Bao Cao LVTN TranQuoc Hoan0 PDF

Lun Vn Tt Nghip
GVHD: Ts Nguyn Vn Nh
Mc lc
Mc lc ............................................................................................................................1
Tm tt lun vn ..............................................................................................................4
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU P ....................................................................5
1.
2.
3.
Gii thiu tng qut..............................................................................................5

1.1
B nghch lu p ...........................................................................................6
1.2
Phn loi b nghch lu p............................................................................6
Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc........................................7

2.1
Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter) .........7
2.2
Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)........9
2.3
Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)...............................................10
2.4
So snh s linh kin s dng trong 3 dng nghch lu p a bc trn........12
Nhn xt..............................................................................................................12
Chng 2
CU TRC B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE ............................13
1.
B nghch lu p cu 1 pha ................................................................................13
2.
B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade...............................................................14
Chng 3
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE PHNG
PHP IU CH RNG XUNG (Carrier based PWM).....................................17
1.
2.
Tng qut v k thut iu ch rng xung PWM ......................................17

1.1
Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu .......................17
1.2
Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM ........................................18
Phng php iu ch rng xung Sin (Sin PWM) ........................................20

2.1
Nguyn tc thc hin ..................................................................................20
2.2
M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................21
2.3
Kt qu m phng .......................................................................................26
2.4
Nhn xt ......................................................................................................29
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3.
Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin ....................................................30

3.1
M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................31
3.2
Kt qu m phng .......................................................................................33
3.3
Nhn xt ......................................................................................................37
Chng 4
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE - PHNG
PHP IU CH VECTOR KHNG GIAN (Space Vector PWM) ..........................38
1.
Khi nim vector khng gian .............................................................................38

1.1
Vector khng gian v php bin hnh vector khng gian ...........................38
1.2
Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc.........................................39
2.
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian ..........................................................41
3.
Nhn xt..............................................................................................................44
Chng 5
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE PHNG
PHP IU CH VECTOR KHNG GIAN DNG SNG MANG ........................45
1.
Tng qut v phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang.........45
1.1
tng tng qut ca phng php...........................................................45
1.2
Gii thut iu ch ca phng php..........................................................47
2.
ng dng cho b nghch lu p a bc dng cascade........................................54
3.
M phng cho b nghch lu cascade 5 bc ......................................................57
4.
3.1
Ch Medium common mode SVPWM ...............................................57
3.2
Ch Minimum common mode SVPWM ............................................63
3.3
Ch Minimum common mode DPWM...............................................63
3.4
Ch Medium common mode DPWM .................................................63
Nhn Xt.............................................................................................................63
Chng 6
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU A BC DNG CASCADE VI NGUN DC
KHNG CN BNG ...................................................................................................63
1.
M phng cho trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng......................................63

1.1
Thc hin m phng ...................................................................................63
1.2
Kt qu m phng .......................................................................................63
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2.
Phng php iu khin b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng

............................................................................................................................63
3.
2.1
Nguyn l iu ch .....................................................................................63
2.2
ng dng cho b nghch lu a bc dng cascade.....................................63
M phng iu khin b nghch lu cascade vi ngun DC khng cn bng...63

3.1
Chng trnh trong khi DLL.....................................................................63
3.2
M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng l ngun DC.............63
3.3
M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c ly t b chnh
lu cu 3 pha diode................................................................................................63
4.
Nhn xt..............................................................................................................63
Kt lun..........................................................................................................................63
Ti liu tham kho .........................................................................................................63
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Tm tt lun vn
Lun vn thc hin nhim v nghin cu k thut iu ch rng xung - PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) cho b nghch lu a bc ghp tng (Cascade inverter).
Thng qua m phng trong Psim nh gi cht lng in p v dng in ti t
c theo tng phng php.
Chng 1: Gii thiu tng qut v cu to, u nhc im v phn loi cc dng
mch ca b nghch lu p a bc.
Chng 2: Gii thiu cu to b nghch lu p cu 1 pha, b nghch lu p 5 bc
dng cascade v dng in p ti.
Chng 3: Trnh by k thut iu ch rng sung sin cho b nghch lu p
dng cascade 5 bc.
Chng 4: Gii thiu l thuyt v phng php iu ch vector khng gian cho
b nghch lu p a bc.
Chng 5: Trnh by phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
cho b nghch lu p a bc, thc hin m phng iu khin b nghch lu p dng
cascade 5 bc trong trng hp ngun cn bng.
Chng 6: Trnh by phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
cho b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng.
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Chng 1
TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU P
1. Gii thiu tng qut
B nghch lu c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu
khng i sang dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu.
i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in, tng ng ta c b
nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p v b nghch dng.
Ngun mt chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu p c tnh cht ngun in p v
ngun cho b nghch lu dng c tnh cht l ngun dng in. Cc b nghch lu
tng ng c gi l b nghch lu p ngun p v b nghch lu dng ngun dng
hoc gi tt l b nghch lu p v b nghch lu dng.
Trong trng hp ngun in u vo v i lng ng ra khng ging nhau,
v d b nghch lu cung cp dng in xoay chiu t ngun in p mt chiu, ta gi
chng l b nghch lu iu khin dng in t ngun in p hoc b nghch lu
dng ngun p.
Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong cu to ca b bin tn. ng
dng quan trng v tng i rng ri ca chng nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in
ng c xoay chiu vi chnh xc cao. Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu
c dng trong cc thit b l cm ng trung tn, thit b hn trung tn. B nghch lu
cn c dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh, lm ngun in lin
tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng, b nghch lu cn c ng dng vo lnh vc b
nhuyn cng sut phn khng.
Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cm khng (v d ng c khng ng b,
l cm ng), dng in qua cc linh kin khng th ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch
t nhin. Do , mch b nghch lu thng cha linh kin t kch ngt c th iu
khin qu trnh ngt dng in.
Trong cc trng hp c bit nh mch ti cng hng, ti mang tnh cht dung
khng (ng c ng b kch t d), dng in qua cc linh kin c th b ngt do qu
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trnh chuyn mch t nhin ph thuc vo in p ngun hoc ph thuc vo in p

