaj'sk'ekamrbs's I(10), kask
bIkasmnus(11), x~aytan'(12),, BHsMriTi(13 ), kUnsgt'(14), nxak'(15),
Eb"tdansardan (16) TSgGs'enHsuTEtCavtEdlBYkbHeVrsr:x
xMsHEs
grkedImIeFI[xneKxSgBUEk . ekABIenHeTot BYksr:EtgeFIkarkab'sma
b'K~aeTAvijeTAmk dUcCas&kimYyFijtUvBut-qaybeJatykeTAsmab'ecalCaedIm . EfmelIkarbTUsraybMVk'K~akMu[maneKxSgelIsCagxnm~ak'@
enaH BYkyYnevotmijVnlUkcUlmky"ageCAk~gclnaExrsr: labmux
BYkenH[smab'K~aeTAvijeTAmk . But-qaymaneQaHlIxagkab'smab'BYk
GaNikCnCatiyYny"agcas'd ( sUmGankMBb'EtGug) (17) BYkevotmijk*rk
sIkmMuyYny"agsateTACUn[eFICabBncug eTIbBut-qayQb'smab'yYn
tSgBIenaHmk .
kalBIxMGayu7q~S k~gcugq~S1951 xMenAcSfa KWBYkecarGacaryIenHg
EdlmanK~abEhlmnak' elIkK~aeTAbn'pHcwkNS EdlsitenATl'muxpH
kMeNItxM k~gXMula sukBQr ( extkMBg'cam ) . kab'bMEbkTarpH cUl
eTAcab'cwkNSnigbBnkUncgkab'bMEbkTUykmasVk' ehIyVj'mYyKa
b'sMedAmkpHxMEbkekg edayxacKYsarxMcuHeTACYy eJHCItaxagmayxM
Caeyakat'salasukBQr nigmankSePIgbmaj'enAelIpHpg . xMenAcS
VneTotfa kalenaHedaypHkMeNItxMFMeBk ( CItaxMVneTAenABTTwg
edaysalasukVnerIpas'ecjBITYlcak'GgreTABTTwg ekaymkTYl
cak'GgrkayCasalaeronbzmsikaXMula )(18) BukxMVnkat'pac'ranha
lEdlPab'eTApHVyxagekay ehIydak'eQIsYeTApHVyeBlf eBl
yb'hUteQIs~enaHcUlmkpHFMvij dak'rnukTary"agmS rYcnSK~aeLIgeTAsMra
kenAelIeLAEdlcak'sIum"g' . enATIenaHBukxMVnTSgbmUlykdMufCaecIn
eTAKrTuk eFIs~dgy"agEvgsMrab'cak'BIelIpH ebIBYkecarcUlbn'sMrab'Tukt
Tl' XMuvijpHmanrbgbnay"agkas' rbgmanTarnigrnuky"agmS ehIy
BukxMEfmTSgVnciJwmEqCagdb'sMrab'karJrpHpg .
k~gsm&ysr:enaH G~kmanbgr cinpar nSK~art'cakecjBIparf~l'
Ebk XMula eVHbg'ecalpHetom nSK~aeTAenAkMBg'camxH BTTwgxH P~MeBj
xHenAsl'EtKYsarcinbI-bYnKYb"ueNaHEdltdrrs'enATIenaH dUcCaKYsar
cwkmuy ( GtItemXMula ), KYsarcwkNS nig2-3KYsareTotEdlxMmincS .
-36-

bCaCnenAPUmik~g@VnnSK~aEsgpHeQIerImktSgenAtamdgpvCatiEdlmansnisuxCag .
erOgsr:enHk*CabuBehtuFMEdleFI[KYsarxMeVHbg'sukkMeNItmk
rs'enAP~MeBj kalBIJk'kNalq~S1952Edr edayBMuGacTSTrs'enATIenaH
ekIt . sUmCMrabfa ekayCb"uncgVrSg kMLgq~S1945 ( tamsMdIBukxM
dMNalVb' ) BukxMEdlCabuKlikksikmenAekaHEcg kecH k*mankar
PitP&yxackgT&BCb"uncab' k*lak'xnEhkGtsJaNb&NsMKal'xnecal rYceKcmksmMenApHXMula . ekayCb"uncaj' mincUleFIkarvijeT ehIy
ykVk'snMxg'VMmWunerolrYmnwgVk'mitPkiCMnYyxH mkrksIueFICadegA
sUv bmUlTijsUvkinnigtal'kinsamJ nScuHeTAlk'BnKr . mnus
m~ak'eQaHfIsn CaTMnukcitEdlBukxMCYl[edIrbmUlsUv VneVkyk
Vk'CagbImWunrYcrt'cUlsr:GacaryI ehIypS[BukxMtameTAykluy
enaHBIBYkecarEfmeTotpg . rbrTijsUvenAsm&ysr:k*tUvxatbg'TSg
edImTSgcug nigCMJk'mitPkiEfmeTot EdlCabuBehtueFI[KYsarxMsuxcit
cakecalsukkMeNIt edayBukxMVncUleFICabuKlikKNenyenAebs
kkmTahanVrSg ( Mission Militaire Franaise : MMF ) enAxaglicCab'Ga
Kar er"sIudg' VrSgenAvtP~M .
edaysarcg'VnbuNs&ki BYkExrsr:k*Vt'bg'KMnites~haCatiGs'
r l I g d U c C a k r NI d a b - QY n E d l m k s M u c u H c U l C a m Y y s I h n u k ~ g q ~ S 1 9 4 9
ehIyVnsIhnuelIkCaesctaj'tYtextkMBg'FMnigesomrab . BYkBut-qa
y, c&n-rgI k*cuHcUlCamYysIhnuenAk~gq~S1952 . ekaymkenAq~S1955
dab-QYnVnsmab'ekA-tk'(19) enACitparBYk esomrab eBlkMBugerobcM
QrCaebkCntMNagrasmNlkLaj'-BYk . kalBI2ExmunXatkmenH
eBlekA-tk'kMBugebIkLanhIbmkVt'dMbg manLan GMC TahanmYymk
BIesomrabekorLanekA-tk'Tmak'eTAk~gs~amePaH . eQaHGunEdltUvCakybsarekA-tk' VnFak'BIelILaneVkkalnwgfsab'eTA . mYyGaTit
ekaymk eBlekA-tk'eLIgCiHLanQ~l eFIdMeNIreTAsalaextesomrab
edImIeFIlixitepg@ k~gkarQrebkCntMNagrasenaH BYkdab-QYnEdl
tamekA-tk'BIrExmkehIyenaH VndkkSePIgxIPg'ekA-tk' nScuHBILanQ~l
cUldub ( bIKILEm"teTotdl'parBYk ) . dwgfaeKbugsmab'xnehIy ekAtk'k*byuTdTeTedaHxn . ehtuEtmindwgxn faeKtambugBaVTsmab'x
nenaH eTIbekA-tk'minmandak'GavuFkarJrxn .
(8) CabnHsMNmasTg'EdgcarmnGaKmyn mUrbgkk~gExevjCamYybeJIEkk duHelIeQIkMr
dUcsI, eJFi, ximes~ar Clk'C&rmak' Jk'enAkalk~gkarbyuTrbs'Exrsm&yGgr .
(9) dMrIsukExrEdlKanPk manEtEcEdlminGacduHEvgVn eJHvaeFI[dMrIenAminsuxnwgEcenH k*
bukkb'eTAk~gedImeQI kac'bMVk'ecal ehAfaEckac' . ebIsMbkeQIduHkb'Vt' eKehAnagBYn . eK
manCMenOfa GacCYybeJsKab'kSePIgF~s~aVn .
(10) eKeCOfamanbsiTiPaBGacbeJsKab'kSePIg ( kMs&kibBndab-QYn mankNaj'enH ) .

-37-

(11) qwgkGUmmat'ragsMEb"tb"unkak' ( eKakbImnusEtkMrmanNas' ) GackarJrKab'rMesv .

(12) x~ayCUkPaKecIn@behag kMrmantan' eKeCOfaGackarJrePIgeqHnigKab'rMesvVn .
(13) CavtksageLIgtSgBICMnan'sm&yGgr sMrab'BYkTahankan'karJrxneBlsgam . eKsa
gBIsMriTi edaymanbJHGaKmnigelahFatuCaecInmux nigerobehamBiFItamsasnaJh sTMhM
biunmamdCarUbBHBuT BHsiGar nigGaTieTBsasnahiNCaecIn dUcCaBHsUr BHnrayN_
BHPKens BHxm(bwTmux) BHkcay BHkg' CavtkMrEdlCnCatiesomnigExrsHEsgrkTuk
karJrxnnwgeKaHf~ak'sBy"ag nigkarJrkSePIgKab'rMesv .
(14) CadMusMNmUl EdleKcary&nnigGaKm rYcdMluj[mUl erobehamBiFIbsiTI[xSgBUEk .
(15) CatYBJn: n EtxusK~aTSgragTSgGkrGm mancMnYn108tY kMrmanG~kecHnxak'nimYy@man
karebIepgBIK~a tSgBIkarJrGMeBI es~h_ stUv stsahav karJrKab'kSePIg .
(16) mindwgBICMnan'Namk eKykFmBHBuT nemaBuTay mG tibiesa PKvati tSgCa8@ tUv
Ca64tY rYceKTajcuHeLIgcMnYn108y"agepgK~a dUcCa Eb"tdan sardan Tak'dan vg'dan fyl&g
mhasera sMNaj'eBC tibiesaelateCIgesH mhaBuTa rnSgeBC tibiesamUreqg mUrsS
mdBH nigy&ntibiesamYycMnYn eKeCOfas&kisiTiBUEkGackarJrKab'rMesv .
(17) sUmGanesovePA kalbvtiviTanbeTskmCa rbs'esrtg'TMB&r127 .
(18) ehtuVnCaVrSgykTItSgTYlcak'GgrCasalasukBQr eJHXMulaCalMenAsanja
mhaviC&y GtItecAhaysukBQrBICMnan'hgneratmmk . eBlVrSgeFIkMENTMrg' rdVl
ExreKk*begItsalasukenATIenaH . TITYlsitenAxg'400Em"tcuHBIpvCati TICMuvijCavalEs Ca
cMNuceKaHf~ak' ebIkalNaBYkbHeVreFIkarhMuB&T eTIbVrSgelIksalasukeTAenABTTwgvij
k~grvagq~S1948 cmay23KILEm"tBIkugkMBg'cam 18KILEm"tBIbCMuCnparsn' .
(19) BtmanenHpyBIsMeNrbuN-cnm"ulk~gesovePAcritExr EdlfaekA-tk' VneTAsMuxIVk'
dab-QYnmkrksIu ehIydab-QYnk*smab'ekA-tk'ecaleTA eJHxacFMCagxn . elaksiumKintUvCakyekA-tk' nigCaGtitExresrIVn[karfa elaks&kiVMm"m-sara"t EdlsBfrs'enA
rd Origan shrdGaemrik CaTahanCMnitdab-QYnVnniyayVb'fa karsmab'ekA-tk'
KWsemcsIhnuVnbJaBIP~MeBj mk[dab-QYnsmab'ekA-tk'[Vn eJHCaemT&BxSgrbs'sWg
g"ukfaj' EdlsemcsIhnucat'TukCastUvTI1rbs'Tg' .

-38-

bvtisegbrbs'ekA-tk'
G~krs'enACayEdnExrf etagEtCaG~kka han ( G~kelgdegA ) . k~gsm&yGaNaniKmVrS
g G~kelgCayEdnekA-tk' CaG~krksIunSbhuk tIegot tIeqIr BIVt'dMbg esomrab dwkykeTAlk'
enAextsurinsukesom rYcTijkNat'nStLb'mkvij . enAeBlCb"unvayykNcinenaH fEdlCa
smnmitCb"un k*vaykgT&BGaNaniKmVrSgEdr . k~gsgamQa nJnenH fVnrkekA-tk'eFC
I aG~k
nSpvkgT&BfcUlvayT&BVrSgenAsukExr . q~S1941 VrSgsuxcitbKl'Vt'dMbg esomrabeTAf
. eBlenaHfVnsMu[ekA-tk'eFC
I aTahanf EtekA-tk'minBm Kan'EtsMusiTiGaCa Frf[elakGac
cuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg esomrab nSbhuk tIegot tIeqIr eTAlk'enAsukfdUckalBImun fk*yl'Bm
ehIyVnCUnemdaykitiysmYydl'ekA-tk'pg . BwtikarNq
_ ~S1945 T&BsmnmitVrSg-Gg'eKs

cUlmkNcinvij

elaksWg-

g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanayk
rdmnI tUvVrSgcab'nireTseTA
sukVrSg . buN
-cnm"ul, Gaca
rnYn-DYgVnePosx ncUlmkex
tVt'dMbg ehIyVnpcepImbegI
tclnaExrsr:CamYymab"ukXun . G~kTSgBIrk*rkG~kEdlma
nsiTiGaccuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg eso
mrabeTAsukf eJHtUvkarTij
kSePg
I . ekA-tk'k*VnCYbCamYy
nigGacarnYn-DYg enAVt'dMbg .
ekaymkEtgeTACYbBiPakaK~aena
bNaKarlk'esovePAmYyeQaH
bNaKarExrGUreCA enApareka
m-Vt'dMbg . buN
-cnm"ulnignY
n-DYg k*bJHbJlykekA-tk'
[eFC
I aemsr:m~ak'eTACamYynwg
sIuv-ehg Edlsal'K~aenAVt'dM
bg

ehIyKYsarTSgBIrVnrs'

enACamYyK~ak~gCMrMsr: . q~S19
50-51 ekayBImanBYkevotmij
cUlmkeCotECkk~gclnaExr
sr:enaH lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn,
mIu-pU VncUlCamYyevotmij eda
ymanP~ak'garrbs'yYnCaTIbwka

elakekA-tk'

nigkgT&ByYnenACamYypg . ekA
tk' niglavEkv-munI k*EbkVk'K~a

CaBIrkum Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~gesovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER fa buBe htun
karEbkVk'K~a KWbNalmkBIerOgVk'600,000erol nigekA-tk'eFV
I bG~ksuk . karbyuTK~ak*
esovePAenHsresrxusEdrfa BYkekA-tk'byuTK~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munI enAtg'sukbI

tamBitBYk

lavEkv-munIcUlmkxagEdndIekA-tk' ehIyedjVj'BYkekA-tk'EdlmanK~atic tg'PUmikUcqar cma

y15KILEm"tBIPUmisukbI (tamsMdIkUnTahanBIrnak'EdlenACamYyekA-tk'k~gkarbyuTenaH sB f
rs'enA Everett rdva"siunetan . EdndIlavEkv-munI nigEdndItYtedayekA-tk' EckK~atg'swg . BYk
lavEkv-munIqg
swgcUlmkmanK~aecIn k*edjVj'BYkekA-tk' @tUvrbYsePA kMeb"HKUfk*dYlcuH . nwk
sanEtsa b'ehIy BYklavEkv-munIk*cUlmkykkSePg
I ekA-tk'edkenAdIk*TajkSePg
I kar"abInVj'sa

-39-

b'Gs'VMbYnnak'vij . BYklavEk-munICagdb'nak'eTotk*Vs'rt'ykrYcxnEterog@xneTA . BYkkUnecA

k*nSK~aKaEsgekA-tk'sMedAeTACayEdn TahanExr-VrSgm~ak'EdlFa b'CYysr: Vn[f~SnigCYyrMu
rbYs . eKnSekA-tk'qg
EdncUleTAsukf eTAVgkkedkBaVlenAk~geBTmYyenAetIyxaglic
Tene cAbHy"a eQaHsirIur"at' ( tamsMenogPasaf ebIExrfa sirIrd ) G~kEdlnSekA-tk'eTABaVl ni
genAbMerIk~geBTfenaH KWmYyeQaH sM-put ( CIdUnmYynigelakV"n'-suFI ) edaypa s'brK~aCamYy
eQaHpl-bun
tU ( sB frs'enA Puyallup rdva"siunetan ) . esovePA HoOW POL POT CAME TO
i Channa fa ekA-tk'mkedkeBTsukExreTAvij . ebIekA-tk'edkeBTsukExr k*nwgtUv
POWER ng
TahanExr-VrSgcab'sma b'ecalCaminxan k~gedIm ( f13 kum: tamksarksYgsmat'VrSg ) q~S
1951enaH .
mYyeTotyYnevotmijVnTSgykkylavEkv-munIBIrnak'eTAbJkTwsIyYnUbniykmenAhaNU
yeTotpg mYyeQaH bU nigmYyeToteQaHeQOg edayeFd
I MeNIrcUleTAsukf vageTAcUlxageJ
Fisat' kMBt eTAtaEkv rYceTAsukyYn . eQaH pl-bun
tU ( sB frs'enArdva"siunetan ) k*bugebo
berobcMxnecjBItrmanC&yeTAsukesom rYcbneTAhaNUyeTot Etekaydwgfa BYklavEkvmunIcUldCamYyyYn nigmanP~ak'garyYnevotmijenAeFk
I arCamYyk~gkums~ldwknSpgenaH k*kajmi
nBmeTA . esovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER sresrtg'TMB&r95 faekA-tk'niglavEkv
munIeQaHK~aedaysarb"uk-XunykVk'600Jn'erol sMrab'TijkSePg
I nigedaysarekA-tk'eFV
I b
bCaCn . G~kniBnecosvagminsresrBICMerotCMErkyYnmkk~gclnaExrsr:eT eBlenaHsIuv-eh
gVnecjeTAeronenAhaNUyput .
k~gkarTak'TajykBYkExrsr:tMbn'esomrab-Vt'dMbg hU-CImijVncat'P~ak'garcMnYnVMnak'.
emdwknSenHmaneQaHfa GugsWug ( Nguyen Thanh Son ) . edImIsMerckickarenH BYkP~ak'garyYnVn
rksIBIrnak' EdlmanG~ksukcUlcitsLaj'sab'ecIn KWm~ak'eQaH m"a-mUn tUvCamaymIgekA-tk'
eTAniyayTak'TajekA-tk'[Vneday[Vk'mYycMnYny"agFMeTAm"a-mUn edImIecosvagedImIecosva
gEkgeKdwg

luyenaHyYnxb'nwgsw keck

Etpl-bu ntUsB fenArdva"siunetanCakym"a-

mUnVnlb
emIleXIj . ekA-tk'VnbEkkdac'GhganwgkarbJHbJlEdlm"a-mUnxMniyaylYgelambJH
bJl tambMNgrbs'P~ak'garyYnevotmijenaH rhUtTajkSePg
I rkVj'm"a-mUnecaleTotpg . edayKMeragkarbraC&y emP~ak'garhU-CImijeQaHGugsWug k*[K~avam~ak'eQaH eg g mkTak'TgCamYyya
yTMu-Xun ( enAPUmitMu XMueCaynaggYn suksIs~M ) eTot EdlmanG~ksukcUlcitrab'Gansab'ecIn
nigCitditCamYyekA-tk'pg . yYneg genaHVnsat'rkCYbekA-tk'enACMrMT&Bsr:enABeQaHtJM
gEkg
BNCaecIndg EtekA-tk'Vn[BYkT&Bsr:edjP~ak'garyYnevotmijenaHecjBItMbn'enaHpg
. kUnbusTMu-XunBIrnak' ( TMu-sg nig TMu-sIun ) sB frs'enA Everett rdva"siunetan CasakIEdlV
nenACab'CamYynwgekA-tk' eBlVj'K~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munIenAtg'PUmikUccar trmanC&yenaH .
q~S1946 VrSgykVt'dMbg esomrabvij BYkG~kmanxnbqSgVrSgdUcCam"a-mUn, TMu-Xun,
ekA-tk' k*dwknSbJnbBnkUnecAeTArs'extsurin sukesom bus@enAEteFs
I kmPaBclnaExr
sr:tMbn'trmanC&y sMeragcugkal'dEdl rhUtmkdl'q~S51 eTIbVnCYbtUvr"UvK~anwgkumsWg-g"u
kfaj' . ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 k*viltLb'mkrs'enAk~gsukExrvijxH enAsMeragcugkal'
trmanC&y xH mkrs'enAkLaj'kMBg'fvvij dUcCaekA-tk'CaedIm elIkElgEtyaym"a-mUn Edlka
yCaG~kmanbgr ( edaysarluyyYnevotmij[ ) k*rs'enAsurinrhUt ehIyCrasa b'k~gq~S1977 .
kalsaFarNrdrlMq~S1975 nayTahan ecAha yext rt'cUleTAsukesom m"a-mUnVneTACYbehI
yniyayfa BYkGs'elakeFrI dbharTma k'sIhnu eBlsIhnuenAk~gsukelakmineFeI T elakTu
k[sIhnuecjBIsuk eTIbelaknSK~aTma k' rhUtsIhnucUlCamYyyYn CamYyExrkhm elakcSg
em"cnwgQ~H .
rhUtdl'q~S1955 ekA-tk'EdlbugQrCaebkC
ntMnagrasCamYyb"uk-Xun, lavEkv-munI k*tU
vsemcbJa mkdab-QYn [sma b'ekA-tk'ecalk~gExmkra tUvnwgExbus q~SmmIr ebItamsMdI[kar
rbs'G~ksIhg-Funhak' CakUnsIekA-tk' sB frs'enArd Oregon nigG~ksIGIuv-y"ag naedImekAsav CakyekA-tk', sB frs'enAkugV"rIs_ sukVrSg VncUlrYmTSgclnaExrsr: TSgCYybMerI

-40-

clnasWg-g"ukfaj' ( bMerIVyTwkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) kalBIv&yCMTg' nigVnsal'KYsarelaksIuv

ehg, PriyaeQaHCus-Gwug nigkUnbusbgeQaHlag-m"anit y"agCitditeTotpg .

esovePAcritExrrbs'elakbuN-cnm"ulsresrfa bsinekA-tk'man
kSbitdMbgCab'nwgdenaH KannrNaGaccUlCitKat'VneLIy . mnusda
b-QYneQaHedayEr"m ( eFjmaseBjmat' ) xacbyuTminQ~Hk*Vj's
mab'ekA-tk'eTA . exacecalenATIenaHCagbIfKannrNahaneTACiteLIy.
bIfekaymk eTIbkumKYsareTAlblYcyksBmkbJHsat'@enAvtTg'
Vt Citp~rkyGun EdlFak'BIelILanhIbsab'Cag10fmunenaH . bIq~S
ekay eTIbkumKYsarhaneTAKas'sBTSgBIrmkbUCaeFIbuNTiskusl
enAk~gvtTg'Vt .
kumsIuv-ehg, Vk'-xan' ( sm&yln'-nl'Kat'Jk's&kibYn eFIecAha
ysukVNn' ), Lac-saern ( Gacarsaern ), Lac-savn, mUl-smti,
Gacarebs, bug-ePOk, lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn (maymIgekA-tk' ), mIu-pU, rugelItCaedIm VnTak'TgCamYyyYnevotmij edaysarcaj'VyeXasnarbs'BYkhU-CImij nigedaucg'VnkSePIgBIyYnmkvayGaNaniKmVrSgpg
(20) nigm"ageTot edaysaryYneXIjExrkMBugVt'emdwknS ( VrSgcab'sW
g-g"ukfaj'nireTseTAsukVrSgenAPoitier ) yYnk*eqt{kasd*kMrenHeCot
ECkcUlk~gs~ldwknSExrsr: edayebIluypg niyaybJHbJlpg
cak'BYkExrsr:[eQaHK~a nigrkkllicsmab'Exr EdlminBmcuHcUl
CamYyyYnevotmijecal[Gs' .
k~gq~S1947 elaksIuv-ehgVneTAGngbJHbJlkybegItrbs'P
riyaelakm~ak'eQaHrug-elIt EdlCanisitenAmhaviTal&yFmsat ( sM
enogf ebIExrKWmhaviTal&yFmsas mhaviTal&ycab' ) nakugVg
kk (10) .
BYkkumelaksIuv-ehgenHk*VnkayeTACa Exrevotmij EtenAk~g
karXMuKgdwknSedayyYnevotmij . TItSgrbs'BYkenHenAtMbn'sMLt kj
g extVt'dMbgCitTl'Ednesom . esckIbJak'rbs'elakbuN-cnm"ul
k~gesovePA critExr k*VnsarPaBfa Exrsr:m
mankarTak'TgCamYy
yYnevotmijEdr (11) .
edaysarmanTMnas'cg'eFIFMEterogxnenaH Exrsr :k
k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'.
dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk trmanC&y

kLaj'

(' 20) tamsMdI[karrbs'elaklag-m"anit tUvCakUnbuscgsBelaksIuv-ehg sBfrs'enA

rdnIv-y"k shrdGaemrik .
(10) rug-elIt ( CaeQaHf ) enHgEdlekaymkeKsal'fa nYn-Ca eQaHedImKWeLA-ebg
Kn pHenAxagelIvtKrbnic cmaybEhlCa2KILEm"tBIparelIVt'dMbg .
(11) sUmGanesovePA critExr rbs'buN-cnm"ul tg'TMB&r81 .

-41-

esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, bug-ePO

edaysarmanTMnas'cg'eFIFMEterogxnenaH Exrsr:k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'.
dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk trmanC&y kLaj'
esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, bug-ePO
kCaedIm . extkMBg'FMman gYn-hug, saLt-qay (12) , s&kibIsab ekay
mkmancUlBIP~MdgErkEfmm~ak'eToteQaHEm"n Edlykrhsnamfa Em"n
EknEpndIsIGKIent . s&kibIsabekaymkmincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"uk
faj'eT enAkaCamYykUnT&Bsr: edayykelsfa vin&yclnaelaksW
g-g"ukfaj'twgEtgeBk . BYkExrevotmijenAtMbn'bUJ enAxagsayerog B
Evg dUcCa esam-Pwm, kumehg-sMrin

k*mincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"ukfaj'

Edr edayyYnVnGb'rMb JlTwsI[bMerIvaeTAehIy . extkMBg'sW manc&n

rgIenAbnaycarmn, savag-vg ( sr:K
KSTVrSg ), But-qay enAcenaH
P~MtatBgmktMbn'Vt'dwg P~MbsiTi . extkMBg'cammanesam-Pwm, GacaryI
emecar . extkMBtmanNub-bUpan, Gacaremon (sWg-g"ukmij) ekaymk
mannisitBIsukVrSgmkcU lrYmeTotKW viskrCI-KimGan nigsaLt-sr
(b"ul-Bt) .
eyIgeXIjfa k~geBlEdlExrVt'em yUnevotmijVnlUkdcUlmk
eCotECkbJHbJlykExrsr: ExrevotmijVn ehtuenHehIyeTIb
elakfaj'minGaceFIkarbgYbbgYmclnaExrsr:TSgGs'k~gbeTsExr
Vn .

(12) saLt-qay tUvCabgbegItrbs'saLt-sr ( b"ul-Bt ) .

-42-

clnats~UelaksWg-g"ukfaj'
edayGnraKmnB
_ IkumbkbCaFibety nigKMehIjBYkevotmijcUlmk
eCotECkxSgkapgenaH semcsIhnuVnsMuVrSgGnuJat[elaksWg-g"u
kfaj'VnviltLb'mkmatuPUmivij edaysnafamincUlLkLMerOgneyaV
yeToteLIy .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlmksukExrvijenAfTI29tula 1951 . f
enaHg emdwknSyYnVn[P~ak'gareKEdlCakUnciJwmnigCabMerIpal'elakr"a
ym"ug vaysmab'elak Jean de Raymond eBlelakkMBugsMran . esov
ePA How Pol Pot came to power Vnsresrtg'TMB&r95 faKWCabkBYk
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' CaG~ksmab'eTAvij .
ekayBICYbCMuK~aCamYyelakV"c-QWn, swum-va"r nigBYkbCaFibety
mk k*suHmtiK~afa tUvEtecjeTABbmUlbgYbbgYmExrsr:vvayVrSg
edImIkraCpg nigkMu[yYncUlmklUkdk~gerOgExrVnpg .

elaksWg-g"ukfaj'

-43-

sUmCabfakalelakfaj'enACaCnnireTssukVrSgenaH elakVn
Tak'TgbwkaCamYybJv&nExrekg@

EdlVneTAsikaenAsukVrSgman

elakhg-Funhak', elakGIuv-y"agCaedIm

ehIyVnsal'citefImK~aCa

mun . eBlmksukExrvij elakfaj'Vncat'[elakGIuv-y"ageTArkemIl

kEngEdlGaceFImUldantsUVn . elakGIuv-y"agVneTArkemIleXIjTI
kEngBIr
1- tMbn'kMBg'sW P~M{r"al' EtCakEngBiVktemIgb"usvi_ iTpaysemgpg
CatMbn'EdlbCaCnminsUvCYtCabnwgclnatsUrMedaHCati BIGaNaniKm
pg nigCatMbn'EdlBiVkk~gkarTak'TgCamYyBiPBbreTsedImIrkCMnYypg
2- tMbn'esomrab GUrsac' P~MdgErk : CaTIkEnglGactSgCamUldanV
n eJHbCaCnk*Pak'rlwkecIn edaymanclnaExrsr:tSgBIq~S1945
pg CaTIGactemIgb"usvi_ iTpaysemgVnsYl ehIynigCapvmYyGacTak'
TgCamYyBiPBbreTstamry:sukesompg . ehtuenHehIyeTIbelakfa
j'sMercykGUrsac' eFICamUldantsUCamYyVrSgedImIkraC . elakGIuvy"agVnniyaytUvr"UvK~aCamYyemExrsr:ekA-tk' nigTIbwkasamut-bun
fan' (12) rYcCaesc sbeBlnwgkartfrbs'elakln'-nl'CaecAhay
extVt'dMbg .
enAfTI9 mina 1952 evlaem"ag1PW elakfaj'VncakecjBIkugP~MeBj edaymanshkarIrYmdMeNIrKW elakeGor-sIucUv, hg-Funhak', KS-er"t ni
gsSg-savat (13) tamrfynsIutUEGnbIrbs'elakfaj', elakeGor-sIucU
v nigKS-er"tpal' . fTI10 TSgGs'K~aVneTAdl'eKaktMu enAcenaHkLaj'
nigBCUk . eBlenaHekA-tk'nigsamut-bunfan'

VnCiHesHmkcSTTYl

(12) elaksamut-bunfan'sBfrs'enAkugLgbcrdkalIh&rnij"a .
(13) elaksSg-savatVnniBnerOgbelamelakBIrd*BieraHcab'cit es~haxg'xs'
tmKties~haCatiemaHmt' KWerOg eteCakhm nig mhaecarenATl'Edn . erO
gmhaecarenATl'EdnenH kalBIdMbUgeVHCaBIrEx EtenAq~S1972 kumsarBtman
nKrFM VnbmUleVHrYmK~aEtmYyesovePAeTAvij . k~gerOgmhaecarenATl'Edn viesskahan BuknageTvI (sgarmann) CatMNagelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Etmg eJH
tg'vKEdlelak[BrkUn tg'TMB&r86 KWCasMdIelakfaj'EdlEtgEtniyay[BrKU
samIk~gCYrtsUrbs'elak . elaksSg-savat VntUvelakesk-sMeGot ( bcb
n~CasmaCikBwTsParbbhun-Esn) cab'ykeTAsmab'ecalk~gf20-21 mkra
1959 rYmK~anwgkarcab'cgk~gfCamYyK~a nBYkGtitExrsr:Camnak'epgeTot .
G~kxHeTotVneKcrt'eTAsukyYnxagtg rYmeFICa ExresrI CamYyelaksWgg"uk
faj' . xHeTottUvCab'KukdUcCa elakGIuv-y"ag, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nsaratCaedIm. G~k
EdltUveKsmab'CamYyelaksSg-savatKW Tav-Twgsan, KYmYn, sarI, Gacarbuk
tamsMdIG~ksIGIuv-y"agfa ln'-NunCaG~keTAcab'GIuv-y"ag
fTI20 mkra1959 .

-44-

k~gevlayb'em"agVMbI

ehIynScuHtampvreTHeTAk~gB . fenaHLanmYytUvxUcedaydac'cgt k*
nSK~arujlak'Tukk~gBkMu[VrSgdwgdan . fbnab' VnmksMNak'enAk~g
vteCaynaggYnxg'bIem"agk*sUrkSePIgVj'cMruHenAkLaj' TSgGs'K~ak*
bndMeNIreTAmuxeTot .
BIrfekaymk elakGIuv-y"agVnykrfynLg'r"UEvrmYydwkb"usiv_ iT
paysemgmYyBIksYgeXasnakar ( elakV"c-QWnCardmnIksYg
eXasnakar ) mkQb'enAPUmiTg'Vt (kLaj') . G~kTSgGs'K~ak*eTACYb
CMuK~aenAxagekItsukcugkal'tg'swgdac' tamdgswgEsg rYcykb"usvi_ iT
eTAtemIgenAtg'kUnP~MrUgsEdkBIbUraNCabeNaHGasn~sin edayelakeb"
g-KitCaG~ktMelIg .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vndak'eQaHclnarbs'elakfa clnasr:
rYmExrbMerICati EdlmanVvcna : kraC-bCaFibety-sgmExrfI-vin&
yff~r-kahan . karcat'tSgk~gclnatsUmandUcteTA
1- elaksWg-g"ukfaj' Cabmuxclna .
2- elakeGor-sIucUv Cabmuxrg CaG~kcgkgTwsIknclnatsU
vin&y
nigkarTTYlxustUv xagEpnkarneyaVybgYbbgYmBYkG~ktsU
Exrsr: .
3- elakGacarexov-CMu (14) CaGKelxaFikar manelakyn'-hagCaPU
QYy .
4- elakhg-Funhak' TTYlxustUvxagEp~kGb'rM vbFm sil: nig
erobcMkumelanGb'rMdas'stiG~ktsU nigbCarasenAtMbn'enaH .
5- elakGIuv-y"ag CaembJakarKb'KgTTYlbnkxagEp~ksnisuxTUeTA (15) nigembJakarPUmiPaKbswmTis (extVt'dMg eJFisat')
6- elakeb"g-Kit CaG~kbeckeTsxagtMelIgnigCYsCulb"usvi_ iTpaysemg .
elakXI-tSglwm TTYlxustUverobcMxagkmviFIpaysemgcMerog
clnatsU ePg GtaFibayneyaVy nigCMhrclnatsUedImIk
raC bqSgGaNaniKmVrSg ( bcbn~eFICardmnIksYgsaFarN
karnrdaPiVlhun-Esn ) .
(14) elakGacarexov-CMu kalq~S1942 VnePosCamYyGacarGuk-Ca eTAKg'enAsu
kesom (kugVgkk) k~gsm&yEdlVrSgcab'GacarEhm-ecov . eBlelaksWgg"ukfaj'vilmkBIsukVrSg (GnraKmnB
_ YkbCaFibety) ehIycUlB (q~S1952)
elakGacarexov-CMuVncUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtelakBMuVnlacaksikabTeTeBlenaH
(15) naTIembJakarKb'Kg KWTTYlxustUvxagrdVlsIuvil sgmkic nigxagneyaVy .

-45-

7- elakdYg-c&nsara"t (16) CanayGKesnaFikarkgT&B manPUQYy

GKesnaFikargKWelak lav-FansW (17) .
8-elakekA-tk' CaemT&BnigCaembJakarswkeyaFPUmiPaKbswmTis.
9- elaksSg-savat ( ekayq~S1954 CacaghagsarBtmanExr Ca
G~kniBnerOg eteCakhm nig mhaecarenATl'Edn .

edImq~S

1959 tUvGtits&kibIesk-sMeGotsmab'ecal . elakCaembJakarPUmiPaKtrTis (esomrab) manelakLwk-sMeGOn ( rhsnam

payBwk, sBfrs'enArdm"asaQUEst ) CaPUQYy .
10- elakKS-er"t embJakarKb'Kg nigCaembJakarPUmiPaKsan
Tis ( kMBg'FM, kMBg'q~Sg, kMBg'cam ) EdlmanembJakarbcSextnimYy@ KWelakEm"n (18) (rhsnamEm"nEknEpndIsIGKIenttUv
BYkb"UlIsGaNaniKmVrSgB&Tcab'smab'k~gq~S53), elakGum-sIum
(19) ( tUvCabgelakGum-hak', sBfeFIkarenAxagkumGvkas NA
(16) elakdYgc&n-sar"at ( GnuesniyeTa ) nigelaklav-FansW kalenaHkan'TahanmYykgvr:esnatUcenAsIusupun VnnSTahanBmTSgGavuF LanesGiumes10
nigLanhIb2eKOg rt'eTAcUlrYmCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . karbKl'GavuFeFIenA
PUmipg sukcugkal' exttrmanC&y . TahanEdlminBmtamelak@VnGnuJa
t[tLb'mkCYbbBnkUnvij sl'EtTahan30nak'Edlsuxcittamelak . ekay
mk edayminGacTSVnnwgkarlMVksIuGt'sIuXan edkB Jt'bBnkUn TahanxH
k*rt'ecjEfmeTot enAsl'Et7nak'b"ueNaH .
(17) CaGnuesniytI CakUnelaklav-FansU emXMukMBg'f sukVray extkMBg'FM .
mayeQaHeKol . elakmanbgbnbussIVMbInak'KW lav-FaneGg, lav-FansIu
lav-FaneGom nigbnsIBIrnak'KW lav-KwmQun niglav-KwmQI . lav-FanGIum
nisitevCbNitq~S1955-56 VnTak'Tges~haG~kKUexov-b"uNarI ( ekaymkCab
BnTI1rbs'b"ul-Bt edayxHmenaseJtnabIbBn eTIbk~gq~S1978kayCaqtvk' b"u
l-Btk*manbBnfIeTot ) EtGMueKolCamayminyl'Bm eJHmanrUbsmtiminsat
smeFICakUnbsarKat' . tg'enHehIyEdleFI[exov-b"uNarItUccitnwgxng man
KMnitsSjS(complex)s
sb'BYkvN:G~kman Caehtu[G~kKUGP&Bes~he_ nHsbeyabl'K~aCamYysaLt-sr EdlmanbMNglagCMrHsgmBukrlYy nigksagsgmkum
yniseTAtamTwsIcMkYtlIlarbs'Karl Max nigTwsIem"AniymrevIrvayeqghYsehtu
(18) elakEm"n Casr:EdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'bJnmkBIP~MdgErk minEmnCaExr
sr:BImunmkeT .
(19) elakGum-sIum Camitelaklav-FansWu VncUlbnMeFICakUnTahanelaklavFansWu edImICarnukk~gnSrt'mkP~MdgErk . kalenaH elakesg-sunf ( tUvln'-Nu
neFIXatenAfTI24 mina q~S1970 edayxacelakeFIrdbharykGMNaceTA[elak
sWg-g"ukfaj'vij ekaykarbkasTmak'semcsIhnurYc ) k*VnnSkUnTahanrt'mkP~M
dgErkEdr EtedayKanG~knSpv k*tUvVrSgtammkTan'cab'ykeTAvijenAtg'P~MEtgmanC&y ehIybJb'Elg[kan'kUnTahaneTot [eTAkan'xagEp~ksmar:nignSsar
vij .

-46-

SA,, rd FLORIDA ) nigelakem"A-efn .

edaysaresckIGMJvnavnUvkarbgYbbgYm, ExsIha1952 elakgYnhug manPUQYyeQaHsarin nigsaLt-qay (20) xagkMBg'FM VnnSTahansr:150nak'BmTSgGavuFpg mkcUlrYmCamYy . neratm-c&nrgI
xagkMBg'sW k*cg'T&Bsr:m
mkcUlrYmCamYyEdr Etelakfaj'VnsMu[c&nrgItSgenAbnaycarmn (xaglixkugkMBg'sW)dEdl ehIyelakVnbJ
nelakeGor-sIucUvxagneyaVy (21) nigCMnYyxagEp~keyaFam~ak'eQaH
EcmeTACYy .
karelIkykclnatsUelaksWg-g"ukfaj'mkGFibaytYs@enH xMKa
n'Etcg'bJak'fa elakfaj'mancites~haCatiemaHmut CaemdwknSKMrUm~ak' (rhU
tsBfExrKanemdwknSKMrUeT) mannin~akarxagrbbsaFarNrdesrIniym
EdlCaeKaHf~ak'cMeJHrbbraCaniympac'kar . karerobcMd*xSgkanigcMNuHcuH
cUlnBYkbJv&nExrCamYyelakfaj' VneFI[sIhnuVrmxacVt'bg'GMNa
ck*cat'Tukelakfaj'CastUvTI1rbs'Tg' . ehtuenHehIy VnCaenAeka
ysni~siThWENvq~S1954 BYkGnrCatiVnnSelakfaj'cUlmkCitdl'ku
gP~MeBj EtsIhnuminBmTTYl . cugq~S1954 elakfaj'Vnsresrlixit
CnmksIhnusMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtsIhnuminBmCadac'xat ehIycat'
Tukelakfaj'CaCnkt'Cati eJHVnbqSgnwgBHmhakt . mkEtBIela
kfaj'manciteTarTn' minhaneFI[dUcrdbharf ( 1932 BHecATI7rt'eTA
GWr"ub- q~S1941 BHecATI8EdlVf~adeNImykGMNacmkvijenaHtUveKeFI
Kt) edImIecosvagkarsmab'rgalK~ag

eTIbneyaVyelaktUvbraC&y

(20) saLt-qay tUvCabgbegItrbs'saLt-sr (b"ul-Bt) .

(21) enAq~S1953 edaycg'VnbuNs&ki c&nrgIVnnSTahannigGavuFmkcuHcUlCa
mYysemc edayykTSgelakeGor-sIucUvmkpg EtsemcminBmTTYl eJHelak
eGor-sIucUvCabkBYkrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' ehIysIhnuVn[b"UlIsnSelakmk
bKl'[kumP~MdgErkvij . But-qay tMbn'extkNal P~MbsiTik*VnmkcuHcUlCa
mYysIhnuk~grvagq~S1952-53enaHEdr . dab-QYn (dabCaJkesomCazannrs&
kiTahaneday)VncuHcUlCamYysIhnutSgBIq~S1949 ehIysemcVnEtgtSg[eFI
Caesctaj' CaemT&BtYttaextesomrabnigkMBg'FM .

-47-

(22) . elakfaj'Vnhamdac'xatmin[smab'ExrK~ageT elakEtgeJl

bJak'fa CaGnak'rbs'xSgyYnkumynisEdlcg'[ExreQaHK~a nigTajExr
bJlk~gshB&nNcin eJHhU-CImijkalenACakmkrsukVrSg V
nbbYlelakmg [begItclnatsUrYmK~ayYn-Exr-lav vayGaNaniKmV
rSg EtelakminBm . ekaymk eBlelakbegItclnasr:rYmExrbMerI
Cati hU-CImijVnbJntMNagbYnnak' (ExrBIrnak'yYnBIrnak') mkTak'Tg
elakmgeTot EtelakenAEtminBmcUlrYmCamYyBYkyYnevotmijCadac'xat
eJHExrmanEtxatKancMeNjesaH nigm"ageTot elakCaExrekamEdl
Vnrs'enA nigsal'ButttemdwknSyYncas'Nas' .
ekaymkeTot k~gq~S1957 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnsresrlixitcMnYn
bI briyayBmanBIdMeNIrneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu EdlkMBugeCOtamkar
lYgelamrbs'CU-eGgLaynigem"A-esTug [sIhnuCYyhU-CImijk~gsgamrMedaHevotNamxagtg . lixitTSgbIenaH VnbJak'Vb'sIhnuBI
eKaHf~ak'yYnhU-CImij vtmankgT&ByYnkumynisenAelITwkdIExr sukExr
nwgkayCalancMVMgrvagbkesrInigbkkumynis nigbmNgrbs'hI-CImi
jk~gkarelbsukExr rYmeFIshB&nNcineTotpg . lixitTSgbIenaH sI
hnuKanVnykcitTukdak'sUmIbnicesaHeLIy eJHeCOtamkarFanaGHGag
rbs'emdwknScin nighU-CImij EdlsnafanwgeKarBbUrNPaBTwkdIExr nig
KST[sIhnuenAelIGMNacrhUt . ehtuenHedayeCOsMdIeVkVs'rbs'
emdwknSyYn100PaKryenaH sIhnuenAEtbnCYyyYnkumyniskan'EtxSg
eLIg@EfmeTot .

(22) k~grCkalBHecA Pracha Thipok, Rama VII manrdbhardkhUtGMNacBIBHm

haktdwknSeday Pya Bahol nig Song Varadeth . BHecAbCaFIb"ukVnePosBH
GgeTAGWr"ub (sIs, Gg'eKs) . Casm&yelIkdemIgGMbUrf . eKeFIkarEkTmg'Gkr
sasf EktYBJn:xHdUcCa x, q, p, f. kumG~keFIrdbharVnbegItkumraCanu
siTi[CMnYsrhUtdl'q~S1940 eTIbeKelIkBHecA Ananda Mahidol [eLIgesayra
CCaBHecArCkalTI8 ( Rama VIII ) . mYyq~Sekaymk, bEhledaysarBHecAenH
manbMNgdeNImykGMNacraCsiTimkvijenaH eTIbtUveKeFIKt . rYcehIyeKk*GPi
eskBHecAPUmibul GduletC rCkalTI9 (Rama IX)) rhUtdl'sBfenH . beTs
f, fIebIekItekayExr ( q~S1238nKisskraC ) EtemdwknSfmankarvagv
EkEbbeTseTAtamTMenarnneyaVysklelak ( Flexibility))eTIbbeTsenHenA
Kg'vg'Vn TSgrbbraCaniymk*Kg'vg'CanimitrUbrbs'beTsfrhUtsBf edayBH
raCaminkan'GMNacdUcCaBHraCnIeGlIhaEbtEdr .

