Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Takticke Bojeve Glave-HE Bojeve Glave Ili Projektili
Takticke Bojeve Glave-HE Bojeve Glave Ili Projektili
HE ARTILJERIJSKA MUNICIJA
Artiljerijska HE municija
Uvod
Uvod
Uvod
Uvod
Uvod
Uvod
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http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/actvssurgconvol2/chapter4figure140.jpg
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Uvod
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Uvod
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Analizom faza irenja bojeve glave pri detonaciji se jasno vidi poveanje
zapremine prije nego nastupu proces fragmentacije tijela!
www.nawcwpns.navy.mil/mov/energet/seg/WB.mov
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Priridna fragmentacija
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Fragmentacija kouljice je neregularna (prirodna), i vodi do neoptimale masene distribcije fragmenata i neadekvatnih oblika
fragmenata.
Najbolji efekt je dezintegracija kouljice sa uzdunim prorezima
formirani na unutranjosti povrine tijela projektila, to rezultira
uzdunim fragmentima (tzv. sajberi).
Ovi fragmenti ine 80% mase kouljice, ali njihova efikasnost ne
premauje 10%.
Pokuaji da se koriste razliita metode prefregmentacije nisu bili
uspjeni jer su trokovi takvih metoda u odnosu na niu vrstou
materijala bili dominantni.
Najpraktiniji trend u poboljanju HE projektila sa prirodnom
framentacijom ukljuuje racionalnu kombinaciju materijala kouljice
(tehnoloki procesi toplotni tretman) i eksploziva.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Literatura
Lloyd R.: Conventional Warhead System Physics and Engineering design, Progres sin
Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 179,AIAA, 1999
EMRT C, Computer Analysis, Fragment Calculation of a MK 82 Warhead,
http://www.emrtc.nmt.edu/facilities/computer.html
Odintsov V.: Updating of high.explosive projectiles, Bauman Moscow State Technology
University, http://milparade.udm.ru/24/contents.htm
Naval Surface Warfare Center, http://www.nawcwpns.navy.mil
Goto, et al.: History of deformation: expansion, cracking and failure of cylinder, , Int. J. Impact
Engg., 35, Issue 12, 1547-1556, 2008,
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25,00
y = 1738,8x-2,2505
R2 = 0,9997
Ekfrag=100 J
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
5
10
15
20
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Radijus sektora, m
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Arena test
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Arena test
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PIT TESTIRANJE
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Pit test
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Pit test
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Jim Rutkowsk: Common Low-cost IM Explosive Program to Replace TNT, Joint U S Army & U S Marine
Corps, 2007.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Geometrija i veliina
fragmenata
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Berg G.: Objective crew served weapon, Original OCSW ATD Technology Objective, TACOM,
Lethality, Survivability, Mobility and Sustainment for Americas Army
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Durkin D.: Manufacturing Process Development For the OCSW Warhead, NDIA, 2001 Joint
Services Small Arms Symposium, 2001
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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MOTT METODOLGIJA
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Mott metodologija
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Mott formula
Tamo gdje eksperimentalni podaci o fragmentaciji nisu dostupni Mottova formula daje dobra predvianja masene distribucije fragmenata.
Formula Mott-a daje zavisnost kumulativnog broja fragmenata od
srednje mase fragmenata:
M0
N m
e
2
2
M
k
M
k
Gdje su:
N(m) je broj fragmenata ija je masa vea od m,
M0 je ukupna masa fragmenata i
Mk je parametar koji karakteirzira distribucija mase fragmenata
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Mott formula
1
5
t
M k B ti 6 d i3 1 i
di
Vrijednost konstante B za eksploziv TNT je 115,98(g)1/2/(m)7/6.
Za tijela projektili od elika sa srednjim vrijednostima mehanikih
performansi vrijednost B se smanjuje sa poveanjem detonacionog
pritiska (stvarajui fragmente manje mase), ali se takoer smanjuje sa
poveanjem tvrdoe tijela projektila.
Konstante ti i di su ekvivalentna debljina stjenke kouljice i ekvivalentni
unutranji prenik kouljice bojeve glave, respektivno.