mch ti. Khi linh kin bn dn c th chn l thyristor (SCR).
1.1 B nghch lu p
B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra. Ngun
in p mt chiu c th dng n gin nh acquy, pin in hoc dng phc tp
gm in p xoay chiu c chnh lu v lc phng.
Linh kin trong b nghch lu p c kh nng kch ng v kch ngt dng in
qua n, tc ng vai tr mt cng tc. Trong cc ng dng cng sut va v nh, c
th s dng transistor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT lm cng tc v phm vi cng sut ln
c th s dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn mch.
Vi ti tng qut, mi cng tc cn trang b mt diode mc i song vi n. Cc
diode mc i song ny to thnh mch chnh lu cu khng iu khin c chiu dn
in ngc vi chiu dn in ca cc cng tc. Nhim v ca b chnh lu cu diode
l to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh trao i cng sut o gia ngun mt chiu v
ti xoay chiu, qua hn ch qu in p pht sinh khi kch ngt cc cng tc.
1.2 Phn loi b nghch lu p
B nghch lu p c rt nhiu loi cng nh nhiu phng php iu khin khc
nhau.
Theo s pha in p u ra: 1 pha, 3 pha.
Theo s bc in p gia mt u pha ti v mt im in th chun trn
mch (phase to pole voltage): 2 bc (two level), a bc (multi level , t 3
bc tr ln).
Theo cu hnh ca b nghch lu: dng cascade (Cascade inverter), dng
diode kp NPC (Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter), hoc dng
dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)
Theo phng php iu khin:
Phng php iu rng.
Phng php iu bin.
Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM).
Phng php iu ch rng sung sin ci bin (Modifield SPWM).
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Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space vector modulation,

hoc Space vector PWM).
Phng php Discontinuous PWM.
2. Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc

C 3 dng thng c s dng trong b nghch lu p a bc:
Dng diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter).
Dng dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter).
Dng ghp tng cascade (Cascade Inverter).
2.1 Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter)

S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu
a bc cha cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s
cp in p nh hn nh chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p
pha - ngun DC (phase to pole voltage) c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t
b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p (n+1) bc. V d (nh hnh 1.1) chn
mc in th 0 cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t c gm (0, U, 2U,
3U,nU). in p t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n mt v tr bt k trn mch
DC (v d M) nh cp diode kp ti im (v d D1, D1). in p pha - ngun
DC t c mc in p nu trn (Uao = U), tt c cc linh kin b kp gia hai diode
(D1, D1) - gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau, phi c kch ng (v d
S1, S5, S4, S3, S2), cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i
nghch. Tng ng vi su trng hp kch ng linh kin b kp gia su cp diode,
ta thu c su mc in p pha - ngun DC: 0, 1U, 2U, 3U, 4U, 5U. V c kh nng
to ra su mc in p pha - ngun DC nn mch nghch lu trn H1.1 gi l b
nghch lu 6 bc.
B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim
shock in p trn linh kin n ln. Vi b nghch lu ba bc, dv/dt trn linh kin v tn
s ng ct gim i mt na. Tuy nhin vi n > 3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode
s khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cn bng in p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh
khn, c bit khi s bc ln.
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Hnh 1.1: Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter NPC.

Bng 1.1: in p ra ca B nghch lu NPC ng vi cc trng thi kch ng.
Vout=Vxo
Sx5
Sx4
Sx3
Sx2
Sx1
Sx5
Sx4
Sx3
Sx2
Sx1
Vxo = 5U
Vxo = 4U
Vxo = 3U
Vxo = 2U
Vxo = U
Vxo = 0
Vi x = a, b, c.
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2.2 Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)
Hnh 1.2: Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter.

u im chnh ca nghch lu dng ny l:
Khi s bc tng cao th khng cn dng b lc.
C th iu tit cng sut tc dng v phn khng nn hin c vic

iu tit cng sut.
Mi nhnh c th c phn tch c lp vi cc nhnh khc. Khng

nh nghch lu a bc dng NPC khi phn tch phi quan tm n cn
bng in p ba pha ng vo.
Nhc im:
S lng t cng sut ln tham gia trong mch nhiu, dn n gi thnh

tng v tin cy gim.
Vic iu khin s kh khn khi s bc ca nghch lu tng cao.
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2.3 Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)
Hnh 1.3: Cascade Inverter.