-48-

ksareyag - References
(1) eGg-sut, ksarmhabursExr TMB&r 1087-1088
(2) eGg-sut, ksarmhabursExr TMB&r 1092-1093
(3) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmre - publi en 1904 - page 90
(4) Gwum-qMu, eJrkMeVr eVHBumq~S1966 TMB&r38
(5) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmre - publi en 1904 - page 90
(6) Milton E. Osborne, the French presence in Indichina 1859 - published 1905 page 90
(7) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r46-59
(8) Etude Cambodgienne - 1967 Avril-Juin No 10, page 27-28
(9) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r78
(10) D Kam, kj"aviNQUk eVHBumq~S1971 TMB&r142
(10') emT&BTn'CaCItaTYtxagBukxM

tamesckIdMNalBICItaxagBuknigBukxMpal'

fa taTn'CamYykj"amhaviC&y CaecAhaysukVnT&BvayVrSg VnelIkT&B

eTAeLamT&BVrSgenAelIP~Msnk . eKOgxketC: GavetC: davkMNan'xnxMVn
eXIj ehIydavenaH xMVnykmkrkaTukpal'xn davenaHtUvBYkb"ul-BtJy&yTisdkhUtykenAcugq~S1978 eJHxacbCaCnbHsmab'BYkvavij sUmIEt
BUefA kSbitpak' Exv k*BYkvadkhUtTukEdr enAmuneBlT&ByYncUlQanJnsuk
Exrbnic .
(11) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 34
David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 144
(12) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 31
(13) Milton Osborne, the French presence in Indichina and Cambodia 1859-1905
(14) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 154
(15) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 159
(16) Kg'-smar, BHKUGacarEhm-ecov, TMB&r 33
(17) Kg'-smar, BHKUGacarEhm-ecov, TMB&r 28
(18) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47
(19) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47
(20) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r20
(21) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47
(22) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 47
(23) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r21
(24) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r35
(20) b"uN-c&nm"ul, critExr, TMB&r36

-49-

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-50-

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-51-

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Kan'EteJlJkGrKuNdl'KNkmkarTSgGs' rYcelakpSfa ebIbsinCaelak
m~ak'dYl sUmG~kTSgGs'K~akMuQb' tUvnSK~abnrs'eTAmuxeTot . enHCaesckI[karN_
rbs'elaksam-hYt KNkmkarbkbCaFibetybcSTIkugP~MeBj sBfrs'enA
kugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

-52-

tMNagbYnnak' (yYnBIrExrBIr) mksMuCYbCamYy . elaksWg-g"ukfan'Vn[

tMNagevotmijTSgbYns~ak'enAk~gCMrMGUrsac'sin . luHBwkeLIgelakfan'
cat'EpnkarCMnMuCaelIkTI2 . k~gsm&ybCMueBjGgelIkTI1 elakVn[tMNagyYn2nak'enAekAsin cScUlrYmenAfTI2vij eJHfTI1CakarbCMun
emdwknSExrsuT . Etdl'fTI2 yYnBIrnak'enaHminBmcUlbCMu edaysMGag
faeKminVncUlrYmbCMuenAelIkTI1 . k~gfTI1 ExrBIrnak'enaHVnesI~tam
sMeNIryYneyokmijfa
1- sMubJnkgT&BevotmijmkCYycSgbeNjVrSgecjBIsukExr
2- sMu[ExrCYypl'esgGaharsMrab'kgT&ByYnenAsukyYn
3- sMu[T&BevotmijcuHeLIgeFIskmPaBtamBMEdnExredImIvayVrSg
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnbdiesFnUvsMeNIrrbs'yYnevotmijenH ehIy
VnBnl'ExrevotmijTSgBIr BIKMeragkarminesaHtg'rbs'emdwknSyYnmk
elIbeTsExr . elakbJak'fa ExrmincSVc'eTAeFIkumyniseT, bCaras
Exrcas'CamineBjcitCadac'xat ebIBYkeKyl'fa kumynisCaGIenaH ? .
ebIcg'nSExr[cUlkumynis manEtebIFmekAb"ueNaH (2) eJHbCaras
ExrsLaj'esrIPaB rasExrminTan'xHmbGahardUcCarasyYnenAeLIy
eKeFIEsmgk~gmYyq~S rYcsMrak5-6Ex dIFIbgbegItplk*enAFMTUlay
Nas' rdaPiVlKan'EtCYy[ksikrExrecHeFIEstambeckeTsTMenIb
bMVt'QjkNal sMNUksUkV"n'BukrlYy enaHk*nwgGacedaHsaybJa
CIvPaBksikrExrVnehIy .
eBltLb'eTAvij ExrTSgBIrnak'enaHk*tUvyYnykeTAsmab'ecal eda
yvaminTukcitnigecaTfa VncUlrYmbCMusmat'CamYyelaksWg-g"ukfan' .

2) cMNuctg'enH b"ul-BtsaLt-srVnemIleXIjEdr
(2

ehAebImeFaVyekA

bgMExrTUTSgbeTs[TTYlykrbbkumynisem"Aniym edayCadMbUgCnenHminbeJ
jeKaledAneyaVyeK[ExrTSgGs'dwgdUcCaswg-g"ukfaj'eT eKEckEpnkareKCa
dMNak'@ rhUtrlaysuk .

-53-

EpnkarhU-CImij
nigklliceVkVs'Exr
elakKIm-Epn manedImkMeNItenAkmCaekam Fab'VnbYseron ehIy
'VnTak'Tgsal'BYkyYnnigExrekamxH EdlVnbMerIclnatsUevotmij
rhUtelakVnTTYlksarCaPasayYnsIBIclna nigskmPaByYnevotmi
j k~geKalbMNgelbTwkdIExrniglav . edayemIleXIjeKaHmhnray
EdlyYnkMBugEteFImkelIExrdUec~HenaH elakk*VngakmkcUlrYmCamYyclnaExresrIrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'vij . elakVnsresrcuHCaGtbTb
cSfk~gTMB&rsarBtman ekaHsniPaB sIGMBIeKaHf~ak'EdlyYnkMBugerob
EpnkaryksukExr . esrxMk*Fab'VnGanGtbTenaHEdr ehIyk~gGtbT
enaH manPstagftcmgCab'TSgeQaHsarBtman nigGtbTrbs'hU-CImi
j EdlVnsresrcuHpayenAsukVrSg tSgEtBIkalhU-CImijenAeFICa
kmkrsukVrSgem"H . cMNgeCIgenaHsresrCaPasaVrSgfa L'Indochine franaise sera vietnamisee .
k~gsm&ysaFarNrd elakKwm-Epnmanzannrs&kiCaGnuesniyk (
s&kibI ) eFIkark~gkariyal&yTI2 (3) xagEp~kykBtman ekaymkelakCa
b'eq~atCatMNagrasmNlviharsYK . edayesckIesI~rsMuBIG~kGanCaecI
n elakVnerobcMbmUlsMenrrbs'elak EdlcuHk~gsarBtmanekaHsniPa
B enaHcgkgCaesovePAmYyeLIg . sMeNAGtbTVncUleTAk~geragBum
edImIeVHCaesovePAeTAehIy EtGkuslbeTsExrtUvGnrkb Exrkhm
Q~HrbbsaFarNrdtUvrlM elakk*VnVt'bg'CIvitk~grbbb"ul-BtEfm
eTot .
elakKwm-EpnVnbkEbksarsresrCaPasayYnenaH sIBIdMeNIrb
s'KNkmkaryYn EdlVncuHmkeFIskmPaBCadMbUgk~gsukExr rvagq~S
1947 . GtbTenaHsresrfa KNkmkaryYnevotmijenaHmanBIrkum mYy
kummanK~aCag10nak' . kumTI1VncuHmk ehIytSgTITak'TgbegItKNkmkars~l k~gtMbn'extsayerog, BEvg, kMBg'cam, Cb', emmt' eJHenA
TIenaHmanyYnCaecIn CakmkrcMkarekAsUVrSgenACb'-emmt' . kumTI2Vn
bndMeNIreTAextkMBt edayqgkat'tamexttaEkv . enAtaEkvBYkeKVnTSg
cUlrYmsbayk~gBiFIbuNcUlq~SExrk~gPUmiCnbTmYy rYceTIbBYkevotmij
bndMeNIreTAextkMBteTot . enATIenaHeKVnTak'TgbegItKNkmkars~l
(3) naykariyal&ytI2 KWelakKwm-eGgKUrunedt CaP~ak'garsmat'pk~grbs'Exrkhm ehtuenHehIyeTIbKb'btibtikareyaFaecnLa1 ecnLa2 tUvbraC&yrhUt .

-54-

evotmij edayerIsBYkGnikCnyYnekItk~gsukExr k~gcMeNamniKmyYnCa

ecIn EdlVncakecjBIextJm ( Hatien ) . k~genaHmanyYnekItsukExr
m~ak' Fab'bYssikaFmvin&yenABuTikviTal&y ecHniyayExrsat'cas'la
s' EdlExreyIgxHsal'eQaHfa Gacaremon .

GacarGn-emon sWg-g"ukmij CakUnrbs'niKm

yYnmkBIextJm ( Hatein ) ekItenAextkMBt .
hU-CImijVn[CnenHEkg
eQaHbnM faCabnrbs'
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' edImIdwknSclnaExrevotmij
( bMerIyYn ) .

eTArs'enAhaNUyekaysni~siT

hWENv (20kkda1954) . emdwknSyYnVnbJ

nmk (CamYyGtitExrevotmijBIrJn'nak') [dwknS
clnaExrkhmk~gq~S1970 . sa b'k~gq~S1972
edayb"ul-BtbMBul .

edayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaemdwknSExrbqSgnwgGaNaniKm ehIytUv
VrSgcab'eTA ExrkMBugVt'emenaH hU-CImijk*[GacaremonenHmkEkg
eQaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIyeXasnafaCabgnbegItrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfa
n' edImITak'TajykExreTAbMerIclnayYnevotmij . k~gq~S1952 ExrBIrnak'
EdleTACYbelaksWg-g"ukfan' ( CamYyyYnBIrnak' ) VnsYrelakfa etI
sWg-g"ukmijEdlmYnbnb[eFICaemdwknSenAkMBtenaH tUvCabnelakEmn
eT ? . elaksWg-g"ukfan'eqIytbvijfa ebIsWg-g"ukmijeFIkaredImIExr bM
erIplbeyaCnE_ xr bMerItmKtiExr mineFIkar[yYn enaHeTIbsWg-g"ukmij
CabnxM EtsWg-g"ukmijeFIkarbMerIhU-CImij ehtuenHehIysWg-g"ukmijmin
EmnCabnxMeT . hU-CImijVn[GacaremonEkeQaHCasWg-g"ukmij k~gbMNgeVkykExrEdlkMBugVt'em dwknS[cUlk~gGnak'yYn bMerIclnanig
plbeyaCny
_ Yn eJHgaynwgsMercmhicitad*FMeFgrbs'hU-CImij k~gKM
nitBgIkTwkdI begItCa shBnNcin edayemdwknSyYnenHemIleXIjfa teTAGnaKtrasyYnminGacrs'enAelIEdndId*tUccegtpl'plitpl
ksikmciJwmmat'minKb'Kan'enaHeT KWmanEtyksukExrniglaveTeTIbyY
nrs' . tamBitelaksWg-g"ukfan' KanbnbegIteQaHsWg-g"ukmijTal'Et
esaH KWyYnhU-CImijeFIbMP&nExr[yl'cLM ehIynSKI~K~acUleTArYmbMerIcl
natsUyYn k~geKaledAyksukExrbJleTAk~gshBnNcinEtb"ueNaHnaGnaKt enA eBlyYnmanC&yCMnHelIGaNaniKmVrSgnigckBtiGa
-55-

emrikSgrYcral'ehIy . dUec~HKansJaNamYybJak'fa emdwknSyYnnwgbJb'sgamBgIkTwkdIesaHeLIy .

ekaybnicmkeTot BYkevotmijVnmkbNHKNkmkars~lenAsML
t GaeK~ye_ xtVt'dMbg edaybJnyYnVMnak'mkTak'TgVnExrsr:
sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, lav-EkvmunI, Gacarebs, bug-ePOk, rug-elIt (
nYn-Ca ) . Exrsr:TSgenaH k*maneQaHfIfa Exrevotmij . BYkekay
enHeFIskmPaBkab'smab'rasExrdak'mIneFI[reTHePIgpHkLab'sab'Exr
sttg'CaecIn tamExjak'rbs'evotmij . enHCakarcab'epImrbs'yYnk~g
neyaVyxIdExrlabmuxExr ( dUceKlabmuxman'bCl'K~a ) [smab'Exr
ehIy .
yYnVnTukclnaExrkumynisniglavkhmdUckUnrbs'eK . yYnVn
erobcMeKagkarNl
_ itln'Nas' k~gkarbNHs~lExrevotmijenH . eka
yBIkarTak'ykVnExrsr:mYycMnYnehIy yYnk*cab'Gb'rMEp~kstiGarmNB
_ YkenH[sLaj'yYnevotmij edIrtammaKayYn . BYkExrevotmijrab'ry
nak' VneTAsikaTwsIevotmijk~gsalaneyaVykughaNUyk~gq~S1947 (2) sIuv-ehgVneTAhaNUyk~gq~S1951 xHVneTAsikaenAsukcin
eb"kSgeTotpg dUcCaGacarsaern ( Lac-saern ) VnecjeTAhaNUyrYc
bneTAeb"kSgk~gq~S1955 bBneQaHelOt kUnbusBIr ( LacvIr:, LacvrvIr: ) kUnsIBIr ( Lac-tara, Lac-vIrtara ) VncakecalpHenAvtKr suk
sEg Vt'dMbg ( CitpHmaynYn-Ca ) eTAtambIk~gq~S1960 tamry:Excar
kicyYnenAVt'dMbg rYceTAsMNak'pHjatienAP~MeBj nigeLIgynehaHeTA
haNUy . GacarsaernmankMeNItenAPUmicMkarsMerag Cab'DIbmsalaV
lIkugP~MeBj ( Diplome de l'Ecole Suprme de Pali Phnom Penh ) (4)
kalenAk~gBmanmuxgarCaKNneyaVyrbs'evotmij enAsuksMLtex
tVt'dMbg .
EfmBIelIkarenHeTotenaH emdwknSyYnhU-CImijbEhlCaeKminTukcit
BYkExrevotmijk*mindwg eTIbeKerobcMKMeragkarNs
_ Mrab'ry:eBlEvgmYyeTo
t . BYkyYnVnedIrcab'kumarExr bJHbJlekgCMTg'Exr ykeTAhaNUyGb'rMxYrkalsMrab'bMerIneyaVyyYn . bg@xHbEhlenAcSVnfa rvag
q~S1951-55 mayExrEtgBmankUnmin[edIrelg xacbmat'bmg'Gara"b'
cab'kUnekg . evotmijVnCYl[cab'ekgExrykeTAGb'rMedImIsMercEpnkar
evotNamUbniykmrasnigsukExr eFICashBnNcinnaGnaKt eday
ykekgExr EdlvaGb'rMTukenaH[dwknSsuk EtekamkartYtBinitrbs'yYn
. BYkekgExrGs'TSgenaH rhUtmkdl'sBf xHmanv&y3040q~S

ehIy

(4) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yela

kmas' sBfenAvtKr .

-56-

eFIkark~grbbehg-sMrin xHminTSgsal'Em" bgbnbegIt sukPUmikMeNItxneLIy elIkElgEtmanv&yCMTg' k~gcMeNamenaHmanEb"n-suvN,

Ca-swum, rs'-sm&y EdlyYndwknSykBIsuklaC eJFisat'eTA ( tamsM
dI[karNr_ bs'elakeLA-Qin ) .
enAedImq~S1979 EdlT&ByYnvayQanJnbeTsExrenaH b"ul-BtV
ndwkCJnekgkMJFM@ekormktam kat'BGt'Gaharsab'Gs'CaecIn ekg
kMJtUc@ EdlvabmUlminTan' k*cak'esarXMuTukk~gmnIr . dl'kgT&ByYn
cUlmk vak*bmUlykekgkMJxg'1,000nak'eTAhaNUy (5) edImIGb'rMb
JkTwsI TukeFICas~lbMerIEpnkaryYnteTAGnaKteTot . yYneFIdUcK~aenA
suklav cMeJHkUnkMJlav . BYkExrevotmijmaneQaHsWg-g"ukmijCa
emdwknS dUec~HyYnCaG~kbegItExrniglavkumynis . bkkumynisTSgbI
beTs ( yYn-lav-Exr ) tUvrYmbJlK~aehAfa bkkumynisNcin
Indochinese Communist Party ICP ) . bkkumynisNcinVnbegIt
eLIgenAq~S1930 enAkughugkug . kaleNaHenAminTan'mansmaCikCaCati
ExrenAeLIyeT . luHekaymk k~grvagq~S1940Vy eTIbyYneVkVnExr
mYycMnYn EtPaKecInCaExrkhmedaybeJatfayYnnwgbKl'dIkmCaeka
mmkExrvij kalNacSgQ~HVrSg .
enAq~S1945-47 yYnevotmijVnKSTclnatsUedImIesrIPaBenAbeT
sExr (niglav) edaysarExrkMBugVt'emdwknS eJHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'
tUvVrSgcab' yYnk*Vn{kaslUkdmkkkUrpk~gclnaExrsr: Tak'TajVnBYklav-EkvmunI, mIu-pU, m"a-mUn, sIuv-ehg, mUl-smti, esa-Pwm
.l.
enAk~gq~S1950 BYkExreqgniymVnrIkduHdaly"agxSg edaymanTMna
k'TMngCits~iTCamYyBYkV"eftLav nigbklanevot ( Lien Viet Front of
Vietnam ) .
enAfTI17emsa1950 Exrsr: EdlPaKecInCaGtitsmaCikkumy
(5) CaBiessBYkkUnkMJEdlBukmayviltLb'mkBIbreTs ( PaKecInmkBIbeT
sVrSg k~gcMeNamenaHmankybegItxMmYyEdr EdlBukva ( hiun-sIuhn ) VnnS
tLb'mkBIkugV"rIsk~gq~S1976 k~grvagExemsa tamkareVkbeJatrbs'eGogsarI fatUvkarbJv&nExrenAbreTsmkCYy ksagsarsukeTsEdlexcxSeday
sgam . VMmYyExekaymk BYkExrkhmVnykbnxMenHeTAsmab'ecalVt'eTA
ehIyykkyhiun-evaharGayuBIrq~S eTAdak'k~gmnIPUmimYyCiteragckeFIEkvcMkardUg
. VMmYy-VMBIrExekayEdlyYnvayQanJnkan'kab'sukExr G~ksIeGlIsaEb
t-ebck&r ( Elizabeth Becker ) VneXIjekgkMJExrCag700nak'enAhaNUy dUc
G~ksIVnsresrk~gGtbT ( How Vietnamese create a regional communist Empire - The Hanoi Pact ) cuHk~g The New Republic fTI20 tula 1986 sab' .

-57-

nisNcin VnebIksmaCTI1enAsMLtVt'dMbg Cab'BMEdnf edImIbegI

trNsirrYbrYmExrsr: ( United Khmer Issarak Front ) . smaCelIkTI
1enHdwknSedaysWg-g"ukmij . tg'enHehIyEdleFI[Exrsr:eekA-tk'
VnVk'EbkK~aBIBYklav-EkvmunI rhUtmankarVj'K~aenAPUmikUccar minEmn
enAPUmibI nigminEmnedaysarVk'600,000 Edl Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~gesovePA How Pol Pot came to power enaHeT . tamksarbvtib
kkumy nisExreVHpayk~gq~S1973fa kaleNaHmanbkCnExrkumyni
sEtcMnYn40nak'b"ueNaH ( KankarecHdwgeCACH

nigmindwgBIeKalbMNg

yYnerobEpnkarelbsukExrpg) . edayExrminBmenAekamkardwknSyYn
@k*erobcMEpnkarfI KW[bkkumynisNcinrMlayxnenAedImq~S1951
ehIybegItCabkkumynisExr lav nigevotNamerog@xn Etbkkumyni
syYnenAEttYttadEdl dUcEdlksarevotNamVnbJak'k~gExvicika
1951 fa bkkumynisevotNamenArkasiTi emIlkarxustUvelIskm
PaBbkbgbnkmCaniglav . ekaymk, eTaHbIy"agNak*eday ebIlk&N
GnuJat[enaH bkbdivtnT
_ SgbInwgrYbrYmK~aeFIbkEtmYy KWbkshB&nevo
tNam Exr niglav (The Vietnam-Khmer-Laotian Federation's Party ) (3)
b&kbdivtn_ bCaCnExr ( Khmer's People Revolution Party - KPRP )
VnekIteLIgenAExkJaq~S1951 lknik:K
KWcmgecjmkbIbkkumynis
evotNam (5) . tambvtirbs'bkkumynisExrenAq~S1952 BYkeKmansmaCikxg'mYyJn'nak'Caesc .
enAfTI3 Exmina 1951 rNsirrYbrYmCatiExr evotNam niglav VnCY
bbwkaK~a ehIybegItCabksmnevotNam-Exr-laveLIg rYck*bkas
ehAbCaCnbeTsTSgbI[eFIshbtibtikarvayrMlMGaNaniKm . eyal
elIkarsMerccitenH EdleKVneVHpayenAfTI11 Exmina 1951enaH kg
T&ByYnevotmijk*VnelssMGagcUlmkk~gsukExrniglav edImICYycS
gBYkExrkhmEdlekaymkkayCakgT&BrMedaHCatikmCa ( The Khmer
National Liberation Army ) nigCYycSgBYklavkhmV"eftLavpgEdr
(6) .
enAq~S1958 BYkyYnevotmijVneTAeXasnaeVkBYkExrkmCaekamfa
BYkeKeFIkar[semcsIhnu ehIyVnbgajb&NKNkmkarBiessEdl
manrUbftsemcenAelIenaHpg . ExrekammYycMnYnFMVncUlrYbrYmk~gcl
nayYnevotmij . (6) eKeXasna[ExrenAkmCaekammkvij . enHCalic
BYjmYyVj'VnstBIrrbs'yYnevotmij . mYyKWBYkevotmijbMpus[Exr
bHeVreLIg edImI[mankarvwkvrk~gEp~krdVl-sgmyYnxagtg .

BIrKW

(6) esckI[karNr_ bs'elaksWn-EL vresniyeTaEm"khk sBfrs'enAtaxUm"a rd

va"siunetan .
-58-

rdkaryYnBnKrk*nwgcat'viFankarbgabkab'smab'Exrekam y"agcas'd
eTot. G~kcMeNjKWevotkug-evotNamxageCIgeNaHesaH eJHExrEdl
bHeVrenaHk*nwgtUvsab'vinaspg ehIyG~kEdlrt'rYcxn nwgrt'mkcUlbMerI
BYkevotkugvij . enHCalicy"aggaybMputrbs'yYnkumynisk~gkarsmab'
Exr . kalenaH elaksWg-g"ukfan'eTIbnwgvilcUlmk BICIvPaBlak'xnenA
extLgnij . eBlenaHelakVndwgfa Exrekamcaj'eXasnaeVkbeJatrbs'BYkevotkugehIy@bugnwgbHeVrEfmeTot edaymanemdwknSm~ak'
eQaHfac'-ENg (7) . BYkKijsmat'yYnxagtgVnrkcab'elakfac'ENg BmTSgbkBYkEdlrt'eKclak'xntSgP&yPit . elaksWg-g"ukfa
n'Vn[eKehAelakfac'-ENgeTACYbelakenABnKr . elakk*VnniyaysMrYledaHsayCamYyrdkarBnKr[VnsYlbYleTAvij . elak
VnBnl'BIeKaHf~ak' EdlCalicrbs'yYnkumynisbugnwgsmab'ExrenH
dl'ExrekamKb'@K~a[bugby&t~Kb'@CMhan (8) .

(7) b"UlIstSgBIsm&yVrSg ExrextBHtJMgsab'eCOtamNas'- Kat'BmcUlrYmnw

gelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .
(8) esckI[karNr_ bs'elaksim-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

-59-

Exrevotmij
KWyYnevotmijEdlCaG~kbegItBYkExrevotmijenHk~grvagq~S1946-19
47 EtkalenaHmanExr Etxg'Essibnak' EdlCasmaCikk~gclnaNcin
kumynis ( Indochinese Communist Party - ICP ) . BYkyYnevotmijVncU
lmkbegItmUldanbIenAk~gsukExr
1- mUldanEkk emmt'-Cb' manCnCatiyYnCaecInCakmkrrbs'cMkar
ekAsUVrSg . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBenAk~gtMbn'extkecH swgEtg rtn
KIrI mNlKIrI kMBg'cam BEvg sayerog . mUldanenHkan'kab'edayBYkyY
nevotmijpal'Etmg .
2- mUldanTI2enAkMBt EdldwknSedayyYnekItenAsukExreQaHGacarGn-emon EdlyYn[EkgeQaHfa sWg-g"ukmij CaemdwknSrbs'BYkExr
evotmij . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBk~gmNlexttaEkv, kMBt, ekaHkug, kM
Bg'sW . ekaymkeTotmanelakviskrCI-KimGan nigsaLt-sr mkBIsu
kVrSg mkcUlrYmk~gmUldanenHEdrenAq~S1953 (2) .
3- mUldanTI3KWenAEb"kxagliceqogxagtgextVt'dMbg tg'tMbn'
sMLt kjg . yYnVneCIserIsKNkmaFikarEdlCaGtitExrsr: Ed
lmanelaksIuv-ehg(9) CaembJakarswkPUmiPaKJyBTis, mUl-sm
tiCaemT&B, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca ) CanayEp~kesdkic, GacarLac-saern nig
Lac-sar"n CaKN:neyaVy . mUldanenHeFIskmPaBk~gexteJFisat'
Vt'dMbg esomrab .
saLt-sr b"ul-Bt VnvilmkcUlrYmk~gclnaExrevotmij Edl
manemdwknSyYneQaHsWg-g"ukmij k~gExmkra q~S1953 enAmUldankMBg'
tac .
k~gsni~siThWENvq~S1954 BYkExrevotmijKanekAGIeT edayBYkenH
KanEdndIrMedaHkan'kab'dUcyYnhU-CImij . V"eftLavmanekAGI edayeKma
nmUldanrMedaHenAEb"kxageCIgCab'nwgTl'EdnyYn . cMeJHbeTsExr man
EtrdaPiVlsemcsIhnueTEdltMNagekAGIExr edayykExrsr:cuH
cUlmandab-QYn, c&nrgI, But-qay Cabnal'min[EbgEckbeTsExrCa
BIr dUcCabeTslavnigyYneT . enHCaemeronmYyrbs'BYkExrevotmijEdl
ekaymk kaymkCaExrkhm . emeronenHehIyEdlCMruj[kumb"ul-Bt
GnuvtnUvEpnkarvayrMedaHyktMbn'CnbTeLamB&TTIkugBukrlYy rhUtdl'
VnsMerceCaKC&yCasaBrk~gfTI17 emsa q~S1975 ( tam{vaTem"A-esTu
g).
(9) svuI -ehgcl
U rm
Y Camy
Y ln' nlk
' g
~ qS~ 1970 eFC
I avresny
i eTaenAbna ysk
w rgsuI
sp
u n
u .

-60-

ekaysni~siThWENv yYnVnykExrevotmijrab'Jn'nak' [eTACk

ekanenAhaNUy rg'cS{kaslelIkekayeTot . k~genaHmanemdwknSExr
evotmijeQaHsWg-g"ukmij ( GacarGn-emon ) k*eTArs'enAkughaNUy
Edr .
kumTI2Exrevotmijman saLt-sr, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca), sIuv-ehg, mU
l-smti ( rs'-jwm taekA ), GacarLac-sav"n, Lac-saernCaedImmin
eTAhaNUytamBYkyYnevotmijeLIy . KWkumTI2enHg Edlekaymkka
yCaExrkhm . BYkekayenHEckecjCaBIrkumeTAeTot
1- kumTI1man elaksIuv-ehg, mUl-smti,GacarLac-saern, Lac
sav"n Vnrs'enArksIuCaCnsamJeFIEscMkarkUcenAPUmivtKrxH enArUgknW
kg'htxH ( tamdgswgsEgeTAelI ), enAPUmifakxH k~gextVt'dMbg .
2- kumTI2man saLt-sr (b"ul-Bt), rug-elIt (nYn-Ca) nigK~aeKmY
ycMnYneTot bnMbgb'xnk~gTIkugP~MeBjedImIerobcMKwHbdivtn_ . BYkeKCYl
pHenACit@K~atg'mMemePIgxagekameBTcin . BYkeKbgb'xn eFIskmPaB
Bnl'Tak'TajBYkyuvsiskIk EdlPaKecInminsal'fakumynisCasI
pg .

-61-

Exrkhm
enAk~gkugP~MeBj saLt-sr nigeLa-ebgKn (10) VnbegItviTal&
ykCnBIrenACitemePIgekameBTcinKW : viTal&ykmCabut nigviTal&y
cMerInviCa . eLA-ebgKn enAbegonbvtisask~gviTal&yTSgBIr, KWCn
enHehIyEdlbJHbJlsiskIkKanVk'bg'fsala eFICa clna
yuvCnkumyniskmCa - Gkrkat'ehAfa : yuvkk (11) eLIg . BYksma
Cikclna yuvkk KWCaclnas~lbdivtnr_ bs'saLt-sr . ekayEd
lBYkExrkhmmanC&yCMnHrMlMrbbsaFarNrdln'nl' enAfTI17 emsa
1975mk GgkarExrkhmVnykBYk yuvkk enHmkeFICaKN:suknana
CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrNp
_ g.

(10) CaeQa HBt

i rbsn
' n
Y -Ca eJHBk
u eQa H eLA-lvI enAPm
U vi tK
r extV
td
' b
M g .
(11) sd
M eI qy
I qg
KN:sk
u eqgCamy
Y ma ynn
Y -Ca enAJkk
' Na lqS~ 1974 . kal
eNaHbl
u" -BtVnykeyaFamCm
w bkeTABT
& c
abm
' l
U -smti PaKJyB
& ng
i KN:tb
M n,'
KN:shkrN,_ KN:sk
u , KN:X,uM kgQb
ng
i kgeyaFa dkht
U GavF
u Gsr' c
Y ykeTA
sma be' cal elk
I ElgEtKN:sk
u yan EdlCt
i dt
i ng
w ma ynn
Y -Ca eKmn
i Vncabc
' g
eFeI TasGeI Ly
I . kalenaHesr xeM nAeFC
I akmk
rkg
~ eragCagXvuM tK
r tSgenABrI KL
I x
ag
elX
I vuM tK
r . f1
8mf
i n
u a1978 KN:Xd
uM akT
' s
i [eTAcl
U erEI dk kats
' b
M krfynt
c
U @
ykmkeFC
I aEbl
" cakd
' EI ckcay[Bk
Y kgclt
& ng
i esnaCnXvuM tK
r . sabE' tmanrf-

M 113 Cagme KOgng

i Bk
Y eyaFaxg
5
' ,000nak' cl
U mkkg
~ Gtt
I kg
u Vtd
' b
M gedaekaH yKa n[dN
M g
w Camn
u cabc
' gBk
Y KN:JNC
i , KN:sk
u nana ehy
I eTAcabm
' l
U -smti
enApH KatE' krck
M arCbn
u" Ct
i Pt
M~ c
U PF
M~ M . kalenaHBk
Y eyaFaVnedjBk
Y Cagx[
M vl
i mkXuM
vj
i . ehtk
u arNe_ nHVneF[
I xm
M anesckeI gOgql
N
' as' edayvacabs
' ma bE' tKa~ va Km
W a~
k@
' ylf
' a CaeBorevrarbsB
' k
Y va QamEskEskehA eJHBk
Y JyB
& Ts
i enHks
* ma b'
bCaCnExr Gse' cn
I seM bm
I NasE' dr . edaykarBc
i arNatamehtk
u arN_ ekaymkeTb
I
xd
M g
w fa mkBd
I ng
rbsm
' l
U -smti eQa Hesa-Pm
w Vnkt' bg
u eFrI d bharkg
~ rvagEx
vc
i k
i aqS~ 1977 Etbl
u" -Btvadg
w xn
mn
u esa-Pm
i KN:Pm
U P
i aKbJ
U T
s
i
k* tvU eyaFaesa H
ng
w bl
u" -Btsma bV
' neTA . kn
U bs
u ml
U -smtm
i y
Y eQa Hmt
i q
S~ g (eQa Hbdvi tn
)_ Vn
erobkarCamy
Y kn
U seI sa-Pm
i . ml
U -smtn
i g
i esa-Pm
i Caekn
I g
w Ka~ pg tSgBs
I my
& Exr
evotmj
i mk . eBlenaHeKykBk
Y yvu kkBP
I m
U P
i aKnri tt
I aEkv-kB
M t mkCn
M s
Y KN:epg@
enAJyB
& Ts
i . KN:sk
u eqg EdleTb
I Vnmkkank
' a b' sk
u Vtd
' b
M g Cn
M s
Y KN:sk
u
ehOn ( tvU cabs
' ma be' calCamy
Y ml
U -smti ) enaH Vncl
U eTAKrY smyayJj ( ma
ynn
Y -Ca ) . yayJjVnsrY KN:sk
u eqgfa kn
U eGy
I , ya" gNaVnCakn
U gVn
mkCb
Y JkB
' n
& C
amy
Y ng
w Ggk
ar ? . KN:sk
u eqgVneqy
I tbvj
i fa G!U ma" eGy
I
xk
M *
kC
* aGtt
i kn
U ecAkg
~ clnayvu kkrbsG
' C
u aEdretI . kalenaHxeM nAeronsalaceM rn
I vC
i a .
ma" eGy
I
Bk
Y Kj
i bl
U" s
I rbss
' h
I nn
u g
i GaEql
n' nl' Ka ndg
w xlG
' eI saHEtmg
Bk
Y xeM FI
vei cT
km vT
i g
nakLk
bgc
lna Bk
Y enHKa ndg
w GeI saH ehy
I ebc
I abV
' nBk
Y xx
M H yklu
yeTAsk
U vaElg[rc
Y xn
mkvj
i Gs' Bk
Y vaeml
I eXj
I ly
u CaFeM ls
I G@
I TSgGs' .

-62-

k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa

ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk
kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj .
k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa
ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk
kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj . tSgBIq~S
enaHmk clnayuvkkVnlUtlas'CaxSg . BYkenHCaemkmIeCotcUlmk
TisGgkar cUleTAbnMxYnenAk~gKb'skmPaBnana EdlmanbeyaCnd
_ l'
bkeK dUcCaVtukmvaysanTUtGaemrikSgk~gq~S1963 (12), Vtukmsis
k~gq~S1972-73 rhUteFIXatelakfac'-Ca nigevCbNitEkv-sSgKIm k~g
brievNviTal&y18mina ( GtitviTal&yBHyuKnr ), VtukmbuKliksika
k~gq~S1973-74 edImIbMEbrTisVtukm [kayCaQ~an'bMerIplbeyaCnr_ b
s'bkkumynisExreTAvij .
BYkyuvkkecHEtTak'TgbntamExry:eK edImIbmUlsmaCik[Vn
kan'EtecInEfmeTot . eKeCotcUleTAk~gcMeNamBYknisit dUcCakrNI
CMu-rMePIy (13) k~gKNkmkarsmaKmnisitenAmhaviTal&yGkrsas
P~MeBjCaedIm .
BBYkyuvkkxHeTotEdlVnkayeTACaKUbegon sasacar k*Vnsa
bBYsmenaKmviCakumynisk~gcMeNammitPkiKUbzmsikasasacar .
k~gcMeNamsasacar manelakKUFuc-rin ( sasacarmsbP ), ela
kyI-y"un (14) ( briJab&tGkrsasExr ). ekaymkfTI17mina19
73 ekayEdlBYkkUnecAelakln'-Nun VnKb'Kab'EbkbMEbkhgVtukmKU EdlkMBugEteFImITIg manK~aCag400nak' k~gbrievNmhaviTal&yKru
ekaslxagtg mansab'KUBIrnak'nigrbYsCaecInnak'mk BYksasacar
KUbegonmYycMnYneTotyl'eXIjfa ebITSenAteTAeTot nwgtUvBYkln'Nunsmab'ecal ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTAeTot rbbsaFarNrdelakln'nl'BukrlYyGyutiFmNas' minTSgeKarBlk&N EdlcarelIsbsaFar
Nrd enAmuxGtitbrmraCvSgesaH ehIyteTAmuxKansgwmQ~HBYkrN:
sirrMedaHCatieLIy eTIbBYkenaHk*rt'cUlExrkhmbeNaydUcCanYn-eXOn
(12) kalenaHsemc
bJa Tahanhg
es kJks
' vuI l
i cl
U eTAkg
~ vT
i aly
& nana nSss
i
ecjeTAvaysa nTt
U Gaemrk
i Sg manelakXm
w -Tt
i CaGk
~ dk
w nSeFI tamsd
M eI lakeV" fn
ng
i elaksm
ui -Kn
i .
(13) CuM reM Py
I
CaGtt
i ss
i xk
M g
~ qS~ 1968-69 kalCabm
' Fmsk
i ab& tPaKT2
I kg
~ qS~
1972 VneTAbnv C
i a enAmhavT
i aly
& Gkrsas Epk
~ bvtvi T
i a-Pm
U vi T
i a maCuM reM Py
I
ma~ ke' Qa Hmt
i e hOn CaGtt
I Exr khmenAsL
M t
. smy
& bl
u" -Btmt
i e hOneFC
I aKN:su
kPs
M~ eM BA extV
td
' b
M g .
(14) elakyI yn
u" tvU Cabgfe lakk-sG
M l
u GKe lxaFk
i armhavT
i aly
& Gkrsas .

-63-

elakEkv-sg'KIm

elakfac'-Ca

(G~kniBn dMeNIreqaHmkTisxaglic Ncink~gq~S2,000), elakkuleyOt (briJab&tGkrsasExr), elakesam-sMGun (briJab&tbvtiviTa)

bInak'ekayenHecjBIVt'dMbgenAedImExmina1975 .
k~gcMeNamBYkbeckeTsviskr k*mannin~akarkhmEdrdUcCa elakKa
t-qun, elakCI-KwmGan (15), elakevCbNiteFjDI-pun (16), elakgYneGg (viskr), elakEm"n-nIfU (viskGKIsnI), elakesog-eV"Es (viskrnig
naykksYgsurieyadI), elakcn-buV (ecAkm) .l.
emdwknSclnayuvkkKW eLA-ebgKn (nYn-Ca) . CnenHrs'enAbgb'xn
k~gkugP~MeBjrhUtmkdl'q~S1972-73 eTIbecjeTAB EtenAEtlbcUl
mkmg@eTot edImITak'TgBYkExry:k~gkug . enAk~gkugP~MeBj ekABIeFI
CaKUkCnenAviTal&ycMerInviCanigkmCbut CnenHbnMxneFICaG~kciJwmma
n'-Ta lk'sI epA swkbk'pHenAmMCitvtswgmanC&y .
(15) Gk
~ sC
I I Km
w Gan Casasa car msbP kg
~ qS~ 1972 .

Gk
~ sV
I npa sB
' P
I eM~ Bj

mkbegonenAvT
i aly
& ent-yg
" ' Vtd
' b
M gEdr . bEhledayxs
u eKalbN
M gEdlbg
u"
Vfa~ Bm
I n
u m k e Tb
I f a e l a k CI Km
w G a n V n c g k e FG
I tX
a t xn
g kg
~ rvagqS~ 1973
enAtb
M nG
' rU GNg
eTA ? .
(16) elakevCb
Nt
i DI pn
u Vnrtc
' l
U Bkg
~ qS~ 1972 ehy
I ekaymktvU Vtx
' n
eday
Gafk
V
M g
M kg
~ rvagqS~ 1973-74 . Gk
~ sD
I I pn
u Casasa carrk
u C
vI vT
i a ( Biologie
' k
M alxeM nACans
i t
i Epk
~ rvKF ( SPCN ) enAmhavT
i aly
& vT
i asas
vgtale ) rbsx
kg
~ qS~ 1966-67 . eBlcl
U CrM eM xA-Gd
uI ag kg
~ qS~ 1979 fT
2
I 1 Exvc
i k
i a xV
M nCb
Y Gk
~
sD
I I pn
u ehy
I VnsaksrY Btm
anxH @Bs
I a mI Gk
~ sI KanE' tVbf
' a sa mK
I at' tvU sa bb
' u"
eNa H ehy
I mn
i Bmpl
B
' tm
anerOgneyaVyesaH (xa ckhmsma b)' .

-64-

bBneFICaG~klk'bEgmcMNIesom . y"agehack~gmYyEx CnenHEt

gmkelgpHbnsIeQaHPU-BUn ( samIJk's&kiVMeQaHKIm-san xagpl'
smar:sSg ) enAparGULSBik ehIycak'saeheNsIusMV"jbnfpwk .
CnenHlak'kEngrs'enAy"agCit (17) . ebIdwgfabgbnlYctameTAemIlpH
CnenHk*brTIlMenAPam .
bkkumynisExrVnerobEpnkareKy"aglitln'Nas' k~gkardeNIm
GMNacbIescsIhnu . eKbNak'K~aeCotcUleTAenAekoknwgsIhnu k~gb
B&nrdaPiVl (exov-sMpn, hU-yn' ) tamExry:semcvSgEb"n-nut Edl
CaG~knS[eTACYbsIhnu . BYkExrkhmVnerobcMkMNt'eKaledAeKdUcteTA
enH
1- erobcMbegItyuvCns~lbdivtne_ nATIkugP~MeBj (begItviTal&yk
CncMerInviCa nigkmCbut) nigenATIrYmextxH dUcCakMBg'cam (sukkMeNIthU
yn'), taEkv, kMBt (mUldanyYnevotmij), Vt'dMbg (ExrevotmijenAsMLt)
eKeCIsykEtsiskIkmkBgk'bMb"nsartI (clnayuvkk = yuvCnkumy
niskmCa) . BYkenHehIyEdlCaG~kbgGnaFibety Vcxitb&NeFI[claclk~gTIkug edImIbMEbrTisVtukmkUdkmnana CabeyaCnb
_ kkumy
nisExreTAvij .
2-bNak'K~acUleTAk~grdaPiVl edayebIliccUlCitxSgedImIkMcat'
(17) tamsMdIrbs'G~ksIKIm-san CabnsIbegIteLA-ebgKn EdlxMV
nCYbk~geBl
EdlkgT&ByYn cUlmkyksukExrenAedImq~S1979enaHfa Kat'manesckIekAkhay
nigeCrbeTcbNasarbgbusenHsBE bby"ag eJHyksa mIKat'eTAsma b' kalEdl
ExrkhmcUldl'P~MeBjPa m . sUmCMrabfa G~ksIPU-BUnVnCayktkUlxusBIeLA-eb
gKnenaH eJHGMuPU-eyOg (GMuekkrbs'esr) VnsMuBIyayJjmkeFC
I akUn Priyarbs'
GMuPU-eyOg tUvCabnsIbegItrbs'yayJj . eBleyaFaExrkhmedjbCaCn[ec
jBITIkugenaH KYsarKat'enAekayeKbgs' eJHsMGagfa bgbusKat'mkdl'ehIy.
bnsInYn-Cam~ak'eToteQaHeLA-KImnI CaPriyaelakekaH-Jj (bnbuselakekaHQYn) k*VnmkCYbCMuK~aenApHG~ksIPU-BUnEdr . nYn-CaVnebIeyaFa[mknSykelak
KIm-saneTACYb . edayminsal'NamYyCaelakKIm-sanenaH eyaFak*nSbus@TSg
Gs'VMnak'eTA[nYn-Ca EdlenAcMeNamenaHman elakekaH-Jj, KIm-san, bunrit-xS
Ln (bgf busrbs'esrenAlIv) nigkyBIrnak'eTot . nYn-Cakat'TukEtelakKim-san
rYcedaHElgG~kbYnnak'[viltLb'mkvij . nYn-Cak*sma b'bnfs
&kiVMxagdwkCJn
smar:enHeTA edImIsMEdgesckIesaHtg'CamYyb"ul-Bt . G~ksIKIm-sancSbImineXI
jviltLb'mkvijesaH . luHBwkeLIgeXIjEteyaFamkbeNjTSgGs'K~a[ecjBI
pH . elakekaH-Jjmksa b'enAexteJFisat'edayKanf~SBaVl . sB fG~ksIPUBUnrs'enAparelI CitPUmivtKr Vt'dMbg . kUnbusm~ak'Cacl&t edayBYkvaebIKaneBl
sMrak k*QWrt'mkrkmaydYldac'xl'sa b'enAnwgkSCeNIrxm . kUnm~ak'eTot BYkvaeca
Tfaxl
i
ehIycab'ykeTAvayeFT
I aruNkm rYcdutsma b'ecalTSgrs' . G~ksIekaHJj (sl'EtkUnsIm~ak') sB fVnmkrs'enArdkalIh&r nij"a shrdGaemrik .