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2500
2000
1000
500
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
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10000,00
1000,00
100,00
HE projectile 130 mm, M79
10,00
1,00
0,1
10
100
1000
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Morris N.: Lethality to Humans Due to Blast Effects from Buried Landmines, U. S. Army, Project Manager
Instrumentation, Targets and Threat Simulators (PM ITTS), 2002 Mines, Demolition and Non-Lethal
Conference
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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HELD METODOLOGIJA
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Held-ova formula
M n M 0 1 e Bn
Gdje su:
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Held-ova formula
Konstante B i se odreuju empirijsi i reda veliine su 10-2 ua B i za
red veliina 2/3.
Konstanta B ima sljedeu meuzavisnost:
B const. d / t
U Held-ovoj jednaini M0 je totalna masa fragmenata koji su pronaeni,
M(n) i n su kumulativne mase fragmenata i kumulativan broj
fragmenata mase vee od mf.
Metod koji je razvio Held daje drugaiju interpretaciju rezultata
fragmentacije u odnosu na metod Mott.
Broj, masa i oblik paradi pri prirodnoj fragmentaciji bojevih glava je
definiran eksperimentalnim ispitivanjem kroz Pit test, a relativna
procjena prostorne efikasnosti u osnovnim ispitivanjima u arena testu
(uporeivanje radijusa efikasnog djelovanja).
Nekada je preporuljivo najvee fragmente ispustiti iz razmatranja, ako
njihov broj je zanemarljiv u odnosu na ukupan broj fragmenata (1-2%).
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10
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
30000
1000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Number of fragments
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Held formula
M 0 M n M 0 e Bn
lnM 0 M n M 0 B n
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Held formula
mn dM n dn M 0 B n 1 e Bn
M 0Best M n 1 e Bn
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Held-ova formula
M n M 0 Best 1 e BB n
r 2 0,99
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Brzina fragmenata
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Brzina fragmenata
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Brzina fragmenata
vGurney 2 E 1 / 0,5 M / C
Gdje su:
- Gurney konstanta,
M2- masa
metalnog tijela projektili,
E
C - masa eksplozivnog punjenja.
Dizajn projektili znaajno utjee na smrtonosnu efikasnost.
Taj utjecaj je veoma kompleksan, veoma vanu ulogu imaju geometrijski
izgled vanjske i unutranje konfiguracije tijela projektili, relativan odnos
debljine stjenke tijela, odnos mase eksploziva i mase metala tijela,
odnosno
tip eksplozivnog
punjenja.
U
S
M
E
F
D
T
D
www.dtd.ba
NIVERSITY OF ARAJEVO
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Garnijeva konstanta za
razliite tipove eksploziva
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800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
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Literatura
Karpp R.: and Predebon W.: Calculation of fragment velocity from natural fragmenting
munition, BRL Memorandum Eport N0. 2509, USA Ballistic research Laboratoryies, Aberden
Proving Ground, Maryland, 1975.
Crull, M. M.: Prediction of Primary Fragmentation Characteristics of Cased Munitionns,
UXO/Countermine Forum 1998, The Joint UXO Coordination Office.
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1
Fw C x S w v 2
2
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Gdje su:
Fw - sila otpora zraka,
Cx - aerodinamiki koeficijent otpora zraka za fragment mase m,
S - maksimalni popreni presjek fragmenta okomit na vektor
brzine fragmenta,
w - gustina vazduha,
v - brzina fragmenta na udaljenosti x.
Na odreenom rastojanju od centra eksplozije brzina fragmenta se
moe odrediti iz izraza:
1
S
C x
w x
2
mf
0
v v e
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40
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Otpor fragmenata
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800
700
600
500
400
300
Masena grupa od 1 do 2 g
200
Masena grupa od 2 do 3g
Masena grupa od 3 do 5g
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Domet, m
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2mf
Cx S w
ln
v0
v
Gdje su:
mf - masa fragmenta,
S- maksimalna projekcija povrine fragmenta,
Cx-koeficijent otpora fragmenta
v0 - poetna brzina fragmenta,
v - brzina fragmenta u taki x,
w - gustina vazduha (kg/m3).
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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EK 80 J
vmin
2 Ek
mf
85
m f vmin
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
12
14
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Masa fragmenata, g
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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xf
2m
ln
Cx S w
v0
2 Ek
mf
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180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
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Masa fragmenta, g
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Arena test
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HE projektili
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frags / steradian
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N sec
Asec / Rsec
128mm M63
128mm M87
1000
105mm M1
155 mm M107
800
600
400
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
100
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d Ri N pen Ri / ARi
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Arena
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Arena
www.eglin.af.mil
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Arena test
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Literatura
TNO Report: General description of the missile systems damage assessment code (MISDAC),
Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO, septembar 1994.