S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c
sn, v d di dng acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu
mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC
ring.
Bng cch kch ng cc linh kin trong mi b nghch lu p mt pha, ba mc
in p (-U, 0, U) c to thnh. S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn
mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc in p theo chiu m (-U, -2U, -3U,
-4U,... nU), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu dng (U, 2U, 3U, 4U,nU) v mc
in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha
trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu (2n+1) bc.
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Tn s ng ngt trong mi module ca dng mch ny c th gim i n ln v

dv/dt cng gim i nh vy. in p trn p t ln cc linh kin gim i 0,57n ln,
cho php s dng IGBT in p thp.
Ngoi dng mch gm cc b nghch lu p mt pha, mch nghch lu p a bc
cn c dng ghp t ng ra ca cc b nghch lu p ba pha. Cu trc ny cho php
gim dv/dt v tn s ng ngt cn 1/3. Mch cho php s dng cc cu hnh nghch
lu p ba pha chun. Mch nghch lu t c s cn bng in p cc ngun DC,
khng tn ti dng cn bng gia cc module. Tuy nhin, cu to mch i hi s
dng cc my bin p ng ra.
Hnh 1.4: Cascade Inverter s dng b nghch lu p ba pha.
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2.4 So snh s linh kin s dng trong 3 dng nghch lu p a bc trn

Bng 1.2 so snh s linh kin c s dng trong mi pha ca 3 dng nghch lu
k trn. Ta thy, s cng tc IGBT v s diode mc i song c s dng trong mi
dng nghch lu cng bc l nh nhau. Diode kp th khng cn trong dng t thay i
v dng cascade inverter, trong khi t cn bng th khng cn cho dng diode kp
v cascade inverter. Tm li, dng cascade inverter l s dng t linh kin nht.
Bng 1.2: So snh s linh kin trong 1 pha ca 3 dng nghch lu.
Cu hnh
Diode kp NPC
T thay i
Cascade inverter
Cng tc IGBT
2(n-1)
2(n-1)
2(n-1)
Diode i song
2(n-1)
2(n-1)
2(n-1)
(n-1)(n-2)
(n-1)
(n-1)
(n-1)/2
(n-1)(n-2)/2
nghch lu
Diode kp
T trn ngun DC
T cn bng
Mt u im khc ca cascade inverter l cu hnh c th thay i linh hot, ta c

th tng hoc gim s bc mt cch d dng, bng cch thm hoc bt s b nghch
lu cu 1 pha tng ng.
3. Nhn xt
u im ca b nghch lu p a bc: cng sut ca b nghch lu p tng ln;
in p t ln cc linh kin b gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh ng
ngt cc linh kin cng gim theo; vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn sng hi
bc cao ca in p ra gim nh hn so vi trng hp b nghch lu p 2 bc.
i vi ti cng sut ln, in p cung cp cho cc ti c th t gi tr tng i
ln.
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Chng 2
CU TRC B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG CASCADE
1. B nghch lu p cu 1 pha
B nghch lu p mt pha dng mch cu (cn c gi l b nghch lu p dng
ch H) cha bn cng tc v bn diode mc i song.
Hnh 2.1: B nghch lu p cu 1 pha.

Quy tc kch ng i nghch: cp cng tc trn cng mt nhnh khng c kch
ng ng thi, tc l 2 cng tc trn cng mt nhnh lun trong trng thi mt
c kch ng v mt c kch ngt. Trng thi c 2 cng kch ng (trng thi
ngn mch in p ngun) hoc cng kch ngt khng c php xy ra.
Nu biu din trng thi c kch ng ca linh kin l 1 v trng thi c kch
ngt l 0 th ta c:
S1 + S4 = 1
(2.1)
S2 + S3 = 1
Bng cch iu khin ng ngt cc kha ta c th thu c in p xoay chiu
ng ra ca b nghch lu. in p ng ra trn 2 im A, B ca b nghch lu thay
i gia 3 trng thi +V, 0, -V. in p ca b nghch lu c to ra nh sau: kha
S1 v S2 ng thi c kch ng s to ra in p VAB = +V, kha S3 v S4 ng
thi kch ng s to ra in p VAB = -V v khi (S1, S3) hoc (S4, S2) c kch
ng s to ra mc in p 0.
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Hnh 2.2: Dng in p ng ra b nghch lu cu 1 pha.
2. B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade

B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade nh gii thiu trn, c cu to gm
nhiu b nghch lu p cu mt pha ghp ni tip vi nhau. Mt b nghch lu p
dng cascade n bc th trn mi nhnh pha s c (n-1)/2 b nghch lu p cu mt pha
ghp ni tip vi nhau.
Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cacade: cu to gm 2 b nghch lu p cu 1
pha ghp ni tip, mi b c cung cp bi 1 ngun in p DC ring bit. in p
ng ra ca mi b nghch lu p cu mt pha c 3 bc (V, 0, +V), do in p ng
ra ca b nghch lu cascade s c 5 bc (-2V, -V, 0, +V, +2V).
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mch ca b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade.
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Trng thi ng ngt cc cng tc trong 1 nhnh pha phi tha mn iu kin kch
ng i nghch:
S1x + S4x = 1;
S2x + S3x = 1
(2.2)
S1x + S4x = 1;
S2x + S3x = 1
Ty theo trng thi ng ngt, in p pha tm ngun DC (phase to pole

voltage) ca b nghch lu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vx out = Vxo = Vx 01 + Vx 02
(2.3)
Vi x = A, B, C
Hnh 2.4: Biu din 1 pha ca cascade inverter 5 bc.

in p pha ti trong trng hp 3 pha ti i xng u dng sao Y c th c
thit lp tng t nh trng hp b nghch lu p 2 bc:
Uta =
2u a 0 u b 0 u c 0
;
3
Utb =
2u b 0 u c 0 u a 0
;
3
Utc =
2u c 0 u a 0 u b 0
3
(2.4)
Trong trng hp 3 pha ti dng tam gic, in p pha ti bng in p dy do b

nghch lu cung cp:
Ut ab = uao ubo ;
Ut bc = ubo uco ;
Ut ca = uco uao
(2.5)
V tng in p t cc pha n tm ngun DC (common mode voltage):

UNO =
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u ao + u bo + u co
3
(2.6)
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Hnh 2.5: Dng in p ng ra ca b nghch lu cascade 5 bc.