-65-

BYksSniymmun rYcrMlMsemcCaekay . eKcUlekoksemc bJHbJlbeJarsemc[gakeTArkBiPBkumynis rhUtTg'VnTak'TgCamYycinCadMbUgk~gq~S1956 . Bnl'semc[eFICatUbniykmshKasnana, eragck,

begItshkrNt
_ amEbbkumynis edaybJlexov-sMpnCardmnIJNiCkm, Kat-qunCardmnIsahkm, ecA-esgCardmnIksYgGb'rMCati.
dMNak'karmYyeTot BYkeKeCotcUleTAdeNImekAGIk~gmnIrrdsPaeFI
CatMNagras edImIVnCitditnigTak'TgCamYybCaCn

k~gEpnkarerobcM

nigBgIkmUldanbdivtne_ nAtamCnbTEscMkar EdlrbbdwknSminsUveGIeBI

enaH .
3- Eb"gkMcat'BYksSniym mankumelakswum-va"r, Ey"m-sMbUr, sWnsan, ln'-nl', XI-tSglIm [xatqayBIsemcsIhnu BIrdaPiVl BIrds
Pa ehIynigeFIy"agNa[sIhnusb'BYkTSgenHeTotpg .
Epnkarrbs'eKmandMNak'karcas'las'Nas' k~gkarbqSgnwgsIh
nu . luHdl'bB&nbdivtn_ pk~geKrwgmSKYrCaTITukcitVnehIy emdwknSExr
khmk*beNaHK~aePosxnecjeTAB enATICnbTrYmrs'CamYybCaCnedI
mIravrkcMNucexaybCaCn gaysYlnwgTak'TajdwknS . kalebIbCa
CncUlcitBYkeKehIy eKk*cab'epImqakbNHkMhwgbdivtnv_ N:GFn[sb'
vN:G~kdwknS vN:s&kiPUmi G~kman G~kkug G~kecHdwg. eKelIkykTa
hrNC
_ ak'Esgmklattdag Bnl'bCaCn cglbgajBIrebobekgb
v&J CiHCan' bMbwTsiTi nigGyutiFmBukrlYyrbs'BYkvN:skiPUmikan'GMNa
c . eKBnl'bCaCn BIBYkb"UlIs Kij Ky eb"Gwum EdlKaneFIkarbMerIrka
snisux[bCarasTal'EtesaH KWcak'K~acSEtcVc'k CiHCan' cab'cgrasExr CMritykluykak'CaedIm . edayeXIjTahrNC
_ ak'Esg bCa
CnCaBiessBYkyuvCnk*eCOTukcit cUlbMerICaeyaFatamkarPUtPrrbs'Ggkarfa eTArMedaHExr[rYcBIckBtiGaemrikSg BIvN:skiPUmiCiHCan'CJk'Qam
rasenaH .
kalebIkMhwgvN:BuHkeJalk~gsTab'bCaCnehIy BYkeKcab'Bn
l'BImeFaVyy"agNa edImIrMedaHerIbMrHxnecjBIkarCiHCan'enaH@edayelI
kykkartsUvN:[eQaHfa kgT&Bbdab'GavuFbCaCnvN:GFn Ca
meFaVy eJlKWeKtUvEtbyuTsmab'xSgCadac'xat eTIbrMedaHxnVn .
tg'enHehIyEdlBYkkhm[eQaHfa (kmCabCaFibety) enaH . k~g
karBnl'bMpuskMhwgvN:enaH BYkeKVnbMPbvtisas[sbeTAnwgTis
edAsartItsUbdivtnb
_ kkumynisExr dUcCakarbMPbvtitsUbHeVrk~graCneratm manGacarsa eJrkMeVr ( yYnKST[bgclnak~gsuk kMu[Exr
man{kaseTAvaydeNImykkmCaekammkvij ), karsmab'elakVed enA
PUmikSglav (VrSgCiHCan'TarBnFn'eBk), GacarEhm-ecov (Bnl'Exr[Pa
-66-

k'rkrhUtVrSgcab'pwkdak'Kuk suKtenAekaHtLac) faVntYstay

bdivtnm
_ uneK .
dl'eBlenH bCaCnkaymkCabkrNr_ bs'bdivtne_ KehIy esc
EtnwgeKlq~ebItamesckItUvkar edayykvin&yrwgdUcEdk nrNakt'TisedAGgkartUvkat'eTasxng ebHdUgf KanmenaseJtna Kanemta
GnueKaHesaHeLIy . kgQbnigeyaFa eKbegonEtBIviFIsmab'xSgb"ueNaH .
k~gq~S1962 saLt-srVnePosxnBIkugP~MeBjcUlB erobcMetom
lkN:bqSgnwgsemcsIhnu . K~aKat'CaecIneTotVnrt'ecjCabnbna
b'EdrdUcCaExk-Eb"n (sasacar msbP) (18) rt'cUlBk~gq~S1963 .
ekaymkeTotmanTIv-Gul (sasacarTutiyPUmiEp~kGkrsasExr), Fucrin (sasacar msbP) k*nSK~aePosxnecjbnbnab'K~aedImIerobcMkmSg
bdivtnv_ ayykGMNacBIsemcsIhnuenATICnbT .
k~gq~S1967 exov-sMpn, hU-yn'k*ePosxnecjBIkugP~MeBj cUleTA
BYnsmMk~gsanTUtcinxg'bIEx eTIbcinbeNaHecjeTABeTot edayxacBY
kKijsemcsmab'ecal eJHCab'ecaTfa VnbMbHrasenAsMLt kjg
Vt'dMbg .

(18) eQaHbdivtne_ hAfa mitsU VnnSkgT&BcUlkugVt'dMbgmuneKenAlacfTI17em

sa 1975 VneFC
I aKN:tMbn'4 (KWEp~kxagekamkugVt'dMbg eTAdUnTav EckK~aCamYy
tMbn'3 edayykpvreTHePg
I CaeKal) mYyry: . VMmYyExekaymk mUl-smticat'[
eyaFaeTAcab'sat'@ ykeTAsma b'ecal ehIykuhkbCaCnfa GgkarVnbJn[eTA
eFT
I UtenAsukf .

-67-

karbHeVrenAtMbn'sL
M t
karbHeVrenAtMbn'sMLt kjgenHehIy EdlCaedImePIgnsgam
sIuvilk~gsukExr sgambdivtnB
_ YkExrkhm . GMeBIBukrlYynigGMeBI
GyutiFmCiHCan'rbs'BYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgsm&yelakEy"m-munIr&t~Vn
eFI[bCarassuksMLt manesckIekAkhayy"agxSg . mUlehtuenH
kayCa{kasy"aglkMrrkVnmYy EdlBYkExrkhmrg'cSGs'eBlCayUr
mkehIy .
BYks~lExrkhmenAkugP~MeBj VnbJnK~aeKmkbMbHras[
ekakeLIgtsUbqSgnwgGaCaFrextVt'dMbg . ehIykarbHeVrenAtMbn'sM
LtenHVnraldalcUleTAk~gextnanaeTot dUcCaextekaHkug, kMBt(QUk)
kMBg'sW, taEkv, kMBg'q~Sg(kMBg'tLac), kMBg'cam, kMBg'FM EdlmanmUlda
nExrkhm mandMNagrasnin~akarkhm .
k~gq~S1967 bCaCnsuksMLtVnnSK~aTSgPUmi@rt'cUlB ehIytUv
BYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbglabBNK~afa Exrkhm . k~gesovePA ksikr
nigneyaVyenAkmCa, 1942-80 ( Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea,
1942-80 ), elakEbn-eXokNan' ( Ben Kiernan ) VnsresrBIkarbHeVr
enaHfa VnekIteLIgcMeBlEdlkgT&ByYneyokkugenAevotNamkMBugEtCa
b'dtTl'CamYynwgkgT&BGaemrikSgknHlannak' . enAk~gExmifuna1967
bCarasCagbYnJn'nak' Vnrt'cUlBGs'CagmYyEx . ekaymkVnBH
KUBHv&nrtn_ GIuv-TYt emKNextVt'dMbgnimneTAsMruHsMrYlbJHbJl
ExrbHeVrTSgenaH EdlmanTSgBHsgpg [cUlmkrs'enAk~gPUmimrvij
edaycg'TUlkarBit G~ksuksMLtVneCIserIstMNagBIrnak' ehIy
cat'[eFIdMeNIrnSdMNwgeTATUlsemcenAkugP~MeBj EttUvbkBYkelak
ln'-nl'cab'smab'ecalVt'eTA . tamBitelakln'-nl'minVndwgesaH
eT KWCabkBYkelakGPiVlextVt'dMbgEy"m-munIr&t~ nignayTuneT Edl
XubXitK~aeFIkarbMbwTmat'tMNagG~ksuksMLtTSgBIrnak'enaH eJHxac
semcCabBIerOgEdlBYkeKbn'kmsiTi bn'bv&JykdIcMkarbCarassuk
sMLt .
k~gq~S1968 esrxMecjBImhaviTal&yKruekasl CasasacarmF
msikabzmPUmi mkbegonenAviTal&yGabXut-enty"g' Vt'dMbgkug ma
nelakyin-pU Cacaghag . kalenaHGaCaFrextVnekNkgb"UlIsext
kgs&ytaNtamPUminana KUbegonbzmsika [eTAeFIkarbgabG~ksu
ksMLt nigeFIkareXasnabJHbJl[G~ksukmkrs'enAk~gPUmidUcFmta
vij . eK[eQaHskmPaBenaHfa btibtikarsniPaB . tamelakEbneXokNan' EdlVnsmasnC
_ amYyGFikarFuy-bunsUr enATIkugV"rIsq~S
-68-

1980 faBYkelakKUbzmsikaVncUlrYmedays&Kcit EtebItamxMdwgvij

enaH KWs&KcitedaybgM ( volontaire obligatoire ) eTAvijeT eJHGs'elak
KUbzmsikaxacGMNacelakGFikarbzmsikaNas' . elakGFikarsa
b'bgab'nigpab'ecAhayext . elakKUmFmsikaminVncUlrYmk~gbti
btikarsniPaByklemIlenaHeT .
elakmas-m"un EdlsBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetan CaGtitkg
s&ytaNXMuVydMrS sukVNn' VnCab'kMENneTAbgabrasenAtMbn'
sMLtEdrk~gq~S1968 . elakmas-m"unVnsarPaBfa kgs&ytaN b"U
lIs Vncab'man'TaCUk Kas'ykcanq~Sg TBsmtiEdlG~ksukCIkdI
kb'lak'Tuk k~gevlaEdlrt'lUn tamkarbeJHrbs'BYkExrkhmenaH .
etIbuBehtuBitenaHy"agNa eTIbbNal[mankarbHeVrenAsMLt ?
sUmemtaCabfa cab'tSgBIq~S1960mk G~ksukenAextVt'dMbgVnnS
K~aBgIkdIcMkarsMrab'dMNS kUc say m~as' ecIneLIg@ ehIynSK~acab'dI
fI@manCIrCatienAGeNIkEhb, efI(m~as' ekAsU), kMBg'Kl' rhUtdl'sMLt .
karenHk*raldaldl'BYkGs'elakEp~krdVlExt naykksYgsurieyadI
nayTunExr cin manelakhU-tughan', hU-tughab'CaedIm . tSgBIyUryar
mkehIy G~ksukenAsMLtmandIcMkarekrB
i_ IdUntaEm"eKmk edImsayKl'
biunkg'reTH edImFUernFMxs'll, cMkareck m~as' savm"av EtdIcMkarTSg
enaHminEdlmanbg'kmsiTisMKal'eT eJHbCarasrs'enAtMbn'dac'syal Kanpvf~l' (xHminEdlsal'parpg) enAlg'exAeBkk~gerOgkmsiTi
bg'dIenH .
edaycg'VndItMbn'sMLt (dIkhm) d*manCIrCatienaH buKliksalaex
t salasukVt'dMbg ecAksYgnana nayTunExr cin

CaBiessnayk

ksYgsurieyadI ( ksYgEpnTI ) VnXubXitK~aeFIbg'kmsiTivatbn'ykdI

cMkarG~ksuksMLtTSgbMJnnigGyutiFm . edaysMGagelIbg'kmsiTitw
mtUvsbcab' BYkeKVn[tak'T&reTAQUsrujBlMdMNScas'vateFIrbg
eFIBMdIrbs'eK . G~ksuksMLtdl'eXIjeKmkQUsykdIcMkarxnTSgbM
Jn k*nSK~amkXat' Etmas'kmsiTifIsMGagelIbg'dItwmtUvminBmsab'
ehIyrwtEtbnkarQUsdIteTAeTot . edayXat'minsab' G~ksukk*nSK~abH
kab'smab'G~kebIkbrtak'T&rsab'eTA . GaCaFrextk*bJnkgb"UlIseTAbgab manVj'smab'nigcab'mkdak'Kukpg . bus@k*nSK~art'cUlBYnBGs' enAsl'EtsI@ ekg nigcas'enAcSpHsMEbgTBsmti . edaykarsM
ruHsMrYl bus@VnnSK~acUlmkenAk~gPUmisukvij . bnicmk k~gBiFIbuN
cUlq~SrSvg'mYy (tamesckIraykarNr_ bs'elakEm"-esArI kUbzmsikaTki
Nsala) fab"UlIsVncab'rMelaPkUnkmMuG~ksuksMLt . karbMJnenH
VnbegItCaGFikrmYyEfmeTot . kMNan'narIenaHVnkab'b"UlIsnwgBUefAsa
-69-

b'eTA . BYkkgb"UlIsk*elIkK~amkVj'smab'G~ksukGs'CaecIn . G~ksu

kk*bHeVrmgeTot nSK~aTSgbus sI ekg cas' TSgPUmi@nSK~art'cUlB .
eXIj{kaslehIy BYkExrkhmk*cUlmkbnMTak'TgBnl'G~ksuksML
t jHjg'bEnm bMpuskMhwgsgswkbqSgnwgBYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgbeNay . enHehIyCaerOgBitEdleKxMnSK~alak'rhUtdl'sBf .
enAfTI30 emsa 1967 semcmanbnlfa minEmnmanEtBYkExrk
hmeTEdlxwgenaH KWbCaCnsamJenAextVt'dMbg k*mancitexrxwgnwg
GaCaFrextEdr . elakEbn-eXokNan'Vndksg'BHbnlrbs'semc
tamsemgviTbIubIusIu tg'TMB&r177fa BYkGaCaFrextTSgenaH VnCYyKS
Tdl'BYkmUlFnEdr edayGnuJat[BYkeKsgt'sginbCaras CaTahr
Ne_ Kyl'Bm[BYkmUlFnTTYlpac'mux mansiTiBiessk~gkardwknStI
nigva"n'epg@eTot )eTAlk')k~gtMbn'GeNIkEhb nigb"lin . ehIyman
GMeBIGyutiFmFM@Edrk~gkarEckdIFI . BYkG~kmanTSgenaHVnkLdIFIeKeTA
CakmsiTisbcab' EdleFI[xUcbeyaCnd
_ l'CIvPaBnCnkIk Edlrs'
enA@k~gtMbn'enaH@ .
enAemagsIk*manbJarvagecAtMbn'nigbCarassamJEdr eFI[bCa
CnmankarQWcab'nwgGMeBIGyutiFm. tamkarBit GanaFibetyeBjTI
nigkarrMeCIbrMCYlVnekItmaneLIgenAk~gextVt'dMbg . xMsMuVb'fa

xMnwg

pas'GaCaFrTTYlxustUvextVt'dMbgmYyrMeBC .
elakEy"m-munIr&t~ k*tUvpas'ecj ehIyelakTwm-gYnVnmkCMnYsb
EhlVMmYyEx semck*cat'elakGiun-tS mkeFICaGPiVlextVt'dMbg
edImICYyedaHsayrMgab'GFikrnigkarbHeVrenAsMLt .
elakPun-Kg' GtItesnsalasukGUreCA sBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a
Vn[karNf
_ a kalenaHmanG~kbHeVrenAsMLt VnnSkSePIgmYyedImmk
cuHcUl ehIyVnniyayfa BYkeKminEmnCaExrkhmeT eKrt'cUlBk*
eJHEtekAkhaynwgBYkGaCaFrextVt'dMbgXubXitCamYynayTun eTA
bn'ykdIekrri_ bs'eK nigkarbgaby"agBpVj'smab'bCarasenAsMLt . karbHeVrenHhak'dUcCarg'cSEt{kasnwgpHkalNaebImanemdwknS
NamYymkBnl'bEnm .
enHehIyCabuBehtuBitnkarbHeVrenAsMLt ehIyEdlBYkExrkhm
mYykab'tUceqtqk'yk{kasd*lenH mkeFICaQ~an'bdivtnb
_ eNay . BYk
GtitExrevotmijman mUl-smti, Gacarebs, Fuc-rin BmTSgsmaCik
clnayuvkk VncUleCotECkk~gerOgenH . BYkeKlUkdkkUrbMbHras[
ekakeLIgtsU ehIyBYkeKk*begItkgT&BExrkhmCadMbUgk~gq~S1968enA
VydMrS sukVNn' edayekaHehAKI~K~aeKCaGtitExrsr:, Exrevotmijmi
nVnbuNs&kiGIbnicesaHBIsemc ekaysni~siThWENvbJb'sgam
-70-

enANcink~gq~S1954mk . mUl-smti (rs'-jwm taekA), Gacarebs,

bug-ePOk, GacarLac-saern (19) VncUleTABvij elIkElgEtelak
sIuv-ehg, GacarLac-savn (20), Vk'-xan'minBmcUleTABvijeLIy
eTaHbImansMbutmkbgMnigKMramfa ebImineTAnwgtUvsab'k*eday .
sMLtk*VnkayeTACamUldancMbgnclnabdivtnt
_ sUBYkExrkhm
manTItSgenAelIP~Mvaycab manrUgKuhar ( Grottes ) Gaclak'mnusVnrab'
ry nigsmar:swkCaecInpg ( P~MvaycabCaP~MfkMeVr Roches calcaires ) .
sUmsYrfa etInrNaCaG~kTTYlxustUvk~gerOgbHeVr

nigkarkekItn

ExrkhmenAsMLtenH ? etIehtuGIVnCaEy"m-munIrtnh
_ aneFIGMeBIBukrlY
yenH EkgKat'sg'edImeJHVnTijb"usix
_ aj'enHBIG~km~agCaecInlan
eroleTdwg ? .

(19) Lac-saern nigLac-savnCabgbnbegIt . Lac-saernVnecjeTAhaNUyenAcugq~S19

55 bBnnigkUnbYnnak'VneTAtamCaekayk~gq~S1960 . kUnbuseronCab'evCb
NitBIsukcin .
k~gq~S1976-77 b"ul-BtVncab'BYkExrkhmGtItevotmij kUnbussILac-saernk*tUveKsma
b'Gs' . eKCen sbBnLac-saerneQaHelOt [mkenAVt'dMbgCamun enAelIpHelaklim-kr
(buKlikksikm) . dl'dwgfabI kUn@ tUveKsma b'elalGs'ehIy k~geBlEdlb"ul-Bt[T&BmCwm
b&kmkcab'mUl-smti nafTI18 mifuna 1978

enaHyayelOtenHk*cgksma b'xnenAnwgP~ak'd

CeNIrpHelaklim-krsa b'eTA .
(20) Lac-savnnigsIuv-ehg VncuHcUlnwgsaFarNrdelakln'-nl' . elaksIuv-ehgVnbK
l'ksarnigrUbftCaecInnBYkExrkhm Exrevotmij ehIyVnJk's&kiCavresniyeTaenAbnay
swkrgsIusupun kUnGacarLac-savneQaHLac-suvti VnJk'CaGnuesniyeTa . lacfExrkhmcUlkugVt'dMbg BYkeKcab'Lac-suvtV
i j'sMlab'ecalenAnwgeCIgCeNIrpHenAPUmiKr ehIyha
mmin[yksBeTAdutkb'eLIy . tSgBIq~S1973mk elaksIuv-ehgQWxin
sa b'mYycMehogxnenA
nwgpHPUmiKr ( sUmGanEp~kesckIbEnm
enAEp~kbJb'esovePA ) mYyExekayBIExrkhmeQaHmit
ePog ( KNXMuC nigemnKrVlextVt'dMbg ) VneTAykelaksIuv-ehg eTAsma b'enAP~MkeBI rYc
kat'kalepeI TA[nYn-CaenAP~MeBj .

-71-

BYksma Cikclna yuvkk KWCaclnas~lbdivtnr_ bs'saLt-sr .

ekayEd
enAfTI17

lBYkExrkhmmanC&yCMnHrMlMrbbsaFarNrdln'nl'
emsa

1975mk

GgkarExrkhmVnykBYk

yuvkk

enHmkeFICaKN:suknana CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrNp
_ g.
k~gq~S1960 manBYkbJv&nkhmxHviltLb'mkBIsukVrSg dUcCa
ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk
kumynisExrVnbegItbkm"assIs-eLnInenAk~gkugP~MeBj .

bB&ncarkicyn
Y kumynis
tSgBIq~S1947 mkem"H EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgVnnSGavuFcUlmkk~g
sukExr (11)) ehIybegItmUldanbIk~gsukExrKW Cb'-emmt'mYy, enAtMbn'
kMBg'tac-kMBtmYy nigenAsMLt-Vt'dMbgmYy . bnab'mkyYnevotmij
VnbegItExrevotmij nigraybNajcarkicyYnenAesIrKb'TIrYmextExr Ca
BiessenAk~gkugP~MeBjEtmg . eKykBYkyYnEdlmankMeNItenAsuk
Exr [mkeFIkickarTSgGs'enH . CadMbUgeK[yYnm~ak'ekItenAextkMBt cUl
mkbYseFICaBHsgExrKNefrvaT rYccUlmkeronCab'sJab&tsalaVlIenAkugP~MeBj . yYneFIy"agenHeJHkalenaH BYkG~kneyaVyExrEdl
bqSgnwgVrSg ecInecjmkBIbPBBHsg dUcCakrNIVtukmBHsg
k~gq~S1942, krNIGacarEhm-ecov, Gacarexov-CMu, BHKUV"g-xat', Gacar
Guk-Ca, BHKUsUr-hayCaedIm . eK[yYnEdlmanmaneQaHekAehAfa Ga
carGn-emon ykeQaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIybnMfaCabnrbs'elaksWgg"ukfaj'eTot eJHkalenaHelakfaj' manekrei_ QaHlIsMebImNas'k~g
karbqSgVrSg ehIyeBlenaHExrkMBugVt'emedaysWg-g"ukfaj'tUvVrSg
cab' .
elaksgmYyGgeQaHcUvCatiyYnbYseFIBHsgExr enAelIP~MsMeBA
Vt'dMbg ( lagelaktacUv ) k*CaExry:bNajcarkicyYnevotmijEdr .
sni~siThWENvq~S1954 VnsMerc[kgT&BbreTsTSgGs'ecjBI
kmCa EtkgT&ByYnxageCIgminVneKarBesckIsMercenHeLIy . eBlT&B
FMyYndkfyeTA yYnevotmijVnTukbNajcarkiceFIskmPaBsat'@enA
tamextnana CaBiessk~gkugP~MeBjEtmg . edImICasJasMKal'K~a enA
muxpHeK@EtgdSedImsIEkvmYyBIrKumCanic . BYkyYnTSgenaHenAbnMxn
eFICabkbrbrkMbiukkMb"uk ebIkhagkat'edrsMelokbMJk'bursm"UdGWr"ub, enA
parcas', CitvimankraC, enAtamextdUcCahagkat'edrtl&renAesomrab,
hageFILSgErkTwkenApvelxBIrknHextVt'dMbg (20) , nigbnsIeBsa
EdlPaKecInmanemCasIyYnemIlkarxustUv ehIynarIeBsayYnKWCacar
narIEtmg .
evotmijVnGb'rMsIyYnmYycMnYn ehIyElg[mkeFIkarTak'Tgy"ag
Na[VnCasIkMNan' CabBncugGs'elakFM namWunmnI ecAksYgb"UlIs
Kij Ky CaBiessbBncugnayTahanExr . emeronenHminEmnfIeLIy
ExrFab'sal'mgrYcmkehIy sm&yescC&yeCdaTI2EdlVnnagkU-Cinsiu
n butIescyYnCamehsI rhUtdl'Gs'dIkMBg'kbIBnKr cgartJMg BH
sYKa kjaDin eTAehIy . enAsm&yVrSg k*ExrdwgmgeTotEdr . nay
(20) bBnnigkUnGacarsaernVneTAtambInigBukmaytamry:enH k~gq~S1960 .

-72-

TahanFM@VrSg EdlcUlciteVyyYn kMNan'sIyYn bBnyYn tUvsab'

Gs'minticEdr dUcCakrNIelak Jean De Raymond tUveVyEdlelaks
Laj'eFICakUnciJwmenaH vayelaksmab'eBlkMBugsMranlk' (1952) BMuEmnkumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'smab'dUcesovePA How Pol Pot came to power
sresrenaHeT .
mas'bNaKarhug-yU parcas' Cas&kiVMevotkug . kUnhug-yUGacec
jcUlcMkarmndUcCapHrbs'eK eJHeKCaKUbegonbutG~km~agm"Unic . hug
yUenHeTotfaVnebIkkumhunrksIuCamYyG~km~agnigGMu-m"aNUrin rt'Bnrbs'BIbreTstamkV"l' EdlcUlmkctk~gkMBg'Ephg'sIu (EprYcBn) enAmux
vSgP~MeBj . kalsm&yenaH manelakCYn-Ey"m CaemKyFMenAP~MeBj .
eQaHfg-XWn enAextesomrabCaExevotmij . k~gbIbYnExmgEtg
EteLIgcuHeTAhaNUy BYkGaCaFrExrdUcCaKandwgxl'GIbnicesaH(21) .
CnCatiyYnecInrs'enACashKm minrs'layLMCamYyExreT . enAku
gP~MeBjmansgat'yYnFM@ mMeBTcin viharekAday GUrsI partUc eKman
begItCasmaKmsasna smaKmkCnnana EdleFIskmPaBneyaVy
PaKecInCagskmPaBsgmkic . viharekAdayCitbnayswk paredImKr
VnTSgnSkSePIgtUcFM Kab'rMesvmklak'Tuky"agecIn edaylak'k~gkarmQUs eFICaEhrexacnScUleTAlak'Tukk~gvihar dl'ekaymkeTIbEbkkar (
q~S1959 ) .
enAkMBg'q~Sg enAxac'eJyVt'dMbg CMuvijbwgTensabsuTEtyYn .
k~gq~S1963 eBlsemcyageTAsemaFTIlankILaVl'eVHenAextkM
Bg'FMenaH

ecAhayextkMBg'FMVnfayyYnm~ak'eQaHeL-Dwk CaemcugePA

y"aglI . semcVnnSykyYnenHmkfaymataelak sMrab'eFIkyafay

ral'fk~gvSgenAP~MeBj . eL-Dwk enHCas&kibIcarbursyYnevotkugm~ak'Edr.
vaVnTSgnSkumKYsarva tSgBImayekk bBnmkenAk~gvSg bMerIktIbuV
eTvIenAekammhaVsaT . dMbUgBYkb"UlIsextVncab'yYneQaHeL-Dwk
mkdak'Kuk edayvalYccUlmkenAkMBg'FM edayKanGtsJaNsMKal'xn.
enAk~gKuk yYnenHVnniyayfa vaecHeFImbqaj' . emPUXMuk*ykva[eFImb
[ . ekaymklIdl'ecAhayext@k*nSykeTAeFICacugePApal' . dl'eB
lsemcTg'yageTAextkMBg'FM k*sresIrCab'mat'nwgmb EdlelakecAhayexterobfay ehIysYrrkmuxG~keFI . ecAhayextkMBg'FM BU-tughav
k*fayeL-DwkenHbeNay . yYncarburseL-DwkenHminecHniyayExreT
. eBlln'-nl'eFIrdbharTMlak'sIhnuk~gq~S1970 TahanVncab'eL(21) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksamut-bun
fan' sB frs'enArdkalIh&r nij"afa fg-XWnCa
bkBYklav-EkvmunI . fg-XWnekItenAPUmieCaynaggYn suksIs~M extesomrab . bMerIyYnevotmij
mgeTotk~gq~S1972 . eBlb"ul-BtQ~H eKk*sma b'fg-XWneTA .

-73-

Dwkdak'Lan edayGagx~gP~ak'garyYnenHminxacG~kcab'eT EskeCrkeJa

lFak'BIelIrfynEbkkalsab'eTA .
erOgmYyeTot KWmaneQaHsIpy CaKNkmkarevotmijEdr Fab'bMerI
clnaenHenACb' emmt' Ekk VmTTYlkarGb'rMBIBYkevotmijfa eyIgCa
G~ktsUvayVrSgdUcK~a cUrkMubkan'eyIgCabCaCnevotNam Exr lav tUv
sLaj'K~adUcCabgbnbegIt dIyYnk*dUcCadIExr dIlavEdr

bCaCnyYnk*

dUcCabCaCnExrEdr eyIgebIkcMh[bCaCnTSgbIrs'enAsuxsYlCamYy
K~aebIeyIgbkan'hYsehtu nwgnS[bCaCneyIgTSgbIeQaHK~aKaneBlcb'
eLIy .
tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin (sIuGafil) fa sIpyenHman
kMeNItenAtrmanC&y . sm&yyYnVneFICaKNexttrmanC&ymYyry: . KWsIpyenHehIyEdleFICaExry:C
CamYyhagkat'edrEfl&renAeso
mrabkug .
eyIgeXIjfayYnxageCIgVndak'carCneK[cUleTAenAekoknwgemdwk
nSExr edImIsal'cMNucexay GtcritemdwknSExr nigykkarsmat'BIExr
eTIbemdwknSyYnsal'keyAkalemdwknSExry"agcas'dUckeyAVtdva
GIcwg . kalVtukmvayTUtevotkug-yYnxageCIg eKykVnksarEdl
yYnsikaBIemExrfa emExrcUlcitluy, sI, sa, GMNac Etkumsmat'Exr
bMbwTecaleTA .
KMeragkarNe_ nHeKerobcMCayUryarNas'mkehIy tSgBIsm&ycMVMg
CamYyGaNaniKmVrSgem"H KWyYnxageCIgeKagyksukExr[Vnk~gGna
Kt . eBlyYnemIleXIjfa eKCitVnsMerceCaKC&yrMedaHbgYbbgYmevo
tNamxagtg emdwknSyYnk*sMercdMNak'karTI2tambNShU-CImij Ed
lmunnwgsab'VnpSehIypSeTot [sav&kKat'bnkarrMedaHykNcinTSg
mUl (Exr lav) rYmeFICashB&nNcinenaH eTIbbCaCnyYnTSgxageCIg
nigxagtgcMnYnCag60lannak'Gacrs'enAVnsYl eJHdIExrCadIxaj'xa
gpl'sUv-tI Edlmat'rasyYntUvkarCacSVc' ehIymYyeTotTSgemdwk
nSTSgrasExrminVnKitKUrBIvasnabeTsrbs'eKeT eJHmnusenAtic
elITwkdIFMTUlay VneFI[ExrmanKMnitxI xil rs'enAsbayePcxn TSg
emdwknS (eGabGMNac) TSgras .

-74-

CMBUkTI4
GBakwtlMeGogkumynis
kalEdlelalsWg-g"ukfaj'viltLb'mkBIsukVrSg BICIvPaBCaCn
nireTsenAfTI20 Extula q~S1951 enaHsemcsIhnuVnhamVmmin[
eKeTATTYlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eLIy Etsisanusis bCarasrab'Jn'
mWunnak'VneTATTYlelak . tSgBIvalcMNtynehaHeJFicintugmkdl'ra
CFanIP~MeBj manmnusQrGmpvCaBIrCYrrhUt (1) . sIhnumanesckIcENnNas'nwgbCabiyPaBrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k~gbeTsExr Ca
eKaHminldl'BHGgnigrbbraCaniym . teTAfmuxBHGgnwgVt'muxmat'
Vt'raCblg Vt'GMNacCaminxan eJHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'hak'mankmSg
sUbTak'TajBBYkbJv&nExr[mkrYbrYmCamYyVn . ehtuenHehIyeTIbsI
hnucat'TukelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CastUvTI1rbs'Tg' nigrbbraCaskiPUmiEd
lmanTg'CatMNag .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnecjeTABfTI9 mina 1952 edImIvayVrSg
TamTarkraC . VrSgcaj'sgameDonebonPU enAfTI7 sPa 1954 eFI
[GMNacGaNaniKmrgaHregIGs'Bis . karTamTarkraCsnwm@rbs's
emckayCamaneCaKC&y . edayVrSgcaj'sgamCamYyhU-CImijy"agFn'
k*suxcitbKl'kraCmkbeTskmCa syBYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' Ed
lkT&BenAGUrsac'P~MdgErkeTAvij . sIhnuVnkayCamhavIrbursrd CabitakraCCati manbCabiyPaBd*Gsar EdlrasExrlg'exAnSK~aeCOfa
Tg'CaFmwkraC VrSgsMucuHj"mekamGnuPaBkSePIgeQIBYkCIvBl-narIkaha
n.
rdFmnuJEdlerobcMeLIgedayTg'sIusuvti-yutivg (2) nigbkbCa
Fibety ehIybkasebIk~gq~S1947

Vndk'GMNacCaecInBIBHmha-

kt bKl'eTA[bCaras EdlmansPaCatMNag . rdFmnuJEdlbka

sebImkenaH minCaTIsBBHhT&ysemceLIy . sIhnuVnEkEbtL
n'tLincuHeLIgCaecInsaredImIkarJrEtplbeyaCnn
_ igzan:B
BYkkt .
sPaCatinItikalTI1 cab'ebIkBIfTI21 Exmkra 1948 ehIymansmaCikPa
KecInCabkbCaFibety . edaycENnnwgbkbCaFibetymanbCa
biyPaBCag ehIyedaysmaCikPaKecInminBmeFItambMNgTg' sIhnu
k*bkasrMlayrdsPanItikalTI1enaHeTAenAfTI17 kJa q~S1949 (1) .
(1) tamesckI[karrbs'elaksa m-hYt GtItKNkmkarbkbCaFibetybcSkugP~MeBj sB f
elakrs'enAk~gkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .
(2) sUmGanTMB&r76

-75-

ekaymkeTotenAfTI14 mkra 1950 Cnm~ak'VnykKab'EbkeTAKb'cUlTI

cat'karKNbkbCaFibetysmab'elakeGov-ekIs, GtitbFanrdsPa
nigCaGKelxaFikarKNbkbCaFibety, enHk*Cas~adrbs'semcEdr(2)
EtTmak'eTaseTAelITg'nrinedteTAvij . k~gkardeNImGMNacBIrasenH
sIhnuVnGnuvtGMeBIkacsahavNas' eFITukbukem~jBYkbCaFibety ca
b'dak'Kuk (ekg-va"n'sak'), smab'ecalGs'CaecIn manelakeGov-ekIs,
GacarGU-cug (kUntakmg"uy), bwTsarBtmanExrekakCaedIm . edaysar
sPanItikalTI2minBmeFItambMNgrbs'Tg' sIhnuk*bkasbwTsPaniti
kalTI2enaHeTot enAfTI13 mkra 1953 (3) ehIycab'smaCiksPaCaecIn
EdlCMTas'nwgTg'jat'KukGs' k~gcMeNamenaHmanelakbun-cnm"ulpg
Edr .
sUmCMrabfa kalsm&yenaH manKNbkneyaVyecInbkecInkumNas' (4) EtmanEtbkbCaFibetyeT EdlmanbCabiyCageK .
bkTSgenaHKW
1- KNbkbCaFibety sJakaldMrIkan'paQUkbI manelakeGovekIsCabFan .
2- KNbkesrIPaB sJarUbVsaTkMBUlbI manTg'neratm-nrined
tCabFan .
3- KNbkexmrb"un~kar sJarUbnagKgIg manelakln'-nl'dwknS .
4- KNbkdMekIgbCaCati sJahnumanTEpnTIsukExr manelak
Eym-sMbUrCaG~kdwknS .
5- KNbkcMerInCati sJarUbBYjTmHkgbYn manelakCa-Cinkuk Ca
G~kdwknS .
(2) Tg'yutivgCaG~kVCE xrm~ak' EdlVnsikadl'tmviCa mansJa tiVrSg manPriyaVrSg .
kaleNaHhU-CImijk*TTYlsal'Edrfa ExrmanpaymYyrHEdr EtpayenaHedIrpvpyBIhU-CImij . Tw
sIbTyutivg ( Thormes de Youthevong ) xagKNitviTa manenAk~gkmviFIEp~ktmsika enA
mhaviTal&yviTasas . Tg'yutivgVnnSyklTibCaFibety EdlTg'ekatsresIrtSgBIenA
sukVrSgenaHcUlmksukExr . Tg'CaG~kbegItKNbkbCaFibetymuneKCamYyelakeGovekIs nigCaG~kEdlVneBogsMeNArdFmnuJExrCadMbUg edayykrdFmnuJrbs'saFarNrdVrS
gTIbICaeKal . edayTg'minjejItVrSg nigecHrarSgkickarrbs'VrSg eTIbVrSgeKageFK
I tela
k . tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksa m-hYt faTg'manCmWsYt EdlmintUvK~anigFatuGakastCak'
eLIy . VrSgk*rkelscak'cuc[PriyaTg'CatiVrSgenaHerobcM eFB
I iFICb'elogmYyenAeBlratIha
lsenIm . Tg'yutivgtUvEteTAcUlrYmxanminVn eJHPriyaelakVnNat'CamYyG~kFMVrSgrYc
eTAehIy . edaytUvFatutCak'eraKelakk*erIberIeLIgvij VrSgeKmanf~SEdr EteKmincak'f~SenaH[
Tuk[elaksuKttamsMrYleTAenAk~gExkkdaq~S1947 . ectiyelakenAelIP~MBHraCTBsuktg.
semcetkGrNas'EdlTg'yutivgsuKteTA KWelakVt'stUvmYyehIy . tSgBITg'yutivgsuKt
eTA semcminEdlecjBHvacarMlwkBITg'yutivgTal'EtesaH . m~agTg'yutivgBmTSgbutBIrnak'
VnvileTArs'enAsukVrSgrhUtdl'sB f .

-76-

6- KNbksanmanC&y sJarUbTg'C&yBIrExgTmd manelak

em"A-cy CaG~kdwknS .
7- KNbksMbukXMrbs'elakm"m-suT .
8- KNbkkNab'sUv dwknSedayelaksm-jan (3) .
9- KNbkrYbrYmCati .
10- KNbkrUbkeNv .
11-KNbkbCaCn sJarUbng&l rbs'kumExrevotmij EdldwknS
edaykum Nub-bUpan, ng-sYn ( mIu-pU, m"a-mYn, lav-EkvmunI ) .
eKalbMNgrbs'semcKW ekabykGMNacTSgGs' nigrMlayKNbkTSgGs' [mkenAekamTiBlrbs'Tg' . edImIhk'cUlmkykGMNac
[eBjd sIhnuk*dak'raCfaymatabitaelakenAq~S1955 rYcTg'k*begItK
Nbksgmrasniym nigebIGMNacB rMlayKNbkdTeTot[cUl
mkCamYy .
BYkbCaFibetyEdlmincUlrYmCamYyKNbksgmrasniym tUv
bYkKijb"UlIstamrab'yb'f eFITukbukem~jeKobsgt'Kb'viFI. sIhnuV
nbgM[eFIkareVHeq~atbCamtieCIserIsykKNbkneyaVysgmrasniym . k~gkareXasnaKNbkenaH sIhnunigBYkcvSgVnebIGMeBI
BpbMputk~gkarpaj'palBYkeXasnikbkbCaFibety . tamesckI[
karNr_ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKliksikaPM~eBj sBfrs'enA
Montreal kaNada Vnniyayfa kalenACasisviTal&ysIusuvti Vn
tameTACamYykumeXasnikbkbCaFibety Edlmanelakekg-va"n'
sak', G~kKUexov-b"uNarI (GtItKUrbs'elakyU-sMbUr) nigK~amYycMnYneTo
teTAeXasnatamext . elakyU-sMbUrVneXIjBYkcvSgykkumqSyuS
eTATH vaysrtMLg'rMxanqaeqAkMu[bCarassab'kareXasnaBYkbCaFibet
tekIt . enAesomrab sIhnubJamkdab-QYn @k*ebIb"UlIsGUscvak'va"v
cuHra"veLIgkat'muxeXasnikbCaFibety eXasnikbCaFibetyP&yk*rt'
Vs'ykrYcxn . enAP~MeBjCitksYgeXasnakar sIhnubJa[sm-sarI
( Bukrbs'elaksm-rgI ) nSBYkKijeTAVj'elakeGor-sIucUv nigekgva"n'sak' EdlkMBugeFIkareXasnaelIevTika . enAVt'dMbg, elaktUc-QYg
G~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' sBfrs'enAXMuvtKr ext
Vt'dMbgVn[karNf
_ a kalenACasisGnuviTal&yBHmunIvg VncUl
rYmCYyeXasnakNbkbCaFibety . eBlkMBugeXasnaenAparekam
Vt'dMbg BYkb"UlIsextVnekNmnusmYykumxg'mnak' [ykfedj
Kb' k*nSK~art'ykEtrYcxn . erOgEbbenHmanKb'TIkEngeBjsukExr
k~gq~S1955 rhUtmansmab'eXasnikbCaFibetyeTotpg dUcCaenAeso
(3) CaBuksm-sarI sm-sarIxwgnwgsemchUtgarTUt k*rt'eTAcUlCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .

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mrabCaedIm . sIhnuVnQ~Heq~atbCamti edaymeFaVyd*eXareXAEbb

enH . enAcugExkJa GKelxaFikarKNbkbCaFibety VneFIBiFItUcmY
ycMeJHmuxsmaCik EfgrMlayKNbkbCaFibety EdlelakeTogeLam"an'Caky, sBfrs'enAkugsIuGafil, VnrMlwksMdIGKelxaFikarbk
bCaFibetyfa edayehtusgmrasniymQ~Heq~atbCamti GMeNIHt
eTAmanEtKNbkneyaVyEtmYyKt'dwknSneyaVysukExr beTs
Exrk~gGnaKt cas'CanwgtUvTTYlrgeKaHBHsgraGnrayCaBMuxan .
munhk'cUlbLkk~gerOgneyaVydeNImGMNacenH escsIhnuV
ncUleTAsikacMeNHBuTck GaNack BIsMNak'semcsgCYn-Nat
ral'@ratI cab'BIrMlgGaFateTA .
k~gq~S1955 semcCYn-NatVnBmansIhnufa Tg'enAekgesckI
Nas' KYrkMuGaleFIneyaVyGI EkgnwgnSeKaHmhnraydl'beTsExrni
gbCarasExr ! . sIhnu, kalenaHxal'CaxSg, k*rMelIksarKuNtbfa
buNTICasemcsgenH KWsIhnuCaG~kbeKn mYyeToterOgeFImineFIneyaVyenaH CaerOgpal'xnsIhnu semcsgsUmkMulUkmkeCotECk
erOgenH .

-78-

sIhnunigbkkumynis
beTsyYnnigcinkhmmineKarBesckIsMercrbs'sni~siTTIkughW
ENveLIy . yYnevotmijenAEtbnneyaVysmat'teTAeTot edaymanbM
NgyksukExr eFICamUldanrMedaHyYnxagtg . cinbCamanituVnrk
Exry:c
cinEdlFab'ecjcUlvSgm~ak' pHenAmuxvSgeQaH Kuc-CI bBneQaH
Lan' [eFICaemF~ak' . k~gq~S1956 semcVnTak'Tgcinkhm . elakCUeGgLayVnmkeFITsnkicenAsukExrk~gcugq~S1956 (5) kaleNaHcin
niyaysMu[semcCYyyYn k~gkarvayrMedaHevotNamxagtgEtmg (4) .
tamsMdIBukxM G~kniyayviTeb"kSgCaPasaExr CacinekItenAkMBg'cam eron
GkrExrenAvteCayfBIBHsgGacarenA ( BukxMsMNak'enAkudikalenA
Casisbzmsika ) .
ksYgsmat'GaemrikSgeXIjsemcTak'TgcinCYyyYnehIy k*cab'rk
Exry:rMlMsemc . k~gEpnkarenHeKTak'TgVndab-QYnenAcugq~S1957
eKpl'luykak'nigGavuF viTTak'TgCaecIndwktamynehaHBIeyokNamxa
gtgmk[dab-QYnenAesomrabeBlratI . dab-QYnKancMeNHEfmTS
gKanG~kecHdwgCYyesaH eTIbGaemrikSgyknayTahanyYnxagtgBIrnak'
mkCYy eFI[semcsIhnumankarsg&y (5) . ekaymkG~kCMnajkarGaemrikSgVn[rdaPiVlfCYyrkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' eday[elakkumtmY
tfCYypg . elakr"gq:N
N:V
VneTAykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIextLknij
(6) mk . GaemrikSgsMu[elaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTACYydab-QYn

edImIpl'

(4) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esniyknigCaG~kcat'EcgkarTTYlbdisNarkiceP vbreTsnanasm&ysemcsIhnu .