Peck N.: Not Your Fathers 105, GENERAL DYNAMICS, Land Systems and DENEL, 2006.
Gold V., Baker E., Ng K. And Hirlinger J.: A Method for Prediction Fragmentation Characterics
of Natural and Preformed Explosive Fragmentation Munitions, Technical Report ARWEC-TR01007, US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, 2001.
Garland O.: The use of physics-Based Models to prediction fragmentation of ordanance, Naval
Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, OMB N0. 0704-0188.
Anon: Fundamentals of Protective Design for Convencional Weapons, Deapartment of the
Army Technical manual, TM 5-855-1, 1986.
Held M.: Fragment Mass Distribution of HE Projectiles, Propellant, Explosives,
Pyrotechnics,15, 1990.
Morris N.: Lethality to Humans Due to Blast Effects from Buried Landmines, U. S. Army,
Project Manager Instrumentation, Targets and Threat Simulators (PM ITTS), 2002 Mines,
Demolition and Non-Lethal Conference.
Brian Will: Safe Separation Study for MK 437 MOFN (Multi-Option Fuze for Navy), 50thNDIA
Fuze Conference, 2006.
(www.nawcwpns.navy.mil/mov/energet/seg/WB.mov
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Literatura
Gold, V.; Baker E., Ng K. & Hirlinger J. (2001). A Method for Prediction Fragmentation
Characterics of Natural and Preformed Explosive Fragmentation Munitions, ARWEC-TR01007,
Anon (1983). US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Operations Procedure Fragment
Penetration Test of Armor, Report number TOP 2-2-722, ADA 125824.
http://www.nawcwpns.navy.mil/r2/fs/SkyProp.htm
RUAG Land Systems, Warhead Division: MAPAM Truly Controlled Fragmentation, 2004.
Jim Rutkowsk: Common Low-cost IM Explosive Program to Replace TNT, Joint U S Army & U
S Marine Corps, 2007
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PRIMJERI TESTIRANJA
HE PROJEKTILA
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Polukruna arena
http://www.otslimited.co.uk/webpagecontent.asp?id=49&title=Fragment%20Arena&fldr=fldr40
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Semicircular Arena
http://www.chinalakealumni.org/Skytop.htm
Skytop warhead testing arena, China Lake.
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Polukruna arena
Static Testing of High Explosive Munitions for Obtaining Fragment Spatial Distribution, ITOP 4-2-813 30,
1993, https://itops.dtc.army.mil/
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Mass of Explosive
Up
0.2 kg (0.5 lb)
1.8 kg (4.0 lb)
6.4 kg (14.0 lb)
to
to
to
to
0.2
1.8
6.4
9.9
kg
kg
kg
kg
(0.5 lb)
(4.0 lb)
(14.0 lb)
(22.0 lb)
2.4
3.7
6.1
8.5
8.0
12.0
20.0
28.0
9.8
32.0
2.4
3.7
6.1
a
7.3
a
8.5
8.0
12.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
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Polukruna arena
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http://www.imi-israel.com/product.aspx?FolderID=279
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Arena test
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Prednosti i mogunosti
Dobro uvjetovan statiki eksperiment fragmentacije (provodi se u
zatvorenom prostoru).
Fragmentacija projektila kalibara do 155mm.
Metoda se primjenjuju za karakterizaciju fragmenata.
Alternativna za arenu testove.
Dinamiki eksperiment izvediv do kalibara 40mm.
Simultano odreivanje prostorne distribucije mase i brzine.
Podaci se mogu koristiti u mnogim oblicima (kao to je JMEM).
Dodatna mjerenja perforacije mogu se obavljati istovremeno.
Dobivenih podataka pogodne za:
Procjena usporedbi razliitih vrsta municije.
Procjena performansi municije pomou raunalnih simulacija (podaci se
unose u raunalni modeli).
Odreivanje zome smrtonosnog efekta.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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TNO Defence, Security and Safety: Fragment Cloud Analysis Method, www.tno.nl
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Distribucija fragmenata
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Distribucija fragmenata
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128
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David Leslie D.: Cased Telescoped Weapon System, NDIA Gun and
Ammunition Symposium, 2001
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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AAAV 30mm HE Lethality Testing, Test procedures and casualty models, NDIA, Guns. &.