Bng 2.1: in p ng ra ng vi cc trng thi ng ngt ca cascade inverter 5 bc.
Vout = Vx0
V01
V02
Sx1
Sx2
Sx3
Sx4
Sx1
Sx2
Sx3
Sx4
Vx0 = +2V
+V
+V
+V
+V
+V
+V
+V
-V
-V
+V
-V
-V
-V
-V
-V
-V
Vx0 = +V
Vx0 = 0
Vx0 = -V
Vx0 = -2V
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Chng 3
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU P A BC DNG
CASCADE PHNG PHP IU CH RNG
XUNG (Carrier based PWM)
Cc b nghch lu p thng c iu khin da theo k thut iu ch rng
xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) v qui tc kch ng i nghch. Qui tc kch
ng i nghch m bo dng p ti c iu khin tun theo gin kch ng
cng tc v k thut iu ch rng xung c tc dng hn ch ti a cc nh hng
bt li ca sng hi bc cao xut hin pha ti.
Ph thuc vo phng php thit lp gin kch ng cc cng tc trong b
nghch lu p, ta c th phn bit cc dng iu ch rng xung khc nhau.
1. Tng qut v k thut iu ch rng xung PWM

1.1 Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu
Ch s iu ch (Modulation Index) m: c nh ngha nh t s gia bin
thnh phn hi c bn to nn bi phng php iu khin v bin
thnh phn hi c bn t c trong phng php iu khin su bc
(sixstep)
m =
U 1m
U 1m sixsteps
U 1m
2
Vd
(3.1)
vi Vd _ tng in p cc ngun DC.
mo dng tng do sng hi THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
L i lng dng nh gi tc dng ca cc sng hi bc cao (2,3) xut

hin trong ngun in, c tnh theo:
I
THDI =
j 1
I (1)
2
( j)
(3.2)
mo dng trong trng hp dng in khng cha thnh phn DC c tnh

theo h thc sau:
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I
THDI =
j =2
I (1)
2
( j)
I 2 I (21)
(3.3)
I (1)
Trong I(j): tr hiu dng sng hi bc j, j 2.

I(1): tr hiu dng thnh phn hi c bn ca dng in.
Tn s ng ngt v cng sut tn hao do ng ngt:
Cng sut tn hao xut hin trn linh kin bao gm hai thnh phn: tn hao cng
sut khi linh kin trng thi dn in Pon v tn hao cng sut ng Pdyn. Tn hao
cng sut Pdyn tng ln khi tn s ng ngt ca linh kin tng ln. Tn s ng ngt
ca linh kin khng th tng ln ty v nhng l do sau:
Cng sut tn hao trn linh kin tng ln t l vi tn s ng ngt.
Linh kin cng sut ln thng gy ra cng sut tn hao ng ngt ln

hn. Do , tn s kch ng ca n phi gim cho ph hp, v d cc
linh kin GTO cng sut MW ch c th ng ngt tn s khong
100Hz.
Cc qui nh v tng thch in t (Electromagnet Compatibility

EMC) qui nh kh nghim ngt i vi cc b bin i cng sut
ng ngt vi tn s cao hn 9KHz.
1.2 Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM

Hai sng mang k cn lin tip nhau s b dch 180 - APOD (Alternative
Phase Opposition Disposition)
Hnh 3.1: Hnh dng sng mang APOD.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
B tr cng pha PD (In Phase Disposition): tt c cc sng mang u cng

pha.
Hnh 3.2: Hnh dng sng mang PD.

B tr i xng qua trc zero POD (Phase Opposition Disposition): cc
sng mang nm trn trc zero s cng pha nhau, ngc li cc sng mang
cng nm di trc zero s b dch i 180 .
Hnh 3.3: Hnh dng sng mang POD.

Trong cc phng php b tr sng mang, phng php b tr cc sng mang a
bc cng pha PD cho mo dng p dy nh nht. i vi b nghch lu p ba
bc, phng php POD v APOD cho cng kt qu dng sng mang.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
2. Phng php iu ch rng xung Sin (Sin PWM)

Phng php cn c tn Subharmonic PWM (SH PWM), hay Multi carrier
based PWM.
2.1 Nguyn tc thc hin
to gin kch ng cc linh kin trong cng mt pha ti, ta s dng mt s
sng mang (dng tam gic) v mt tn hiu iu khin (dng sin).
V nguyn l, phng php c thc hin da vo k thut analog. Gin
kch ng cc cng tc ca b nghch lu da trn c s so snh hai tn hiu c bn:
Sng mang up (carrier signal) tn s cao, c th dng tam gic.
Sng iu khin ur (reference signal) hoc sng iu ch (modulating

signal) dng sin. V d, cng tc l c kch ng khi sng iu
khin ln hn sng mang (ur > up). Trong trng hp ngc li, cng
tc chn c kch ng.
Tn s sng mang cng cao, lng sng hi bc cao xut hin trong dng in p
v dng in ti b kh cng nhiu.
i vi b nghch lu p n bc, s sng mang c s dng l (n-1). Chng c
cng tn s fc v cng bin nh - nh Ac. Sng iu ch (hay sng iu khin) c
bin nh bng Am v tn s fm, dng sng ca n thay i xung quanh trc tm ca
h thng (n-1) sng mang. Nu sng iu khin ln hn sng mang no th linh
kin tng ng vi sng mang s c kch ng, ngc li nu sng iu khin
nh hn sng mang th linh kin s b kho kch.
Gi mf l t s iu ch tn s ( frequency modulation ratio):
mf =
f
f carrier
= c
f reference
fm
(3.4)
Vic tng gi tr mf s dn n vic tng gi tr tn s cc sng hi xut hin.