(5) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .
(6) ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 Exrsr: Exrevotmij tUvcuHcUleTArYbrYmk~gsgmCativij .
ekayBIeFb
I uNkraCenAelIP~MdgErkrYc kgT&Bsr:rrYmExrbMerICatirbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnda
k'GavuFcuHcUleTArs'k~gsgmCatiedayxH eTAeronbnviCa eTot manCaGaTi lav-FanGIumCaedIm Edl
eronbnCanisitevCb
Nit . KannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuNs&kiBIsemcesaHeLIy eTaHCaBYkExrevot
mijk*eday . enAk~gBiFIbuNenaH elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnniyayEppSfa eBlenHkartsUr bs'eyI
gtUvcb'mYyry: edaybeTsExrVnkraCehIy EtebskkmkUnExrenAminTan'cb'enAeLIyeT k~
gkarkarJrTwkdIExr[Kg'vg' . sIhnusuxcitTTYlkgT&Bsr:rYmExrbMerICatiTSgGs' elIkElgEt
sWg-g"ukfaj'ecj Tg'hammin[cUlmksukExresaHeLIy ehIyecaTelaksWg-g"ukfaj'fa Ca
Cnkt'CatieTotpg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*rs'enAelIP~MdgErkCamYyTahanCMnit30nak' nSK~aeFc
I MkarciJwmCIvit . k~gq~S1956 semcebI[dab-QYnnST&BeTAvaybnayelakeqHexcxI . elakfaj'
k*ePosxncUleTAk~gdIf elaknaytmYtfkalenaHCas&kibIraCtmYt VnykTmaKckeTATTYl
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' [lak'xnenAk~gkugVgkk . ekaybnicmksemcBHmhaktIyanIkusum:V
V
nyageTAefT
I snkickugVgkk ehIyVnsMu[raCrdaPiVlfcab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'bKl'mk[

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rdaPiVlExr eTaHCafcg'VnsKuNCamasb"unanKILk*eday . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnlbmkCYb

TahanCMnitelakenACayEdnvij EppS[eTArs'enAbnMe FC
I abCaCnenAk~gsukfsin .

rYceday

elakminTukcitelaknaytmYtfeTot xa cykelakeTAlk'[ExrsIhnu eBlratIelakk*lYceKc

eLIgreTHePg
I cUleTAsukPUma rYcTak'TgTUtCb"uneTAsMNak'enAtUkmYyry:t
tUc rYck*eFd
I MeNIreTAsu
kyYneyokNamxagtg eTACYbnwgbnelakeQaHsWg-fayeg genAkugBnKr sMNak'enATIenaH
mYyry:eTot eTIbelakecjeTAsmMlak'xn
enAk~gextLknij eFc
I MkarCamYyG~kCMnitm~ak'eQaHta
hy enAk~gPUmibusFM . elakEtgEttamdansukeTsCanic edayGansarBtmanyYnnigVrSgEd
lbnelakepm
I k[ . enATIenaHelakVneps
I MbuteTAVb'TahanCMnitenAfnamjwk-KimLg ( Ek
eQaHf vIra"t'-fgDI ehAekAfa sara"t' ) BmTSgelakLwk-sMeGOn EdlenATIenaHEdrfa elaksB
frs'enAshrdGaemrik . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VneXIjesckIbkasrkrUbelakcuHk~gsarBtma
nCaPasaVrSg Edlbnelakepm
I k[ . elakk*etomxnehIyerIsTahanxH @cSCaesc . ehtuenH
ehIyeTIbelaknaytmYtfGaceTArkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eXIj ehIynSmkCYbnwgtMNagshrdGa
emrik EdlkMBugEtrkrUbelak [eTACYydab-QYneFrI dbharTma k'semc EtelakminTukcitdabQYneTIbelakraErk . rhUtdl'eBlEdlelakyl'Bm ehobnwgeLIgynehaHeTAcuHenAesomrab
EteBlenaHEpnkardab-QYntUvEbkkar ehIysemcVn[b"UlIsextnigTahaneTAB&Tcab'dab-QY
n . kalenaHdab-QYnVneKcecjBIviman rYceLIgeTAP~MKUElnfa ybgMBHsMriTBIrGg EdldabQYnEtgeCOnigeKarBNas' ehAfanagecknagcm . elakcMerIn-siun[elaks&kibIehgtameTArk
dab-QYn eJHCaCMnitnigsal'TIkEng
enaH . mYyedayxa cEbkkark~gerOgrYmd nigmYyedayxwg
nwgdab-QYnrMelaPkUnkmMuxnpg s&kibIehgk*sma b'dab-QYnTak'kGUsmk . kalsm&ysaFarNrd elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EtgEteJlVb'shkarIelakfa kalenaHk*CakMhusrbs'elakEdr eda
yxa cdab-QYneBk EtenHk*CavasnaGkuslsukExr EdlnwgtUvEtvinasGnrayekams~adsIh
nu . BtmanenHpl'edayelaksuim-Kin ( enATIkugsIuGafil ) nigelaktSg-bun
eFOn . elaktSgbun
eFOnCaG~kVncUlrYmk~gkarhuB&Tvimandab-QYn kalelakenACakgb"UlIsextesomrab sB f
rs'enATIkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetan .

eyabl'nigerobcMKMerageFIrdbharTmak'semc EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'min
Bm eJHdab-QYnCamnusciteqAGacnwghansmab'elak . tamsunrk
farbs'semcEdlEfgenAkMBg'camfTI13mkra1959 fasm-sarIVnkt'
cUlrYmCamYydab-QYn eFIrdbharedaymantMNagevotNamxagtgenA
P~MeBjeQaHeg"a-TughIuv ( Nho Trong Hieu ) ekaymkrdmnIsgmkicnig
skmPaBcitsask~gkariyal&yelakega-DineDom (6) nigP~ak'smat'sIu
GayeG (CIA)) vicT&r-m"at'sU ( Victor Matsui ) k~gsanTUtGaemrikSgenAP~MeBjCYyerobcMk~gkarbugeFIrdbharenH . EpnkarenHBnaeBlGs'CagVMmY
yEx k*tUvEbkkarN_ edayG~kebIkLansm-sarIkt' (7) . G~kebIkLan
VnyksMbutsMgat'Edlsm-sarIepIeTAelakGIuv-y"ag eTAfaysemc .
B Y k G t I t s r : r Y m E x r b M e r I C a t i t U v s e m c c a b ' c g B m K ~ a E t m g k ~ g J k ' k N a l
GaFatman elakGIuv-y"ag, sSg-savat, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nsarat nigK~amYy
cMnYneTot .
(7) BtmanmYyeTotfa bBndab-QYn (yaykMs&kikNaj'ekam) VnmkTUlsemcP~MeBj . enH
CaesckIbJa k'rbs'elaksium-Kin enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

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munenHmYyEx elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnepIsMbutsMgat'mkelakGIuvy"ag [qab'nSK~aecjeTAekAEdr eJHsankarN_ sukeTsnwgmankarEb

bYl EtBMudwgfay"agNaeTIbmankarefaHeFayEbbenH (7) . eBlEdlsemcbJa[nayTahaneTAcab'elakTSgkNalGaFatenaH elakVnlak'
sMbutsMgat'enaHTan'eBl . elakGIuv-y"agtUvCab'BnnaKarGs'kMLg7q~S
knH, elakKS-er"tGs'bIq~S edaymanExTak'TgCamYyBYkesc, elakdYgc&nsarat5q~S . elakhg-Funhak'VnrYcxnedaysarmansKuNk~g
sil:elanCamYyBHmhaktIyanI, elakeb"g-Kit rYcxnedaysarecH
temIgb"usvi_ iT nigelakeGor-sIucUvk*VnrYcxnEdr bEhledaymansrKuNCamYynwghgsuramit ? . G~kxHeTottUveKsmab'ecalbeNaydUcCa
elaksSg-savat ( esk-sMeGotVnsarPaBVb'elakLwk-sMeGOnq~S
1969 enABMEdnfkalBYkExresrIeFICamksMucuHcUlnwgsemcsIhnu ) nig
G~kGtItsr:rYmExrbMerICatiTSgGs'mnak' ( sUmGanbvtiekA-tk'k~gelx
munkngmk ) .
sUmbJak'Edrfa sm-sarIEdlEbCabqSgnwgsemcsIhnu ehIy
eTAcUldCamYydab-QYn ehIyrt'rYcxneTAcUldCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfa
j'eTot KWedaysarEterOgpal'xnesaH . edaysarsm-sarIFab'mansr
KuNCaTIbwkapal'rbs'semck~gkarTamTarkraC mYyeTotsm-sarIV
nCYysemckMcat'BYkbCaFibety (9) sm-sarIVntUvcat'tSgCaGKraC
TUtbcSbeTsGg'eKs . eBlrt'eTAsukyYnxagtgenaH elaksWg-g"uk
faj'mincg'TTYleT eJHFab'sal'critbuKlenHcas'Nas' Etedaysm
sarICaG~kbqSgnwgsemcEdr enaHeTIbelakBmTTYl[rYmCamYyelak Et
[eTAkan'kab'CamYykgT&BExresrIenAbeTsf . tamsMdIelakLwk-sM
eGOnfa sm-sarIVnlYcsresrsMbutsMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYysemcvij
eday[G~kebIkbrLanCatifykeTAdak'b"usi_ EteKminepIk*ykbKl'[GaemrikSg . sMbutEdlsm-sarIsresrmksemcmancMnYnbIhibEsk ( ta
mJkelakLwk-sMeGOn ) esGIuGayl'fa sm-sarImancitmintg' Gacrt'
eTAcUlCamYysemcvij eTIbfk*nSsm-sarIeTACayEdnlav famkemIlTI
tSgfI rYck*smab'sm-sarIecalenATIenaHeTA (10) .
karminBmTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExredaybeTsGg'eKs CaBies
(9) k~gBiFICb'elog sm-sarIVnTHkMeP gbBncug (bvrkJaExrsm&yenaH) ehIyniyayVb'G~k
sarBtmanfa karvaysIbMerIEdleFk
I arminsmrm CakarFmtarbs'ExrTUeTA . G~ksarBtmanVnva
yTUrelxmksYrsemc@k*ekaHehAsm-sarI mkbeTsExrvij rYchUtgarTUt . sm-sarIxwgk*begIt
sarBtmansresredomdam[semc . ekaymkcUlrYmCamYydab-QYn bugeFrI dbharrMlMsemc
k~gcugq~S1958 ehIyrt'cUlnwgsWg-g"ukfaj' .
(10) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin rs'enATIkugsIuGafil rdva"siunetan .

-81-

sshrdGaemrik bUkrYmnwgKMeragrdbharminsMercenH

rwtEteFI[semc

yl'fa bkelakesrICaeKaHf~ak'dl'beTskmCa ( tamBiteKaHf~ak'cMeJH

BHGgpal'eTAvijeT ) . semck*gakeTArkcab'dCamYybkkumynisrwtEt
iCitditeTot CaBiessCamYybeTscinbCamanitu Edlhansnanwgsem
cfa nwgeKarBTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExr .
cincab'epIpl'CMnYyesdkicdl'beTskmCa mankarsg'pvreTHePIgBI
P~MeBjeTAkMBg'esam kugBHsIhnu, eragcktmajenAkMBg'camCaedIm .
ral'eBlEdlsemcyageTAsemaFsmiTinanaextekA semcEtgEtGYt
sresIrVb'bCarasExrfa CMnYyrbs'cinCaCMnYyKancMNg mindUcCaCMnYyckBtiGaemrikSgeT . enHehIyCalicTak'yksIhnurbs'bkkumyni
sedayviFIminecjmux edayviFIeFICamitcUl[VnCitedImIplnigTajsIhnu[nSsukExrcUleTAk~gsgamNcinEdr .

-82-

kardwkGgr f`aeM BT saRsavuF

eTA[kgT&Bevotkug
emeronbvtisassm&yVk'EbkbnaylEgkminKb'Kan'Caemeron[
emdwknSExr ykCaemerondwknSsukesaH . BHstaEdlVnbJnBHmhabraCsIsurieyaBN [elIkkgT&BExreTACYybeTsesom EdlT&B
PUmakMBughuB&TTIkugfenaH VneFI[fsgKuNExrvij edayvaykMeTc
yknKrExrdak'CacMNuH, bnaylEgktUvVk'Ebkk~gq~S1593 (11) . kar
EdlExrVnbJnT&BBIrmWuneTAbgabBYktsWug[escyYn ( kalenaHesc
yYnrt'mkBYnk~gextExrekam ehIysMuCMnYyT&BBIescExr ) rhUteTOgmijy"agyksukExrTSgmUl nigGs'dIkmCaekam k*enAEtminEmnCaemero
nsMrab'emExrEdr .
cab'BIq~S1960em"H EdlsIhnulUkdeTACYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxa
geCIg [sabnapvlMcak'kYskhm bnPab'pvlMhU-CImij BIesb"Unkat'
mkswgEtg rtnKIrI kecH kMBg'cam BEvg sayerog kat'tamdug cak'
eTAEpkMBg'esam . pvelx19enHsat'Nas' eKebIVs'pvenH k~gkardwk
smar:swkqgkat'sukExr eTApl'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg enA
emmt' Cb' Ekk s~l . pvenHsabnaedaykgeyaBlexmrPUmin tamBH
raCbJarbs'semcsIhnu (12) .
edImIravrkExnSGgreTA[T&Bevotkug TUtcinbCamanitueFICasMuTijeQI
ExrnSeTAsukcink~gq~S1960 cMnYnmYymWunbYnJn'Em"tKIb . kalenaHman
cinekItenAsukExrm~ak'eQaH KYc-Gan (13) enAkecH bkbrbreFIdegA
eQIhub manyIehafa kumhunmhasaKr VnFanara"b'rgeQIcMnYnmYy
mWunEm"tKIb . bYnmWunEm"tKIbeTotVnpl'edayQjcMruHmYykum Edl
k~gcMeNamenaHmanelak sam-hYt m~ak'pg . TUtcinVnbJnrUbiyb&N
cUleTAk~gFnaKarExr [QjTSgenHeTAebIkCaVk'erol . cinTijeQIExr
EtmgenHKt' ehIyeKVnTak'TajQj KYc-GanenAeBlenaH [TTYldwk
(11) sUmGanksarmhabursExr rbs'elakeGg-sut cab'BIEpndIBHsta eTA .
(12) tamesckIbJa k'rbs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esnIykk~gTIGKesnaFikarkgT&B
Exr .
(13) KYc-GanFa b'eTAeronbnenAeb"kSgeTot ekayEdlVneroncb'salacinenAk~gkug
P~MeBj . eKbkbrbreFd
I egA eQIhubenAkecHbnBIBukeKmk . tamesckIbJa k'rbs'
elak sa m-hYt fa k~gkardwkGgr f~SeBT eTA[T&BevotkugenH KYc-GanVncMeNj
bk'ekag ehIyka yCaG~kmanm~ak'enAsukExrswgesItan'V" . ekaymk KYc-Gan Vn
TijkV"l'CMnYjcMnYndb'enAhugkug . Vk'cMeNjEdlVnmkk~gkardwkGgrenH KYcGanlEckeTAG~km~agm"UnIc nigGu-m"aNUrinpgEdr eTIbvamanlixitGnuJatBiessenaH .

-83-

Ggr eTApl'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' . mgenH KYcGanVnsMu[sanTUtcinkhm bJnrUbiyvteTAFnaKarhugkugvij EdleK

VncMeNjmYyCaBIrCabItamtmparggit . k~gkardwkGgrenH eKmansMbu
tGnuJatBiessBIcMkarmn EdlKannrNahanEqkeqXat'VneLIy .
yb'mYyk~gq~S1965 BukxMEdltUvevnTTYlxustUvCanaylat VnbMrug
EqkeqLandwkCagmkaMmIjg Etdl'eKhuclixitGnuJatdwknSBiessenaH
mk BukxMk*minhanb"HJl' (14) .
knLanGgrecjEteBlyb'b"ueNaH edImIlak'kMu[BYkbreTsdwg .
bnab'BIQj KYc-Gan mannayTahanxH nigBHraCvgxH EdleTArMGuksMu
semc sMunSGgreTAlk'pg eJHxnkNas'dUcCakrNImas'V"gCaedIm
semck*Tg'GnuJat[eTA (8) . bnicmkk*epIldl'bCaCnnSK~aDubGgr
f~S eBTtamkg'm"UtU nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkugQUrqrEdr . b"UlIs Kij Ky
(14) luHBwkeLIg BukxMV
nniyayVb'kUn@TSgGs'enAeBlVyCMuK~afa emIleTA
sukExrcas'CaminVnsuxeT eJHExrdwkGgr f~SeBT eTApl'[T&Bevotkug . elakBu
kxMVnbneTotfa eBlExrVnkraCq~S1954enaH ecAha yVrSgrbs'Kat'VnVb'
fa [laCatiExrcUlCatiVrSg ehIytameTAeFk
I arenAsuklavmYyry: eTIbeTAenAsuk
VrSgEtmg . BukxMyl'BmEtenAmuxecAha yKat' eJHtamsMdIfa ecAha yenHsLa
j'BukxMN
as' . BukxMl
YceFJ
I kcUlCaTahanExrvij . dl'xagExreFl
I ixiteTAsMu
ykBukxMe TIbecAha yKat'dwg . ecAha yKat'xwgCaxS g ehIykak'BukxMT
ukcMnYnVMmY
yExeTot [CYyeFk
I arCMrHbJIe pg@ munnwgbKl'kickarmk[xagExr . elakBukxM
manbsasnE_ fmeTotfa eBlEdlecAha yKat'ehobecjeTAenaH VnehABukxMeTA
CYbniyayK~aEtBIrnak'mgeTot edImI[BmtamkarbbYlBImunenaH . BukxMV
ntbeTAvij
fa Kat'minGaceTAecalsukVneLIy ehIyLvenHeTot sukExrk*VnkraCeBj
eljehIy . ecAha yKat'VnVb'eTotfa sa ( eQaHBukxM ) gcSsMdIxMNa eJH
xM sLaj'sa g ! sukExrnwgminVnsuxyUreT eJHExrminecHeFeI cAha yxngeT
ecHeFI twmEtxMe K sukExrnwgtUvmansgamCaminxan y"agyUrdb'q~SeTAmuxeTot . VrSg
salExrcas'Nas' . BukxMm
anesckIGn'citnwgecAha yKat'Edlmak'gayExr Et
ekaymkeTotk~grbbsaFarNrd eTIbKat'nwksaynUvJksMdIecAha yKat'CaxS g fa
ecAha yKat'niyaytUvdUcemIleXIj eTIbelakTUnan[kUnTSgGs'xitxMeronedImIecj
eTAsukekA . k~gq~S1971 bnbusxMm
~ak'VnecjeTAsukVrSg edayesahuy
bgbn
mamIgCYy ( hiun-sIuhn
) nigm~ak'eTotecjenAq~S1972 ( hiun-sIufun ) . k~gq~S1972
enaHeTot elakTUnan[xMQ
b'eFI KU [eTAsukVrSgtambnTSgBIreTot . EtxMe qy
I fa ebI
eTATSgGs'K~a nwgKannrNaemIlEfTSBukmayEdlkan'Etcas'ehIy ( sUmCMrabfakalenaH xMe nAminTan'manKYsarenAeLIy ehIyecjmkCasasacar msbP mkbegon
enAviTal&yGa b-Xut nigent-y"g' k~gq~S1968 cMeBlEdlmankarbHeVrenAsMLt
edaysarEtGaCa FrextnSK~aBukrlYy CiHCan' bn
'ykdIcMkarrbs'ras EdlKanbg
'kan'
kab'dI ehIynSK~aTSgecAha yext G~ksalasuk nayTunExr-cin nSK~aeFb
I g
'kmsiTidI
sMLt ) . ehtuEdlxMe VHbg'kareronsUtsin eJHBukxMc
Ulv&yrWuEtt, kUn@kMBugeron
xMC
abgeKbgs'k~gcMeNambncMnYn7nak' ehIyKYsarxMC
aKYsarmFmpg minGacTb'
Tl'VneLIy .

-84-

cab'EtrastUctaceT LankaMmIjgrab'sib pkGgrf~SeBTeBj@enaHemIlmineXIjeLIy . tamsMdImas-supat enAkUcqarkMBg'cam sBfrs'

enAkugtaxUm"a rdva"siunetanVn[karNf
_ a k~gq~S1965 VnxIbulVk'
eKnSGgr f~SeBT nigvtcSVc'xHeTot eTAlk'[evotkugCb'-emmt' ehIy
tUvBYkkUnKij Ky b"UlIscab'ykGs' sMuvijminVnTal'EtesaH . supat
manesckIekAkhayNas' edayeXIjGyutiFmeBk LanFM@dwkGgr f~S
eBTeBjENn eKminrvl'eT ehIyGnuJat[ecjy"agFUrrhuy . eday
mYyKanVk'sgCMJk'eKpg NamYyeTotQWcitnwgb"UlIs Kij Kypg
supatk*rt'eTAxagyYnevotkugbeNay . eBlcUleTAdl'Pam BYkevotkug
VneFIb&NsMKal'xn CaKNkmkarBiessxagEp~kTak'Tg[, xagsSKWrUb
semc xageqgKWrUbsamIxnsupat . KWb&NenHehIy EdlVnCYysupa
t[rYcxn eBlEdlExrkhmQ~H ehIyCensecjBIkugb"lin . eday
kalenAb"linCab'kMENnCakgkumg'dU supatmansl'Kab'kSePIgxHk~g
VtkabUbEdlyYrmktampv . BYkExrkhmEqkeXIjKab'enaH Etsupat
ecHnwkeXIjhucb&NenaHeTA eTIbExrkhmEdlEqkenAtMbn'EtgGnuJat
[supatecjmkedaysYl eJHvayl'faCaK~ava .
mas-supatVnniyayfa eBlfminsUveXIjTahanevotkugeT Et
dl'evlayb' mindwgvaecjmkBINaeT exAmIrdUchgsemacGJwg ! Ggr
mYyLancMnYnEb"tsibVv BYkvaCJnEtdb'naTIGs'rlIg . tamsupatfa mi
nEmnmanEtGgreT manTSgf~SeBTKb'mux CaBiesseb"nIsIulInrab'mWundb
manTSgkSePIgtUcFM nigKab'Kb'muxpg ( mas-supatVncakecjBItMbn'
evotkugkan'kab'mkvijenAq~S1968 rYcmkCIktgenAbrb"lin ) . BYkevotku
gVnTSgyksIyYnsat@mk[supaterIsyktamcitcg'pg . supatV
nniyayeTotfa

BMudwgCaBYkevotkugVnluymkBINasuTEtkdas'VMry

erolfI@Ecs TSghib@ykmkTijva"n'Exr ( yYneVHVk'Ekgkay ) .

enAtamTIparPUmitamCayEdnExryYn BYkTahanevotkugGacTijvtEd
lBYkvatUvkarBIQj (bCaCn) ExrEdlnSykmklk' (9) . smar:Edl
Tijdwkqgkat'sukExrnigmUldanenAtamCayEdn mansar:sMxan'Nas'
cMeJHyYnkumynisk~gkarxitxMtsU (CamYyGaemrikSgnigyYnxagtg) (10)
. kardwkGgr f~SeBT exaGav eKOgsasavuF smar:swksBEbby"agyk
eTApl'[BYkevotkug VnbBwty"agxSgnigecjmux bnab'BIkarvaysanTU
t GaemrikSgq~S1963 edaysIhnu[TahanhgeskJk'sIuvil eTAekN
sisBIviTal&ynanak~gkugP~MeBj [Xwm-TiteFICaemdwknS (esrxMCasisf~ak'TI4viTal&ysIusuvtiVntameTAnwgeKEdr EtminVncUlhuneT),
CaBiessekaypac'TUtCamYyshrdq~S1965 .
k~gq~S1966-67 sIhnuVnGnuJat[G~kbeckeTsrusI
-85-

mksg'erag

cky"agFMmYy eFIKab'kSePIgtUcFM eFImIn Kab'Ebkd enAk~gBswgcal

GnuextkMBg'sIla . eKeFIKab'kSePIgKb'Fun CaBiessKab'kSePIg Gaka
Etmg . Kab'eFIrYceKdwkeTA[T&Bevotkug kgT&BexmrPUminminEdlVnKa
b'BIeragckenHeTAebITal'EtesaH (15) . enAk~gBP~MKIrIrm sIhnuVnbJa[elaks&kiVMBIg-TMu TTYlmuxgarxagkat'rfynehGimes (GMC)
kg'db' ebIEtkg'bYnvijedImI[cMeNjsSg rYcehIynSykeTAbKl'[T&B
evotkugebIVs'sMrab'dwksmar:swkk~gBemmt' Cb' Ekk s~l rtnKIrI
(16) .
k~gq~S1967 kV"l'cincMNuH85,000etan Vndwksmar:swkmkctenA
kMBg'EpkugBHsIhnu (kMBg'esam) . semcVnbJa[s&kiVMKat-m"an'
tYtemIlkarxustUv k~gkarCJnsmar:swkecjBIkV"l'enaH . mankSePIg
nigKab'Kb'Fun tSgBIGaka kaNugminFak'fy ( Canons sans recul ) eFIenA
sukcin .semcbJa[dkTahank~gmYyfcMnYn100nak' BIkgvr:eesnatUc
nana tSgBIextkMBg'sW, kMBt, kMBg'esam [eTACJneKOgsmar:swkGs'
TSgenaHecjBIkV"l' . karCJnecjk~gmYyGaTit VneFI[kV"l'enaHegI
beLIgVnmYyhtb"ueNaH . karCJnVnbBwteTACagbIEx eTIbykLSg
smar:swkTSgenaHGs' . semcVncat'[elaks&kiVMsWn-cUv (bnelak
sWn-san) TTYlxustUvxagknrfyndwksmar:cMVMgTSgenaH . Bukma
xM (xagmayxM) lt-sMGun GtIts&kiVMenAekaHkJrk*Cab'kMENnkarJrk
ndwknSGavuFEdr (sBfrs'enArd Maryland ) . kndwkecjdMeNIrEtevla
yb' eBlmkdl'Ggs~l knrfyntUvbt'cUltampvlMcak'kYstMbn'Vt'
dwg-dg nSykeTATukenAk~gbnaylEgk (extkMBg'q~Sg) . enATIenaHsemcVncat'[s&kiVMEdlTg'TukciteQaH epg-pan'GIu eFICacaghagtYt
BinitGavuFcinTSgenaH . elakepg-pan'GIuedaymanG~kbeckeTscincMnYn
10nak' (m~ak'Cas&kiVMcinpg) VntemIgkSePIgFMTSgGs'enaH . luHtemIg
rYcGs'sBKb'ehIy semccat'[vr:esniykeV"-fn CaG~kTTYlxustU
vk~gkardwkGavuFTSgenaH eTAbKl'[T&BevotkugenACb'-emmt' (extkMBg'ca
m) .
k~gExmina1968 semcTg'yageTACYbemevotkug egg-va"n'pat' enAex
tkMBg'cam rYcehIysemcTg'yageTAVrBBiFIct'BHng&lenATIrYmext
sayerog . enATIenaH Tg'VnvayExlYsmkGKesnaFikardankgT&Bex
mrPUmin [rkLankat'kat' (4X4) cMnYn150eKOg[Vnk~gmYyf . elak
eV"-fnCaG~krkLantamcMnYnEdlsemctUvkar ehIynSykeTAdl'G~k
(15) nig (16) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniyk .
(17) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakmas-sUpat kugtaxUm"a nigelakeV"-fn .

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elOg edImIdwkf~SeBTeTA[BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' (
kMBg'cam) . LannimYy@pkf~SeBTcMnYnmVv . f~SmanKb'muxtSgBIGasIrI
neLIgeTA EtCaBiessKWf~Seb"nIsIulInrab'Esndb EdlbNajcarkicevot
kugkugP~MeBjVnbmUlTijBIhahham"asIunanaeTAKrTukenAG~kelOg .
cab'BIq~S1965 eBlEdlshrdsMercebIkynehaHeb-52 Tmak'Kab'
EbkelIpvlMhU-CImijmk kgT&BevotNamxageCIgtUveKdwktamkV"l'mk
cuHenAkMBg'EpBHsIhnu rYcdwktamrfynkMamIjgbwTdMbUlCit kat'sukExr
eLIgeTACb'-emmt' edImIvayevotNamxagtg nigkgT&BGaemrikSg (17) .
tamsMdImas-sUpat faVneXIjnayTahanevotkugeskJk'sIuvil
mkedIrelgsIuKuyTavenATenbwT (kugkMBg'cam) (1968) ral'f .
GtItb"UlIsext@kNalm~ak' (sMumin[beJjeQaH) sBfrs'enAku
gtaxUm"aVn[karNf
_ a xnKat'CaG~kTTYlbJa[TarluybcSExBIevotku
g nigbJabIecAhayext (EdlTTYlbJabnmkBIm~agm"Unic) [rab'cMnYnevo
tkugEdltSgenAelITwkdIExr nigTartmkal2,000erolbcSExsMrab'evotkugm~ak' . esovePA War in peace k*VnsresrEdrBIniKmyYnm~ak'@Edl
cUlmkrs'enAtamTUktammat'Ten CaBiesstMbn'kMBg'partUc tUvbg'CUnm~a
gm"UniccMnYnVMryerolCaerogral'Ex .
k~gesovePA sgamnigesckIsgwm ( War and Hope ) tg'TMB&r59
semcVnsresrfa kareFIGI@sBEbby"agEdlGaceFIVnedImICYyG~k
Citxag (yYnevotkug) EdlkMBugtUvckBtikMEhgKMramenaH KWCakrNiykic
rbs'raCaNackkmCa EdlmintUveKcevHBIkatBkicenHeLIy .
( etIsukExrCakmsiTidac'muxrbs'sIhnu VnCasIhnuykGMeBIkt'Cati
eTACYyhU-CImijenH CakatBkic ( Obligation ) rbs'beTsExrnigrasExr
eTAvij ? enATwkbegIyeyIgVneXIjfa emdwknSyYnVnsgKuNsIhnu
Ebby"agNaenaH, rhUtkab'sanPaBbeTsExrTSgmUlk~gkNab'dvaTSg
sug edaybnbkumGay"gehg-sMrin (GtItG~krksIukab'CUk) nighunEsnGtItsisf~ak'TI4TMenIb Classe de quatrime moderne viTal&yBH
sIhnukMBg'cam ( kkn ebIeyagtamkaB Edlhun-EsnVnsresrepaH
pgELbxay CamYyG~kemm"aym~ak' eyIgsegteXIjJkxH sresrmi
ntUvGkraviruT nigJkxHCaJkExrsm&ycas' dUcCaJk ehI CaedIm .
eyIgeCOfa ebIhun-Esn CasiseronenAf~ak'TI4TMenIbdUec~H BitCaminsr
esrGkr ehI enHeToteT BIeJHsisCMnan'munhun-Esn10eTA15q~S
ElgsresrehI Gs'eTAehIy eKsresr ehIy CaCMnYsvij . ma
nEtsiseronsUtenAtamsalavteT EdlenAsresr ehI dUec~H . kaBenHVntUv{m-yineTogTIbwkaCMnitrbs'hun-EsnGHGagfa CakaBrb
s'ecAhayxnBitVkdEmn ) . [eTAeFICatuktaTUrbJa rbs'emdwknSyYn
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rhUt ( Toy remoted by Viet leader, Nguyen Co Thach ) KanfNanwgerIxn

rYcesaHeLIy . yYnbn'yktIsmuT tITensab (cab'edaysmab'bMpicbM
pajesIrJyGs'tI), kab'BeQIExrdwkCJneTAsukyYn Kas'ykbUraNvtBIVsaTnana eVHkdas'Vk'mkTijsUvExry"agefak dwkykeTA
ciJwmrasyYn nignSecjeTAekAbeTsekamyIeha Product of Vietnam .
yYnEdlFab'CasukxHGgrsIu sBfVnkayeTACanSGgrecjCab'elxbI
bnab'BIshrdnigbeTsf .
enATMB&rTI61 semcVnsresrBIneyaVyxusrbs'Tg'fa karsM
erccitrbs'xMk~gkarCYyBYkeK (evotkug-evotNamxageCIg) k~gkMLgq~S19
60enaH xMsMusffa xMminVnTTYlVk'BIyYnTal'EtesaH ehIysBfenH
eTot CaCnGFn KYsarxMnigxMCnrs'rYcCIvitedaysarEtesckIsbrs
nigkarsaKmnC
_ abgbn BIsMNak'beTscinbCamanitu . xMsUmsffa
elsEdlxMVnsMercciteFIshkarCamYyevotNamenaH KWxMcg'[yYnkum
ynisCMJk'KuNkmCa, k~gpvEbbenH yYnminGachannwgeFIGMeBIGakk'mk
elIbeTsExr bCarasExreLIy . ebIbsinCavapyBIkarenHeTAvijenaH
yYnnwgtUvVt'bg'kitiysCaminxaneLIy . ( kkn sBfenH eyIg
eXIjyYnkan'Etmankitiys ehIyescsIhnukan'EtGab'{neTA@ nigFak'
'xneFICaTIgemag[BYkGay"gyYnEfmeTot ) .
etIelsb"ueNHGaccat'TukfaKb'Kan'eT EdlsemcsIhnuVnCYy
xayYn[mankmSgxSTMJrkalExr yksukExrenH ? sUmCYyBicarNapg
cuH ! . G~km~agm"Unic (rYmCamYybgeQaHGu-m"aNUrin) VnykTiBlCabBnbmuxrdmkrksIu lk'dIlk'suk[yYnhU-CImij . eyIgCaExrmineCOTa
l'EtesaHfa sIhnuminVndwg minVncUlhunk~gerOgkt'Cati kt'ras
ExenH .
etIkalyYnykdIkmCaekamenaH yYnmanxUcVt'bg'kitiyseT ? etI
semcmanvibdisarIeT EdlminVneFIkartva"GIesaHkalsPaVrSgsMerc
bKl'dIkmCaekameTA k~gyb'fTI21 sPa 1949 nigkarEdlTg'Vn
rarSgXat'min[elakeTOg-kag eFIkarTamTarkmCaekameTAtulakarGnrCati ? mYykalenaHsIhnueCOCak'fa yYnnwgTuk[Tg'esaysuxelIkmCamYyCIvit ?
enAvKmunsemcVnsresrfa elakln'-nl'CanaykrdmnIrbs'
rdaPiVlq~S1969 rhUtdl'fbqSgeFIrdbharsIhnufTI18mina1970
Vncab'nigEck ([kgTahanExr) nUvsasavuFKb'Fun, Kab'kSePIg, smar:
sw k c i n , r u s I n i g b e T ssg m n i ym d T e T o t E d lE d lbJ n e T A [k gT & B e v o
tNamxageCIg-evotkugtamkMBg'EpkugsIhnu . elakln'-nl'eFItamEt
bJasIhnu k~gkardwkGavuFTSgGs'enaHb"ueNaH ( eTA[evotkug ) .
-88-

ekayeBlsemc[TahanhgeTAvaysanTUtGaemrikSgk~gq~S1963
cinbCamanituVn[LankamIjgcMnYn60eKOg TukenAk~gcMkarmnsMrab'dwk
smar:swkpl'[T&ByYn . rfynTSgenaHsresrV"yfa kgeyaFBlexmrPUmin ( FARK ) .
k~gq~S1965 tamkarbJak'rbs'G~kbrrfyn Edlmincg'beJjeQaH
sBfenArd Oregon fa kardwksasavuFVnbBwty"agxSgkaNas'k~g
q~SenaH LanEdlKat'ebIknigLandTeTot manbiTpakFM@fa rrv = rfynraCvSg ehIyedImIkMu[ynehaHGaemrikSgemIlBIelImkeXIj Landa
k'pak rrv nimYy@ eK-tcegglyeTAmuxkalLan [cSgcuHeTAdIvij
ecosvagkMu[BnWsacCHeTAelIeLIy .
k~gq~S1969 semcsIhnuVn[eFIkEngskmYydak'Kab'kSePIg nig
f~SeBTenAtamdgswgessan rtnKIrI sMrab'pl'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNa
mxageCIg . smar:G
Gs'TSgenaH KWdwktamynehaHdwkeTAskTukenATIenaH.
CMnYyEdlsemcVnCYyxayYnmanecInNas' TSgpvGnrCati nigs
mar:s
swk nigkgT&ByYnxageCIgdwkqgkat'sukExr BIkMBg'Epku gBHsIhnu
kMBg'esam eLIgeTAKb'mUldanT&ByYnenAtambeNayBMEdnExr . man
EtsemcmYyGgKt'EdlGacdwgGs' nigeqIyVb'eyIgfa etIsemcVnCYyyYnecInb"uNa ? etIsIhnu, G~km~agm"UnIc, Gu-m"aNUrinVnTTYlluyyYn
b"uNa ? emdwknSyYnVnsnanwgsIhnuy"agNaxH VnCaemExrenHKan
karBicarNabnicesaH ?

-89-

mUldanswknigGKesnaFikardan
evotkugelIEdndIExr
KWtYGgsemcsIhnuEtmg EdlVnyl'Bm[T&BevotkugmktSgmUldanswkenAelIdIExr tamCayEdnExr-evotNamxagtg edaycinCaG~kCYyEccUv[ . semcsIhnuVnCYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg edayK
b'meFaVyk~gcMVMgCamYyGaemrikSg (12) .
tMbn'yYnkumynistYtta
mUldanyYnkumynis

lIkeTAkecHeBl
el
ynehaHeb-52
Tmak'Kab'Ebk

kecH
Cb'emmt'
COSVN
Epsnc

PRG
cMBuHesk

QUgsmuTf

evotNamxagtg

mUldanT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
(semcsIhnuVnGnuJat[kgT&ByYnhU-CImijtSgmUldanelIEdndIExr
cab'tSgBIq~S1960 nigVnCYypt'pg'T&ByYnenHKb'meFaVy pl'Ggr f~S
eBT Kab'rMesv sasavuFKb'Fun EdldwktamkV"l'mkkMBg'EpsIhnu kMBg'esam CaBiesskgT&BevotNamxageCIg EdlmkcuHEpenAkMBg'esam
k~geBlEdlynehaHeb-52 TMlak'Kab'EbkelIpvlMhU-CImijy"agxSg
cab'BIq~S1965mk .
-90-

mUldanswkGs'TSgenaHVncab'eFImktSgBIq~S1960 . xHeTotCamUl
dancas' tSgBIsm&ysgamtsUCamYyVrSgem"H . mUldanswgEtTSgGs' tSgenAtambeNayBMEdnExr-yYn KWtSgBIBMrYmbIbeTs (lav-ExryYn) k~gextrtnKIrI lMpat' LaVnesok GUrSg s~l emmt'-Cb' Ekk BMEd
nextsayerog taEkv kMBg'tac .
tSgEtBIecInq~SmkehIy semcsIhnueFcEP~keFImineXIjnUvGI@ Ed
lVnekItmaneLIgenAtamtMbn'CayEdn (Exr-evotNam) (13) .
TIbJakarnkariyal&ykNalPUmiPaKevotNamxagtg ( COSVN,
Central Office South Vietnam ) tSgenAemmt' Cab'nwgcMkarekAsUEtmg .
TIbJakarnrNsirrMedaHCati ( NLF - National Liberation Front of
South Vietnam ) manTItSgenATl'muxEkk k~gextkMBg'cam .
TIs~ak'karkNalnrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~bdivtne_ votNamxagt
g ( PRG = Provisinal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam )
manTI tSgenATl'muxkMBg'tac k~gextsayerog .
enAtammUldanTSgenaH mansg'mnIreBT EdlGacdak'EK EdlGacda
k'EKG~kCmWVnCagVMry XSgsksmar:s
swkrab'etan sMrab'ebIVs'vay
lukcUlevotNamxagtg dUcCakrNIkarvaylukkugBnKr kalBIbuN
EttcUlq~ScinyYn (1968) .
k~gExmifuna1967 edaymankartva"BIsaFarNrdevotNam nigBIsan
TUtGaemrikSgfa mankgT&BevotkugtSgenATl'muxkMcaymar

Cab'elIBMEdn

Exr-yYn TTwgTMhM5KILEm"t nigbeNay15KILEm"t . elakvresniy

k esg-sunf VnnSkgeyaFBlexmrPUmineTAedj eJHKNkmkar
xagbTtYtta ( Na, kaNada, b"ULj ) mktYtBinit . emevotkugVn
mkCYbnwgelakesg-sunf ehIyhucnamb&NsemcsIhnumkpg . evo
tkugVnniyayfa semcVncuHxsnayl'Bm[BYkeKenAelIdIExr
edImIeKcBIkaredjtamnkgT&BevotNamxagtgnigGaemrikSg . kal
NaKNkmkarxagbTtYttaeTAputGs' BYkxMsMuviltLb'mkvij . T&Bevo
tkugk*dkfyecjBItMbn'PUmiteLakEbkyYnry:eeBltUc . dl'KNkmkarxagbTtYttaeTAemIl VneXIjEtTahanExrcas'm~ak' kMBugGgybit
sIenAk~geragedaly"agFM . karenHvapyK~aBIrUbft EdlynehaHGaem
rikSgftVneTAvij (18) .
cab'BIq~S1969 shrdGaemriksMercebIynehaHeb-52 vaylukTmak'
Kab'EbkkMeTkmUldanswkevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tamBMEdnExr-yYn
y"agxSgka . TSminVnBYkkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg nigGKbJa
karvaVnrt'fycUleCAmksMrakykkmSgk~gEdndIExr tMbn'BextkecH
(18), (19) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniyksaFarNrdExr .

-91-

cmay150KmPaKxageCIgpvCatielx7 . edayebIVs'extExrPaKxag
eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGnrayedaysarynehaH
cmay150KmPaKxageCIgpvCatielx7 . edayebIVs'extExrPaKxag
eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGnrayedaysarynehaH
eb-52 . edaykgkmSgeKVntYttatMbn'enHtSgEtBIkalmunmk

BYkeK

GacsmMykkmSgmunnwgcUlvayluk (yYnxagtg) eTot (14) .

mUldanswkk*dkfycUleCAmkk~gsukExr mktSgTIenAelIetIyxa
glicTenemKg CitkecHkug .
enAfTI24emsa1970 mYyGaTitmunBYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgksagmUldan nigbJakarswkfIelIcSgTenemKgk~gextkecHenaH BYkem
dwknSNcinbqSgnwgckBtiGaemrikSg VnCYbK~aCakMBUlenAkugkg'tug
edaymanvtmansemcsIhnuCaG~kcMNUlfIpg . pS-va"n'dug[ekaHehAxagV"eftLav KWTg'supanuvg, bFanrNsirCatirMedaHevotNamxagtg
egg-hUfU nigsemcsIhnu[cUlrYmpg . eBlenaHsemcVnefaleTas
shrdGaemrik ehIyVnbkasGnuJatedayecjmux[evotkug-evotNa
mxageCIgebIVs'EdndIExreTotpgk~gkareFIsgamCamYystUvrYm KWck
BtiGaemrikSg (15) .
sUmsYrfa etIsIhnukayCaGIehIyenAeBlenH cMeJHsukExrnigcMeJH
bCarasExr ? eJHehtuGI edImIGI eTIbsIhnucUlrYmCamYystUvCatiExr
enH ?
cab'tSgBIq~S1970rhUtmkdl'bcbn~enH etIsIhnumanEdlmanbnl
fa Tg'VneFIxus neyaVyTg'xus enATINa fNamgehIyenA ?
esIrKb'Etsunrkfa sIhnuEskeCrEkg@ efaleTasexacelakln'
nl'nigsirimt:rhUt xMlagxnBIkidkmCatigenH sIhnuminEdlxusTa
l'EtesaH . sukExreTACay"agenH mkBIBYkGakt'Gs'enH vaeFIrdbhar
Tmak'xMBHkruNaxM ! sUmkUnecAemtaCab !
Tg'emIlmineXIjeKaHf~ak'nvtmankgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
elIdIExr EfmBIelIenH sIhnuVnCYystUvelbTwkdIExrenHsBEbby"ag
edayeCOy"agsb'eTAelIsMdIeVkVs'rbs'CU-eGgLaynighU-CImij eda
yKanBicarNa .
manEtsIhnunigbeTsExrEtmYyKt' EdlBmTTYlsal'nigdak'TUt
CamYyevotkug .
enAq~S1969 manEtsemcsIhnumYyGgKt', k~gfan:C
CabmuxrdExr, Ed
lVneTAsmk'TwkEP~kseNaHseNakeKarBviJaNx&nemXatkr nig
emerobcMEpnkarelbTwkdIExr EdlVnsab'eTAmunVnsMercmhicitarbs'va

-92-

semcsIhnurhUtdl'eTAykrUbftexachU-CImij mktSgk~gvSgedImI
eKarBviJaNk&nEfmeTotpg

sIhnunigrbbdwknaMekaykraC
tSgBIVnkraCeBjeljBIVrSg sIhnuKanVneFIGIekAEtBIkarJr
GMNacEdlTg'yl'fa, rhUtmkdl'Lvk*eday, CakmsiTidac'mux Caekri_
mrtkbcStkUlrbs'Tg'Etm~ak'Kt' eTIbTg'cab'ksagTunbCabiyPaB
bCaPifuti beJareVkrasExrlg'exA edayTg'yl'faTunenHGacrkaGMNacrbs'Tg'Camas'EpndIExr[enAsitesrVnyUrGEggteTA . ehIy
edayTg'yl'rebobenHehIy eTIbTg'cat'EcgrcnaneyaVydwknSrbs'
Tg'eTAtamEtTMenIgcitcg' tamEtbMNgpal'xn nigCaplbeyaCns
_ Mrab'
G~km~agm"Unicpg edayyksukExr rasExrTSgGs'CabkrNE_ lgt
BicarNarbs'Tg' . edayxacsWg-g"ukfaj'deNImTunenHBIdTg' sIhnu
VnGnuvtbnabBissWg-g"ukfaj' edayecaTfa elakfaj'CaCnkt'Cati
kt'raCblg ehIyminGnuJat[elakfaj'cUlmkrYbrYmk~gsgmCatiesaH
eLIy ekaysni~siThWENvq~S1954 eJHsukExrTSgmUl rasExrTSg
Gs'Casmtidac'frbs'sIhnuEtm~ak'Kt' sUmIelakfaj'VnsresrsMbu
tpal'xnmksMucUlrYbrYmCamYyTg' k*Tg'minyl'BmTal'EtesaH . eka
ymkq~S1957

elakfaj'Vnsresrlixitpal'xncMnYnbIpl'{vaTsIhnu

-93-

fa semckMBugeFIneyaVynSesckIvinasmk[beTsExrnigbCaras
ExrehIy k*semcminQWkalykcitTukdak' . sni~siThWENvVn[
ExrrkanUvbuNs&kirbs'G~kcuHcUldUckalBIedIm EtsIhnuminVneKarB
lk&NenHeLIy . BYkExrevotmijk*dUcEtExrsr: nigkumP~MdgErk, BYk
sWg-g"ukfaj', Edr KannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuNs&kiBIsemcsIhnuesaH
eLIy mintwmEtb"ueNaHsemcsIhnuVnTSgcat'BYkKijtamGegtKb'G~k
cuHcUlCaerogral'f . GegttSgBIskmPaBbcSf JksMdIebIniyayTietondl'neyaVysIhnu k*nwgtUvKijcab'jat'KukPam dUckrNIelakva"n'
QYg, GtItExrsr:sWg-g"ukfaj' (1) , elakqay-y"t (2), elakekgva"n'sak'CaedIm .
(1) edayminVnbuNBIsIhnu BYkExrsr:P~MdgErk, ekayBIcUlmkrYmrs'k~gsgmCa
tiehIy, k*eTArkbkbrbrepg@ciJwmCIvit . elaklav-FansIuVnmkEGbCamYyelak
ln'-nl' eJHFa b'CasisnayTahan ehIyCitditeTotpg bneQaHlav-FanGIum
tUvCamitPkirYmf~ak'CamYyln'-Nunpg . elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansIueFC
I a
cagha gviTal&ykCnexmra EdlCakmsiTirbs'elalln'-nl'pal' . elaklavFansIuVnebIktUblk'esovePAmYy eQaHsarika enAtg'cMNtrfynQ~lenAparfI .
elakdYg-c&nsar"atVneTArksIulk'sSgenATenb
wT extkMBg'cam . elaksSg-sava"t
eFC
I acagha gsarBtmanExrfI, eTAmux, QamExr ehIyVnniBnbelamelakd*EsnBieraH manes~haxg'xs' nigmanes~haCatid*ebaHmutrbs'tYGg KWerOg eteCakhm nig
mhaecarenATl'Edn rhUtdl'elalesk-sMeGotcab'ykeTAsma b'ecal enAedImq~S
1959 . esrxMV
nGanesovePATSgBIrenH (1956) edaymaxMm
~ak'mantUblk'esovePA
rMlgK~abYntUb . elakGIuv-y"ageFC
I aKUbegonkCn nigsIuQ~leFeI mFavICamYyCati
kwg
Nam~ak'enAkugP~MeBj. elakKS-er"teFk
I arCamYykumhun
CMnYj mhabUJJNiC

xageCIgparFMfI xagEp~knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) . elakhg-Funhak'cUl

eTAEGbCamYymhaktIyanIkusm: edImIkaLela nnigsil:bMerIeKalKMnitEkEbsgmExrtambMNgrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnEppS edaysresrerOgela ndUcCa erom
cgeyIg, efAEkcitecar, sMbuktemV, kJacriya, vibties~ha, cieJnbJScit, edIm
Fk
rkaCati, frS Etelakmindak'eQaHelakCaG~kniBneLIy .
(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExrkumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg
elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJa BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErkBm@K~aEtmgenA
fTI20 Exmkra q~S1959 edayTg'sg&yfa VncUlrYmdCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn
bugeFrI dbhartamesckI[karNr_ bs'G~ksIGIuv-y"ag sB frs'enAkugV"rIs beTs
VrSg . elaksSg-sava"ttUvelaks&kibIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM
eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa k'rat'ray (tamesckI
[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma b'ecalbeNay
eTA . esk-sMeGot ekayBIbmUlluykak'edaylk'BeQI bUraNvtt
Mbn'bnayqar (
hun
K~aCamYyhul
-Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkinsUv sg'
vILaenAsukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' .
(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExrkumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr

-94-

sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg

elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJa BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErkBm@K~aEtmgenA

fTI20 Exmkra q~S1959 edayTg'sg&yfa VncUlrYmdCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn
bugeFrI dbhartamesckI[karNr_ bs'G~ksIGIuv-y"ag sB frs'enAkugV"rIs beTs
VrSg . elaksSg-sava"ttUvelaks&kibIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM
eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa k'rat'ray (tamesckI
[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma b'ecalbeNay
eTA . esk-sMeGot ekayBIbmUlluykak'edaylk'BeQI bUraNvtt
Mbn'bnayqar (
hun
K~aCamYyhul
-Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkinsUv sg'
vILaenAsukesom

edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' . ekayesk-sMeGotGs'GMNac

edayExrkhmQ~H ehIyCiHTmaKckrt'eTAsukesom edaysgwmeragkunvILaTSg

enaH EttUvsug-sak'dak'eQaHvaTSgGs' esk-sMEGotsl'Etkitexa ehIymkGal&y
EtCab'dykbBnem"A-sn, cagha gtulakarswkVt'dMbg, bBnedImesk-sMeGotk*
rt'ecaleTAenAsukVrSgCamYykUnsI(kUnciJwmCakyxagbBn) eTA . ekaymkesksMeGotVnsUkfcUlmkCMrMqunbUrI EtKanbeTsNamYyBmTTYlykesaH TSg Pre
[Kat'eTArs'
Venet,, TSgxagshrdVnVb'esk-sMeGotfa beTseKKankEng
enAeT (q~S1981) . esrxMV
nmkTan'eXIjesk-sMeGotenAk~gCMrMqunbUrI . kalenaH
esk-sMeGotVncUlrYmCamYyBHetCBHKuNhuk-savN (sB fKg'enAbeTskaNa
da ) eFC
I ajtiepeI TAGgkarshbCaCati KSTsemcsIhnu ehIyedIreKorKreK[CYycuH
hte lxaelIjtienaH EtxME dlTTYlxustUvxagslalamFmsikaFunbUrI VnbqSg
minBmcuHhte lxaelIjtienaH eJHsMGagfa neyaVysemcsIhnumincas'las'
semcsIhnuCaemExrkhm . elakesk-sMeGotEfmTSgsYr nigVnTSgkt'eQaHxMT
u
kk~gbJIe xArbs'Kat'eTotpg .
ekaymkesk-sMeGotVnsUkfEkeQaH ehIyeFI Visa Ekg
bnM VnecjeTAsu
kVrSg eTArs'enAlak'muxk~gkugV"rIsr_ hUtdl'q~S1990 .
(kkn enAq~S1993 esk-sMeGotVnviltLb'cUlsukExrvij ehIylk'kalCamYy
neratm-buVeTvI, neratm-ckBg nignut-NarSg k~gCYrKNbkbCaCnkmCa . q~S
1998 esk-sMeGot, neratm-buVeTvI nigneratm-ckBg k*vilkalmkcuHcUlxag
KNbkhn
siunbiucvij . sB fenHesk-sMeGot VneFC
I asmaCikBwTsPaxagKN
bkhn
siunbiuc ) .

sIhnuVnkayCamhavIrburs edayTamTarkraCVnBIGaNaniKmV
rSgedImIkesbykGMNac[eBjd semcsIhnuVndak'raCsmtidl'
matabitak~gq~S1955 ehIyhk'cUlmkbLkbegItKNbkneyaVymYeQaH sgmrasniym . manExrxHVnlYcxibniyayK~afa KNbk
neyaVyrbs'sIhnuebI[eQaHfa sgmrasyM eTIbtUvCag .
(kkn sgmrasniym ebIdkEtJkrasecjKWKNbk sgmni
ym . edImI[rwtEtdUcsgmniymEmnETn semcsIhnuVn[smaCik
enAk~gbkehAK~afa shCIvin shCIvinI CaedIm ) . Tg'VnkMeTcKN
bkneyaVydTeTot edayebIviFIeXareXAbMput dUcCa[mnusykKab'
EbkeTAKb'smab'elakeGov-ekIs CabFanrdsPa nigCabFanKNbkb
-95-

CaFibety, [elaksm-sarIykBYkKijnigTahanhg eTAVj'elakeGor

sIucUv, ekg-va"n'sak'CaeXasnikbkbCaFibety EdlkMBugeXasnaenA
muxksYgeXasnakak~gq~S1955 EteKaHlKab'kSePIg EbrCamktUvG~kebI
kbrLansm-sarIeTAvij (3) .
kumbkneyaVyTSgGs' edayxacsIhnueFIVbsmab'ecal k*Bm
cUlrYmCamYyKNbksgmrasniym EdlmansIhnuCabFanGs' xH
eTotk*rs'enAEtkg minhaneFIskmPaBneyaVyGIeToteLIy dUec~H
KanG~kCMTas'bqSgnwgsemcsIhnueToteT . sIhnuk*GnuvtneyaVy
rebobCiHesHEbrx~gElgd eFIescnwgcitTg'nwkeXIj KannrNamYy
hanCMTas'rarSg sUmIEtG~kEdlsIhnuVnEtgtSgCaTIbwkapal'rbs'T
g'enaH k*minhanpl'{vaTpyBIkaryl'eXIjrbs'semcsIhnuesaHeLIy
. ExrkaleNaHEtgEtniyayK~afa tamEtBHbJajaNd*PWsagrbs'
BHGgcuH CaBiesselakm"a-eLABI EdlCaG~keFIGtaFibayEfmfyy"a
gBieraHk~gBiFIsimiTiepg@ EdlmansIhnuCaGFibtI paytamsemgviT
Cati .
( kkn elakm"a-eLABI VnviltLb'eTAsukExrvijk~gsm&yrdkmCa
ehIyVncUlCasmaCikKNbkbCaCnkmCa . elakenAEtbBwtElg
Cl'man'dEdl CacMNUlcitrbs'elaktSgEtBIedImrhUtmk .

elakVn

sab'enAsukExredayeraKebHdUg (mincSq~S bEhlmuneBleVHeq~atGun

tak' ) ) .
eKsegteXIjmanmtiyl'eXIjbIcMeJHrUbtYGgsemcsIhnu
1- BBYkksikrExrenAsukEscMkar edayminVnTTYlkarsikaGb'rM
Ep~k viCaBlrd ( Instruction civiques - Social studies ) manCMenOfa
sIhnu CaG~kmanbuN Ca BHVTFmwk tamknButTMnay (4) tg'vK
cin lIKmIredIrrkBHVTFmwk .
kalxMenACasisviTal&ysniPaBkugkMBg'sW k~gq~S1960 kalenaH
semcVnyageTAsemaFGaKarviTal&ymYyeTIbnwgsg'fI . BYkeyIgCasi
(3) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enArdva"siunetan .
(4) BHVTFmwkEbfa escEdlbkbedayFm Gnuvtcab'TsBitraCFm ( FmTSg10
bkar EdlescltUvGnuvteKarBtam ) . BHVTFmwkenHmank~gkSgTMnayrbs'taBut
EtExrG~kcmg
t@mk edaycg'[eKeCOkan'EtxS genaH, k*sresrEkeTACa BuTTMnay
eTAvij . tamBitBHBuTKg'enAbeTsNaeNaH BMuVneFk
I arTsnT
_ ayBIsukExreT.
TMnaytaButVnEcgfa dl'Jk'kNalsasna (BuTskraC2500) enAsukExrnwg
manGsurVMbITis cSgkab'cak'K~aQamdabeJHdMrI ehIynigmancinBIsukcin lIKmIr
edIrsH Esg
rkBHVTFmwk mkCYbelaksgFutugcIBrrEhkKg'elIf ehIysal'faCa
BHVTFmwk k*nSescFmwkenH[eTAbgabBYkGsurTSgenaH[Qb'cSgK~a rasExrsuk
Esk*nSK~akat'yl'fa sIhnuCaBHVTFmwk .

-96-

seskJk'ksNanyuv&n exaGavkaKI mancgkava"t'exAy"agtwgbMBg'k

nigs&kibenagrUbsemcsIhnu pakyuvCnraCsgmniymExr rENgreNagy"agFujTan' . BYkeyIgVnTTYlbJaBIelakcaghag gYn-esg
[ekaktSgBIBlwmsag@ etomxnmkQrcSTTYlbdisNarkicsemc
sIhnu tSgEtBIBmwmem"agVMmYyrhUtdl'ftg'ekAEhg . EP~kTSgras
TSgsisTSgGs'K~a xMsmwgemIleTAlMhGakas EkgeXIjynehaHknM
ruyescehaHmk . eBlTmaKckehaHEqlBIelI sIhnuVneVHkNat'yIehasgm. ekg@rasTSgsITSgbusrt'Can'K~atamdeNImkNat'enaH . enACitxMmanmIgm~ak' sab'EtkNat'Fak'mkcMKat'Etmg xMeXI
jTwkmuxKat'etkGrNas' deGabkNat'enaHy"agCab' QrPwkePcxnmY
ysnHFM . ekaymkKat'BMuVnykkNat'FunefakenaHeTAkat'eskJk'
eLIy Kat'eCOfaCavtBisidirbs'BHVTFmwk . Kat'VnykkNat'enaHeTA
tMkl'elIhwugCamYyBHBuTrUb faybgMral'f (5) . sunrkfay"agEvgGna
y EbkCaGUrhUrCaswg semctiHedolbgab'GaemrikSgfa GaKSg (6) min
ecHeFIEsxHGgrsIu (tamBitGaemrikSgCabeTselxmYyk~gkardwkGgrec
jeTAlk'ekAbeTs) eCrnaykrdmnIesomfa Gaf~mkaTikacn katn ka
qa pg eCryYneg"a-DineDompg . bCarassukEs, CaBiesstayay
cas'@ Ggyecagehagsab'sunrkfasemcsIhnu ehIy{nelIkdbNmdak'elIkal dUceKsab'elakeTsnG
_ Jwg .
rassukEscMkar munnwgniyaydl'BHnamTg' eKEtgEtelIkd
bnleLIgeTAelIkal nwkrMlwkdl'BHGgCanic eJHTg'CaG~kmanbuN
. G~kxH manTSgBYkBHGgmas'xHpgGYtfa nwgeCOfa vgescExrCavg
BHeJFist EfmeTotpg . rasExrxHeTot VnTSghamkUnecAkMu[tieTo
nBITg' eJHnwgmanVbFn'Nas' .
2- cMeJHmtibJv&nExrvij BYkeKyl'eXIjfa semcsIhnuelaPln'
GMNachYsehtu kesabykkickarnaykrdmnImkkan'pal' ykkickar
rbs'tulakarmkeFICakarcUlKal'svnakartamEbbescExrCMnan'edIm Tg'
[rasQb'eQaHK~a ehIysna[Vk'b"ueNHb"ueNaH . elaktahul
(5) Kb'Etcas'@ CaBiessKUmnGaKm VnykkNat'sgmenaH k*rUbftsemcsIh
nudak'elIhuwgCamYyTKU kEngyn BHBuTrUb fa ybgMral'f .
(6) JksIhnuehAGaemrikSg . tamerOgburaNExrEdlsresrEtBIerOgesc dUcCaBH
Cinvg, rtnavg, TiBs
ga r.l. eKsresrrebobEtmYy KWmankUnescecjeTAeron
mnGaKmKafaBItasIenABehmJn . Kb'@EterOgEbbenH, tasImanekgbMerIm~ak'
eQaHfa GaKS (GaKSgecAta) . GaKSglg'mhaEsnlg' rs'enACamYyelaktasI
rab'sibq~SmkehIy sIk*GaKSgminecHEdr kMusUmI nxa k' k*minecHpg . sIhnuyk
eQaHGaKSgenHmkehAmkdak'[GaemrikSg faGaemrikSglg' (manEtsIhnueTEdlecH)
GaemrikSgxH GgrsIuCaedIm .

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elakXwm-TitEdlkan'luyenaH minEdlebIkVk'[rasenaH@ tambnl

rbs'semceT Kat'lYckibLiblak'Tukpal'xnKat'y"agsnwksnab' . cMeJHGaharUbkrNe_ TAeronbreTsvij (7) Tg'GnuJat[xH@Edr EtEp~kxa
gtiknikbeckeTsesaH xag neyaVy, esdkic, sgmkic, cab' Tg'
minGnuJat[Cadac'xat edaysIhnusMGagfa xacnSmenaKmviCabreTsep
spascUlsuk . tamBitKWsIhnuxaceKecHCag ehIymkdeNImGMNac
BITg'eTAvijeT .
sIhnuCaesccitsI qab'xwg mayagrg"k'ecIn kMejIjcg'laElgrab'
rydg (EtsIhnuenAEtelIGMNacrhUt) [eKGgrnSK~aeFIjti QrTamTar
sMu[BHGgenACa GKmKeTske_ qI~mteTAeTot xateBlevlaGs'snwk .
sIhnuGYtGagxagBUEkeFIkun dUcCabegItJk FIgemag CaedIm . ta
mbPBcas'karNf
_ a semcsIhnuxUcEmn cUlcitsINas' (8) . namWun
Exrm~ak' edaycg'ykKab'KYrCamYysemcsIhnu k*nSPriyad*ss'ekgeTA
cUlKal'semcTteXIjk*sBBHT&y TajdelakCMTavekgcUlbnb'Vt'
eTA . namWunenaHesIrEtnwgeFIGtXatxneJHEterOgenH EtedaysemcsI
hnudemIgbuNesInwgrdmnI k*eBjcitVt'mat'QwgEtmgeTA (9) . dUcb
BncugbFanaFibtINeNsIusUkarNU CamYyKUekgextesomrabm~ak' .
G~ksIsUkarNUVnmkenACamYysemcsIhnu dMNak'P~MbUkeKacMnYnmYy
GaTitEtBIrnak' .
semcsIhnuCabitaKb'vis&y bitakraCCati, bitakILaCati, bitasi
kaFikarCati, bitasil: (tYkPaByn), bitacemog manbTkUlablYgV
Vg (rhUtVnm~aglavmYy), eBlratICYbP&k.l. CYnkalTg'eLIgbKMu
ePgpg, bitakasIuNUCati, bitaevotkug nigcg'eFICabitaedjevotkugeTot Et
Tg'sirimt:nigln'-nl'minGnuJatTuk{kas[ .
(7) GaharUbkrNC
_ aCMnYyBIbeTseCOnelOn tamry:GgkarshbCaCati man UNESCO CaedIm dl'beTsTn'exay [bJnsiseTAeronenAsukeK manVrSg, GaemrikSg
Gg'eKs
EtedImIVnGaharUbkrNT
_ SgGs'enaH eKtUvsUkVk'xg'10mWunerol dl'G~k
Edlkan'kab'xagGaharUbkrNe_ naH ebIBMuenaHeT eKbJnEtkUnecAeK kUnnamWunEdleV"
EL[eTAeroneroneTAvij .
(8) enHCaTma b'rbs'namWunExrtSgBIbUraNmk edImIVnbuNs&kiBIesc eKykkUn, CYn
kalCabBn [EtescsB BHT&y, eTAfa yescdUcCakfafnj"j, BukkfafnQMu,
esctaj'extVt'dMbg, VnykkUnsImYyeTAfa yhgneratm nigkUnsImYyeToteTA
fa yescesomCaedIm .
(9) sUmGanesckIsmasnr_ bs'sIhnu k~gTsnavdI Playboy Vol.34 No.5- May 1987
pgcuH EtTg'BMuVnlattdagGs'BIerOgBitrbs'Tg' CamYyGs'elakCMTav elaksIxH
@enaHeT .

-98-

semcsIhnumancritEbbYl Kancas'las' maneKaledArkaEtGMNacpal'xn bnat'neyaVytamnwkeXIj fenHGeJH EskeLIgEbCa

GJHeTAvij sIueCar nigcUlcit[eKbeJarekatsresIrBIxng .
sIhnuKWkmCa ! kmCaKWsIhnu ! nrNa ExrNaEdlminyl'sbtam
eyabl'Tg'eT KWCaCnkt'Cati .

semcsIhnuykelakJb-Giun (10),

esA-g"uy, sIusumut-suvNrI nigExresrICaecIneTot eTAVj'ecalenAt

JMgkLwg (kMBg'sW) rYcehIyftbJSgk~gkmviFITUrTsn_ Kb'eragkunk~g
kugP~MeBjnigextekA BmTSgcuHk~gTsnavdI sgm EdlmanTg'Ca
caghagpg .
semcsIhnuVnbegIt[elgeboreV" GaeV"g ElgsIusgKb'muxeB
lcUlq~SExrmg@ eFI[Vt'bg'Gs'ElgbCabiyExr ehIybCarasExr
enAelgElgsIusgCaecInExbneTAeTot . Tg'ebIkkasIuNUrdykVk'
cUlCYyTb'fvikaCatieGanfy . bCaras namWunExrvwkvreJHEtkasIuNUCa
ti xGElglHK~a dUcCakrNIelaksWg-ePOkf (11) CaedIm xHeTotcgk
smab'xn elatTwk sI@xHkayCasIlk'xn ecarkmecarqk'ekItJseBjkugP~MeBj kugsIubJSgkan'EtekItecIneLIgenAmuxeragkasIuNUmat'Ten
Citsalctumux, namWun Ky b"UlIskan'EtsIusMNUk BukrlYykan'EtxSg edI
mIykluyeTAsg'edImk~gkasIuNUrd .
matasIhnu, ktIkusum: nigG~km~agm"Unick*xMrksIuEterog@xnEdr . k
tIkusum:CamatasemcsIhnunigG~km~agm"UnicmintUvK~aeT xMbECgbNSg
deNImebIGMNacTiBlCamata CabBnbmuxrderog@xn edayEtgtSg
mnusCaTIsMNb'cit ecjsMbuteVHtaraCvSg tSgPYg-m"arhaMg[eFICa
caghageGssaed (S.K.D.) CaedIm . G~km~agCamYybgxnKWGu-m"aNUrin
eqtrksIuhunCamYyBYkyYnevotkughug-yUpg, rt'BnmasVTIntamynehaHpg (12) (Kym~ak'Edlcab'edayminVndwgfa Carbs'G~km~agm"Unic k*
tUveKpas'ecj24em"ag visEtnwgGs'buNs&kiEfmeTot), dwkGgr f~SeBT
(10) kalenaHsemcsIhnuVnbkastamviT [ExresrIcUlmkcrcaK~a . elaksWgg"ukfaj'sYrrkG~ks&KcitcUlmksukExr tamexttaEkv EdlkaleNaHelakGiun-tSeFI
CaecAha yext . sIhnuVnEkEbBIcrcaCamYyExresrI tLb'CaykJb-Giun eTA[
ekgeCrmaycas'eqHy"agGakk'GakI paytamsemg
viTCati . elakGiun-tSVnVb'
Jb-Giun[sMueTassemceTAnwgVnrYcxnehIy EtJb-GiunminBm . semc[yk
Jb-GiuneTAVj'ecalenAtJMgkLwg ftbJSgKb'eragPaByn .
(11) pHxMe nArMlgBIrpHBIpHelaksWg-ePOkf EdlCardmnImg nigCacagha gsarBt
man matuPUmi EtekaymktUvsIhnubwTecal k*eVHerogcinman davTiBs
UL
g, eTB
nIesnaka han.l. vij .
(12) esckI[karNr_ bs'elakEm:-esArI CakyxagPriyaelakGiun-tS sB frs'enA
kugP~MeBj .

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kSePIg Kab'rMesv CamYycinKYc-Gan

eTApl'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxag

eCIg enAmUldantSgelIdIExr tamextCab'CayEdnExr-yYn . mYyeTotKYsarExk-vNDI (manTMnak'TMngCitditCamYyG~km~agpg) VnTTYlksiTi

Biessk~gkarrksIueFICMnYj edayykkumhunrdeFICatImux ( Magasin
d'Etat ) k~gkarnSTMnijcUlBIbreTs, BiessBIsukVrSgmklk' .
eJHEtreboby"agenHehIy eTIbbeTsExrEdlpac'CMnYyGaemrikSgk*
manvibtiesdkicy"agFn'Fr ehtumkBIemdwknSnignamWuntUcFMKanvicarNJa
NKitxacrlayGs'sukdl'bnicesaH . rhUtsBfenHehIyk*eday
eKenAEteqIydak'fa mkEtBIBYkbeTsmhaGMNac, mkEtBIBYkKUcUlCa
mYyExrkhm (sMdIBYknayTahanxH) Ettg'sIhnu tg'namWunExreFIkar
[Exrkhm eFIkar[yYnmkyksukenaH BYkeKhak'dUcCaemIlmineXIj
esaH . tamBitG~kcUlCamYyExrkhmminEmnmanEtKUeT manKb'ksYg
tSgBIeBT ecAkm viskr.l. semcsIhnuesatk*CaemExrkhmEf
meTAeTot .
3- tamTsn:G~kniBnbreTs CaBiessBYkbswmbeTs eKemIleXI
jfa sIhnuCaescskiPUmitSgBIq~S1941 (1) dl'q~S1970, Cabmuxrd, Ca
naykrdmnI, CabFanbkneyaVyEtmYyKt' (sgmrasniym), G~kdwk
nSbKMuvg'ePg Jazz,, caghagTsnavdI (sgm, epg@), caghagftPaB
yn nigCatYkpg, CaG~kebIkkasIuNU, CaG~ksaklgrYmbJlTwsIBuTni
ymniglTibCaFibety (tam{vaTrbs'bFanaFibtIr"Um"anI EdltUvbha
CIvitenAExF~1989 edImIrkaGMNacTg'[VnmYyCIvit) . CamnustVn
kar qab'xal' cUlcitGYtGagBIfIdxageFIkun, minGnuJatGt'eTasdl'kar
TietonnigkarExgeyabl'pyBITg'eLIy, cat'TukTIbwkanigG~kCMnYyfama
nsmtPaBmindl'Tg', citlNas'CamYyG~kEdlecHykcit lutkabKa
b'KYrreNbrNbsbtamTg' (EdlPasasamJniyayfa ecHtwmEt kU
Naess@b"ueNaH), Etm~ak'@xacjejItNas'nigcritqab'xwgceLatrbs'Tg' . sunrkfarbs'semcsIhnuCasMdI ecaldwgTSgdg manlkN:BiessLb'@m"ag (Idiosyncratic) ehIykarBnl'rbs'Tg'ecInman
n&yminVkdmincas'las' . k~geBlCamYyK~aenaH semcsIhnumaneTBekaslbiunbsb'xagEp~kneyaVy mansmsrwgbwugnigmanVCaevogv (EtKYrsaynUvemdwknSenH EdlminVnTTYlkarGb'rMxagEp~kdwknSesaH
) . bnab'BIkarcab'epIm (eroneFIneyaVyTTIbTTab mincas'las'mYy
BIdMbUgTImk semcsIhnuekbCJk'ykVnlkN:T
TSgGs'enH k~gpl
beyaCn_ nbuBehtud*xg'xs'mYy -KWkarrkabeTskmCa[sitenAk~gs
niPaBnigkraCPaBVnmYyry: rYcputBIkarrMelaPrbs'G~kCitxag (esomyYnxagtg EtsIhnu[yYnxageCIgrMelaPtSgesnaFikarswkenAelIdIExr)
-100-

TMnak'TMngenHVneFI[Tg'GacykC&yCMnHelIstUvxagekA k*dUcCaGtaFi
betynstUvxagk~gbeTsEdr . minEtb"ueNaHesat KWTMnak'TMngrbs'
Tg'CamYybCarasExr nigCamYybeTsmhaGMNacbreTs - CaBiess
CamYyshrdGaemrikEdlmkCMnYsVrSg manGMNacCaFMk~geCayNci
nenaH - CaEp~kd*sMxan'mYynbvtisask~gkarrlayvinasGnrayrbs'
beTskmCaenH .

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buBehtunkarTMlak'sIhnu
cab'tSgBIq~S1960erogmk semcsIhnuVnFak'cUleTAk~gGnak'rbs'
emdwknSyYnnigcinbCamanitu eJHEtsemcsIhnuminsal'xnelak nig
minsal'nrNaCastUv nrNaCamit[Vncas'las' . tamkarBnHrbs'
emdwknScinCU-eGgLay semcsIhnuVnbJb'Elg[shrdGaemrikbn
karksagpvf~l'k~gsukExrteTAeTot eJHemdwknScinVnbMP&ysemcsI
hnufa GaemrikSgsg'pvFM@ KWmanbMNggaysYlcuHynehaHcMVMg
deNImGMNacBIsIhnu . enHKWCayuTviFIrbs'cin (nigyYnhU-CImij) Ed
lcg'[TICnbTsukExrenAdac'syalBIsgmdwknS BIkarTak'TgCamYy
TIkug [CIvPaBbCaCnenACnbTpyK~asLH BICIvPaBrask~gTIkug k~g
eKaledAkMu[TICnbTExrrIkcMerInVn edImITuk{kas[yYnnigExrkhmga
ysYlk~gkareFIeXasna Tak'TajrasExr[sLaj'TwsIkhm dUcEd
lem"A-esTugVneFIVneCaKC&yk~gcMeNambCarascinkIkenATICnbT
EscMkarsukcinBImunmkenaH .
edImIpab'citemdwknScinnigBmanshrdGaemrikpg semcsIhnuVn
bJaelakXwm-TitnSTahanhgeskJk'sIuvil ecjeTAbmUlsisanusisBIKb'viTal&yrdnigkCnk~gkug (CaBiesssisBIviTal&ycMerIn
viCa-kmCbut) eTAvaysanTUtGaemrikSg, sanTUtGg'eKs (CitvimankraC kalenaHesrEdlCasisf~ak'TI4viTal&ysIusuvti VntameTA ehIy
QremIlelIcieJImvifIBHneratmxaglic eXIjsismYykumkMBugerIkka
yhIlkunTmak'tambgcBICan'elImkekam), vaybMpajTIcat'karTsnavdI
elakesrI (Cab'xagtgviTal&ysIusuvti) k~gq~S1963 pac'CMnYymancMN
g rbs'shrdGaemrik ehIybegInCMnYytcMNgrbs'cineb"kSg rusI
nigbeTskumynisdTeTotvij ehIydl'q~S1965 sIhnuk*pac'cMNgTU
tCamYyshrdGaemrikCasaBrEtmg .
karpac'CMnYyshrdVneFI[esdkicExrsH manvibtiy"agFn' . fvika
CatitUvcuHeGanfy eJHcMNayecInCacMNUl edaybB&ndwknSExrKan
bsiTiPaB . smtiFmCatimantgkeNgtgTTwm ( Sapphires, rubies
) rab'ekadidular rt'BnecjtamextcnbUrI ( eTAhugkug rYceTAsIs kumhun
q~tgsIssal'fa b"linsitenAk~gsukf ehIytgkeNgb"linCa
tgCab'elxmYy ) (13) . rdminecHrkbeyaCn_ ehIyTukePaKplsmuT
(13) dIxg'CaghasibKILEm"tkLamanEr"tgkeNgexov keNgs keNgelOg (
but
NSfg) tgTTwm eBCf tgtg. q~S1973 esrVneTArksIuTijlk'tgenAb"
lin (kugs) tgexovminTan'q~tUc@ (BIrbIKab'Tmn'mYykara"t) kalenaHmaneKCIkVn
tgexovmYyTmn'CagbIrykara"t TMhMb"unBgman'Ec

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G~kCIkVn@EtBIrlaneroleT tg

enaHtUvecAha yextkibLibykVt'eTA . erOgenHlIdl'P~MeBj elakGiun-tSVnmkemI

lEttUvBYkQjnigecAha yextnSBga g bnb
'faKantgecIneT manEtbnicbncsMra
b'[rasK~arksIuciJwmCIvitb"ueNaH . efAEkTijtgecInmkBIhugkug dUcCaV"gsug (ma
nCageKTijtgKab'FM@) , sIuKg' (TijtgKab'lit) nigmanefAEkkULa EdlmanedImkM
eNItenAb"lin tSgEtBICIdUnCItaeKmk dUcCaefAEkKYn-CIg mantgmYyTMhMb"unmuxnaLi
kad Kat'niyayfa VnTijkalBIq~S1948 tmb
YnJn'erol . erOgtgb"linenH su
kExrKanVnkMrbg'BncUlrdesaH .

[yYnnigQjesomcUlmkekoryk edaytUvK~aCamYyecAhayextExr
(14) BeQItUvBYkQjesomcUlmkkab'edayecAhayext manesksMeGotCaedImhunK~aCamYysug-sak' CamYyBYkQjesom . kardwknSecjC&rekAsUnigsUvminKb'Kan'eLIy . EfmBIelIvibtienHeTot tmC&rekAsU
tUvcuHefakk~gparGnrCatieTot . semcsIhnu, edayeCOsab'tamKMnitBYk
eqgniymnigemdwknScin k*sMerceFICatUbniykmshKasnana, kumhundw
knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) eragckkCn. EtG~kkan'karBukrlY
yKanmnsikarCatiKankarGb'rMhwkhWnxagEp~kesdkic ehIyCMnYyBIbeT
skumynisk*minKb'Kan' nigKanKuNPaBEfmeTot . elIsBIenHeTAeTot
enaH GgrtUvecjtamparggit edaycinKYc-GanhunK~aCamYyG~km~agm"Unic,
Gu-m"aNUrin, nayTahanxH, bCaCnxH nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkug ykCa
Vk'erolEkgkaysuTsaF minVnrUbiyb&NGnrCatiesaH .
kMhusneyaVyd*Fn'mYy KWkarGnuJatrbs'semcsIhnu[yYnevot
kug-evotNamxageCIg tSgmUldannigTIGKesnaFikarswkelIdIExr Vnpl'plGakk'ecInCagl .
BYkyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnbeJH[bCaBlrdExrelIbHeVrTamTardIBIExr k~gExsPaq~S1968 nigbegItKSTpt'pg'Gb'rMBYkExrk
hmEdlmanTItSgenATICit@mUldaneK .
karCYyyYnkumynisEdlsemcsIhnuyl'fa CameFaVyGacbeJ
ssgamenAk~gsukExrenaH tLb'CahucplpyeTAvij KWTg'VnnSsgam[raldalcUlmkk~gsukExreTAvijesaH .
shrdGaemrikVnsMerctamkMeTcmUldanGKbJakaryYnevotkug-evo
tNamxageCIgk~gEdndIExr eJHeKmanPstagKb'Kan' k~gkarEdlraCa
NackExr VnCYyCMrkTahanyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg CYyCJn
pl'Ggrnigsmar:swk EdlynehaHGaemrikSgftVnCaecIn nigVnsc
(14) mitPkiCMnan'CamYyxMV
necjeTAbegonenAekaHkugVn[karNf
_ a kUnb"UlIs G~k
raCkarkMbiukkMb"ukeq tsMucab'mankUnTUkensaT TUkenaHsMrab'CYl[BYkesomcUlmkcab'
tI bgar k~gEdnTwkExr dl'ExcSEtTTYlkMrcMnYnBIrmWunerol cMeJHkUnTUkdak'm"asIuntUc
mYy (q~S1967) .

-103-

ykTSgLandwkGgr f~SeBT sasavuFeTA[evotkugenaHpg .

shrdGaemrikebIynehaHeb-52 [eTATmak'Kab'EbktamBMEdnExr
-evotNamxagtg ehAfa btibtikarswkGahareBlBwk Operation
Breakfast ehIybEnmeday btibtikarGaharftg', btibtikarGahar
eBllac .l. Cabnbnab'hUrEh .
yl'eKaHGasn~mkdl' semcsIhnuk*yl'BmsuxcitPab'cMNgTUt
CamYyshrdGaemrikvijk~gExmifunaq~S1969 .
semcsIhnukalenaHedayeTarTn'eTAtamG~km~agm"Unic Edlcg'[sI
hnueFIBiFIraCaPiesk (edImIxnVneLIgCaGKmehsIeBjys) nighak'dU
cCacg'dkxnBIneyaVymkesayraCCaescvij edayKb'BiFIctBH
ng&l semcsIhnuecjmuxTTYleFI nigykG~km~agecjmux [bCaras
ExrVnsal'Kb'K~apgk~gBiFIenaH enAKb'extk~gsukExr .
edayGs'pvnwgedjT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgecjBIEdndIExrenaH
semcsIhnuk*rkelsecjeTABaVlCmWenAbeTsVrSg enAfTI6 mk
ra 1970 . ebItamkarBitvijenaH KWsemcsIhnuecjeTArkkarGgrkrsMu[
emdwknScin rusIeFIsmaFbgM[kgT&ByYnkumynisdkfyecjputBIEdn
dIExr . VkdNas' KWenAedImq~S1970enHg EdlsemceQgyl'fa
sgamVnraldalcUlmkk~gbeTsExrehIy@Tg'VnbeJjkMhwgCa
saFarN:bqSgnwgBYkkumynis (2) .
eqteBlenaHTg'sirimt:EdlmanTMnas'raCvgCamYysIhnu (15) b
ENn k*rYmdCMrujelakln'-nl'Camit edaymankarKSTBIkumsWgg"ukfaj'pg [Tmak'sIhnu edaybegIt[manVtukmTamTar[yYnevotkugevotNamxageCIgdkfyecjBIEdndIExr nigkarvaysanTUtevotkugnigsa
nTUtevotNamxageCIg (16) enAkugP~MeBj .
(15) tamcab'raCtkUlExr ekayhgsIusuvti munIvgsuKtedaysH eJHesomyk
extVt'dMbg esomrabenaH tUvsIusuvti munIer"teLIgesayraC EtVrSgyl'eXIjfa
Tg'munIer"tCamnuscas' BiVkBt'[bMerIplbeyaCnV
_ rSgenaH VrSgk*sMercyksis
enABnKr, neratm-sIhnu, BHCn17q~SmkesayraCvij eJHCaekggaysYlBgk
'
beJa rdwk . enHehIyCaTMnas'raCvgExr rvagExneratmEdlmansIhnuCatMNag nig
vgsIusuvti (sIusuvts
i irimt:CatMNag) k~gvibtineyaVyExr CabuBe htumYyEdr k~gkar
Tma k'semcsIhnuenH . karEdlVrSgyksemcsIhnumkesayraCenaH KWcg'ykra
sExrTSgmUlTukCakJH VrSg karenHdUcK~anwgevotNam Edlykhun
-EsnelIkeLIg
[eFC
I anaykrdmnIExrsB fEdr .
(16) karEdlsiscUleTAvaysa nTUtenaH eKykVnksarsmat'yYn EdlsikaBIcM
Nucexayrbs'namWunExr emdwknSExrfa emdwknSExr nayTahanExr mnIExr cUlcit
luyelxmYy sIelxBIr bkBYknigGMNacelxbI . ksarenaHtUvksYgsmat'Exr
eKbMbwTecalVt'eTA minykmksika pBp
ay[rasExr emdwknSExrdwgeLIy .

-104-

rdbharTMlak'semcsIhnu
db'fcugekayk~gzan:C
CabmuxrdExr semcsIhnuminTan'sMerccit
y"agNaenAeLIyeT . buBehtuCMrujelakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt:ykmk
ebIenaH k*enAEtmincas'CaGIEdr . enAfTI8mina1970 manVtukmbqSg
kgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdltSgenAelIdIExr CaBiessenA
tMbn'cMBuHeskEtmg EdlynehaHeb-52VneFIkarTmak'Kab'Ebky"agFn'
Fr (3) .
semcsIhnuEdlyagecjeTATIkugV"rIs_ faedImIeTABaVleraKenaH
KWmkBITg'mankMhusTTak'TTamk~gkar[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
tSgmUldanelIEdndIExr ehtuenHTg'tUvEtdkXasin Tuk{kas[elak
ln'-nl'cat'karbeNjkgT&ByYnkumynisecjsin rYcescsIhnunwg
yagviltLb'mksukExrvij ehIyVnrYcxnBIkarecaTbkan'epg@ Vn
BHnamfImYyeTotfa bitaedjeyokkug BIEdndIExr EtsIhnuminnwkdl'
eTfa Tg'sirimt:VnrYmK~aCamYyln'-nl' eKagerobcMTmak'Tg'BIbmuxrd
ExresaH .
tamkarBiteTAvijenaH elakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: VneFIkarTak'Tg
CamYysWg-g"ukfaj'erogrhUtmk . CaTahrNk
_ ~gcugq~S1958 eBlEdl
semcsIhnubJa[kgeyaFBlexmrPUmin eTAB&Tcab'dab-QYnenAesom
rab nigenAfTI20mkra1959 cab'bkBYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'TSgGs'enATI
kugP~MeBjenaH elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansWu (caghagviTal&y
kCnexmra) eKcedaHxnmYyry:sin ehIyeTAeFIkarTak'TgK~aCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj'enAevotNamxagtg . EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vn[elak
lav-FansWuvilcUlmksukExrvijeFICarnukk~g eJHCitditnwgelakln'nl' . KMeragkarTmak'semcsIhnu k*erobcMedayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Edr
EtTg'sIusuvti-sirimt: Edlcg'eFIescedaycENnnwgsIhnuenaH k*erob
cMTmab'sIhnuEdr KWVnsMerc[eFIKtsemcEtmg Etln'-nl'minyl'
Bmtam Tuk[semcyagecjeTAekAbeTsExrsin eTIbTmak'Tg'Caeka
y dUcCaelakln'-nl'rujsemcsIhnu [cUlrYmCamYyxSgstUvrbs'
beTsExr (yYnxageCIgnigExrkhm) Etmg .
fTI4 dl'9 Exmkraq~S1968 k~gKMeragkarerobcMenH (17) elaksWg(17) ExresrI205nak'sMucuHcUltamextVt'dMbg manTSgkncab'tsU kneXasnamk
CamYypg Eckcaydl'TahanExr[Pa k'rlwk . k~gGtb
TeXasnamanEcgBIeKaHf~ak'
nneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu . ekayBIVnGanGtb
TTSgBIrenaHxH @mk eBlyagcab'
dnayTahanExresrIcuHcUlenaH sIhnuhak'dUcCayl'BIkMhusneyaVyTg'Edr eTIb

-105-

semcTg'BHsEng (yM) CaxS g enAnwgmuxnayTahanExresrIcuHcUl nignayTahan

exmrPUmin . Tg'manbnlfa ehtuGV
I nCaExrEbkVk'K~a xH CaExrekam xH CaExrk
Nal enHmkEtBImenaKmbreTs . TahanExresrIcuHcUlenaHKWman98nak' dwknSeda
yelaketa-xaj' mkBIbusGMeBA, 107nak'dwknSedayelakfac'-sYn mkBIb"usif
_ v,
120nak'Cakumcl&tCJnesg GavuF nigVk'Ex enAb"usk
i_ ab'eCIg .

g"ukfaj'Vn[T&BExresrIenAsukesomeFICamksMucuHcUl ehIykalenaH
semcsIhnuVneFIBiFITTYlBYkeK Edlmanelakfac'-sYnCatMNagExr
esrI enAk~gbrievNvalemru . k~gkgT&BExresrIenaH manelaksiun-KinenA
k~genaHpgEdr EdlVneXIjsemcsIhnuTg'BHkEng(yM) mkBITg'
hak'dUcCayl'eXIjBIkMhusneyaVyxusrbs'Tg'xH@Edr k~gerOgExr
EbkVk'K~aenH .
semcsIhnuVnvayExlYsmkfa Tg'nwgcUlmksukExrvij edImI
ykelakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: [eTAqgeqIyK~aenAnwgmuxbCaras .
sIhnuVnsMercfa nwgyagnivtnc
_ UlP~MeBjvijenAfTI18 mina 1970 .
fenaHBYksIhnuniymVnykTg'CatieTAedathUrEhr tamdgpvmitPaBExr
-sUevot tSgBIvalcMNtynehaHeJFicintug rhUtdl'kugP~MeBj . m~ak'@
nwkfa elakln'-nl'nigTg'sirimt: muxCanwgTTYlTaruNkmk~gkarrwgTTw
gbugeFIrdbharenH . k~geBlCamYyK~aenaH kumsIhnuniymnigkumbqSgsIhnu kMBugeKokKrK~aedIrbmUlrkkmSgKST (4) .
BYkbqSgCamYysemcsIhnumanelakln'-nl', Tg'sIusuvti-sirimt:
nigkgT&BCati buKlikxuTkal&y BmTSgrdsPapg . BYkKSTsemcsI
hnumanGu-m"aNUrin (bgfsemc), Exk-va"n'DI, nayTahanbInak', KU-run nig
kgb"UlIs, elxaFikarkgT&BeCIgeKaknigsuEsn-EhrNg'Eds nigBYkGPi
VlextPaKecIn (5) (CaBiessesk-sMeGot) .
k~gPaBGasn~enaH elakln'-nl'Vncat'[elakvresniykesgsunf (18) cat'EcgkarJrTb'Tl' EkgmanclaclVj'K~arvagK~ag nig
erobcMTb'Tl'CamYykgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgpg .
(18) k~gcMeNamnayTahanCMnan'TI1nigTI2 manEtelakesg-sun
feT EdlmanVCa Qa sv esaHtg' nigmanKMnitsaFarNrdniympg . sUmbJa k'Edrfa nayTahan
ExrCMnan'TI1 manelak sI-sam"n, Gu y-sy, hu l-Xun (CakUnelakbU hul
CitditnwgsIhnu), epg-pan'GIu, zabna-gin, qay-Lay, hU TYk, sk'-sut
sa
xn, b"uk-sMGan . nayTahanCMnan'TI2man elakesg-sun
f, eBA-lwmva", kUc-sM
erc, suEsn-Ehr Ng'Eds(Cab'ExelahitBIBYkkumpgeBgB&rTuyehs eGsaj"l)
Gu-ma"NUrin (VntUvsIhnutemg
I s&ki BInaycMNg', eday, mkCanayTahank~gq~S1952 edaysIhnusB BHT&ynwgnagkJam"Unic-GIusIu BukCatiGIutalI CabnelakGu-m"aNU
rin Buks&kibIGu, BukepgK~amayCamYy), nigdYg-c&nsara"t .