Ammunition. Symposium 2002.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Test procedure
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Prikupljanje podataka
Defense Technologies Department Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Sarajevo, www.dtd.ba
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Lethality testing
Steelman L.: Lessons Learned From the Development of the U.S. Navy 5-Inch Ship Self-Defense Projectiles,
Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, 2004.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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GENERAL DYNAMICS and Nammo: 30x173mm High Explosive Air Burst Trace (HEAB-T), Capabilities
for Tomorrow, 41st Annual Armament Systems: Gun and Missile Systems Conference & Exhibition, 2006.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Konvencionalna HE municija
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Pogonska punjenja
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MUNICIJA ZA MINOBACAE
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HE minobacaka municija
Mortar firing
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Municija za minobacae
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Municija za minobacae
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Municija za minobacae
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Municija za minobacae
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Municija za minobacae
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Minobacaka municija
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HE municija za minobaca, 60 mm
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Hirtenberger Ammunition
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B-GL-385-016/PT-001
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ChargeDopunsko punjenje
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Domet do 12 km
Projektil XM984 DPICM ima vei
domet od 50% i efikasnost veu od 80%
odnosu na projektil M934/120mm
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Raketni projektili
Raketni projektili
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Raketni projektili
Raketni projektili
Raketni projektili se lansiraju iz lansera koji mogu biti cijevni, inski ili
"lanseri nulte duine".
Pri lansiranju iz cijevi voenje projektila kroz cijev ostvaruje se preko
cilindrinih povrina na bojevoj glavi i mlazniku odnosno tijelu komore
raketnog motora.
Kod projektila koji se lansiraju sa inskih lansera voenje se ostvaruje
preko posebnih klizaa.
Lanseri nulte duine upotrebljavaju se za lansiranje raketnih nevoenih
projektila s aviona, balistikih raketa velikog dometa ili voenih raketa
razliitih namjena.
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Raketni projektili
Type of warhead
Fuse
Lethal radius
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http://militaryforces.ru/weapon-3-54-302.html
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Kalibar
122 mm
Masa
66.6 kg
Masa bojeve glave
18.4 kg
Duina
2870 mm
Broj fragmenata:
- prefragmentirani (2.4 g)
1640
- Polu pripremljeni (approx. 2.9 g)
2280
Domet do
20.1 km
Operativna temperatura upotrebe -50..+50 C
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Voena raketa XM30 ima posebno dizajniranu bojevu glavu probojnog dejstva.
Poveana otporost na ometanje, poveana tanost pogaanja.
Smanjena cijena kotanja i smanjen rizik od koletarnih oteenja.
Sistem baziran na konceptu jedan projektil, jedan cil.
Projektil je snabdjeven sistemom za voenje i sistemom za upravljanje.
Domet je povean na 60 km.
VAZDUHOPLOVNE RAKETE
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Raketni sistem 70 mm Hydra se bazira na jednom raketnom motoru i modularnim bojevim glavama
razliitih namjena.
Novi koncept je primjena sistema za upravljanje na raketnom sistemu Hydra, ime je poveana tanost
pogaanja.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Bojeve glave
M261 MPSM HE
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68.3 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 kg
M267 MPSM practice
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 kg
M264 smoke (RP)
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 kg
M255A1 flechette
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 kg
M257 illuminating flare
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 kg
M278 infrared flare
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.9 cm
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 kg
Hypereutectoid Type A151 E52100 steel was evaluated by the Ammunition Engineering Directorate's Ammunition
Engineering Laboratory for its suitability as an alternate material for the two-piece pearlite malleable iron
XM151 Warhead of the 2.75-Inch Rocket System.
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT www.dtd.ba
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Warhead
Warhead Type
Fuze Options
Length
Weight
M151
Anti-Personnel
M156
Smoke (White
Phosphorus)
M257
Illumination (visible)
M442
M278
Illumination (IR)
MK 67 MOD 0
Smoke (White
Phosphorus)
MK 67 MOD 1
Smoke (Red
Phosphorus)
M427, MK 352
WDU-4A/A
Flechette
Model 113A
WTU-1/B
Practice
(n/a)
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Vazduhoplovna HE raketa 57 mm
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