im bt li ca vic tng tn s sng mang l vn tn hao do s ln ng ct ln
Tng t, gi ma l t s iu ch bin (amplitude modulation ratio):
ma =
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
U m reference
U m carrier
Am
(n 1). Ac
(3.5)
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Nu ma 1 (bin sng sin nh hn tng bin sng mang) th quan h gia

thnh phn c bn ca in p ra v in p iu khin l tuyn tnh.
Hnh 3.4: Quan h gia bin sng mang v sng iu khin.

Khi gi tr ma > 1, bin tn hiu iu ch ln hn tng bin sng mang th
bin hi c bn ca in p ra tng khng tuyn tnh theo ma. Lc ny, bt u xut
hin lng sng hi bc cao tng dn cho n khi t mc gii hn cho bi phng
php 6 bc. Trng hp ny cn c gi l qu iu ch (overmodulation) hoc
iu ch m rng.
Phng php Sin PWM t c ch s iu ch ln nht trong vng tuyn tnh
khi bin sng iu ch bng tng bin sng mang :
mSPWM_max =
U (1) m
U (1) m six _ step
U /2
= = 0.785
2
4
U
(3.6)
trong U_tng in p cc ngun DC.

2.2 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc
2.2.1
Phn tch cch to xung kch

Phn tch cho mt pha (v d pha a), xung kch cho cc linh kin c thit lp
da trn c s so snh sng iu khin Udka v cc sng mang Vp1, Vp2, Vp3, Vp4, c
th nh sau:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Udka > Vp1 S1 = 1; S4 = 0

Udka > Vp2 S2 = 1; S3 = 0
Udka > Vp3 S1 = 1; S4 = 0
(3.7)
Udka > Vp4 S2 = 1; S3 = 0

Ta xc nh c in p pha tm ngun (phase to pole voltage):
2Vd
V
d
Uao = 0
V
d
2Vd
(3.8)
T y ta hon ton c th xc nh c in p ti trn cc pha nh trnh

by trong (2.4) v (2.5).
Hnh 3.5: S xung kch 1 pha ca BNL p 5 bc.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
2.2.2
Phn tch cc trng hp iu khin

iu khin b nghch lu p dng cascade phi tha mn yu cu l cng sut tn
hao trn cc linh kin trong mt chu k phi tng i bng nhau, tc l cc b nghch
lu cu mt pha cn phi t c trng thi cn bng cng sut (khong thi gian dn
v ngt phi tng i u nhau). Mun vy ta phi b tr cc sng mang sao cho t
c cc yu cu trn. Di y phn tch cc trng hp ng ngt ca b nghch lu
cu mt pha trong mt chu k p iu khin: c 4 trng hp tng ng vi 4 khong
gi tr ca in p iu khin.
Hnh 3.6: Cc khong gi tr ca Vref.

Trng hp 1: 2Vd Vd Vref 0
C 2 cch iu khin:
C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 vi V01 = 0, iu khin b

nghch lu H2 sao cho in p ng ra thay i ty theo Vref .
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho in p ng ra thay i theo gi tr

Vref, c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V02 = 0.
Trng hp 2: 2Vd Vref Vd 0

C 2 cch iu khin:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 sao cho V01 = Vd, iu

khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho in p tng ca c 2 b nghch lu
t c gi tr mong mun V0 = V01 + V02 = Vref.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p V0 = Vref , c nh

in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V02 = Vd.
Trng hp 3: 0 Vref -Vd -2Vd

C 2 cch iu khin:
C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 sao cho V01 = 0, iu

khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p ng ra l V0 = Vref.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p ng ra V0 = Vref, c

nh in p ng ra b nghch lu H2 sao cho V02 = 0.
Trng hp 4: 0 -Vd Vref -2Vd

C 2 cch iu khin:
C nh in p ng ra ca b nghch lu H1 sao cho V01 = -Vd, iu

khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p ng ra l V0 = Vref.
iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho tng in p ng ra ca c 2 b l

V0 = Vref , c nh in p ca b nghch lu H2 sao cho V02 = -Vd.
Vy t c s cn bng cng sut gia cc b nghch lu cu mt pha, ta

chn phng n iu khin nh sau:
Trng hp 1 (2Vd Vd Vref 0): c nh in p ca b nghch lu H2
sao cho V02 = 0, iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho V01 = Vref.
Trng hp 2 (2Vd Vref Vd 0): c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch
lu H1 sao cho V0 = Vd , iu khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in p
t c V0 = Vref.
Trng hp 3 (0 Vref -Vd -2Vd): c nh in p ca b nghch lu
H2 sao cho V02 = 0, iu khin b nghch lu H1 sao cho V02 = Vref.
Trng hp 4 (0 -Vd Vref -2Vd): c nh in p ng ra ca b nghch
lu H1 sao cho V01 = -Vd, iu khin b nghch lu H2 sao cho tng in
p ca 2 b nghch lu V0 = Vref.
Do ta b tr sng mang vi dng nh sau:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 3.7: Dng b tr cc sng mang PD.