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kumnayTahanEdlKSTsemcsIhnuTSgbImanelak hul
-Xun, epg-pan'GIu
nigkUc-sMerc . tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn fa elakkUc-sMercbugyk
kSePg
I m&reCbIedImVj'pk'epa gcUlpHelakln'-nl' k~gEpnkareFX
I atelakesg-su
nfenaH . Gtcritrbs'elakesg-sun
f KWmingayTukcitnrNa ehIyminEdleTApH
nrNaTSgksNanesaHeLIy elIkElgEtmitCitditelakm~ak'eQaHbU kabU . elak
ln'-NunVn[BYkGavuFht (kumkUsdeqAsMrab'ln'-Nun
Edlha nbqSg) bYnnak'mkcUlrYmdcat'EcgXatkm
yb'enaHKWfTI21 mina 1970

ebIkMcat'nrNa namWunNa

elIrUbelakesg-sunfenH .

ekaykarbkasTma k'sIhnubIf . elakeV"-fnEdl

VnenACab'nwgelakesg-sunf VnlaecjeTArkss'sUbVysin enAem"ag8yb'

eJHGt'eBjmYyfmkehIy EtmunnwgecjVnpSecAha yKat'fa kMu[ecjeTAekA[
esaH eTaHCanrNamkehAk*eday sMu[elakby&t~xn . elakesg-sunfedayGs'
kmS geBk VnTaje"GIubt'mkTMerkxnsMrakykkmS gbnic . etIkumenHeKerobcMEpn
kary"agNa edImI[ln'-NunVnrYcxn ? .
BYkkumelakhul
-Xun nigBYkkUsrbs'ln'-NunTSgbYn VneTAVj'sma b'elak
bU kabUenApHelak rYcebIkrfynrbs'elakbU kabU mkXS cSenACitTIGKesnaFikarpH
elakln'-nl' rg'cS{kasl . KWeBlaEdlelakeV"-fnVnecjeTArkss'sUbV
yenaHg EdlBYkXatkrVnebIkLancUleTAPa m . kumkUsdeqAm~ak'VnEskBIk~g
Lanmkfa sUmetCKuNGeJj
I eLIgLan! elakkabU[xMV
TmkTTYl! . gakeTA
eXIjcas'CaLanelakkabUCamitCitditEmn k*Kankarsg&ybnicesaH . elakesgsunfk*BmeLIgLanedayKanVnpSTahanNam~ak'fa elakeTATINaesaH . enAelIrf
yn kumkUsdeqArbs'ln'-Nun k*ekokvaybMVk'ksma b'elakesg-su nfeTA
rYcehIyBYkeKk*yksaksBelakesg-sun
f eTAdak'enAelIpHelakesg-sun
efg (
bgbegItelaksun
f EtVnTTYleKaHf~ak'LancMnYnbIq~SmunmkehIy ehIypHenaHenA
TMenr elakesg-sun
fCaG~kTTYlrab'rgrka) enApvkmCaekam Tl'muxpHelakbU ka
bU . enAelIpHeKerobcMdbsa manEkvbYn canbbreBjcMnYnbYn . BYkeKVnykkSePg
I
rbs'elakbU kabU mkVj'sBelakesg-sunf BIfal'xagsSFa ymkcMehogkal
xagekay Ep~kxageqg
. kSePg
I enaHeKdak'pab'nigsac'saksB rYceTIbVneKekHk
Vj' (G~kVj'KWelakhul
-Xun) eJHtamkarsegteXIj rnKab'cUltUcTMhMb"unKab'
rnecjFM . eKykkSePg
I rbs'elakbU kabU edImI[eKeCOfa TSgBIrnak'eQa HK~aEmn
Etvaminsmtg'fa mnusGgyTl'muxK~a Kab'Vj'cUltamfal'xageqg

eTIbtUvnwg
erOgbDitenH ehIymYyeTotG~ksukEdlenACitxagpHenaHVn[karNf
_ a eKVns~r
kSePg
I EtmYyKab'Kt' .
(18) (t) BYkeKbegItelIkerOgEkg
fa elakesg-sunfVnpwksasvwg ehIyeQa H
K~aCamYyelakbU kabU rYchUtkSePg
I Vj'K~aeTAvijeTAmk sa b'tSgBIrnak'eTA .
em"agVMbYnyb'fTI21minadEdlenaH elakeV"-fnVnviltLb'mkvij ehIy
saksYrnrNak*mindwgfa elakesg-sun
feTATINaesaHeLIy . elakeV"-fnk*eqa
eLaCamYyelakc&n-Nun ehIyTUrs&BTak'TgCamYyelakbU y"an rkGs'mYyem"ageTot
k*enAEtmindwgfaelakesg-sun
feTATINa . elakeV"-fnVntamrkrhUtdl'nak'elO
gCamYyelakc&n-Nun rhUtdl'em"ag12GaFat . enAem"agBIrmanTahanmktameTA
ss'sUbbbrsin rYcBwkeLIgem"ag6 k*nSKI~K~aecjtamrkeTot mkEb"kxaglicmg ehI
ymkCYbelakCMu-sav"nenAGgs~l k*enAEtKandMNwgBIelakesg-sun
feTot ehIy

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VnviltLb'mklMenAelakln'-nl'vijenAem"agbIresol . enAem"agbYnlac elak

hul
-XunVnehAelakeV"-fneTApHelak rYcsMLtTarykkUnesarTUEdkedImIcak'yk
ksar ehIyVnVb'fa Gaesg-sunfvasa b'ehIy edayvacaj'sMbf [eTAyk
sBvamkcuHenApHelakesg-sunefg pvkmCaekameNaH . elakeV"-fnVn
cakecjeTACamYyelaksr-bYn eTAyksBelakesg-sunfmkdMkl' .

edImI[semcsIhnuyagcUlmkkmCavij edayKanbs&KenaH
k~gratIfTI21mina1970 kumelakhul-XunVnerobcMEpnkarNe_ FIXat
elakesg-sunfy"agsat' . erOgXatkmd*GafkMVMgelIrUbelakesgsunfenH manTSgln'-Nun (ln'-nl'yl'BmpgEdr) cUlrYmd eday
VnykkumsIhnuniym mkeFICaExlbwTVMgGMeBId*KMrukenH . semcbug
nwgcUleTAkugesomrab EtBYkelakln'-nl'VnykFugsSg eTAdak'Js
eBjpvkMu[ynehaHcuHekIt

mYyfekayBIXatkmelIrUbelakesg-sun

fenaHmk, elakln'-nl'VnecjbJa[Xat'xnnayTahanTSgGs' Ca
BiessBYkEdlmankarTak'TinnwgXatkmenH eTIbclnaKSTsIhnubqSg
ln'-nl'Vnsb'sat'eTAvij .
ehtuGIVnCaln'-Nunnigln'-nl' sMerccitsmab'elakesgsunf EdlCYyelakeTAvij k~gkarTmak'sIhnuBIzan:bmuxrdenaH ?
KYrrMlwkeLIgvijEdrfa kalEdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'viltLb'BICIvPaB
nireTssukVrSg ehIycUlBP~MdgErk eFIkartsUvayGaNaniKmVrSg
TamTarkraCenaH elaks&kiBIrdYg-c&nsarat VnnSTahan150Lan kSePIgrt'eTAcUlCamYy . esg-sunfk*nSTahanrt'eTAtamelaksWg-g"uk
faj'Edr EttUvVrSgtamTan'enAtg'P~MEtgmanC&y (Qb'[kan'TahantSg
BIenaH) .
ehtuEdlln'-nl'nigln'-NuncMerceFIXatelakesg-sunf k*
eJHEtxacelakesg-sunfeFIrdbharykGMNaceTA[elakfaj'vij
enaHg . ehtuEdlxMhanGHGagy"agenH eJHelakswum-Kin (CYbsmas
nC
_ amYyelaksMeGOnenAkalIh&rnij"a1988) Vn[karNf
_ a edayenA
EtminTukcit elakln'-nl'k*saksYrelakLwk-sMeGOn EdleTIbcuHBIsu
kfeTAenaHfa etIelakfaj'manbMNgdeNImmuxnaTIbmuxrd bFanaFib
tIsukExrenHeT ? . elaksMeGOnk*eqIytbvijfa eKaledArbs'
elakfaj' KW[EtsukExrVnkayeTACasaFarNrd enaHelaksbay
citNas'eTAehIy eTaHCanrNaVnkan'GMNack*eday vaKansar:sMxan'
GIcMeJHelakeT ! . Etkumln'-Nun/ln'-nl'enAEtmineCOelakeTot
rhUtBYkeKnSK~abMEbkTahanExrekam Em"kh&k Mike's Force excxI ehI
yBYkeKenAmankarsg&yelIrUbelaktmesniy Gu-savut EfmeTot Ed-

-108-

lsahm
_ kelgsaksYrsuxTukelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . ln'-Nunk*sMer
csmab'elakGu-savutecalm~ak'eTot KWbIfekayEdlelakGu-savuFmkP~M
eBjtamkarekaHehArbs'ln'-nl'mkVb'fa xnKat'minEmnBikarTSgGs'
eT KWKat'GacmankUndUceKgEdr . kalenaHCaelIkTI8ehIy EdlelakGu
savutQagcUleTAelgsYrsuxTukelaksWg-g"ukfaj' nigTTYl{vaTBIkar
es~haCati BlikmedImICatiBIelakfaj' . k~gXatkmelIrUbelakGu-savut
enH ln'-NunVnerobcMqakfa elakGu-savutVnTTYleKaHdl'sab' eda
yeKaHf~ak'kLab'LaneTAvij .
enAfTI13mina1970 semcsIhnuk*sMerccityagecjBIkugV"rIse_ TA
mUsedImIsMuCMnYyKST . BYkemdwknSsUevotVnXat'sIhnu[enAkugmUs kMu
yageTAeb"kSeFIGI EtsIhnuminBm eJHemdwknSsUevotKanVnsnafa nw
gykGMNacmk[Tg'vijesaH sIhnuk*sMerccitbndMeNIreqaHeTAkugeb"
kSgEtmg . kalenaHemdwknSkugeb"kSgenATwgmYysnHEdr edayeK[BY
kTUtcinenAP~MeBj eFIkartfCamYyelakln'-nl'bniceTotsinEkgVn
pl .
ekayfTI18mina1970 cineb"kSgenAminTan'pac'cMNgTUtCamYybeTsExrenAeLIyeT . G~ktMNagkarTUtcineb"kSgVneFIkarTak'TgCYbtf
CamYyelakln'-nl'CaecIndg esI~sMu[rdaPiVlExrenAbnCYykgT&Bevo
tkug-evotNamxageCIgteTAeTot dUcEdlraCrdaPiVlExrsm&ysemc
sIhnuVnFab'eFIkalBImunmkenaH . tMNagTUtcinVnniyayfa kar
TMlak'semcsIhnuCaerOgpk~grbs'ExreT kugeb"kSgminrvIrvl'CamYy
semcsIhnueT ehIycinenAEtbneKarBrdGMNacExrteTAeTotebI
1- ExrBmGnuJatpl'smar:swk sasavuF f~SeBT BIsukcineTA[
kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdlbeTskmCaFab'eFIBImunmk edImI
[evotNamGacbneFIsgamCamYyGaemrikSg vayrMedaHykevotNamxag
tg[Vn .
2- ExrenAEtGnuJat[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tSgenAelITw
kdIExrteTAeTot .
3- ExrenAEtbneFIkareXasnaKSTmityYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
dUcmuneTot
ekayBICYbcrcaCamYyln'-nl'CaecIndg rhUtdl'fTI5sPa1970 KWmYyExmfekayTmak'sIhnurYc tMNagTUtcinyl'eXIjfa Kan
karrIkcMerInKYrCaTIeBjcitesaHenaH eKk*[dMNwgeTAeb"kSg@kMsMercbkas
pac'cMNgTUtCamYybeTsExr rYcehIycink*gakmkKST

TTYlsal'nig

snafa ykGMNacmkfayTg'vij EtsemcsIhnutUveKarBlk&NmYy

-109-

KWtUvcUlrYmdCamYyBYkyYnhaNUy nigCamYybnExrkhm .
cincg'[ExrCYyyYnkumyniseTIbeKniyayfa eKminxl'CamYysIhnu
eT KWcinyksIhnumkeFICabkrNC
_ YyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg (6)
T&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgcab'epImvaybharsukExrCadMbUg
k~gfTI2emsa1970 . k~gsankarNd
_ *dundabenH elakln'-nl'k*sMuCMnY
yT&BEm"kh&krbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIevotNamxagtg mkCYyCabnan'
Edr . kalenaHtmesniyGaemrikSg Haig VnBmanelakfaj'fa
kMu[elaknST&BcUlsukExrCabnan'eBk [enArg'cScUleTACYyBIxagekA
eTAvij eTIbmanbsiTiPaB . enHk*CakMhuselakfaj'Edr EdlenAEtyl'fa ExrTSgGs'enAEtsLaj'rUbelakdUckalsm&yq~S1952dEdl
elakk*hk'cUleTAk~gGnak'BYksvwgGMNacln'-Nun, ln'-nl' EdlV
nerobcMkMeTckumelak nigbMpajeKagkarTSgGs' Edlelakfaj'tUvcUl
mkkarJrbeTsExr[rYcputBIEpnkarshPaBNcinnhU-CImij (20) .
kgT&BelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VndwkcUlmksukExrTSgfTSgyb' tamynehaHnigtamrfyn manGavuFKb'd . kgT&BExrvijVnsmar:swk kSePIg
Kab' exaGavevotkug Edlkak'dkhUtmindwkykeTA[T&ByYnxageCIgenaH
mkeFIkarTb'Tl' . TahanmbYnem"agVnerIsCabnbnab'Pam@ . sresr
dl'tg'enH esrxMsUmeKarBdl'viJaNk&nsisxMTSgLay edaykal
enaHxnxMVnCMruj[BYkeK cUleFITahanecjeTAvayBYkyYnevotkug-evot
NamxageCIg rhUtVt'bg'CIvitGs'CaecIn k~gsgamtn&ynrbbln'nl'enaH .
kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnvaylukykVnextrtnKIrI swg
Etg mNlKIrI kecH edayebIviFIcak'ExGat's~rkSePIg eFI[TahanExr
ln'-nl' nigecAhayextP&ysanEtevotkugecIn k*rt'ykrYcEtxnman tMu
sarava"n' (tUveTasbharCIvit) nigecg-sayMubnCaedIm.
mYyExekaymk eTIbshrdBmpl'CMnYykgT&Bdl'beTskmCa .
cab'BIExemsa1970 mkTl'nwgExmina1973 KWkgT&Bevotkug-evotNa
mxageCIgsuTsaF EdlvaylukbeTsExr minTan'manT&BExrkhmesaH
eLIy . yYnkumynisVnvayrMedaHkan'kab'EdndIExrmYyEp~ky"agFM ehIy
eKtYttatMbn'rMedaHTSgenaHdUcCaEdndIyYnGJwg edayVncat'EcgEtgtS
gEp~krdVlext suk XMu CayYnTSgGs' .
(20) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elaksWg-eL rdva"siunetan (GtitTahanEm"kh&k
) niya
yfa elakfaj'VnsMuykkgT&BExrekamrbs'elakeTAdak'karJrpvBYkyYnevotku
g-evotNamxageCIg enAtamextEb"kxagekItsukExr nigenAextesomrab kMBg'FM vay
sak'pv T&ByYnxageCIg kMu[cUlmkk~gsukExrVn Etelakln'-Nunnigln'-nl'min
BmTal'EtesaHtamEpnkarenH .

-110-

CemaHrvagExrkhmnigyYnkumynis
enAedImq~S1970 yYnhaNUyVnykExrevotmij (21) cMnYn2,300na
k' (7) nigsWg-g"ukmij (ehAGacaremon) EdlVnePosxneTAsmMenAhaNUy (22) ekaysni~siThWENv Exkkda1954 mk[dwknSclnaExrku
mynis . karEdlkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgvayluksaFarNrd
ExrenaH BYkenHVnykTunbCabiysIhnumkeXasnaeVkVs'rasExr
Edr dUcCaykrUbftsemcsIhnudak'elIb&NKNkmaFikarTak'TgCaedIm .
cineb"kSgk*VnykTunbCabiysIhnumkebIEdr . sBfenHeTotk*eda
y (1987) edImIcMehovxaj'sIhnuCaplbeyaCny
_ Yn nigplbeyaCn_
kUnCwgxn (Exrkhm) cineb"kSgVneVHrUbsemcsIhnu rab'EsnsnwkEc
k[BYkeyaFaExrkhm kan'cUleTAsukExr Eckcaydl'bCarasExr [
yl'cLMmgeTotfa BYkExrkhmCakgT&Brbs'semc mkcaMgykGMNac[semcvij .
enHehIylTpln neyaVybCamti rbs'semcsIhnu EdlCa
buBehtusarvnmYyd*Cak'cas' k~gvinaskmCIvitnbCarasExrbIlannak'
nigkarrlaybeTsExrsBfenH .
( kkn dUec~HenAk~gkarkat'eTasExrkhm BIbTsmab'rgal EdlnwgeFI
eLIgnaeBlxagmuxenH semcsIhnuKWCaemdwknSy"agsMxan'CageKTSg
Gs' nGMeBIkidkmbqSgmnusCati, GMeBIkidkmsgam nigGMeBIsmab'
Catig . ebITg'mins&KcitedIrcUleTA[eKkat'eTasedayxng tamdUc
BHbnleT tulakartUvekaHehAsemcsIhnumuneKTSgGs' . swgg
eQaHGI VnCaeQaHem"A-esTug ? ) .
Caf~rnwgGgr yYnkumynisVnpl'eKOgsasavuF[BYkExrkhmxH
EtminVanKb'Kan'tamkartUvkarrbs'bnExrkhmesaHeLIy . enAeBl
EdlBYkExrkhmVnTTYlCMnYyBIcineb"kSglmKb'kmSgeK tamkarCYy
(21) BYkExrevotmijVnbegItKNbkneyaVyeQaH KNbkbCaCn manrUbng&
lCasJasMKal' nigdwknSedayNub-bUpan . ekayNub-bUpantUvKijsIhnusma b'
ecaleTA, ng-sYn (ekItenAKIrIvg, exttaEkv) VneLIgmkCMnYs rYccUlBrYmdCamYyExrkhm .
(22) sWg-g"ukmij minEmnCabnelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Tal'EtesaH G~kxH enAEtyl'cLM
erOgenH tamkareXasnarbs'yYnhaNUy EdlvaebICameFaVysMrab'Tak'TajBYkExr
kNal Exrekam [cUlbMerIclnayYnevotmij KWykbeTskmCa rYmCamYylav evotNameFC
I a shB&nNcin . edImIdwgKuNGacaremonsWg-g"ukmij EdlVnbMerI
beyaCny
_ Yn @VneVHrUbftGacaremonelIEtms
_ Mbuttmm
Yyerol nigelIVk'100
erolrbbehg-sMrinsB fenH .

-111-

eCamECgBIsemcsIhnuenAeb"kSgenaH BYkExrkhmeqgdac'xatniym
lTiem"A k*cab'belHykBYkExrevotmijbeNIr@ EdlBYkeKecaTfa kal
yYnxnExr .

TidPaBnkarBiXatbCaCnfITSgKY@enAPUmiPaKtrTisnigbUJTis
(kMBg'FM-kMBg'cam) KUredayelakGwug-bunhag ( elakGwug-bunhag
Vnpl'sMeNArUbKMnUrenHdl'xM kalenACMrMexA-GIudag q~S1980 )

-112-

edayxacyYn sWg-g"ukmij kayCaemdwknSeTAfmuxenaH b"ul-Btk*ero

bcMKMeragkarNs
_ mab'Gacaremonecal . b"ul-Bt saLt-sr Vn[
G~kCMnitCaExrelIeQaG Gab"g' lbykf~SbMBulExrelIeTAdak'k~gGahar
smab'sWg-g"ukmijk~gq~S1972 (8) . rYcehIy b"ul-Btxngk*eLIgeFICa
bFanelxaFikarbkkumynisExr EdlkaleNaHeKbwTVMgedaydak'
eQaHfa rNsirrYbrYmCatikmCa eJHmankumsIhnucUlrYmCamYypg .
semcsIhnukalenaHeFICabFanraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCati tSgenAekAsuk
(enAkugeb"kSg) .
tamBiteTA semcKanTiBlGIbniceTAelIclnarNsirrYbrYmCatikm
CaesaH ehIyminGacmkCan'dIsukExr edayKankarGnuJatBIb"ul-Btnig
bnExrkhmeLIy eJHfa Ggkarmin[sIhnumksukExr eJHebI
[sIhnumk cas'CabCaCnrt'eTArksIhnuehIy cMENkeyIgvij eyIg
muxCaeVsKUfTeT (9) . dUec~HExrkhmKan'EtyksIhnumkeFItwmEtCa
Q~an'eXasnaeKogKrbmUlkmSgKSTbneKBIdMbUgTIb"ueNaH eJHkal
eNaHTn'bCabiyPaBrbs'semc enAmanTiBlxSgkaNas'k~gcMeNa
mbCarasExrsukEscMkar . fIebICarbbpac'kardUcK~a rbbraCaniymnig
rbbkumynisCastUvsab'rs' BYkExrkhmminGacyksemcsIhnu[
mktYtkalBYkeKenaHeLIy . rNsirnigraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCatikmCamanEteQaHb"ueNaH tamBitpk~gKNkmaFikarpk~gsuTEtCaExrkhm-Ex
revotmijTSgGs' .
BYkExrkhmekayBIVnCMruHBYkExrevotmijbeNIr@mk eKk*cab'epIm
bqSgecjmu xCamY ynw gBY kyY nevotku g-evotNamxageCI g rhU tdl' man
karb"HTgicbyuTsIusac'hutQamK~ay"agFn'Fr . etIbNalmkBIehtuGI ?
dUcEtkalsm&ysr:EEdrenaH BYkyYnTukBYkExrkhmCakJH CaxM sMrab'
bMerIplbeyaCne_ votNammYymuxb"ueNaH edayeCotECkkickarpk~grb
s'BYkExrkhm eFIxnCamas' CaecAhayelIkalExrkhm . karenHKWyY
ncg'bgajfa yYnmanbMNgyksukExrTSgmUlCaBitVkd .
dUckalsm&ysr:EEdr kalenaHBYkExrsr:V
VneFIkarkab'smab'
yYnGs'CaecIn k*mkdl'sm&ybnExrkhm k*yYnenAEteFIrebobEtmYy
edayemdwknSyYnKankaresaHtg' . tg'enHehIyEdlelakesk-sMeGo
teCOtamsMdIrbs'sIhnu ehIyxMbJnkSePIg Kab'TSgLan@eTApl'[kg
T&Bescral'@ExminEdlxan edImIVnbuNs&kixg'xs'eTot kalNaebI
escvilmkkan'GMNacvijenaH .
enAcugq~S1973 edaytUvvaylukevotNamxagtg[xSgkak~grdUvekAq~S
1972pgenaH kgT&ByYnkumynisedaymanCemaHCamYyBYkExrkhmpg
enaHk*dkkgT&BQb'vaysaFarNrdExr, eTACayEdnExr-yYnPaKxagekIt
-113-

TukPar:[rNsirrYbrYmCatikmCamgvij EtyYnkumynisenAEtkan'kab'
mUldanswkxH@enAk~gEdndIExrenAeLIy . EpnkarCMruHBYkExrevotmij nig
BYksIhnuniymk*Vncab'eFICabnsat'@ rhUtmkdl'Jk'kNalq~S1978
eTot dUcCakarcab'mUl-smti nigBYkJy&BTissmab'ecalenAfTI18
mifunaq~S1978CaedIm . enAeBlQ~HrbbsaFarNrdln'-nl'Pam b"ul-B
tk*k*kMeTckgT&BnigBYksIhnuenAtMbn'extkMBt nigextnanaxHeTot Edl
minVnbugxnCamunexcxIGs'Kansl' dUcCaecg-sayMubnCaedIm .l.

-114-

CMBUkTI6
lTplnEpnkarhU-CImij
munnwgQancUleTAdl'lTplCasUercrbs'emdwknShU-CImij Cabzm
xMsUmbriyayxH@GMBIC&yCMnHrbs'Exrkhm elIsaFarNrdln'-nl'enA
fTI17 emsa q~S1975 .

bB
u e htu nCy
& Cn
M HrbsE' xr khm
ng
i braCy
& rbsr' bbsaFarNrdE xr
b"ul-BtEtgEtGYtekgkagfa BYkvaVnvayQ~HckBtiGaemrikSgnigbri
varln'-nl' edaysarEtneyaVyd*PWsagrbs'GgkarnigkgT&Bbdab'Ga
vuFbCaCnkmCad*xSgkamhaGsar dUccMerogmYyrbs'vaecogfa neyaVyrYmpMGavuF besIremaHmutrbs'Ggkar.l.
tamBit C&yCMnHrbs'BYkExrkhm VnmkedaysarEtyYnnigcineb"kSgeTAvijeT ebIKanCMnYysmar:swksnwksnab'BIcinbCamanitu nigCMnY
yBIkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdlvayExrsaFarNrdBIExemsa
1970 mkExmina1973 BmTSgsPashrdsMerc[bJb'ElgebIynehaHeb-52 eTATmak'Kab'EbkelIEdndIExreTot cab'BIq~S1973eTenaH bn
b"ul-Btcas'CarkmineXIjC&yCMnHfTI17emsa1975enaHTal'EtesaH.
EfmBIelIenHeTAeTot manktabIFM@VneFI[saFarNrdExrdYlrlMEdlxMsUmeFItaragebobeFobdUcteTA
Exrkhm

ExrsaFarNrd

1-KanxSgpk~g : b"ul-BtVneFI

1-manxSgpk~g: ecAhayextPaK

kareVssMGatsmab'BYkExrevot

ecIndUcCaesk-sMeGot CaBies

mijnigBYksIhnuniym .

snaykariyal&yTI2 KimeGgKUrunedt

Edlpl'cMNucexay

kumsaFarNrdnigkarsmat'n
btibtikarswkeTAExrkhm .
2-KanGMeBIBukrlYy: vin&yEdkEfb

2-BukrlYyelIsCMnan'sIhnu1Ca

KaneyaKyl' KanmenaseJt

10 nayTahanln'-nl'sg'vI-

na (KanebHdUg)

La manbBncugrab'sib
-115-

3-neyaVycitsasxSg

3-KanebIneyaVycitsas: na
yTahanbMerIxSg lk'f~SeBT
lk'Kab' .l.

1- enAk~gCYrExrkhm G~kEdleKGnuJat[cUlCaebkCnVnenaH luH

taEtmanbvtirUbsatsM ehIyEfmTSgVnbMeBjlk&NmYycMnYnFM Edl
GgkartmUv[eFI . GKelxaFikarbkkumynisExrb"ul-Bt Gackab'tYt
taVnelIkumExrkhmTSgmUl edayebIvin&yEdkEfb nigGMNacpac'
karvN:GFn . pyeTAvij elakln'-nl'minGactYtta kab'G~kekam
bgab'elak[VndUcBYkExrkhmesaHeLIy . karTmak'sIhnumincat'Tuk
faCabdivtnV
_ neLIy KWCakardemImGMNacedayKankarbgrQammYy . kM
husd*FMmYyrbs'ln'-nl'KW mYyminyl'Bmtameyabl'Tg'sirimt: Edl[eFIKt'sIhnu BIrln'-nl'VnTukm"asIuncas'rfynelakenAdEdl
Kan'EtelakeLIgCaG~kebIkbrfIm~ak'Etb"ueNaH eJlKWG~kEdlKSTsIhnu
enAEtTSgGs'k~gs~lnigbB&ndwknSrbs'elak TSgEp~krdVl TSgEp~k
kgT&B . G~kTSgenaHVnxas'kg'saFarNrdmin[vileTAmuxpg nigmYy
eTotVnCYyCakmSgdl'stUvnsaFarNrdExr (ExrkhmnigsIhnu)
pg . BYkeKVnCJnkSePIg Kab' f~SeBT eTApl'[Exrkhm . cab'BInay
TahanCan'xs' rhUtdl'ecAhayext suTEtVnCYykgT&Brbs'sIhnu (
Exrkhm) swgEtTSgGs' . sUmIEtln'-NunCabnelakln'-nl' k*
VndwkKab'kSePIgeTA[ExrkhmEdr . k~gkMLgCab'dbyuTK~aenAtMbn'
TYlelob eBlyb'elakln'-NunVnbJa[TahanCMnit dwkKab'ykeTA
[ExrkhmenAP~MVsiTi Vk'dwg (1) . elakesk-sMeGot GPiVlext
Vt'dMbg CaCnBukrlYym~ak'k~gcMeNamBYkBukrlYyCaecIneTotnrdaPiV
lln'-nl' edayVnpl'Kab'rMesv nigeKOgsasavuFeTA[Exrkhm .
k~gExemsaq~S1974 eBlEdlbnfelakedob-esonVncab'exaGav
bYnVv EskeCIgbYnVv nigVk'37mWunerol (2) enAtg'PUmiTYlksSg BIr
(1) tamesck[
I karNr_ bse' lak sm
ui -Kn
i kg
u sG
uI afl
i rdv as
" n
u i etan .
(2) esck[
I karNr_ bse' laksn
W -eL Gtt
i embJa karenAbna yEtg . kalenaHPa~ k'
garsma tV
' n[karNf
_ a manExry:xS gVndk
w sma r: eTA[Exr khmenAPm
U T
i l
Y ksS
g . edayKa nbEgk
elaksn
W -eLVnny
i ayvT
i T
akT
' g[bn
edob-eson (GPV
i l
Gneu xt bl
" n
i ) eQa Hsa y-saemOnmkcab' . Gneu sny
i ksa y-saemOnng
i shkarI
bn
Y nak' VnmkTakT
' gng
w elaksn
W -eL@kV
* nbEnm
Pa~ kg
' arsma te' lakBrI nake' Tot .
km
u enHVnecjBeI sA enAema" g4la c eTAhB
u T
& P
m
U T
i l
Y k s S g rc
Y c a bV
' n Gk
~ e bk
I br
Landk
w eQB
I rI nak' ng
i Kb
U zmsk
i ama~ k' (ePc
eQa H) EdlkB
M g
u nSrbse' TA[Exr khm.
mns
u ng
i rbsP
' st
agVnykmkTk
u enAbna yEtg . eBlBk
w eLg
I elakedob-eson
ng
i efAEkGU VneTAsrY cemy
I . Gk
~ Cabe' caTVneqy
I fa Cavan
" r' bse' lakesk-seM Got
eb[
I nSeTA[Exr khm . mns
u ng
i vtC
aPst
ag VnbJn
eTAVtd
' b
M g . esk-seM Go
tkV
* nedaHElg[rc
Y xn
eTA .

-116-

KILEm"tBIs~wg tampveTAkMBg'Kl', esk-sMeGotVnehAG~kcab'mksIbenasfa ehtuGIVnCaBYkgcab'BYkeK ? KWBYkeKEdl[BYkgsux ! kar

enHKWxMVneFImkCayUryarmkehIy eJHBYkeKcSgEtCamYyyYnmYysnH
eT nwgcUlmkrYbrYmCamYyeyIgehIy .
elaksk-ey", sBfrs'enAkugtaxUm"a Vn[karNf
_ a xnFab'Vndwg
BIerOgesk-sMeGot dwkkSePIg dwkKab'tamLanTahanmg@xg'BI8eTA10
LanCaerogral'Ex nSeTA[ExrkhmtampvBIsIusupuneTAesomrab . kal
enaHelaksk-ey"CanacMNg'enAbnayBCUk kLaj'kMBg'fvesomrab .
kUnTahanBIrnak'Gt'minVnk*sYrfa ehtuGIVnCaeKdwkkSePIg dwkKab'cUl
eTAtMbn'xSgy"agenH ebITahankMBugEtxHKab'enaH ? . kUnTahanBIrnak'
enaHk*tUvembJakareQaHm"a-GUn ykeTAsmab'bMbwTmat'ecal (q~aM197071) .
elakKimeGg-KUrunedtCanaykariyal&yTI2Ep~kykkarNs
_ mat' Ca
rnukk~grbs'sIhnu-Exrkhm

Vnpl'karsmat'TSgGs'eTAyYnevotkug

Exrkhm . ehtuenHehIyeTIbKb'btibtikarswknana manecnLaTI1 ecn

LaTI2 tUvbraC&yrhUt . elakKimeGg-KUrunedtsBf (1990) enH rs'
enAk~gCYrExrkhmCayEdnExr-f .
k~gkgT&BswgEtKb'kgkPaB mankarlYcbMVt'cMnYnkUnTahanenA
b"us
i_ bnay ehIytUvstUvyYn-ExrkhmvayexcxI .
kgT&BKanvin&yTal'EtesaH xHeTAbn'GukLkhagTMnij briePaKVy
KuyTavmin[luyCaedIm xHeTotcab'sI kUnkmMueKTSgfdak'Lan rMelaP
rYcykeTAlk'[bnsIeBsaeTot .
2- ebIniyayBIGMeBIBukrlYyvij xSgCagsm&ysIhnumYyCadb'Cam.
ecAhayextcUlhunCamYynayTun cinparnScUlrbs'rt'Bn dwkTSgTU@
reTHePIg . b"usk
i_ ugtUltYtBinitnimYy@ tUvrkluy[ecAhaynay (3) .
k~gsm&ybLgmFmsikabzmPUmi ( Diplme ), mFmsikab&tPa
KTI1 ( BAC I ), mFmsikab&tPaKTI2 ( BAC II ) enAcugq~S1970, 1971 Ca
KMrUGakk'dl'buKliksika . ecAhayextVnepIkUnsI[naykmFmsika ( DP= Directuer Provincial de l'Enseignement Secondaire ) CYyy"ag[
(3) enAkugVt'dMbg ekayTma k'sIhnurYcmk ecAha yextVn[sisviTal&ynigsa
sacarEckevnK~ayamEqkeqrckcUlkug k~gmYyfsiscMnYnBI15eTA20nak' ehIy
manKUBIrnak'emIlxustUv . xn
xMp
al'k*VncUlrYmk~gkumEqkeqrenHEdr . BYkeyIgEqk
eqrrkEtrbs'EdlTak'TinnigxSgsuTsaF rbs'rt'BnmintwmtUvEdlecInhYsehtu .
xMs
UmCMrabfa BYkeyIgminEdlVnTTYlyksMNUkTal'EtesaH . edayBYksisnigKU
minecHrkluy[eKenaH eTIbknH q~Sekaymk eKk*bJb'Elg[sisviTal&ynigsasacareFk
I arEqkeqrteTAeTot eKdak'BYkKij kgs&y
tan nigbuKlikksYgepg@Ed
lecHrkluyvij .

-117-

EtVnCab', TahansaykSePIgcUleTAbLg ehIyebIkemIltamcit . buK

likKyKij sUkluybFanKNembeyaK ( President de jury ) edImIVn
Cab'nigVneLIgbuNs&ki . erOgmYyEdlxMcSminePcenaH KWsm&ybLg
mFmsikab&tPaKTI2k~gq~S1972enAVt'dMbgkug (4) . sism~ak'CakUn
nayTahanenAVt'dMbg, bEhlCaeKGagfaVnsUkbFanKN:embeya
KrYcehIy eTIbeKVncemIyKNitsasTSgGs'mkcMLgdak'beNay .
xMk*cab'sisenaH

embeyaKBIrnak'eTotk~gsalbLgenaHk*tUvcuHht-

elxaelIviJasarrbs'ebkCnenaH Pab'CamYyksarcab'Vn viJasarenaH

nwgtUvVnBinsUn ( tamcab'ebImanPstag ehIyebIviJasarNamYyVn
sUnenaH eKminbUkBineT ) . EteKVntUvr"UvK~aCamYybFanKN:embeyaK
nigG~kkat'kalkdas'ebkCndak'elxsmat' eKk*dak'kdas'ebkCnEdl
eFIltwmtUvtexaHCMnYs dkksarcab'VnKvat'ecal .

ebkCnenaHk*

VnCab'sJab&tmFmsikaPaKTI2eTA . ekaymkeTIbxMVndwgfa eKcMNayGs'Cag30mWunerol . enHehIyCaKMrUEdlCMruj[ksYgGb'rMCaticab'

BukrlYyEdr cab'BIq~S1972mk .
tSgBIsm&ysIhnumkdl'q~S1970, 1971 buKliksikaenAsatsMl
Nas' EdlBYkraCkarrdkarKb'ksYg nignayTun cinparnSK~aehAfa na
mWundIs BYkVk'Exgab' BYkBs'Blit . sankarNs
_ gameFImin[KU
Vk'Exgab'rs'ekIt bUkrYmTSgkMehIjGMeBIBukrlYyKb'ksYgnanapg ehIyBYkeKTSgenaHrs'VnsYl BYkbuKliksikak*cab'sIusMNUkecjmuxEt
mgEdr xHeTotVnniyayfa ebIvadUec~HeTAehIyenaH KYrnSK~aCYyrujsaFar
NrdenHTmak'TwkbeNayeTA eJHvaGs'pvEkehIy lk&nik:elIsbsaFarNrdmuxGtitraCvSg tUveKbMePcecal eVHecalk~gPk'CSGs' . BYk
KUEdlmannin~akarkhm VneFI[elck~gcMeNamKUmFmsikafa BYkBu
krlYyGs'enH emIleTAKanpvEkTal'EtesaH manEtpvm"agKWsmab'ecal
. EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH sisviTal&y CaBiessenAkugP~MeBj PaK
ecInCakUnnayTahan

KaneKarBvin&ysalaTal'EtesaH ykkSePIgcUl

bnb'eron dal'KU ceLamxam (5) dUcCakumGam"Uvembn'CaedIm .

(4) edImIsMrYldl'kUnsis eJHpvcracrdac' ksYgGb'rMCatisMerc[ebIkmNlbLg
mFmsikabzmPUmi, mFmsikaPaKTI1enAtamext EknigbkaslTplenAtamextEt
mg elIkElgEtmFmsikab&tPaKTI2ecj viJasarebkC
ntUvbmUlykeTAEkenAP~M
eBjTSgGs' .
(5) k~gq~S1972 enAviTal&yenty"g' mansism~ak'CakUnelaks&kiVMtulakarswkVt'
dMbg (PUQYyelakem"A-sn) . sisnarIm~ak'VneLIgBIekameTACan'elI kUnelaks&ki
VMenaHcuHBIelImk ehIycab'{bsisnarIenaHenACan'TI2 EdleF[
I sisnarIenaHxas'eK
CaxS g . BwkEskeLIg KNkmkarvin&ynigsasacarTSgGs'VnrYmbCMu ekamGFibtI

-118-

elakcagha g ehIysMercbeNjsisenaH Qb'[cUleronsalardnanaTSgGs'

eTaHbICaBuksisenaHVnxMeFG
I nraKmny
_ "agNak*eday . enAviTal&yVt'dMbg (Gtit
viTal&yBHmunIvg) mansism~ak'edayxwgnwgelakKU EdlVnbeNj[Qb'eronmYyGaTit edaybTBehInnigrMxansisnarIk~gf~ak' . fmYyk*cUlmkk~gf~ak'eron rYcda
l'elakKUEdlkMBugbegon rYchk'ecjtambgceTA . sisenaHk*CakUns&kiVMm~ak'eTo
tEdr .

erOgBukrlYyEdleFI[BYksasacarcSminePcenaH KWkarkat'yk30%
elIVk'em"agrbs'KUm~ak'@ ebIBMudUec~aHeTBYkrtnaKarminBmeFIeLIy eKBna
Tuk[yUr edayykelsfa fvikaKan tUvcSbYnVMq~SteTAeTot . sUmCMrab
fa sasacarmFmsikabzmPUmimanVk'Ex8,500erol (kaleNaHmas
mYydMLwgf3,000erol) . ebIbegonenAbzmPUmi (f~ak'TI6eTATI3TMenIb)
tUvbegon18em"agk~gmYyGaTit ebIelIsBIenaHKWCaem"agbEnm EdltUv
TTYlkMrcMnYn160erolk~gmYyem"ag . ebIbegonenATutiyPUmi (f~ak'TI2dl'
f~ak'TIbJb') enaHtUvbegonEt16em"ageTk~g1GaTit elIsBIenaHKWem"agbEnmtUvVnkMr180erolk~gmYyem"ag . ebICasasacarTutiyPUmi (briJab&t) vij ( Vk'Ex10,000erol) enaHtUvVnkMrVk'em"agbEnmcMnYnEt7
em"agknHeTk~gmYyGaTit ebIelIsBIenHtUvbegonTeTedayKankMr . BYk
KUVk'Exgab'VnFUrFarmYykMrit k*edaysarEtVk'em"agbEnmenH ehIy
tUvBYkrtnaKarkat'yk30% TSgGyutiFm EdleFI[G~kxHmanKMnitkhm
eLIg . sasacarmFmsikabzmPUmim~ak'@tUvVnkMrVk'em"agenHcMnYn
BI3,000eTA5,000erolk~gmYyEx tambegonticecInem"ag . k~gkareFI
Vk'em"agenH BYkrtnaKareKtfCamYynayKNenyxagbuKliksika .
nayKNenyykmkBiPakaCamYynaykextxagmFmsika CamYycag
hagviTal&y .caghagviTal&yebIkbCMusMueyabl'PaKecInBIBYksasa
cark~gkartfenH . Vk'em"agenaHeKebIkmkKb'tambJItwmtUv Etk~gbJIggitvij nayKNenyxagbuKliksikakat'ykVk'30% bKl'eka
mtueTA[BYkrtnaKareKEckcayK~aeK . etIehtuGIVnCaeKtUveFIEbbenH
eJHenHCamuxgar CaParkicrbs'BYkeKesaHenaH ? . erOgenHehIyEdl
bNalCabuBehtuekAkhaymYyEdrcMeJHBYksasacar . bB&nrdVlEp~kBukrlYy rhUtcinpar BYkkUnecAcinenAVt'dMbgeKniyayfa eK
min[kUneTAKUVk'Exgab'eT eKsuxcitelIk[kUnb"UlIsVk'Ex2,000erolbesIrCag . ecAhayextVk'Ex7,000erol ehtuGIk*hWuharem"H
VnluymkBINa ? .
3- neyaVycitsasKanykmkebITal'EtesaH G~kEdleTAsika
viCaenHBIkUer"xagtg Kan'Etman@b"ueNaH . BYks~gkarneyaVyJk'Et
s&kilMGTIkug sUtTwsIbqSgkumynis[EtsisnigKUsab' EtnayTa
-119-

han Gs'elakecAhayextminrvIrvl'eGIeBI eFItamKMnitsgamcitsas

nBYks~gkarneyaVyTal'EtesaH ehIyEfmTSgBYkeKemIlgayfa BYk
s~gkarneyaVyEdlPaKecInCanayTahanGasIumIeL ( Assimils )enaH
ecHmindl'BYkeKCanayTahan EdlVnsikaecjBIsalaeyaFaExr (
EMK - Ecole Militaire Khmre ) Tal'EtesaH . pyeTAvij BYkemExrkhmBMu
EdlsikaTwsIsalaeyaFaNamYyeT EtBYkenHVnykTwsIsgamT&B
qk'mkGnuvtVneCaKC&ymYyryPaKry kan'kab'Camas'lanbyuTVn (
Matre du terrain ) BYkGtitsissalaeyaFaEbrCaGnuvtTwsIsgamtS
gBIsm&yGaNaniKm bmUlpMK~aEtenAk~gbnay TukTIxagekA[xSgeFIskmPaBVn100% CaBiessenAeBlyb' BYkExrkhmGnuvtsgamcitsa
senHxSgkaNas' ehIyVneCaKC&yCaTIeBjcitrbs'eK . eKeXasna
nigeFIviTgna bgviecTkm[pk~gsaFarNrdcbUkcbl' bCaCnElgma
nCMenOelIrdkarln'-nl' ehIynwksresIrsLaj'BYkExrkhm ltwm
tUv satsM minlYcbn'G~ksuk (ebIBYkeKebHEpemsmYy eKdak'luyelIedI
memsenaH) sresIrfaeBTbdivtne_ cHcak'mlviTasastamEbbcin (
Acupuncture ) BUEks&kisiTi, minsIusMNUk .l.
kmSgsaFarNrdEdltUvykmkvayxSgenaH tLb'Caykmkkab'ca
k'smab'EtK~agpk~geTAvij ( ln'-Nundak'Kab'EbkbugeFIXatelakna
ykrdmnIsWg-g"ukfaj', eFIXatelakesg-sunf, eFIXatelakfac'-Ca
nigbNitEkv-saMgKIm, smab'elakGu-savuF ) .BYkkumln'-Nun eday
xackumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'deNImGMNacBIbgKat' ( nl'-nl' ) k*bMEbk
kgT&BBiess kgT&BEm"kh&kexcxI[exayElgmanbsiTiPaB . kgvr
esnaNaEdlxSg dUcCakgT&Bq&teyag, kgTahanelakGu-savuF tUv
kumln'-NunbJn[eTAvayKb'smrPUmi rhUtsab'Gs'Kansl' rhUt
elakGu-savuFk*tUvsab'Vt'bg'CIvitedaysars~adln'-NunEfmeTot KW
XatkmVneFIbIf ekayEdlGu-savuFVneTACYb ( TTYl{vaTebonbedA
BIelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) CaKMrb'elIkTIVMmk .
eKmin[Kab' rfyndwkTahaneT luHNaEtembJakarsUkluy eTIb
eKBm[ . ebIcg'ynehaHeTATmak'Kab'Ebk embJakartUvEtsUkluyEdr
ebImindUec~aHeT kgvr:esnaenaH@k*tUvBYkExrkhmnigBYkyYnxageCIgvay
sab'excxIGs'eTA .
exaGavCaCMnYyGaemrikSgeKminebIk[TahaneT eKeTAbTHeXIjTSgKM
nrlk'enAtamparnana dUcCaparGULSBicCaedIm . ebIEbrCaebIk[Tahanvij KWembJakarnwgkat'Vk'ExfexaGavenaH .k~g{kasEhrknTTYlelak
GKrdTUtGaemrikSghn-F&redonenAVt'dMbgenaH TahanedIrkneskexa
GavrEhk elakedonVnykexelakeTAeKaHpayeFIBImas elIsaesk-120-

sMeGot ehIymanbsasnf
_ a payelakeFIsuTEtBImas Etras nigTa
hanelakGt'Vy ! .
etIehtuGIVnCaBYknayTahansaFarNrdCYyBYkExrkhm ? eJH
1- BYkeKnSK~aeCOtamBHraCbnlsIhnu EdlEskEkg@BIeb"kSgmk
fa [kUnecAnSK~art'cUlB vaykMcat'bnkt'ln'-nl' nigckBtiGaemrikSg
. ehtuenHehIyVnCaExrkhm GacbmUlkgT&BVny"agqab'rh&s eda
yVnraCbnlsIhnuCYyEskBIeb"kSgpg nigedayTunbCabiyPaBsIhnuenAxs' k~gsTab'citKMnitksikrExrsukEscMkarpg .
2- BYkeKenAEtmanCMenOfa ( rhUtsBfBYksIhnuniym k*enAEteCOd
Edl ) eTAfmux semcsIhnumuxCamkdwknSbeTsExrvijCaminxan . eh
tuenHehIy ebIbYkeKCYykgT&BsIhnuenAeBlenH ( 1970-75 ) eTAfmux
BYkeKcas'CaVnbuNs&kikan'EtFMeLIgEfmeTot enAeBlEdlsemcsI
hnuyagmkkan'kab'GMNac CabmuxrdExrvijenaH . k~gKMnityl'cLMEb
benHg eTIbbYkeKminykcitTukdak'sikaBIbnExrkhmdl'bnicesaH .
k~gCMenOrebobenH eTIbVnCaln'-NunVnbJnKab'kSePIgeTA[Exrkh
mEdr .
braC&ynrbbsaFarNrdExr KWmank*edaysarEtelakln'-nl'pa
l'Etmg EdlmanKMnitxI KWmYyminBmeFItamKMnitrbs'Tg'sirimt: Edl[
eFIKtsIhnu edImIkarJrkMu[sIhnurt'eTAcUlCamYyxSg ( bEhlCaln'nl'xacTiBlTwksmf EdlVKUykBHxan'raCkUr[pwkehIysffa
minkt'eFIKtsIhnueT eJHln'-nl'eCOelIGaKmGUmGamJksmfNa
s' ) . TI2-KWln'-nl'minBmdkBYksIhnuniym[Gs'esaH . EfmBIelI
enHeTot tSgBIln'-nl'kayCaBikarsab'deCIgmk ( xMtdr{bGMNact
eTAeTot ) ln'-nl'fIenHmindUcln'-nl'kalmunesaH . CaTahrN_ Kan'
EtbBnfIekgVnkUn k*GYtVb'eKg bkastamviT ekaHehAGu-savuFBI
lanbyuTkMBugxSgka mkVb'dMNwgcMkYtminsmehtuplenH . kalExr
khmvayP~MeBjxSgkaenaH ln'-nl'VneFIsImadMuf rYcehIy[ynehaH
ykeTAeVHTmak'CMuvijTIkugP~MeBj CasimakarJrkMu[BYkTmiLcUlmkk~g
kugVn . ln'nl'[KUesksJk's sayfg'yamKvasVcGgrnSmux
kgT&B cUleTAvayT&ByYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExrkhm
.l. KWln'-nl'cat'TukBYkyYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExrkh
mCaTmiL CaexacJybisac CastUvGrUbiy EdlKat'eCOfa tUvEtcuHcaj'
TiBlrbs'BuTmnCadac'xat (?!) .