2.2.3
Cc thng s m phng trong Psim

so snh kt qu gia cc phng php iu ch, t y v sau ta thng nht
kho st cc phng php vi ch s iu ch m t (0 1) quy chun nh sau:
Khi m = 1 th in p ti t cc i Ut(1)m = Ud / 3 . Vy ng vi m bt
k ta c Ut(1)m = m.
Ud
3
Khi bin tn hiu iu khin udk = (n-1)/2 th Ut(1)m = Ud/2. Vy ng

vi Ut(1)m = m.
udk =
Ud
3
th bin tn hiu iu khin c tnh theo:
m.(n 1)
3
(3.9)
vi n l s bc ca b nghch lu.
Ud l tng in p cc ngun DC (v d i vi b nghch lu cascade 5 bc
nh trn th Ud = 4Vd).
S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php PWM
(bn v A3). Cc thng s m phng:
Ch s iu ch m = 0.7.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz.
Cc ngun DC c gi tr Vd = 200V.
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5 , L = 0.01H (cos = 0.85), hng s

thi gian =
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L
= 2 ms.
R
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
2.3 Kt qu m phng
Hnh 3.8: Tn hiu in p iu khin trn 3 pha A, B, C.
Hnh 3.9: in p pha tm ngun trn pha A (phase to pole voltage).
Hnh 3.10: in p pha tm ngun DC ca pha B.

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Hnh 3.11: in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha C.
Hnh 3.12: in p ti trn pha A.
Hnh 3.13: in p ti trn pha B.
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Hnh 3.14: in p ti trn C.
Hnh 3.15: Phn tch Fourier cho in p ti trn pha A.
Hnh 3.16: Dng in ti trn pha A.

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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 3.17: Dng in ti trn 3 pha A, B, C.
Hnh 3.18: in p ng ra ca 2 b nghch lu cu mt pha.

2.4 Nhn xt
in p ng ra ca b nghch lu c dng 5 bc, gn vi dng sin hn so vi in
p ng ra ca b nghch lu cu 1 pha (dng ch H, ba bc).
Sng hi bc cao vn cn tn ti trong dng in p trn ti, nu tn s sng
mang cng ln th lng sng hi xut hin s gim.
Thi gian qu ca dng in trn 3 pha nh, do dng in nhanh chng t
c trng thi xc lp.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Dng in ti trn 3 pha trong trng thi xc lp l cn bng.

Trong 1 chu k khong ng v ngt ca mi b nghch lu cu 1 pha l tng
i u nhau.
3. Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin

Phng php cn c tn l Modified PWM hoc Switching Frequency optimal
PWM method SFO PWM.
K thut iu khin tng t nh phng php iu ch rng xung va trnh
by, im khc bit l sng iu ch c ci bin. Theo , mi sng iu ch c
cng thm tn hiu th t khng (sng hi bi ba). Tn ti nhiu kh nng to nn
thnh phn th t khng, mt trong cc tn hiu th t khng c th chn bng tr
trung bnh ca gi tr tn hiu ln nht trong 3 tn hiu iu ch vi tn hiu nh nht
trong 3 tn hiu iu ch - phng php SFO PWM.
Gi Va, Vb,Vc l cc tn hiu iu khin ca phng php iu ch PWM. Tn
hiu iu khin theo phng php SFO PWM c th biu din di dng ton hc
nh sau:
Voffset =
max(Va , Vb , Vc ) + min(Va , Vb , Vc )
2
VaSFO = Va Voffset ; VbSFO = Vb Voffset ; VcSFO = Vc - Voffset
(3.10)
(3.11)
Phng php ny cho php thc hin iu khin tuyn tnh in p ti vi ch s

iu ch nm trong phm vi 0 m 0.907, bin sng hi in p t gi tr cc
i bng U/ 3 v tng ng ch s iu ch lc l:
mSFO_PWM =
U/ 3
=
= 0.907
2
2 3
U
(3.12)
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 3.19: Quan h gia bin p iu khin v bin sng mang.

3.1 M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc
3.1.1
Phn tch cch to p iu ch

Qua vic phn tch l thuyt nh trn, ta thy cn phi to mt hm tnh in
p Voffset, tuy nhin trong phn mm Psim khng c khi trc tip tnh c Voffset. V
vy ta phi dng khi DLL (Dynamic Link Library) trong Psim kt hp vi vic vit
chng trnh trong Microsoft Visual C++ hoc trong Borland C++. u tin ta vit
chng trnh bng ngn ng C/C++, ri dch sang nh dng file .dll, sau chp
(copy) file .dll ny vo th mc Psim. Trong Psim ta dng khi DLL vi tn khi l
file .dll va to m phng.
Chng trnh tnh in p iu ch theo SFO PWM nh sau:
namespace SFOPWM {
#include<math.h>
void_declspec(dllexport)ham(double t,double delt,double *in,double
*out)
{
double a,b,c;
double vmax,vmin,voffset;
double vasfo,vbsfo,vcsfo;
a = in[0];
b = in[1];
c = in[2];
// Tinh gia tri Voffset, VaSFO, VbSFO, VcSFO
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if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
vmax = a;
if(b>c) { vmin = c;}
else { vmin = b;}
}
else { vmin = b; vmax = c;}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
vmax = b;
if(a>c) { vmin = c;}
else { vmin = a;}
}
else { vmax = c; vmin = a;}
}
voffset = (vmax + vmin)/2;
vasfo = a - voffset;
vbsfo = b - voffset;
vcsfo = c - voffset;
// Gan gia tri cho cac ngo ra
out[0] = vmax;
out[1] = vmin;
out[2] = voffset;
out[3] = vasfo;
out[4] = vbsfo;
out[5] = vcsfo;
}
}
3.1.2
Cc thng s m phng trong Psim