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bdivtn_Xatkr
fTI17 emsa 1975 CafmhaeCaKC&yrbs'bnExrkhmelIrbbsa
FarNrdExr nigckBtiGaemrikSg . b"ul-BtVnbJaPam[edjCens
bCaCnecjBIkugP~MeBj edayKankarGnueKaHesaHeLIy . bCaCnCag
bIlannak' (5) VntUvcakecjecalpHsMEbgTSgbgM Vk'EbkJt'Vs'
Em" kUnbIbBneTATIT@ edayxHenAkariyal&y enAsalaeron eTApar
eTAeBTsYrG~kCmW enApHbgbnmitPki. KUeBTEdlKan'EtsMuBnaeBl
emIlG~krbYs k*tUveyaFaVj'ecalPam . TahansaFarNrdEdlePc
edaHksNanecal tUvBYkeyaFaVj'sab'cgag@ecalenAelIpvf~l' .
G~kEdlsaklgBnaeBlEr"r" k*tUveyaFaVj'ecal Kb'Kab'EbkcUlk~
gpHsab'TSgKYsar . mnusENnNan'tan'tab'beCotK~aecjelIKb'pv
ecjBITIkugP~MeBj . ekg mnuscas'Cra G~kCmWtUvsab' ehIytUveVHbg'
saksBecalKaneBlevlanwgkb'[VnsYleLIy Kan'EtKbnwgkNat'sMBt'kenl kUnecAEm" k*eFIdMeNIrKaneKaledAteTAmuxeTot
eJHxacGaCaBiXatrbs'BYkExrkhm .
BukxMEbkBImayxM (6) Cab'CamYybnbusbnab'eQaHhiun-sIuFn nig
GamMuCabBn BmCamYybnsITI5 CasisviTal&y18mina eQaHhiun-can'
FI (7) eFIdMeNIrtampvkalf~l' EBkg ehIyeTArs'enAk~gsukkMeNIt
GamMuCakUnbsarsI ( bBnsIuFn ) enAextBEvg etIyxagekItTenemKg
k~gPUmiPaKbUJTis . dl'rdUvcUtkat'q~S1975 GgkarbUJVnCensbCa
CnfI [eTAenAetIyxaglicxHk~gextkMBg'cam . BukxMnigkUnTSgGs'K~a
bYnnak' k*tUvGgkardak'TisenHEdr ehIyVneTAenAk~gPUmitJMgsI
sgat'C&eya sukcMkarelI extkMBg'cam tMbn'5 PUmiPaKtrTis .
edayxHCatibUetGIun eJHrbbGaExrkhmvaminpl'GaharKb'Kan'dl'b
CaCneT BukxMehImkayCadMeedayKanf~SBaVl . BYkvaVndak'Tis
BukxM[CYybitsIeFIkEJglICamYykumtacas'@enAk~gPUmi .

bnsI

(5) bCaCnekIneLIgedaysarrt'eKcBIsgamextekAcUlmkkkkujk~gkugP~MeBj .
(6) BtmansIBIdMNwgCen srbs'BukxM KWmitEt-em"glIVnerobrab'Vb'xM . Et-em"g
lI CaGtitsasacarGkrsasExr-VrSgenAviTal&yent-y"g'Edr .

enAq~S1972

Vnpa s'eTAbegonsmNsisenABuTikviTal&yBHsuramit (P~MeBj) . eBlExrkhm

Cen sbCaCnenaH mitEt-em"glI VneTArs'enAk~gXMuCamYyKYsarBukxM edayPrBYk
vafa CacinG~krksIuBIedIm . Et-em"glIVneTAelgCamYybnbusxM eBlcUtsUvnaq~S
1975 . xMV
nCYbEt-em"glI ekayeBlEdlkgT&ByYncUlQa nJnkan'kab'sukExr
sB fmitEt-em"glI Vnrs'enAk~gkug QUEBEC beTskaNada .
(7) bnbusenHsB fenArs'exteJFisat' .

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hiun-can'FI edayenAlIv bYkvak*cat'bJleTAk~gkumcl&tnarI minVnenACY

bCMuBukxMeT . yUr@eTIbVnsMucab'eKmkelgBuknigbg@Vnmg . eBl
evlaecHEtkngeTA mitEt-em"glIVntUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAPrEs elIk
TMnb' CIkbLay elIkPWEs ehIyVnCYbK~aCamYybnbusxMCajwkjab' .
k~gExemsa1977 mitEt-em"glIVneTAelgBukxMeTotEtbnxMVnVb'fa
BukxMVntUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAyamTMnb'kalBIVMfmun (eJHkalenaH
GgkarExrkhmtrTis VnekNbCaCnkgcl&tTSgbusTSgsIrab'mWu
nnak'eTAelIkTMnb'Twkqa) . bnxMVnniyayVb'Et-em"glIfa mittUc(kg
Qb) Vnykkg'mkdwkBukxM eday[Kat'erobcMexaGav eJHtUvmanTis
eTACYyyamTMnb' . vaVb'fa vadwkeTACasgat'@ vadwkBukrbs'xMtamLa
nCamYynigta@dTeTot EdlmkBIPUmiepg@mkCYbCMuK~a . tSgBIeBlenaH
mk Vt'dMNwgBukxMrhUt . bnxMTSgbIVncS@emIlpvBukmineXIjvilt
Lb'mkvijesaH . dl'mkfTI2kkda1977 GgkarExrkhmPUmiPaKtrtM
bn'5 cab'CensbCaCnfIesIrGs'BIPUmi faykeTA[bgbegInplenAsuk
fImYyepgeTot mincSVc'ykva"n'ecIneTnSBiVk eJHenATIenaHGgkarma
nrbs'Gacpt'pg'VnsBKb'TSgGs' . BYkvaVnVb'fa Ggkarnwgdak'Tis
[bCaCnfIeTAenAtamdgpvCatieTAP~MeBj . faVnGgkarpt'pg'sBKb'
enaH G~kxH EdlKanTisk*sMueKeTACamYyEdr edImIVnCYbCMubgbnkUnecA .
kalenaH bnsIxMenAk~gkgcl&t kMBugCMrHesAcMkarmn dl'fabgbusb
gsItUveKCens k*TMlak'cbecalrt'rlHrlSgmkCYbbg ehIysMueTACa
mYyeKEdr . bCaCnfITSgGs'tUvBYkvadwkTSgLan@ (LanTug) y"agEN
nyk eTAvaysmab'kb'reNAenAk~gcMkarekAsUGUrGNg cmay20KmBIPU
mi . BYkvaVnCIkreNAy"agFMdUcCasHTwkTukCamunxg'mYyEx . vasmab'tS
gBITark ekgtUc mnusbussIKb'v&y TSgsImanpeJHpg . edImIkMu[
sMErk QWcab'nBYkG~keTassUreTAdl'PUmi BYkvaVncak'emkUePgnigcMero
gbdivtn_ (rMlaysukrMlaysgmExr) lan'xSgkgrMBg . karkab'smab'
enH KWb"ul-BtecjbJaBIP~MeBjmkekay Edlvasmab'VnKNPUmiPaKbU
Jkt'cUldyYneQaHesa-PwmenaHmk . b"ul-BtVn[bJasmab'TSg
eyaFakt' rYmTSgbCaCnfIk~gPUmiPaKtrnigbUJTis . vaykynehaHeTA
Tmak'xitb&N

[BYkeyaFabUJdak'GavuFcuHcUlGgkarnwgGP&yeTas[

EtekayhUtGavuFGs'ehIy b"ul-BtbJa[dwkeyaFabUJTisTSgGs'xg'
bYnmWunnak' ykmkvayTmak'reNAenAtg'rkaekag exaGav mYk enAecalrat'
ray kinsyexacBYkeyaFabUJPayrhUtdl'etIymagxaglaeTr enHebI
tamesckIraykarNr_ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKlikmFmsikaku
gP~MeBj sBfrs'enAkugm"uger"Gal'beTskaNada .
mayxMvijVnCensecjeTAsukkMeNItenAekaHxac'kNal
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xag

ekIteCaycga EtedayCabCaCnfI VMmYyExekayk*tUvGgkarCensec

jb n mk d l' e x t e JF i sa t ' c u H e T A q a yd a c ' sya lB I f ~ l' C a t i C a g 3 0 K m
CatMbn'BKantIsac' CamYybnbuslIv hiun-sIufa (bnTI6) bnsIhiunsI (bnTI7) nigbnbuseBAhiun-vNdara ehAhuc (7) . bnbussIufa tU
vbFankgcl&tkgQbcab'ykeTAcak'ksmab' BIbTlYckac'eJtmYysMrn'kBH EdlrbbGgkarvakMNt'[GgrmYykMb"ug (Tmn'xg'200kam) sMrab'
K~a10nak'k~g1f . mayxMedaymaneraKCmWkBHbcSkaypg NamYyGt'
Gaharpg ehIydl'TTYldMNwgBIbnxMtUvBYkGaefImexAb"ul-Btsmab'eca
leTotenaH k*bNaleraKkan'EtxSg . eBlCitputdegIm, tamsMdIbnbus
eBA, mayxMVn[bnxMeTAsMusret~atmYysabJBImIcugePAeragVyrYm Et
emsamanenaHvaeqIytbvijfa KansrKansIeT BYkmI17emsa[vasab'
sLH[Gs'eTA ! . mayxMVnTTYlmrNPaBTSgkIevTnanigQWcab' .
bnbusxMVnbJHsBmayxMpal'd (q~S1977) . bnsITI7k*manCmWKa
nf~SBaVl ehIyVt'bg'CIvitenATIenaHEdr .
karkab'smab'mansPaBxSgkaNas'k~gkMLgq~S1977 . enAPUmiPaK
trnigbUJTis CaBiessenAekayEdlesa-PwmVnkt'cUldKSTyYn
ehIyelIkT&BsMedAmkP~MeBj . ekaysmab'esa-PwmrYcehIy b"ul-Bt
bJa[eyaFaExrkhmvaysMrukcUleTAk~gdIevotNam smab'bCaCnExr
ekamGs'CaecInJn' . tamesckI[karNB
_ IExrekamm~ak'eQaHfac'-Q~a
g sBfrs'enAkugGULSBIy"a rdva"siunetanfa yYnVndwgsankarN_
enHmun ehIy[dMNwgbCaCnyYndkxnfy ExrekameKmin[dwgesaH
eLIy T&Bb"ul-Btkab'smab'PaKecIn CaCatiyYnsJatiedImExrekamb"ueNaH . munnwgT&ByYncUlQanJnsukExr BYkb"ul-BtminGackan'kab'tM
bn'xagekItetIyTenemKgPUmiPaKbUJVneT bCaCnmankarrMeCIbrMCYlbH
eVrtTl'sab'rs'CamYyBYkkgQb . manerOgG~kxSgBUEkecjCYyG~ksu
k manerOgelaktask's (carbursyYn) cUlmkbgclaclBYkb"ul-Bt
ebIeyaFaedjtamk*eKcxnVt'rkmineXIjeLIy (8) . enAVt'dMbgman
JkccamGaramxwbtK~aBImat'mYyeTAmat'mYyfa G~kmanbuNCitekIt
ehIy xHeTotfaekItehIy EtecjtamqwgCMnImay mindUcmnussamJ
FmtaeT xHeTotfaBYkeyaFabugsmab'TSgmayTSgkUn EteyaFaenaHtUv
sab'xngvij . ebItamesr enHCasgamcitsasrbs'BYkyYnehg-sMrin bMpus[ExrEdlmanCMenOrg'cSEtG~kmanbuNmkCYyenaH [KST
BYkva .
karkab'smab'bCaCntMbn'PUmiPaKtrnigbUJenaH

KWeFIedayrebob

(7) bnbusenHsB fenArs'exteJFisat' .

(8) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'elakhuk-GUnlagenAkecH sB frs'enArdkalIh&r nij"a.

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eXareXAbMput dUcCaBMuEmnCaCatiExrdUcK~abnicesaH . b"ul-BtbJa[sma

b'ecalTSgKY@ . sUmIcl&tEdlKanBukmay KandwgerOgGIesaH k*tUv
BYkvaGUskykeTAsmab'ecalEdr KWvaeFItamsuPasitcinfa CMrHesAKW
CIkTSgs bgarkMu[mankarsgswknwgBYkvaeTAfekay . kUnekg Tark
tUvBYkvacab'eVksmab'nwgKl'et~at Kl'say Kl'dUg eVHeLIgelIykCM
BuHTugrg . varMelaPsIrYcsmab'ecal . vHmnusTSgrs'ykefImeTAqarsIu
ykbmat'pwkEkmsa nigbJneTAsukcineFIf~ScinEsEkeraK . reNAFM@
eBjedayexacrab'Jn' . Kl'dUg Kl'et~at enAbLak'QamenAeLIyeBl
T&ByYncUlmkQanJnsukExr ehIyykVnP~MeBjenAfTI7 mkra 1979enaH .
k~gJk'kNalq~S1978 b"ul-BtbJa[CensbCaCnextsayerog
mkP~MeBjykkmaBNbtgm~ak'mYy rYcehIydwkCJntamreTHePIgmk
Tmak'ecalenAexteJFisat' . BYkG~kmankmaBNbtgenH KWtUvGgkar
exteJFisat'TTYlbJaBIb"ul-Btmk[smab'ecalTSgGs' eJHsuTCa
BYkkt' kalyYnxnExr . eKGUskykBYksayerogTSgGs' minfaCabCa
Cn emkg KN:X
XMu KN:G
GI@eT ykeTAvaykab'smab'ecalenAvalEs
ekAPUmi . manemkgnarIm~ak'kahanNas'Vnniyayfa etIBYkeKmankMhu
sGIVnGgkarykBYkeKmksmab'y"agenH ? BYkeyIgVnbMerIGgkar esaH
tg'GgkarGs'BIcitBIefIm enATIbJb'BYkeyIgVnTTYlplEbbenHeTAvij!
minVc'cgmuxykeTAeT smab'eyIgenATIenHcuH ! . ekgsIm~ak'GayuVMbYn
q~StUvBYkeBCXatykeTAvaysmab'EtmincMFn'Kan'Etsnb' egIbdwgxnBI
snb'k*edIrcUlmkk~gPUmivij . bCaCnmUldanVnVb'[rt'eKcxnecj
eTA EtK~agIegImindwgrt'eTATINa . kgQbmkdl'eXIjk*cab'ykeTAdutTS
grs' EskTFak'keJallan'rMBgTMrSdac'xl'sab' . exacG~kextsay
erograb'mWunnak'sab'KreCIgelIK~aKankb'eT ecalrat'raykNalvalehIm
syPaymkdl'PUmi (9) . enACayEdnsayerog manBYks~levotmijdUc
ehg-sMrin (minTSgGs'eT) manKMnitsLaj'nigbMerIyYntSgBIsm&ys
r:m
mkem"H . k~gsm&ysIhnuBYkenHrs'enAlak'xneFICabCaCnrksIuFmta
EtmincuHcUlCamYyrbbdwknSsIhnueT dUcCaKUb"k'enAPUmisag xHrksIurt'
BnnSva"n'ykeTAlk' dUcCakrNIemExrevotmijehg-sMrin EdlrksIudwk
CUkeTAlk'enACayEdnyYnCaedIm .
(9) tamesckI[karNr_ bs'G~ksIKIm-san namedImPU-BUn CabnsInYn-Ca (CakUnciJw
mrbs'GMuxagbBnxM) . eBlmkCYbCMuCamYybgbnmayyayeBj enAvtKrknH Exekay
yYnyksukExrVn faVnCen smkrs'enAexteJFisat' VneXIjerOgkab'sma b'BYk
extsa yerogenH . kUnbuscgrbs'Kat'eQaHsl' QWehIyrt'BIkgcl&tmkdac'
xl'sa b'enAnwgkSCeNIrxmnwgmuxmay . kUnbusm~ak'eTot tUvkgQb
ykeTAdut
sma b'TSgrs' eJHvaxl
i ButeFQ
I W .

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enAVt'dMbg PUmiPaKJy&BTisBYkGgkarmUl-smtik*minGn'Edr k~g

karkab'smab'ExrenH . bCaCntMbn'bYnxagekamGtItkugVt'dMbg tUv
sab'vinasTSgPUmi@ edaysarBYkvabgt'Vy nigcab'ykeTAvaysmab'eca
lbnK~a . G~klYcrt'ecjBItMbn'4sMedAeTACayEdnf manswgral'f xH
rt'mksMuenAvtKr G~kxHtUvQbcab'Vnk*tUvBYkvasmab'ecaleTA . G~k
XMuvtKrk*lYcrt'eTAsukesomEdr eTAmgCakumdb'mnak' cMnYnBIrbIGaTit
mandMNwgfamanG~klYcrt' . edayGt'xSgeBk bus@EdlkMBugPrk*dYl
sab'Pam ekg@sab'muneK rYceTIbmnusbuseJHxHGaharpl'famBl
dUcCasr CatibUetGIun (tI sac' sut) sIsab'ekayEtticeJHsImin
sUvtUvkarzamBlk~gsJgkayeTIbGacTSTVnyUrCag .
G~kxHedayGt'xSgeBkeTA k*haneTAlYcKas'exackb'fI Garyksac'
mklYcesar GSgTTYlTansMrn'kBH ykkileckkillgmkbriePaKla
ynigtkYn nS[cuHraKrhUtVt'bg'CIvit . xHeToteTAlYcbUtsUv lYcKas'
dMLg tav ehIytUvkgQbcab'Vnsmab'ecaleTAeTot . k~gPUmivtKrEd
lxMrs'enA BYkemkgraykarNe_ TAXMu @[kgQbmkykmgmYy@eTAsma
b'ecalsat'@ . xnxMpal'k*maneQaHk~gbJIexArbs'BYkvaEdr CamYynig
elaktasUr-Cit GtItGnuKNextVt'dMbg (10) . G~kbMJnsIlFmsaha
ysn'K~a tUveKykeTAvaysmab'enAmuxGgbCMu . G~kxileKcEkminBmeFI
karrYm G~kQWecInk*tUvkgQbGUskykeTAEdr . bgyYg(GtItKy), ela
khab'-hUy (nayEp~kbuKlikKUmFmsikaVt'dMbg) k*eKykeTAEdr eda
yPriyaKat'eFI[elcfa ebIkMuEtsukdUec~Hem"HbIKat'manbuNs&kiFMCamin
xan . Kat'faelakesk-sMeGot ecAhayextVt'dMbgVnesI~r[bIKat'Jk's&kiVM JkenHcUldl'tecokbFannarIeQaHerob EdlkMBugCan'Ggr
rYcdl'KN:XMu@k*CensKYsarKat'eTAenAcugXMuvtKr[EckkarCitP~MsMeBA
bnicmkQbk*mkykelakKUhab'-hUyeTAsmab'enAGNgBIg . G~kxH
eTotEdlxMlak'xn ehIytUvEbkkarNn
_ wgsMdIbBn eJHminecHlwbkwb
ykmkpl'[bBn EdlGt'sIuedayK~amanxnCaGtItrdkar k*bNal[ma
nCemaHbIbBn bBnEskeCr eFI[EbkkarNB
_ ImuxdMENgbI kgQb
k*mkGUskykeTA xHeTotk*suxcitlYcrt'ecjeTAf dUcCaelakbUra"n'Ca
edIm . BYklYcrt'PaKecIn tUvfCayEdnsmab'ecal ykmasVk'Edl
Cab'nwgxn . ecAbsarGMuxSeQaHpla ( GtIts&kibIebIkynehaH tUvCaja
(10) kgT&ByYnkan'kab'VnkugVt'dMbgehIyenAfTI12mkra bCaCnVnlbqg
swg
cUlmkPUmivtKrerIykTB EttUvb"HQb
yamrbs'va fTI13 Qb
Edlvadak'yamk~g
PUmisat'Qwg k*Vj'BYkbCaCnEdllbcUleTAPUmisa b'Gs'CaecIn . G~kEdlcUleTA
erIk~gpHKN:XMu VneXIjsMeNAbJIr ayeQaHEdleKtUvykeTAsma b' . eQaHsma
b'rYcBYkvaKUsecal eQaHxMe nAtg'elx328 . eQaHelaktasUr-CitenABImuxxM enAEt5
nak'eTotdl'evnxM .

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tinYn-Capg ) k*tUveKykeTAsmab'kb'GgamenAGNgBIgEdr edayBYk

Qbvamkykfa [eTACYyCJnGMbilXMu . fIKICaKijk*eKykeTAEdr vay
eFITaruNkmmYyf@EskeraTri_ MBgTMrSsab' . kUnfIKIBIrnak'eQaHkanigekIn
minsuxcitmkbeTsTI3nwgeKeT mkcUlrYmclnatsUrCrbxenACay
EdncSsgswknwgBYkExrkhmvij . enAmanG~keTotCaecInEdlxMmincS
eQaHGs' Etk~gcMeNamGtItKUnigsasacarviTal&yent-y"g'cMnYnEs
sibnak' enAsl'rs'EtVMmYynak'rYmTSgxnxMm~ak'pg ekayEdlBYkyYn
kan'kab'sukExrVnehIyenaH .
fExecHEtkngeTA mYyfhak'dUcCamYyq~S eBlBwkeLIgk*nwkfaxn
Vnrs'mYyfeTotehIy EtxMrs'enATSgkIPitP&ytk'st mindwgfafNa
nwgdl'evnxn . yb'eLIgmanEtbn'BH vts&kisiTinana KuNBukmayCY
y[beJsrYcputBIeKaHf~ak' kMu[dUcG~kpgEdlQbvaykeTAfa [eTA
eronsUtGgkarelI enaHehIyKanfvilmkvijesaH . EtxMminePclak'
davekri_ sMelogy"agmut dak'ekamkenledkeLIy . davenHtUvBYknirtIdk
hUtykmunyYncUlbnic TSgBUefA pak' ExvKb'@pH eJHvaxacbCaCnbH
eVrdUcenAPUmiPaKbUJeTot . xMrs'enAedayesckIsgwm ( Hope ) eJHma
nCMenOfa rbbcMkYtlIlaEbbenHcas'CarlayGnrFanfNamYyminxan .
mitxMxHdUcCaCin-sUFIr, sasacarbriJab&tFmCativiTa, sYn-Qwm, sasacarPasaGg'eKs edaykIGs'sgwmk~gCIvit k*dac'citcgkeFIGtXat
sab'k~gq~S1977 .
xMsUmCMrabfa ekayrdUvcMrUtq~S1975 xMtUveKcat'[eTAeFIkark~geragCa
grYmbcSXMuvtKr cmaybIKILEm"txagelIpHmaynYn-Ca edaysarxMmancM
eNHxagePIgGKIsnI nigCYsCulviT edayVnerontamsMbutTak'TgBIsu
kVrSgBIsalaGWrWulic ( Institut Europeen d'Electronique - EUREULEC )
. mYyGaTit CYndb'feTIbVnmkCYbmuxkUn (kUncgTI1) nigbBnmg .
enAfTI18mifuna1978 eBlEdlBYkCagPUmivtKreTAerIEdkk~gkugVt'
dMbg manBYkeyaFafamkBIP~MeBj CaBYkmCwmxg'bmaNVMJn'nak' nigrf
ekaHCagmeKOg bLak'dIsmkcUlmkk~gGtItVt'dMbgkug edayKan
[dMNwgGICamundl'BYkPUmiPaKJy&BTisesaHeLIy . BYkeyaFamCwmV
nsaksYrrkedjBYkCag[viltLb'mkPUmivtKrvij . BYkmCwmbkk*eFI
karcab'cgtamXMu suk rYcxHeToteTAcab'KNPUmiPaKJy&BTis mUl-s
mti taekA ( BYkJy&BehAKat'fa rs'-jwmeTAvij ) BIpHKat'EdlenAk~g
carBiesaFn_ sUvCb"un CitP~MtUcP~MFMsukmglbUrI xHeToteTAcab'cgKNtMbn' shkrN_ KN:suk kgQb eTAsmab'ecaledayecaTfakt' .
BYkJy&BnigkgQbxH dUcCaGaemeBCXatbcSPUmivtKrman GaeBA, Ga
emOn, GaeDOn Vnrt'cUlBtsUCamYyBYknirtIrhUtdl'yYncUl . BYkmCw
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mVnykBYknirtImkCMnYsKb'Ep~kk~gPUmiPaKJy&BTSgmUl . karsmab'
enaEtmanCabnhUrEhrKanQb'QreLIy ral'@f . k~gXMuvtKrmanemkg
pCaG~kecHEGbGbCamYyBYknirtI bwg[ykG~kenHykG~kenaH . ekayyY
ncUl emkgpk*tUvkgstaNXMuvtKrsMercykeTAVj'ecalenApvfI
CitGtItBMnUkdI Murette EdleKelIkBUneFICaExkvat'karJrkugVt'dMbg
CMnan'saFarNrdExr .
enAedImExF~ ekayBIdkhUt dav kSbit BUefABIbCaCnehIy BYkvaVn
dak'Epnkar[cakecjBIPUmi eTAeFIxmenAvalEsxagekItPUmivtKr ehIybgM
[cUtsUvTSgminTan'TMusYlbYlpgenaH y"agrYsran'bMput . BYkvahak'dUc
Cadwgfa T&ByYnbugebobvaycUlsukExrehIy . manBYknirtIecHEtmk
bnK~aKanQb' xHedjkbIeKaTSghgmkpg . BYkvaelIkxHVyrYmeTAdS
senAEsEdr . emkgeQaHpVnniyayedayKMramcg'sIusac' nwgt
ecokxMpal'fa BYkGardkaresssl' ! BYkErgcSemIlEtdl'cUtsUv
rYcnwgdwgK~aehIy ! . enAPUmisayeck vaVnehAbCaCnmkbCMu ehIy
BYkvaniyayfa GgkartUvkarkgT&BeTAvayyYn eJHyYncUlmkvaysuk
eyIgehIy ehtuenHebImanbgbn mitNaEdlCaGtItTahansaFarN
rdBIedImenaH sUmbgajxn Ggkarnwgcat'[CYykan'kSePIgeTAvayyYn .
G~kEdlxMlak'xnCayUrmkehIyk*Vb'vaGs' BYkvak*dwkCJntamreTHTSg
KY@CagBIrJn'nak' Vb'faeTAcUlCamYykgeyaFaeTAvayyYn . ecjputBI
PUmibEhl2Km BYkeyaFaExrkhmk*Vj'smab'BYkenaHTSgKYsarGs'
Kansl' .
enAcugExF~1978

BIEseTA eyIgemIleXIjBYkkgT&Bb"ul-Bt nSK~a

rt'dwksmar:eepg@man m"asIunedr kNat' Kab'kSePIgKb'Fun eFIdMeNIrb

jab'bjal'elIpvb"lin bwgrSg . BYkeyaFaxHmktamreTHePIg sesIt
ssak'saykSePIgm~ak'BIrbIedIm sYrrkpveTAsMLt P~Mvaycab . BwkfTI
9mkraq~S1979 manynehaHmIcBIreKOgebIky"agelOgkat'BIelIkugVt'dM
bg Vj'Tmak'Kab'EbkedjBYkeyaFaExrkhmEdlkMBugrt'Vk'T&B . BYk
varaydak'ExetomTI1enAtg'vtbwgrSg mantSgkSePIgFMenAk~gvtbwgrSg
enaHpg . edaybeNaHkSePIgnigKab'EdlskTukk~gvtsEgd*lbimbiyminTan' yb'fTI9mkra BYkvak*Vj'epagkMeTcvtsEgeqHPWmYycMehog
emX . BYkG~ksukk*nSkUnCJnecArt'cUlmkPUmilMenAvij nSK~aQremIl
ePIgeqHvtsEgpHkekIkdI . fTI10mkra T&ByYnmanlaylavpg VncUlmkdl'GtItexackugVt'dMbg . bCaCnmYykumykVnkSePIgmYyhi
b EdlExrkhmykeTAminTan' enAxagelIPUmibwgrSgbnic ehIyk*nSK~aCa
mYyGtItQbXMuvtKr Edlrt'cUlBelIkK~aeTAEcgkar sak'Vj'LanhI
bKN:sukeqg nigtam"uk . tam"ukeKcrYcxn .

bCaCnnSK~art'eTAPUmixag

elI@ mkCitkEngEdlmanTahanyYn mkenAkkkujK~anwgvtKr

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mat'swg

sEg xHeTotVnqgeTAetIymag . T&ByYnvayamdak'Exkvat'karJrvaenA

twmpvreTHePIg cmayxg'BIrryEm"tBIpHEdlxMenA . bCaCnVnnSK~aeTA
CJnykkNat'exA smugBIeragtmajk~gvtKr xHeTotnSK~aeTAcab'man'
Ta CUk BITugrYmenApvfI xHeLIgebHdUgEGGukeFICUkman'Ta . yb'enaHBYk
eyaFab"ul-BtVneskJk'bnMeFIbCaCn CaTahanehg-sMrin eskkaKI
cUlmkXMuvtKr .
eyIgVnsaksYrK~afaCaBYkNaEdr eKfaCakgT&BmiteyIgmkrMedaHeT . Bw
keLIgem"agVM esrxMkMBugEtepgsab'viTsemgshrdGaemrikCaPasa
Exr sab'EtCadMbUgs~rkSePIgbIKab'CasJa bnicmks~rdUclaCpH . BYk
eyaFaExrkhmVnmkenAeBjekampH tampv ehIyedjbCaCn[ecj
BIPUmi pHsMEbg tampv tamdgswgeLIgeTAelI G~kEdlbugeKc tUvBYkva
Vj'smab'ecalsab'hUrEhrtampv . BukekknigmayekkxMtUvBYkeyaFa
ExrkhmCensecjeTAGs'tSgBIBlwmsag@ . xM bBn nigkUntUcGa
yuCitBIrq~SBYnsmMenAelIpH . xMlbemIltambehagkar eXIjBYkvakMBug
kab'dUgEckK~asIu nigpwkTwk ehIyCECkK~arj" . dl'em"agbEhlVMbI kUn
busxMGayueTIb2xYberIyM mayxb'mat'Edr EtBYkvaVnrYcCaesc . K~ava
Eskfa manmnusenAelIpH . Gam~ak'ragdUcecarexAsileLIgmkFak'Tar
elIkkSePIgGakaehobnwgekHkeTAehIy EtVneyaFam~ak'eTotragsCH
eLIgmkTan'KaselIkcugkSePIgeTAelIrYcniyayfa bgeGIy! sMueTAtam
eKsineTA kMu[eKeFIVb . xMk*nSbBnkUnmkdICabjab' rYcedIrr"btampv
dgswgeTAelItamBYkvaVb' . BYkeyaFaEdlCIkelNdanhUrEhrtampv
EskeCrxMlan'ThwgsBEbby"ag . GaxHvafa eyIus! VnEtVj'ecal
em"cenAcg'cUlyYneGH ? . GaxHeTotvafa GaenHVnEtdak'va[cSyam
pvenAtg'eNH ! .l. xMecHEtniyayGgredaHsarvafa mkBIkUnxMvaKun
xSg sUmmitGaNitemtapg . GaxHeTotvafa eTA! eTA! [qab'kMu[Gj
EbcitTan' . enAtampvmanG~kCiHkg'etOn[bCaCnsUteTAmux . exac
sab'nwgeyaFaVj'ecalenAreNtskswgtamdgpv manTSgexactaeLAGUnigkUnbusm~ak'pg (11) . xMmanGarmNf
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eTAeTot CIvitxMcas'CaBYkvasmab'Caminxan eJHragerAsmrsMbkxMminEm
nCaG~kEs . xMecHEtbbYlbBnxMrt'qgeTAetIymag EtbBnxMminBm
tam edaycg'sUteTA[Tan'BukmayEdleTAmunVt' . bbYlCaecIndg
enAEtminBm xMk*sMerccitfatUvEteKcxnmYyry:s
sin . eBledIrhYserag
Cag (12) bEhlCaVMryEm"t edaytg'enaHpvekagvagqayBImat'cSg
(11) eLA-GU tUvCamaeLA-ebgKn (nYn-Ca) CabnbuseLA-lIv BuknYn-Ca .
(12) sUmCMrabfa ekayBIfEdlBYkmCwmbkcUlmkcab'mUl-smti nigBYkJy&B
Tissma b'ecalenaH mYyGaTitekay xM tUveKdkecjBIeragCag [mkenAk~gPUmiCYy
sg'eragdak'sUv .

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swg ehIycSgk*ecateTotenaH, cS[bBnxMedIrputeTAmuxbnic xMeFICacUl

eTAdgTwkk~gpHKanmnusenA . eBleyaFaCiHkg'etOnbCaCnCiHkg'hYs
bnic xMk*eKcrt'elatcuHeTABYnEGbnwgmat'cSgecatsmMenATIenaHeTA . xM
sUrGakumkSePIgtal'VM-VMmYynak' EdlkMBugfybeNI rVj'epagbeNIr niyayesIckakkaynwgeCaKC&yBYkvaenH . xMcSrhUtTl'yb' eTIb
hanEhlqgTwkeTAetIymag . ehtuEdlxMeKck*Cakarsni~dand*twmtUv
rbs'xMEmn eJHekayxMCYbbBnxMvij faeBlyb' BYkGaeyaFaExrkh
m vaedIrqYlBilemIlmuxG~kvtKrEdlvaCensenaH nrNamanrUbragsatV
t minsmCaG~kEs vak*GUskykeTAsmab'ecalbnK~a . kEngsg&ymun
nwgqgkat'pvetIyxagekIt xMcUlBYnk~gdubsubTb'sin sMrakrYcBwkeLIg
VnedIrkat'gakeqgsMedAeTAPUmiGUrdMbg ekayvttamwm Tl'muxnwgPUmivtKr
. BIr-bIfekaymk G~kEdlhanqgswgcUleTAykva"n'k~gPUmivtKr tUv
BYkQbVj'sab'Gs'CaecIn . eBlrt'ecjBIKMenorExrkhmvij bBnxM
xMedIreGItemIltamcSgmat'swgEkgeXIjsBxM rhUtVnCYbGtitsisxM
m~ak'EdlVb'faxMenArs'enAeLIy (13) .
xMePcCMrabfa enAfTI7mkra1979 eBlEdlT&ByYnykVnkugP~MeBjehIyenaH b"usiv_ iTVnpay[bCaCnnSK~aekakQreLIg vaykMcat'kMeT
crbbBYkb"ul-Bt . xMBmTSgK~amYycMnYnVnebIkviTk~geragVyrYm dwgfa
eKedjBYkExrkhm ykVnP~MeBjehIy . eQaHemOt, yWun, sari nigK~amY
ycMnYneTotEdlxMmincSeQaH k*kMerIkcitkahan nSK~acab'KNkgBYknirtI
eQaHtamSg takalFMnigbBn (mincSeQaH) ykeTAkab'smab'kb'ecal
enAekayPUmivtKr tg'cugcMkarcwksuy . mitmaXCaKNXMunirtI Edlmk
CMnYsmitey"n (Jy&BTis) VnnSBYkeyaFaCagsamsibnak' mankSePIg
Kb'dtamrkBYkG~kEdlsmab'K~aeK . BYkbHb"unannak'enaHk*eqteKceTA
bugcab'bBnmitmaXykeTAsmab'eTot EtnagenaHkUnxIpg VnGgrsMu[
TukCIviteJHxnminVndwgerOgGIeT ehIymYyeTotnagenaHk*mancitefImmin
kacsahavdUcbICaKNXMu eTIbBYkeKElgminsmab' . edaysarEterOgenH
BYkeyaFak*eFIkarsgswkvij edayVj'smab'BYkkgcl&t EdlviltLb'
mkBIkardanTMnb'TwkxH kardanEsvalTaxH mkCYbCMuBukmayPUmivij
sab'Gs'CagbIrynak'enAtg'PUmixac'eJy (GtItPUmiyYnkatUlik) nigxH
eTotvaqYlBilemIlmuxykeTAsmab'eBlkMBugCens . ehtuenHehIyeTI
bxMdac'citEbkbBnnigkUnsin ehIymYyeTotedaysarxMyl'fa sI@BYk
vaminsUvCaykcitTukdak' eFIVbeT eBlEdlBYkvakMBugP&ysn'esarrt'
nwgkgT&ByYnedjBIekayenaH .
yYnVnedjtamBYkeyaFab"ul-Bty"agbkit nigepagkSePIgFMdak'Ef
(13) KWVMbYnfekaymk eBlenaHkUnbuscgxM KunekACaxS g nigecjkJil
pg .

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meTot eFI[G~kCensnigBYkeyaFaExrkhmPitP&yCaxSg nwgKab'epag

yYn . BYkvaEqkeqrxMyknaLikadnigExkEdllak'Tuk ehIyecaTxMfa V
ncUlCamYyyYneTot muneBlEdlxMsMerccitEbkBIbBnxMenaH . elakKU
QWn-qayk*tUvBYkvaEqkeqrEdr EtKat'ecHnwkeXIjlicmYyfa GU! kgT&B
yYnK~aCagsamsibnak'eTIbnwgCYbxMtg'enaHGMVjmij ! GaeyaFabInak'Ed
lbugEqkeqryknaLikad Exk k*P&yesar gakemIleqgsS rYcdak'empa
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kmkarPUmi kgs&
ytanyamPUmirYcehIy yYnvadkecjedayKanVb'CamunesaH . eBl
yb'eLIgBYkExrkhmvadwgk*cUlmkVj'smab'kgs&ytanKankSePIg ni
gbCaCnsab'Gs'Kansl' . enHehIyCalicmYyrbs'yYn k~gkarxId
Exrkhmsmab'rasExrsttg' ehIyExrKanBicarNaxHenAEtyl'fa
yYnvamanKuNelIExreTot . ebIbCaCncab'VnExrkhm yYnvaeTAykmk
XMuTuk [VyTwkrYcElgGaExrkhmenaHeTAvij vak*nSeyaFaK~avacUlmks
mab'G~kcab'vanigbCaCnPUmienaHGs'eTA . kEngxHeTot EdlbCaCncab'
VnBYkQbEdlsmab'BukmaybgbneK ehIybugebobnwgsmab'sg
swkvij yYneFICaeTAXat'yklemIl rYcbnicmkBYkyYnenaHk*ebIkd[G~k
cgKMnMunwgQbExrkhmenaHkab'smab'CnXatkrenaHeTA . BYkemkg em
PUmi JNiCQbEdlmanxnxH Edlmancitsahavsmab'eKCMnan'b"ul-Bt
k*tUveKsmab'vij xHk*rt'eKcxneTAenATIdTqay@ ehIyBYkCMBUkenHk*Vn
mkbeTsTI3 CaBiessshrdGaemrikk*minticEdr dUcCakrNImitePog (
KNXMuC) emeBCXatbcSextVt'dMbgCaedIm EdlsBfrs'enAk~grd
xUeNtFIxat' .

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yYnUbniykmk`gsm&y
ehgsMrin-h~unEsn
edImI[bCaCnKST yYnVnerobcMdak'ehg-sMrin, GtItExrevotmij
enACayEdnyYn-sayerog [eFICabFanrdTIgemag ehIyEbeQaHsuk
ExrCa kmCabCamanitu EtyYnkab'tYttarbbenHnigsgmExrdl'CMerA xSgCagsm&yeTOg-mijy"ag eCACagGaNaniKmVrSgeTAeTot . em
dwknShU-CImijVnsikaBIbraC&yPaBk~gkareFIevotNamUbniykmkmCamin
sMercCMnan'ktIExrGgmIu . eJHmkBIehtuGIeTIbyYnUbniykmenaHminsMer
c ? eJH
1- emdwknSyYnminVnsikaBIsgmExr[VneCACH . yYnXMykEt
escExrCab'k~gkNab'd eKk*manCMenOfa eKGacrMlaysukExr CaextyYn
CaBitVkd . yYnGackab'VnEtTIkug EttamCnbT PUmi XMu yYnminVnKit
KUresaH . enHehIyCacenaHptrbs'emT&BeTOg-mijy"ag k~gkareFIyYnUb
niykmkmCaTSgmUlminVnsMercenaH .
2- emyYnminsal'TwkcitbCarasExr. Exrsm&yenaHeKsLaj'eKa
rBescNas' TukescCamas'elIsirisa Camas'EpndI . karEdlyYncab'
XMuescExr CakarmYybJak'fa yYnmanbMNgrMlayvgktExr ehIy
ykyYn[mkeFICaescelIrasExrvij . mYyvijeTot rasExrmincUlcit
[Catissasn_ mkeFIkarbgitbgMeKeT .
3- emdwknSyYnnigTahanyYnminecHPasaExr EdlCakarmYyBiVkk~g
karVs&yTak'Tg[yl'citExrpg nigCaBiessBiVkk~gkaresIubykka
rNs
_ mat'BIclnatsUExrpg .
4- yYnminsal'PUmisasTwkdIExr EdlCakarBiVkk~gkartYtta .
5- karykBuTsasnamhayanmkbgM[ExrTSgbeTsBmTTYl nig
eFIkareKarBBHsgyYnEdleskexaGavpyBIsg'cIBr rMlayvtGaram
BHviharExr rYcsg'viharEbbyYn bgM[sIExreskGavbMBg'EvgrebobyYn
[mnIExreronPasayYn CakarmYybqSgnwgTMenomTMlab'rbs'Exr EdlV
nGnuvtrab'Jn'q~SmkehIy .
6- karEdlyYnebIGMeBIkaceXareXAmkelIrasExr bgajExr[emIl
eXIjfayYnmanbMNgrMlayCatiExrbeTsExrCaBitVkdNas' .
7- EpnkaryYnEdlbugdkecAhayextExrehIyykyYnmkCMnYnvij
enaH VneFI[ecAhayextExrrYbrYmdCamYybCarasvaykMcat'yYnvij .
buBehtuTSg7bkarenHehIyEdleFI[ExrecHrYbrYmK~a ekakeLIgbgCa
-132-

kumCas&KbkBYkbHeVrTUTSgbeTsExr bqSgtTl'nwgstUvbreTs
Edlcg'rMlaysasnE_ xr rMlaybeTsExr . karsnt'K~aKb'embH eFIkar
eVssMGatyYnTSgTahanTSgsIuvil kMLg8fTUTSgbeTsExr eFI[em
T&ByYneTOg-mijy"agminGacTb'Tl'VneLIy ehIyeTaHbICaeTOg-mij
y"agVnbrEpnkarbugeVkrasExr edayBmykvgktExrGgmIumk
[esayraCvijenaH k*vaCakarhYseBleTAehIyEdr eJHrasExrElg
eCOElgTukcityYnfamancitesaHtg' mineVkVs'eTot dUcsuPasitExr
EtgrMlwkVb'kUnecAfa esomminecalkn yYnminecalBut . EfmBI
elIenHeTAeTotenaH BwtikarN_ kMBb'EtGug k*eTIbEtnwgkngeTAfI@ Cag
10q~Sb"ueNaH EdlkaleNaHyYnVneFIkarsmab'ExredayPaBsahavB
phYsehtueBkk~gkardanCIkEBk vijet . BwtikarNk
_ MBb'EtGugenH
dUntaEm"Exr elIkElgEtescExrmYyecj EtgelIkykmktMNalVb'
kUnecA[cgcS sal'BIcitKMnityYn bMNgrbs'yYn . eTaHbICaemdwknSExr
mYykab'tUcsLaj'yYnk*eday EtrasExrsTab'ekamminsLaj' min
cUlcityYnesaHeLIy eJHyYnCaCatisasnm
_ anButtt klickluc
Nas' EtExrminEmnmanKMnitbkan'BUCsasn_ Racialist rebobdUck~gsgm
GaemrikSgsm&ymun EdlesrbreTsxHVnsresrenaHeT .
ehtudUec~HehIy edImIkesabelbbeTsExr k~gdMeNIreqaHmkTis
xaglicelIkTI2eTotenaH hU-CImijVnerobEpnkarvay"aglitln' BmTSg
sikasavCavBIbuBehtunbraC&yrbs'dUntava EdleFIevotNamUbniykm
kmCaminVnsMercenaH .
EpnkarfIrbs'hU-CImijKW
1- erobcMsgmExr[pyxussLHBIsgmb"ul-Bt .
2- eFI[ExrsLaj'yYn EkEbbvtisas fayYnCamitmkCYyExr .
3- Bgk'[Exrqtvegg BukrlYy rSErk sIjI bJlsIyYn[mkeFICa
bBncugBYkemdwknSFM@ nigBYkGaCaFrExrehg-sMrin .
4- ykkumExrevotmijmkdwknSsukExr .
5- ebIviFankarBnaeBl edImIerobcMpk~g nig[ExrePcenOyNay
pS[rasExrGacrs'enAekamkartYttarbs'yYn [mtiBiPBelakBmTTY
lsal'rbbGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn BmTTYldwg Status quo k~gsa
nPaBsukExrsBf fayYnCamas'nkmCa .
6- ykniKmyYnmktSgenAelITwkdIExr[kan'EtecIn edImItamBinits
kmPaBExr bgat'BUCExryYn[mankUnkat'yYnExrkan'EtecIn . enHKWCaEpn
karrMlayCatiExrk~gry:eBlEvgmYy EdlyYnVnFab'eFImkVneCaKC&y
rYcehIyenAbeTscam nigfI@k~gcugstvtTI19nigedImstvtTI20enH
enAkmCaekam .
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k~gbMNgmYyeTotEdr KW[ehg-sMrin, hun-EsnTTYlykBYkniKm

yYnfI@enH [cUlCasJatiExrTSgGs' k~gbMNgykQ~H ebIbsinCaGg
karshbCaCatibgM[mankareVHeq~atenaH .
7- bMpuselIkykEtBIkidkm EtGMBIeKaHf~ak'rbs'ExrkhmmkV
b'mtiCatiExrk~gbeTs nigCaBiessBiPBelak edImIbwTVMgnUvkidkm
rbs'yYnmkelIrasExr nigbwTVMgeKalbMNgyYn k~gkarelbbeTs
ExrrYmeFIshB&nNcineTAGnaKt .
k~gviFankarNy
_ kQ~HelIBYkExrkhm bMP&nmtiBiPBelak nigelb
sukExry"agqaj' dUcyYnelbbeTscamnigbeTslavenaH yYnnigGay"gehg-sMrin eFICaebIk[manesrIPaB (Ekgkay) bCaCnGacedIrcuHeLI
gVn EttUvmanlixitGnuJatedIrpv (eKtUvcayluysUkeTIbVnlixit
enaH) G~kNaenAsukNaGacvileTArs'enAsukenaHvij . begItkdas'V
k'eVHedayevotNam ykmkTijePaKplExry"agefakdwkecjeTAekAb
eTsekamyIeha Product of Vietnam . ebIk[manparlk'dUr ebIksala
eron viTal&y EteKmin[sikaBIbvtiExr min[sikaBIGkrsasExresaH
eLIy . eKbegon[kUnExrecHsLaj'yYn fayYnl yYnCamitmkCYy
Exr . sisEdlCab'mFmsikab&tPaKTI2 ( Bacc II ) ehIy minGacyk
cMeNHeTAbMerIsukVneLIy . rbs'Gs'TSgenHEdleKbegIteLIg vaKan'
EtCabMNgbgajBiPBelak[eXIj ehIyKSTrbbGay"g sb'rbbb"ulBt ehIyePcsUnQwgEtmgBIevotNamUbniykmkmCaTSgmUlCa tan'
tayfaj' rbs'yYn .
eKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImijVnsMercCasaBrehIy edaysav&kKat'V
nedIrtammaKatayTuk ehIyykVnkmCaTSgmUlk~gfTI7 mkar 1979 .
y Y n v a d a k ' E x r e v o t m i j E d l T T Y l k a r G b ' r M e n A h a N U y C M n a n ' T I 1 (14)
ehg-sMrin, GtItG~krt'BnCUkenAsayerog, [eFICabFannaFibtIGay"g
kmCa rYcykBYkExrevotmijCMnan'TI2[CYyeFIkar EtyYnVndak's~gkarnig
P~ak'gar (sIyYnbBncug) va[enAtYttatamdanBYkkumGay"gehg-sMrin,
hun-Esn . esckIsMercGI@ kartUveFIy"agNa@enaH tUvEtsaksYresI~
(14) BYkCMnan'TI1KWBYkExrevotmij EdltamyYneTAenAhaNUyekaysni~siThWENv
q~S1954 manGacaremon sWg-g"ukmij, ehg-sMrin. BYkCMnan'TI2KWBYkekg@nigBYk
CMTg'kUnExr EdlyYncab'ykeTAGb'rMenAhaNUy cab'BIrvagq~S1952mk KWsm&y b
mat'bmg' Gar"ab'cab'kUnekg manBYkEb"n-suvN, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&yCaedIm . sB
fBYkExrevotmijCMnan'TI2enHmanbBnyYn xH edayyYncab'eTABIekgeBk minTSg
sal'sukkMeNIt Em"bgbnpg . BYkCMnan'TI3 KWBYkekgkMJExr EdlyYnbmUlyk
eBlb"ul-BtVk'T&Brt'mkCayEdnf . CMnan'TI3enH yYnnwgykmkebIeTot ebIExrrMedaHsukrYcenAeBlenH .

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sMukaryl'BmBIemdwknSyYnCamunsin ebItMNagemdwknSyYnminBm KWmi

nGaceFIcat'karVnTal'EtesaH .
EpnkarevotNamUbniykmfIenH KWyYnmineKagdkecAhayext ecAhaysukExr ehIydak'yYnmkCMnYsdUcEdleTOg-mijy"ag (15) Vn
GnuvttambJaescmij-m"agkalBIq~S1840 k~graCktIGgmIuenaHeToteT.
yYnvaykExrEdlVnTTYlkarGb'rMbJkTwsIyYnUbniykmenAhaNUy
CayUrq~SmkehIyenaH [tYttarasExrK~ag EtyYnvatYtBIelIkalBYk
Gay"gehg-sMrin, hun-Esnvij ehIyemdwknSyYnVnbgb'P~ak'gareKenA
k~gsTab'GaCaFrehg-sMrin CaBiessenAk~gsTab'bCaCnExrEtmg edI
mIkMu[ExregIbbHeVrrYcenAk~gbeTsExrdUcsm&yeTOg-mijy"ageTot .
buKlikFM@Kb'ksYg eTaHmanbBnExrExrrYceTAehIyk*eday k*tUvEtyk
bBncugCayYnmYyeTot .
enAtamviTal&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg
eTA k~gmYyGaTitcMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitqgeqIyrbs'elaktUc-QYg,
GtItG~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' VnsresrVb'fa
enAtamviTal&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg
eTA k~gmYyGaTitcMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitqgeqIyrbs'elaktUc-QYg,
GtItG~kniBnesovePA Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmas' VnsresrVb'fa
sisEdlbLgDIbm eKeFI Classement eCIserIsykPaKry[cUlf~a
k'TI8 ( Classe de seconde BIedIm ) EtBinmindl'eKehAfaFak'ekAGI tUvsk
edIrTat'xl' tUvV"c'eFITahan . bLgsBfeKtUvkarluykak' Gakk'Ga
kICagsm&yln'-nl'eTAeTot . Et Taux vamindl' CakartbeyaCn_ .
niyayBIkMritviCasisexayhYsvis&y xHCab' Bac ehIyminecH Fraction
pg .
emdwknSyYnBgk'ExrKb'ksYgrd[Qk'vegg BukrlYydl'qwg edImI
gaykan'kab'tYtta eJHExrm~ak'@KitEtBIbJaKYsar kBH ElgKitKUBICa
ti BIbeTstUvenACakJHyYn eTACasIeTotehIy .
KUbzmsikaVnVk'Ex175erol KUmFmsikaVn250erolk~gmY
yEx . G~krdkarmFmVnVk'Exxg'200erol BYkeha-NShug, Kg'-sM
Gul Vnxg'300erolk~gmYyEx EtBYkenHCiHLansuTEtm"akEmrsWEds
ebIKitCaluysnMVk'Ex BYkenHtUveFIkarcMnYnBIrryq~SeTIbTijLanFunenH
VnCiH .
edaysarBYkExrevotmijsuTEtCamnuslg'exA minGaceFI[bB&ndwk
nSbeTsedIreTAmuxVn yYnk*eCIserIsykBYkCYrTI3 mkCYyeFIkarBYkGay"gyYnenHman Kg'-sMGul

( GtItnisitenA Georgia shrdGaemrik ),

(15) sUmGanCMBUkTI1 .

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eha-NShug nigBYkGtItraCkarCMnan'sIhnu nigBYkrdkarCMnan'saFarNrdmkCYyeTot . BYkekayenH dMbUgeLIyeKykmkKan'EtCabMerIBYkCYrTI1

nigCYrTI2b"ueNaHeT EtekayEdlCYrTI1nigTI2Vk'EbkK~a bnab'BIyYncab'
Eb"n-suvNykeTAhaNUyVt'eTAenaH BYkCYrTI3 dUcCaKg'-sMGul, ehaNShug k*VneLIgTwkmYykMrity"agxs' ehIytSgxnCakJHyYndac'fEt
mg eJHEtGMNac .
e d I m I e F I [ k u m c ln a t s U E x r e x a y B Y k yY n Vn e F I n e ya V yT a k ' T a j
ykBYkExrbreTsdUcCa hSg-eg"a, Dit-bn, Eb"l-Nal', y"g-Esm,
Giun-tS, qSg-sug.l. k~geKaledABIr KWmYy[KSTrbbGay"gehgsMrin, hun-Esn nigeXasnarbbenH[ExrenAbreTs nigmtibreTsTTYl
sal'rbbenH nigeKaledATI2 KWTak'TajykluyrUbiyvteTACYysaresd
kicyYn EdlBYkenHVnrksIunSykluydular luyhg'eTA[bgbnenA
sukExr EtyYnbmUlykrUbiyb&NTSgGs'eTABnKr TukVk'erolEdl
yYneVH[FnaKarehg-sMrin CaCMnYsluydulareTAvij .
edImICalicelbsukExr yYnVn[ehg-sMrincuHhtelxayl'Bm
[kgT&ByYntSgenAelITwkdIExrcMnYn25q~S nigcuHhtelxak~gkarrab'GanK~a
d*Cits~iT rvagbCaCnevotNam-lav-kmCaCabgbnyUrGEggq~S . k~gPa
saneyaVyTUt BYkeKniyayfa neyaVyrbs'beTsNcinTSg
bI .
yYnVnbgM[ehg-sMrincuHhtelxabKl'ekaHesH Edlmanebgka
teTA[yYn kat'bnyBMEdnExr cmayBI5eTA30Km cab'BIBMrYmbIbeTs
Exr-lav-yYn cuHmkdl'mat'smuTCab'extJm ( Hatien ) (16) .
emdwknSyYnVnniyayfa edImIkMu[bCaCnyYnnigExrecHEtTas'
ETgK~aminecHcb'eTotenaH KYrExrkat'bKl'dIcMBuHTak~gextsayerog[eTA
yYn .

(16) sUmGan kalbvtiviTanbeTskmCa rbs'esr .

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semcsIhnuCabFanclnaExrcMruH
enAq~S1969 eBlExresrI205nak'cuHcUl EdlkalenaHsIhnuVnGan
GtbTExresrI EcgBIeKaHf~ak'neyaVyxusrbs'Tg' semcVndwgrYcehI
y edaykMhwgcg'sgswkBYkln'-nl', sirimt: sIhnuVncUlrYmdCamYy
yYnkumynisnigExrkhm . [T&ByYnhU-CImijvaybeTsExr smab'
Exr .
k~gesovePA Sihanouk's Sideshow tg'TMB&r155 sIhnuVnsarPaB
Vb'G~kniBnfa I have had to take a sedative in order to sleep .
Princess Monique guards her husband's supply of barbiturates, just as
she did during the years they were help captive by the Khmer Rouge. He
wanted to commit suicide, but she refused to give him the potion. He,
too, tells me ( the author ), I owe my life and sanity to my wife .
ehtuGIVnCasemcsIhnucg'eFIGtXat? eJHGs'sgwm edaysar
manvibdisarI ? .
k~gsMenr sgamnigesckIsgwm ( War and Hope ) k*semcsIh
nuVnsarPaBBI buBehtuGIVnCaTg'eTACYyyYnevotNamxageCIg Edr
Et Kan'EtCaelsEdlTg'ykmksresrsMrab'karJrmuxmat ' ( Sauver sa
face ) b"ueNaH . karsMxan'KWTg'VnsarPaBfa sIhnuVnCYyyYnKb'Eb
bKb'y"agEmn .
enAKb'sunrkfa enAKb'TIkEngEdlTg'yageTA semcsIhnuenAEt
minTTYlfa neyaVyrbs'Tg'xus k*ExrTSgbIlannak'sab'KWmanTg'
CaG~kcUlrYmCamYyBYkXatkrExrkhmeT . Tg'enAEtCMTaleCrfa mk
EtBIBYkGasaFarNrd Galn'-nl', sirimt: bnkt'eFIrdbharTmak'Tg'BI
tMENgbmuxrd eTIbVnCasukeTACay"agenH .
k~gnamCabFanclnatsUcMruH semcsIhnuenAEteFIneyaVyekam
TUrbJarbs'emdwknSyYn . Tg'laElg ElglaCaecIndg . tfVk'Ex
CamYyyYn k~geBlyYnCamYyehg-sMrin ebImeFaVylgTak'yksemc ehIysemcvijgakmkbrihar pl'karTn'exaypk~gclnatsUExr
eTAemdwknSyYnGs'rlIg .
sBfenHeTot ( ExF~1990 ) semcsIhnukMBugEtedIrtYftkunenAkUer"
xageCIg edImIykeTAbJSg[rasExremIl k~geKalbMNglagkMhus
lagVtdTg'[CHQamrasExr EdlTg'kalenaH CabFanrdaPiVl
rYbrYmCatikmCa eFIshkarrYmdCamYyemdwknSyYnpg CamYybnExrkhm
pg nigdUckalmundEdl

KWsg' neyaVybCaPifuti bCabiyPaB

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rbs'Tg'eLIgvij .
etItMNeTAfmux semcsIhnunwgdUrriyabf suxciteFIBlikmxH edImIesacsg'muxmat'rbs'Tg'k~gbvtisasskl CaBiessk~gbvtisasExreT ?
skmPaBrbs'Tg'CamYyG~km~ag BmTSgbut sBfenHCakarbJak'
Vb'eyIgCaExrTSgGs'K~arYcesceTAehIy ! .

-138-

eKaledAnigbMNgExrkhmnaGnaKt
TSgmtisklelak CaBiessmtirasExr mineCOfa ExrkhmEkEb
citKMnit lHbg'TwsIem"AniymeqghYsehtu ( Radical Maoism ) brcritsa
havElgkab'smab'Exr nigminmkdeNImGMNaceTot . cMNucenHehIy
EdlemdwknSevotNamyl'cas' ehIyykmkeFICaelsk~gkarkan'kab'
sukExrTSgmUledaysMGagfa karJrrasExr[rYcBIBYkXatkrb"ul-Bt .
bnExrkhmenAEtmanCMenOfa bdivtnm
_ haelatepaHmhaGsar
nig bdivtnv_ bFm d*lIlarevIrvaytamcMkYtm"arsIus-em"AniymsIvaenaH
CitVnsMercdl'eKaledAeTAehIy ebIkMuEtevotNamcUlmkQanJnedj
BYkvaecjBIGMNacenaH .
BYknisitExrEdlviltLb'cUlsukvijekayf17emsa1975 xg'
bIJn'nak' G~kEdlenAsl'rs'BIsab'edays~adb"ul-Bt valt'dMmanCag
bIrynak' . k~gcMeNamBYkEdlenAsl'CIvitenH manxHenAEteCOdUcbnb"ul
-BtEdr . xHVnvileTACYbEm"enAextkMBg'cam ehIyxMGYtfa ExreyIg
enAEtbniceTotmanVyhUbbIdgnigmanbEgmpg EttUvbgbnVnham
[bwTmat'Qb'niyayteTAeTot ebIBMuenaHeTnwgtUvbCarasExrGUskCamin
xan .
k~gBiFICb'elogmYyenAjvy"kk~gq~S1982 EdlmansemcsIhnunig
G~km~agsIhnuVncat'EcgeLIgenaH ePvsMxan'elIkElgEtG~kkarTUtbreT
secj KWmanemdwknSExrkhmFMVncUlrYm manexov-sMpnCaedIm . exov
sMpnVneqIytbnwgsMnYr etIelakVnsmab'bCarasb"unannak' ? mY
ylan'nak' ? BIrlannak' ? faCa JkPUtPrrbs'BYkckBti, ckBtievo
tNamQanJnVnmksmab'rasExrTSgenaH .
b"ul-BtEtgEtebIkvKGb'rMeronsUttMrg'eKalCMhrneyaVyvaBMuEdl
elaHxaneLIy CaBiesskarGb'rMBYkKNdwknSFM@ BYkemkgeyaFaCaedIm .
karebIkvKeronsUtmYyenAtMbn'87k~gexttat (sukf) CitCMrMExrkhm
EkrTl'EdnExrenaHmanTSgBYkemdwknSnEdndIBiXat ( The Killing Fields
) VncUlrYmpgKW sun-esn, nYn-Ca, exov-sMpn, eGog-sarI, tam"uk . CMrM
enHCamUldaneyaFaFMrbs'Exrkhm EdlmancMnYnBI35Jn'eTAbYnmWunnak'
. enAtMbn'87 b"ul-BtVnerobcMyuTviFIcas'dEdl edImIkab'ykCnbTExr
( kan'kab'k~geBlyb' fbgb'xn ) eLamhuB&TTIkugP~MeBjBukrlYynigrd
Vl (ehg-sMrin) Vk'Ebk .
BYkExrkhmminebIyuTsasvaysgb'cUlTIkugP~MeBj dUckalq~S
1975eToteT EtBYkvaepkpleTAtamneyaVynkarTUtGnrCati nigkarcr
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caTak'TinCamYykgT&Bqk' (T&BclnatsUExr ) . b"ul-BtVnyl'y"agca

s'fa ebIkalNakgT&BExrkhmcUlkan'EtCitTIkugP~MeBjenaH shKm
GnrCatik*nwgeqqaeFIsmaFbgM[mankaredaHsayneyaVy . fIebIkarva
ybyuTtUvEtykmkebICacSVc'enaH EtbnExrkhmtUvEtbmUlpMKMnit
vaelIEp~kneyaVy ( cUccMerogBYkvaecInecogfa neyaVyrYmpMGavuF besIemaHmutrbs'Ggkar ) edImIQaneTArkeKaledArbs'vaenaH . ehtudUec~H
ehIy eTaHbICaTIkugva"siunetanVndkkarKSTneyaVyecjBIBYkExrkhm edImIeFIkarcrcaCamYyevotNam k~gkarecosvagkMu[Exrkhmmkyk
GMNacvijk*eday k*vaKanGIEbbYlpas'bresaHeLIy .
k~gBiFIebIkvKeronsUtenaH b"ul-BtVncMNayeBjmYyfk~gkarsikaEvkEjkBIneyaVy nigEmkFagsgmvN:nclnatsUtIPaKIEdlrYm
CamYyBYkminEmnkumynis . b"ul-BtVnbegonfa karEdlExrkhm
BmcUlrYmCamYyBYkminEmnkumynis k~geKaledAbmUlyknUvkarKSTn
eyaVyBIrasExrk~gsuk nigkarKSTpvTUtBIGnrCati fIebImankarEbbYleKalCMhrneyaVyxHedayBYkbdivtnC
_ YbbTHCamYyBYkckBtinigs
kiPUmik*eday . EteTaHCay"agNak*eday b"ul-BtVnBmanekInrMlwkBYk
sisvafa [rkanUvsPaBedIm ( Their true nature)) CanicehIyrs'enAeday
TenjCab'Canicfa neyaVyVnpas'br EtBYkeyIgenaEtmancitKMnit
dEdl (The politics have changed but the spirit remains the same ) .
EfmBIelIenHeTot b"ul-BtVnFanadl'BYkemkg emKNdwknSvafa
fIebIb"uss
i_ Mxan'@xagkarTUttUvBYkminEmnkumyniskan'kab'k*edayk*BYkExr
khmenAEtCakmSgT&Bd*xSgCageKk~gclnatsUcMruH semcsIhnu Ca
bFanEtKanGMNac ebobdUcsMbkkUcGIcwg BYkeyIgvijCaEkbEpkUc
enaH . sIhnunigBiPBelakxagekAminmanTidPaBdUec~HeT b"uEnsmmitTSg
Gs'K~amintUvsg&yesaHeLIyfa KWBYkeyIgenHehIy EdlmannaTICaemdw
knSBit@k~gkarvaybyuTrMedaHCatienH .
k~gkarebIkvKsikaeronsUtenH b"ul-BtVnsYrdl'sisCaKNdwk
nSExrkhmfa etIeyIgtUveFIy"agNaedImI[bCaCnKSTeyIg ? .
BYkKNemkgCaecInVneqIytbfa [elIkykGMeBIBukrlYyrbs'kum
minEmnkumynismkniyay ehIybgajBIskmPaBes~haCatirbs'BYk
Exrkhm . xHeTotelIkGMBIbJaesdkic fatUverobcM[bCaCnbgbegIn
plsUv[VnecIn CaedIm Etb"ul-BtenAEtmineBjcitelIcemIyTSg
enaH . eBlenaHmanemkgvaenACYrekaym~ak'elIkdeqIyfa eyIgtUvda
k'xn[TabesInwgbCaCnEdlkIkCageK enaHbnab'mkbCaCnk*nwgmkpM
KSTBYkeyIgnigsLaj'BYkeyIg . b"ul-BtVneqIyy"ageBjcitfa
tUv ! tUvNas' ! .
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enAk~gf~ak'vKeronsUtenH b"ul-BtVnefaleTasBYkP~ak'garevotNa
m (kalyYnxnExr) faVneFIviTgnadl'bdivtn_ CaPaKecInk~gkarsmab'
rgal . b"ul-BtVnsarPaBfa karEdlGgkarbJa[smab'BYkG~kneyaVy nigembJakarkgT&BsaFarNrdExrk~gq~S1975enaH eJHBYk
eKbLak'eCaKCSedayKMnitckBti , ehIyb"ul-BtVnrMlwkBIemdwknSExr
khmekg@ EdlVnGnuvtTwsIbdivtnd
_ ac'xateBk nigBmanQb'[eFIkM
husdEdlenaHeTot .
enAeBlbJb'bwTvKeronsUtenaH b"ul-BtVnEfgsunkfaEdleFI[BY
ksisKN bJakar vresna sk'TwkEP~knigsMEdgkarebCacittsUbyuTrhUtdMNk'Qamcugekaybgs' dUcG~kniBnVnelIksMdIenaHmksresrtg'TMB&r200fa xMmanesckIesaksayNas' edaysmmitTSg
Gs'minTan'yl'[Vndl'CMerA . xMesaksayNas'EdlkumtsUdTeTo
tnwgkan'EtmankmSg . eTaHbIxMkan'Etcas' nigtUvcUlnivtnk
_ *eday k*xMtUv
EtxMbwg[Gs'smtPaBedImIksagsmmit . kMuemIlgayxnfa smmit
eTAminrYc EttUvbugby&t~CaniccMeJHPaBetaHetIyniglak'karCanic .
etIkumEdltSgxnCaExresrIkar sLaj'esrIPaB yutiFmenaHman
karebCatSgcit[VnmYyPaKnkumXatkrenHeT ? .
tamsMdIhYt-GUnehg enAkecH sBfrs'enArdkalIh&rnij"aVnniya
yfa eQaHqn (tayk), enAkMBg'camsm&yyYnyksukExr VntUv
eKecaTbwgyYnfaCaExrkhm . Kat'kMBugEtedkGgwgekampH sab'Etma
nBYkTahanyYnmYykumcuHBIrfynedIrsMedAmkrkKat'@eXIjdUec~aHk*nwkfa
yYncas'Camkrkcab'Kat'Caminxan k*kMesokxneKceTAekaypH Tahan
yYnk*edjcab'beNay . eQaHqntaykVnrt'cUlBeTArs'enACamYyBYkExrkhm ehIyVneFICaembJakarkgvresna . eKehAfa taqn
(taCavN:k~gCYrExrkhm) . hYt-GUnehgVnrMlwksMdItaqnfa rbb
enHenaEtkab'smab'dEdl KWKanEkEbTal'EtesaH eJHTwsIkhmdac'
xatVnEcgfa tUvEtsmab'edImI[mnusxac nigeKarBtamTisedArbs'Ggkarkumynis nigedImI[Vnkan'GMNacteTAfmuxeTot .
ebImandMeNaHsaysniPaBrYcenAsukExr EtKankarcat'Ecgkat'eTa
sbnExrkhmeTenaH k~gry:eBlEvgnaGnaKt k~geBlEdlBYkGaCaFr
Exrm~ak'@xMbUm xMBukrlYysg'edImenaH bnExrkhmk*nwgbmUlVnnUvkar
KSTBIbCarasExrmkvij ehIykesabykGMNacmkvijeTotCaminxan
Etk~gnamExrsImYyepgeTot minEmnk~gnam Exrkhm dEdlenHeT.

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CMBUkTI7
- eyabl' eyIgm~ak'@ TSgesrbreTs bswmbeTs BmTSgbCarasExrTSgG
s'K~aVnemIleXIj nigecaTeTAelIEtkumExrkhmbnb"ul-Bt, eGogsarI, exov-sMpn, nYn-CaEtb"ueNaH . BitEmnehIyfa bnb"ul-BtCaCnd
dl'kid VtdbLak'QamrasExrbIlannak' EtvamanktaGafkMVMgmYycMnYnFM

EdlCakumExrK~agk*man kumbreTsk*man EdlVnTUrbJa

( edaycMeJHnigmincMeJH Directly or indirectly ) bnb"ul-Bt[bBwtkwdkmsmab'rgalCnCatiExrK~ag edayBYkbreTsenaHcSeqt{kascMeN

j nigbwTVMgnUvkidkmnigbMNgrbs'eKmkelIbeTsExr nigCnCati
ExreyIg .
etIbnb"ul-BtecjBINamk ? breTsNa ExrNaCaG~kbegItpgepIm
bnkwdCnGs'TSgenHeLIg[smab'Exr ? yYnCaG~kbegItBYkExrkhm .
b"ul-BtmanKMnitsb'rbbraCaniym tSgEtBIeKykbgsIbgs'rbs'
Kat'eTAfayhgsIusuvti-munIvgeFICas~Mem"H (1) . EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH
saLt-srmanbMNgd*FMeFgk~gkarksagxneK kitiyspal'xnrbs'eK
[lIlajx&rxar CaemdwknSExrd*eqI~mm~ak'dUcCaeLnIn, em"A-esTug dUcCa
hU-CImijedayedIrykpvsgmniymkumynisEbbem"Aniymdac'xat (Radi
-cal ) .
(1) sUmCMrabfa ExrCarassamJ elIkElgEtnamWunEdlpab'escedImIbuNs&kiecj
mincg'[kUnsIxn eTAeFC
I as~MescEdlmanbBnrab'minGs'enaHeT . tamkarsmasn_
rbs'sIhnu cuHk~gTsnavdI Playboy q~S1987 kal34 elx5 sIhnuVnniyayfa
CItarbs'hgKWTg'munIvg mans~MCapvkarcMnYn60 EttamkarBitrab'ry eJHhgmandMNak'enAJseBjsukExr Kan'EtBIsn'eTAkMBg'FM mandMNak'bI-bYnkEng
eTAehIy .
dMNak'mYyenAG~krSg CitparrMlgtUveKlYcdutecal . ecAha yextEtgeTAbgMr as[
ykkUnkmMueTAfa yhg eBlEdlhgeTAsMNak'lMEhenAnwgdMNak'NamYyenaH . bg
sIbgs'rbs'b"ul-Btm~ak'eQaHLt-saerOn tUveKbgM[
eTAeFC
I as~MhgmunIvgenAnwg
dMNak'G~krSgenaH .

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eBlVneTAeronenAsukVrSg b"ul-Btk*cUlcitsLaj'gb'gl'nwg
TwsIkumynis ehIyVncUlrYmCamYybkkumynishU-CImijtSgBIq~S19
49enaHmk . eBlCnenHVnviltLb'mksukExrvijnaedImq~S1953 enaH
k*enAEtbnkarTak'TgCamYybkkumynisyYndEdl edayVneTAcUlrYm
k~gmUldantMbn'kMBt tac tYttadwknSedayGacaremon sWg-g"ukmij KW
enAcugsgamNcinelIkTI1 EdlCitEtnwgcb'eTAehIyenaH . tSgBIeka
ykarsMercrbs'sni~siThWENvq~S1954mk edaymanemdwknShaNUy
CYycat'EcgsMrYl[ b"ul-BtVneFIdMeNIreTAsukcineb"kSgtamry:y
ynehaHhaNUyy"agsat'@CaecIndg . tSgEtBIVnCYbsnnaCamYyem"AesTugmk CnenHmankarekatsresIrnUvTwsIrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"A
d*mhimarbs'cinCaxSg CaBiessTwsIEcgBImhaelatepaH-mhaGsar
nigTwsIEcgBI kareFIbdivtnv_ bFmrMlaysgmcas'skiPUmi ecal . Cn
enHk*cab'manmhicitaelaPln'nigmanbMNgtSgxn[kayeTACaemdwknS
Exrd*mhaPWsagmhaGsarm~ak'k~gkartsUvN: ksagrbbkumynisk~g
sukExr [VndUcCaeLnIn em"A-esTug k*hU-CImij[Tal'EtVn . eh
tuenHehIyeTIbCnenHVnGb'rMxneK[manebHdUgf citrwgdUcEdk sahav
dUcxatUvrbYs cMeJHGIEdlmkBaMg mkrarSgnUveKalbMNgd*FMeFgrbs'eK
enaH CnenHtUvEtkMeTcecalTSgGs' . edaysarcitman:brpac'Ebby"ag
enHehIy CnenHk*VnkaymkCamnusKanmenaseJtna CaBiessrvagbI
bBn EdleFI[G~kKUexov-b"uNarIkayCaqtvk'k~gq~S1978 ehIyb"ul-Bt
k*ykbBnmYyeToteTA .
edImIeFIsgm[VneCOnelOnkayCasgmniymBitVkdenaH eKtUv
EteFIbdivtmYy[xSgka eJlKWtUvEtkMeTc[Gs'BYkskiPUmi vN:G~kdwknS
CMnan'rbbcas' G~kTIkug nayTun CaBiesstUvsmab'G~kecHdwgecalmun[
Gs'sin eJHtam{vaTrbs'em"A-esTugfa ebITukBYkGs'enH[enArs' BYk
enHEdlecHBicarNarkehtuplecIn nigbegIt[manKMnit esIerIniym
bqSgtbCamYyKMnitsgmniymkumynisvijCaminxan . KwHvbFmCMenOsasna sil:k~grbbcas' k*tUvEtbMpajecalTSgGs'Edr ebIBMuenaHeT
kareFIbdivtnQ
_
anepaHeTArksgmniymBitVkdenaH nwgminVnsMerceCa
KC&ydl'eKaledAesaHeLIy . enHehIyCaCMenOpab'muxrbs'bnb"ul-Bt
ehIyCabMNgrbs'emdwknScinEdr k~gkaryksukExreFIkarBiesaFn_

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nUv

TwsIrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimarbs'eK faetITwsIenaHGacTTYleCaKC&y
eT ? .
cMENkemdwknSyYnvij Vnyl'nigdwgBIKMnitrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimacas'las'Nas' nigdwgGMBIeKalbMNgrbs'cinbugyk
evotNamdUcCacinVnrMlayykbeTsTIebk~gq~S1959Edr eJHyYnFab'
VnPkemeronCUrct'ekamkartYttarbs'GFiraCcinGs'db'mYystvtmk
ehIy . emdwknSyYnVnsab'KMnitemdwknScincas'Nas' . KMnitem"AvasIu
K~a tUvsbK~anwgeKalbMNgrbs'yYn EdleKagyksukExr[Vnk~g
GnaKt edImI[bCarasyYnCaghuksiblannak'Gacrs'VnsYl .
eKagkarNT
_ I1EdlyYnxageCIgVnGnuvtKW ykBYkExrevotmijmk
dak'[dwknSbeTsExrVMgmuxGnrCatimYyry:s
sin rYcehIyswmeFIevotNa
mUbniykmsnwm@ edImITajyksukExreFICardmYyk~gshB&nNcin
EdlmanyYnCaemdwknS . EteKagkarNe_ nHVntUvb"ul-BtdwgCamun ehI
ykMeTcecaltSgBIq~S1972 KWtSgBIeBlsaLt-srVnbMBulsmab'sWg
g"ukmijem"H . karkMeTcEpnkaryYnenH VneFICabnbnab'mkeTotrhUtdl'
q~S1978 dUcCakarcab'smab'BYkJy&BTiskummUl-smti enAfTI18mifu
na1978CaedIm .
EpnkarTI1VnxUcGasarbg'Gs'ehIy edaysars~adb"ul-Bt . ehtu
enHemdwknSyYnrg'cSemIlEpnkarTI2 EdlyYnVneFIsmbeTAnwg TwsI
em"A KWbMpusbMpulpk~gs~ldwknSExrkhm eFI[b"ul-Btqtvk'vIsmab'
ElgsMcd sUmIEtsg&yk*tUvEtykeTAsmab'ecalEdr nigrYmsmab'
TSgExr17emsa [putBUCBYksMNl'sgmcas'Etmgk~grvagq~S1977 .
b"ul-Btk*Fak'cUleTAk~gGnak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn EdledkriHKitEtmeFa
VyylsukExrtSgBIsm&ysIhnumkem"H .
edayeXIjExrgakeTArkcin, stUvyYn, y"agbrpac' emdwknSyYnk*Tak'
TgrusIrkCMnYyy"agsnwksnab'mkvayExrb"ul-Bt [ExrBmcUlrYmeFICa
shB&n tamKMnitbkGnrCati (sbtamKMnityYn) Edl[yYnbegItclna
kumynisNcineLIgenAq~S1930 nakughugkug . kalenaHenAminTan'
manExrniglavCasmaCikbkrbs'kumynisNcinenAeLIyeT .
karlagsMGatCMrHsgmaedayGnuvtviFIsmab'rgalbCarasExr tam
TwsIrevIrvayrbs'elakbFanem"Ad*mhimaenaH KWb"ul-BtVnedIrcUleTAk~g

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Gnak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn Edlrg'cS{kaslenHCayUrmkehIy . sb
eBlnwgesckIGMJvnavrbs'elakBwTisPaGaemrikSg George McGovern
VnsMu[Kb'beTsTSgGs' (q~S1978) EdlsLaj'esrIPaBnigyutiFm
[bJnkgT&BeTAvayrMlMrdaPiVlExrkhmenaH emdwknSyYnk*ykels
enHgelIkT&BKKwkKeKg vaylukcUlsukExr edayebIrfekaHVj'min
eqHrbs'rusInSmux edaypayVb'BiPBelakTSgmUlfa evotNamcUl
mkrMedaHbCaCnExrBIsannrkelakiynrbbkab'smab'sasn
_ g Gnuvt
edaybnb"ul-Bt .
etIevotNamVnCYyrMedaHExrBIkumXatkrb"ul-BtEmn ?
emdwknSyYnqatNas'k~gkarpBpayVb'BiPBelakenH edImIlak'
VMgnUvEpnkarkidnigKMnitGakk'rbs'yYnk~gkarelbbeTsExr rYmbJ
leFIshB&nNcin tambNSrbs'hU-CImij . emdwknSyYnebIviFIrarSgCa
nicnUvKb'sni~siTGnrCatinana EdlelIkeLIgnUvkarEsgrksniPaBdl'
beTsExrnigbCarasExr nigebIviFIBnaeBl[EvgGnay edImIerobcMCa
beNIr nUvEpnkar evotNamUbniykm rhUtmtiBiPBelaknigrasExrTSg
Gs' suxcitTTYlyknUvsPaBEbbsBf nkarQanJnrbs'evotNam
Status quo edayebIPasaneyaVybeNIr@fa neyaVyrbs'beTs
NcinTSgbICaedIm KWk~geKaledAeFIshB&nNcinenaHEtmg .
b"ul-BtnigbkBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~kd
dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), emdwknSevotNamCaG~keKag
KMniterobcMEpnkar xIdExredImIsmab'bMputBUCsasnE_ xr Etmg .
b"ul-BtnigbkBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~kd
dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), emdwknSevotNamCaG~keKag
KMniterobcMEpnkar xIdExredImIsmab'bMputBUCsasnE_ xr Etmg . KMnitkar
Gnuvtns
_ mab'rgalrbs'bnb"ul-Bt dUcCaVnTTYlnUvbB&nTUrbJa ( Remote control's system ) BIemdwknSkughaNUyGIcwg . ebIyYnmkCYyExr
ehtuGIk*cSVc'rg'cSrhUtb"ul-BtGnuvtEpnkarsmab'rgalrasExrrMlay
sgmExrexcxI eTIbCaVneFICamkCYyrMlaybEnmkMu[sl'daneTot ?
semcsIhnuCaG~krujbCarasExrtSgGs'eTAcUlk~greNAmrN:rb
s'b"ul-Bt edayEskbMBgGMJvnavBIkugeb"kSg mk[kUnecATSgGs'rbs'nSK~art'cUlB vaykMcat'ckBtiGaemrikSgnigbrivarkt'ln'-nl', siri-

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mt: eTaHbIekaybIyl'sal'y"agcas'nUvKMnitbnb"ul-Bt bnab'BIsemc

sIhnuVncUleTATsnasukExrk~gtMbn'rMedaHq~S1973ehIyk*eday k*s
emcsIhnuminVnQb'EskGMJvnavEbbdEdl@enH rujrasExreTA[b"ul-Btvaykalnwgtgcb Garksmab'nwgFaget~atEfmeToteLIy .
kMhusCan'elIkMhus ( CYyyYnhaNUy rYccUlCamYyExrkhmeTot)
semcsIhnuKanVnedaHsaybJaExrNamYy ekAEtBIbegItbJaEfm
eLIgeLIy . sIhnuCaG~kciJwmbMb"nkmSgxaTSgBIr[FMFat' qab'TMJrelb
CIvitrasExrnigsukExr edaysarEtkMhwgcg'sgswkBYkbnln'nl'-siri
mt:EEtb"ueNaH .
etIbeTsExrnwgtUvkayCacMV"TI2 k~gGnaKtqab'@xagmuxenH ? etI
kgT&BevotNamnwgcakecjBIsukExredaysYl@ ? .
ehtukarNT
_ SgGs'enHKanG~kNaGacTsnT
_ aytUvTSgGs'VneLIy ! etIemdwknSyYnebIyuTviFIEbbNak~gkarrMlaybeTsExrenH ?
1- emdwknSyYnebIEpnkar BnaeBl [yUr eFI[mtiBiPBelakFuj
Tan' rhUtTal'EtExrenAk~gbeTsVk'p~t'KMniteCaKCS Gacrs'enArYmK~aCa
mYyyYn ekamkartYttarbs'yYn ehIysuxcitTTYlyksJatiCaCnCa
tiNcin .
2- bJlniKmyYn[mktSgTIlMenACagbIlannak'ehIy elItMbn'dIma
nCIrCati tammat'TenemKg enAtMbn'sMbUrtI bwgTensab ehIybgM[rbb
Gay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn BmTTYlsal'BYkniKmyYnTSgenaHfa CaCati
kmCa k~geKaledAykQ~HbsinebImankareVHeq~atenAkmCa edImIrka
rbbGay"genH[manCIvitrs'rhUteTA . eJHebIrbbGay"genHrs' karcuH
htelxaTSgGmalmaNrbs'ehg-sMrin k~gsnisJabKl'TwkdIeTA[
yYn enaHcat'TukCaVnkar ehIyExrnwgtUvVt'bg'TwkdIk~gGnaKtenH ebIKa
nkarbugeboberobcMeCIgBYlneyaVy[Vnditdl'eTenaH .
cMeJHniKmyYnCitBIrlannak'enH etIKNkmkarGnrCatiGaccat'viFankarekAbgM[cakecjbIEdndIExrekIteT ? kgT&ByYnEdlcakecjeTAenaH
KWKan'EtbkexaGavTahanecal rYceskJk'exaGavsIuviltLb'mkrs'enA
k~gcMeNamniKmyYnvijEtb"ueNaH .
3- emdwknSyYnmanbMNgCMrujbgat'BUCExr-yYn [mankUnkat'yYnExrkan'EtecIn ecHniyayPasaExr EtmancitKMnitsLaj'CatiyYnCag .

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enHCaviFIrMlayCatiExredayebIry:eBlEvg ehIyEdlyYnVnykmkebI
VnsMerceCaKC&yrYcehIyenAcMV" nigfI@enHenAkmCaekam .
EpnkaryYnUbniykmenHGacsMerceTAVn Gas&yeTAelIsankarN_
vivtin_ nbvtisasBiPBelakpg EtCaBiessenaHGas&yeTAelIsartIb
CarasExrKb'@rUbEtmg . etIExrTSgGs'suxcit[beTsExrkayeTACa
sukyYneT ? .
yYnKanbMNgTal'EtesaHk~gkarcakecjBIbeTsExredaysYl@
KankarKabsgt'BIGnrCati KankartsUy"agbrpac'rbs'Exrk~gkarvaybeNjyYn[ecjBIEdndIExrenaHeT . emdwknSExrKb'nin~akarVnyl'rYc
Gs'ehIyBIBiesaFnn
_ eyaVyxus xHkarBicarNarbs'eK k~gGtitkal
kngmkfI@enH .
etIpvNaEdlGacesacsg'nUvkarKg'vg'nbCaCatiExr GriyFm vb
FmExr sil:nigbeTsExrVn ?
pvsMrab'Exrrs'manEtmYyKt' KWkarrYbrYmK~aCaFgmYy nigkarlHbg'Bli
kmrbs'emExrKb'@rUb sMrab'beTsnigrasExrBit@ EttUvebIrUbmnNa
mYyedImIsMercnUveKalkarenH ?
etIExrkhmGacpas'brcritkacsahaveXareXA lHbg'KMnitem"Aniym
revIrvay Qb'smab'ExrteTAeToteT ?
EbrmkkumExresrIEdltSgxnfa sLaj'esrIPaB yutiFmenaHvij Ka
nbnat'neyaVycas'las' kgT&BTSgemTSgkUnKanvin&y eQaHVk'Ebk
K~a bBwtGMeBIBukrlYy rMelaPsiTimnus etIBYkeKkMBugedIreTArkGI[Bit
Vkd ? mYyBYkeKnSK~aerobcMBgIkrbbraCaniymeLIgvijeTot ?
BYkbnExrkhmVnykTwsIkumynisem"AniymmkeFICatmKti py
eTAvijBYkemdwknSevotNamykTwsIkumynis Kan'EtCameFaVyedImI
bgYbbgYmevotNamxageCIgnigxagtg nigedImIBgIkTwkdI begItCa
mhaNackyYnNcinmYy .
dUcGtbTrbs'elak Roger Normand VnbJak'BIbMNgnigyuTviFIrbs'BYkExrkhmsab' BYkvaenAEtVf~adeNImGMNacmkvijdEdl EtenA
eBlenHExrkhmminTan'CaeKaHf~ak'dl'kmCaeT k~gry :eevlaxIxagmux
enH .

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eKaHf~ak'rbs'beTsExrenAeBlenH (1990) KWevotNamEtmg Edl

mankmSgxSgCagbnb"ul-Bt TSgxagvis&yeyaFa TSgyuTviFI CaBiess
yuTviFIevotNamelIqakGnrCatiEtmg . evotNamVnbMpusmtiGnrCati
edayrMelIkykeKaHf~ak'rbs'ExrkhmmkJMg bMbwTnUvkwdkmnigbMN
gexArbs'evotNam k~gkarelbbeTsExr .
edayykbnGay"gehgsMrin-hunEsn [edIrtYbeNaHGasn~ edImI[
mtiBiPBelakTTYlsal'nUvrbbbnbkJHyYnenH emdwknSyYnebIyuTviFI
Kb'y"agedImIBnaeBledaHsayvibtiExr[EvgGnay Tmak'kMhuseTAelI
kumExrTSgbYn faminBmCanaK~a ( EtemdwknSyYnpl'viFIKb'y"ag[Gay"g
P~MeBjrkelsedImIkMu[mansniPaBenAsukExr ) sbeTAnwgcitKMnitem
ExrTSgenaHpgEdr EdlswgEtElgrvl'BIGaNaniKmyYn EpnkaryYnnUb
niykm karQanJnrbs'yYn Ebrmkbkab'bcak'K~aQUrqrbegItKNbkneyaVy KandwgTistMbn' k~gevlaEdlsukTSgmUlkMBugsitenA
ekamkartYttarbs'yYn .
mYyeTothun-Esnk*nwgtUvyYndkdak'BYkGtitExrevotmijmkCMnYs
vij k~gGnaKtxIxagmuxenH ebIbsinemdwknSyYnemIleXIjfa hun-Esn
KansmtPaBKb'Kan'k~gkarpl'beyaCn[
_ yYneTenaH dUcEdlyYnVn
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. karnSK~abegItKNbkneyaVyk~gsanPaBbeTsExrenACakJHyYn
KWExrTSgGs'K~akMBugEtedIrcUleTAk~gklVyrbs'emdwknSyYnehIy .
emdwknSyYnnwgebIviFIdEdl@ KWbMEbkkmSg[exay bMEbkedImItYtta
( Diviser pour rgner ) .
emdwknSyYneFIy"agNaedImI[GnrCatieCOfa yYnBMuVnlUkdk~gerOg
pk~gExreT KWBYkExrK~agEdlbeQaHdeNImGMNacK~a ehIyeFI[Gnr
CatieKQWkal eKElgrvIrvl'nwgerOgExrteTAeTot .
Cagdb'q~SEdlBiPBelak CaBiessshrdGaemrik VneFIsmaFesd
kicnigTUtCamYyevotNam etIkumbeTsTSgGs'enaHmankarxatbg'KitCa
luyGs'b"unanekadidular ? etIeKVnbeyaCnG
_ IteTAeTotk~gkarbneFI
smmaFeTAelIevotNamenH etIbeTsExrmanbeyaCnb
_ "uNaeTA k~gkar
b"Hb"UvesdkicnkumbeTsGs'TSgenaH ? .
emdwknSyYnVnemIleXIjkLaenHtSgBIdMbUgTImkem"H EtEbrmkemdwk

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nSExrenAEtmanKMnitepkplelIGnrCati100PaKry edayElgKitCYy
xngesaHEtmg eKKitEtBIeFIy"agNakesabGMNac[Vn . enHehIy
CacMNucexayrbs'emdwknSExr EdlkayeTACabMerIneyaVyxSgCatiExr
eTAvij .
semcsIhnuminVneVHbg'ecalBYkExrkhmesaHeLIy eJHTg'
yl'eXIjfa manEteyaFaExrkhmeT

eTIbmanlTPaBGacvaykMcat'kg

T&ByYnQanJnecjBIsukExrVn . bnExrkhmhun-Esn/ehg-sM
rinvij enAEttUvkarkgT&ByYn[tSgenAk~gsukExrdEdl edImIkarJrrbb
Gay"genH[rs'enA edayBm[yYnbmUlykePaKsmtiExr sUv tI eQI
tgral'f .
eTaHCaxMbdiesFfa minbMerIyYn k*eday Etkarkab'smab'rgalbCarasExrCagbIlannak'enaH etIbnb"ul-BtVneFIkar[nrNa ?
eTaHCaxMbdiesF minbMerIyYn k*eday EtkarGnuJat[kgT&ByYn
mktSgenAelIEdndIExr karCYypl'Ggr CYydwknSsasavuFeTA[kgT&Bevo
tkug-evotNamxageCIg karCYyCJnT&ByYnEdlcuHkV"l'enAkMBg'EpkMBg'esam eTAdak'enACayEdnExr-yYn etIenHCakarCYybeJssgamenA
kmCaedImIkmCaekaHsniPaB enAsm&ysemcsIhnuenaH ?
eTaHCaxMbdiesFga minkJHyYn minGay"gyYn k*eday EtkarcuH
htelxa[T&ByYnenAelITwkdIExr25q~S cuHhtelxaelIsnisJakat'bnyBMEdnpl'dIeTAyYn tSgBIBMrYmbIbeTsrhUtdl'mat'smuT kareFItam
nUvKb'meFaVyrbs'yYn edImIBnaeBlkMu[mansniPaBenAkmCa etITSg
Gs'enHminEmnCaGMeBIrbs'escsamlraCehg-sMrin/hun-Esn kMBugbMerI
yYn CaGay"gyYneT ?
eTaCaxMEskbMBgfa sb'GaecaryYnQanJny"agNak*eday Et
karxMbkab'bcak'K~agpk~geJHEtluykak' GMNacenaH etIBYkkumExr
esrI EdlfasLaj'esrIPaBenaH kMBugEteFIkarbMerInrNa ? nrNacMeNj ? ExrcMeNj k*yYncMeNj ?
k~gsgamNucinTSgbIelIk beTsEdlcUlrYmk~gsgamenH KancM
eNjbnicesaH evotNamvijcMeNjkb'ekagTSgbIelIk ykVnTSg
beTslav VnTSgbeTsExrEfmeTot .
karGkuslmYyeTotKWExrKanemdwknS EdlKitCatiKitrasesaH manEtem
ekabGMNacpac'kar .
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