S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php SFO
PWM (bn v A3). Cc thng s trong m phng:
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000Hz.
Ti RL u dng sao c R = 5 , L = 0.01H (cos =0.85), hng s thi

gian =
L
= 2 ms.
R
S dng khi DLL vi chng trnh nh trn.
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3.2 Kt qu m phng
Hnh 3.20: Tn hiu in p iu ch ban u (ging PWM).
Hnh 3.21: Tn hiu in p Vmax, Vmin, Voffset.
Hnh 3.22: Tn hiu iu ch VaSFO trn pha A.

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Hnh 3.23: in p pha tm ngun trn pha A.
Hnh 3.24: in p pha tm ngun trn pha B.
Hnh 3.25: in p pha tm ngun C.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 3.28: in p ti trn pha C.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 3.30: Dng in ti trn A.

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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
3.3 Nhn xt
Ta thy phng php SFO PWM c p ng ti tng t nh phng php
PWM thng thng, tuy nhin s xut hin ca sng hi bc cao trong dng in p ti
c t hn.
Tn tht do chuyn mch trn cc linh kin cng gim v loi bt thnh phn
th t khng trong dng sng in p iu ch.
Dng in ti 3 pha trng thi xc lp l cn bng.
Qua phng php ny, ta thy c mt hng pht trin mi trong iu khin
b nghch lu p a bc, l tp trung nghin cu hm offset nhm t c mc
ch ti u trong iu ch.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Chng 4
CASCADE - PHNG PHP IU CH VECTOR
KHNG GIAN (Space Vector PWM)
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space vector modulation hoc Space
vector PWM) xut pht t nhng ng dng ca vector khng gian trong my in
xoay chiu, sau c m rng trin khai trong cc h thng in ba pha. Phng
php iu ch vector khng gian v cc dng ci bin ca n c tnh hin i, gii
thut ch yu da vo k thut s v l cc phng php c s dng ph bin nht
hin nay trong lnh vc in t cng sut lin quan n iu khin cc i lng xoay
chiu ba pha nh iu khin truyn ng in xoay chiu, iu khin cc mch lc tch
cc, iu khin cc thit b cng sut trn h thng truyn ti in.
1. Khi nim vector khng gian

1.1 Vector khng gian v php bin hnh vector khng gian
Cho i lng ba pha cn bng va, vb, vc, tc tha mn h thc:
va + vb + vc = 0
(4.1)
Php bin hnh t cc i lng 3 pha va, vb, vc sang i lng vector v theo h
thc:
2
v = k.(va + a .vb + a .vc)
trong :
a = e j 2 / 3 = -
1
3
+j
2
2
(4.2)
(4.3)
c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng vector v c gi l

vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 php bin hnh
khng bo ton cng sut v vi k =
2 / 3 php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
V d, ta c i lng ba pha dng cos nh sau:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
va = Vm.cos(x- )
vb = Vm.cos(x-
2
- )
3
vc = Vm.cos(x-
4
- )
3
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l:

2
v = k.(va + a .vb + a .vc)

v =
2
2
2
4
[Vm.cos(x- ) + a .Vm.cos(x- ) + a .Vm.cos(x- )]
3
3
3
v = Vm.[cos(x- ) + j.sin(x- )] = Vm.e j ( x )
Nh vy trong h ta vung gc _ , vector khng gian v c bin Vm bt

u t v tr Vm.e j s quay chung quanh trc toa vi tn s gc .
1.2 Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc
Qu trnh ng ngt cc linh kin to ra in p ba pha ti. Theo l thuyt v
khng gian vector th in p ba pha c th biu din di dng vector khng gian.
V n s thay i nhy cp trn hnh lc gic a bc. V tr ca mi vector in p
trong khng gian s ph thuc vo cc trng thi ng ngt ca linh kin.
Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade nh sau:
Hnh 4.1: Cu hnh b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade.

Vi b nghch lu p 5 bc, kh nng kch dn linh kin to nn 125 trng thi
khc nhau, mi trng thi c minh ha bi t hp (ka kb kc) vi:
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ka = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
kb = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
(4.4)
kc = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Cc h s ka, kb, kc ph thuc vo cch ta quy c trc, cc quy c ny da vo
bng trng thi ng ngt. Chng hn, ta quy c nh sau:
ka = -2
ka = -1
khi
S3a = S4a = S3a = S4a = 1
khi
S1a = S 3a = S '3a = S '4a = 1

S 2a = S 4a = S '3a = S '4a = 1
S 3a = S 4a = S '1a = S '3a = 1
S 3a = S 4a = S '2a = S '4a = 1
khi
S1a = S 2a = S '3a = S '4a = 1

S 3a = S 4a = S '1a = S '2a = 1
S1a = S 3a = S '1a = S '3a = 1
S1a = S 3a = S '2a = S '4a = 1

S 2a = S 4a = S '1a = S '3a = 1
S 2a = S 4a = S '2a = S '4a = 1
ka = 0
ka = 1
khi
S1a = S 2a = S '1a = S '3a = 1

S1a = S 2a = S '2a = S '4a = 1
S1a = S 3a = S '1a = S '2a = 1
S 2a = S 4a = S '1a = S '2a = 1
ka = 2
khi
S1a = S2a = S1a = S2a
(4.5)
tng t cho kb, kc.

Trong qu trnh ng ngt, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi c tun th:
S1x + S4x = 1;
S2x + S3x = 1
S1x + S4x = 1;
S2x + S3x = 1
(4.6)
Vi x = a, b, c.
Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, tng ng 125 trng thi kch dn linh kin ta
thu c 61 v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh. Ti tm ca lc gic
c nm trng thi khc nhau cho cng v tr ti l vector khng. Cc v tr cn li
ng vi cc trng thi c biu din trong gin vector sau:
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-22-2
-22-1
-21-2
-120
-21-1
-220
-221
-210
-122
-222
-211
-111
022
-200
-102
-2-11
-202
020
-20-2 -11-1
-1-12
-2-12
-2-22
12-2
12-1
01-2
-10-2 120
01-1
-2-1-1
122
011
100
-2-2-2
000
111
222
-1-1-1
112
-1-10 001
-2-2-1
-1-11
002
-2-20
-2-21
-1-22
0-11
102
-1-20
0-12
-1-21
21-1
10-2
10-1 210
0-1-2
-1-2-2
211
100
01-1
212
101 0-10
-1-2-1
20-2
2-1-2
20-1
1-1-2
0-2-2
111
1-2-2
200
2-1-1
1-2-1
2-10
0-2-1
201
1-10
0-20
1-11 202
1-22
21-2
11-2
00-2 220
11-1
1-12
0-21
0-22
22-2
22-1
-10-1 121
221 00-1
010 -2-1-2 -1-1-2 110
-101
012
-210
-112
-201
-212
-11-2
02-1
-12-1
021
-110
-20-1
-121
02-2
-12-2
2-2-2
2-2-1
1-20
2-20
2-11
1-21
2-12
2-21
2-22
Hnh 4.2: Gin vector in p ca b nghch lu p 5 bc.
2. Phng php iu ch vector khng gian

Phng php iu khin su bc (six step) to nn s dch chuyn nhy cp tun
hon ca vector khng gian gia su v tr nh ca hnh lc gic. iu ny lm qu
trnh in p pha ti nghch lu hnh thnh cha nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao.
H qu l qu o vector khng gian b bin i v pha v bin so vi trng hp
p ba pha ti dng sin. Mt khc, phng php iu ch rng xung dng sin d to
ra in p pha ti gn dng sin nhng ch c th m bo phm vi iu khin tuyn
tnh thnh phn in p c bn ca pha ti n bin Ud /2.
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian khc phc cc nhc im ca hai
phng php nu trn.
tng ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian l to nn s dch chuyn
lin tc ca vector khng gian tng ng trn qu o ng trn ca vector in p
b nghch lu, tng t nh trng hp vector khng gian ca i lng sin ba pha
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
to c. Vi s dch chuyn u n ca vector khng gian trn qu o trn, cc

sng hi bc cao c loi b v quan h gia tn hiu iu khin v bin p ra tr
nn tuyn tnh. Vector tng ng y chnh l vector trung bnh trong thi gian
mt chu k ly mu Ts ca qu trnh iu khin b nghch lu p.
Nguyn l iu ch vector khng gian i vi b nghch lu p a bc c thc
hin tng t nh nghch lu hai bc. to vector trung bnh tng ng vector v
cho trc cn xem xt vector v nm v tr no ca hnh lc gic. thun tin, thng
thng din tch hnh lc gic c chia nh thnh cc hnh tam gic con. V d, gc
phn su th nht ca hnh lc gic gii hn bi ba vector v0 , v 2 v v5 c chia nh
thnh cc din tch (1), (2), (3), v (4) nh hnh v:
Hnh 4.3: Gc phn su c gii hn bi v0 , v 2 v v5 .

Vector v ang kho st cn iu khin t c c v tr nm trn phn din
tch (2). Bc tip theo, ta xc nh cc vector khng gian cn thit gi l cc vector
c bn, cn s dng to nn vector trung bnh nm trong din tch (2). Ta nhn thy
chnh l cc vector v1 , v 2 v v3 . Nh vy, vector tng ng vi vector v c th
thc hin bng cch iu khin duy tr tc dng theo trnh t vector v1 trong thi gian
T1, vector v 2 trong thi gian T2 v vector v3 trong thi gian T3 theo h thc:
V .Ts = v1 .T1 + v 2 .T2 + v3 .T3
(4.7)
trong Ts = T1 + T2 + T3 l chu k ly mu.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Vn cn li l xc nh thi gian tc dng T1, T2 v T3 ca cc vector c bn.

Nu ta bit c vector v di dng cc thnh phn vung gc V , V trong h ta
ng yn (stationary frame), quan h gia cc thnh phn vector V , V vi
thi gian duy tr trng thi vector v1 , v 2 v v3 c th biu din di dng ma trn sau:
(4.8)
Vi V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ,V 1 , V 2 , V 3 l cc thnh phn theo trc ta v
ca cc vector trn hnh lc gic v1 , v 2 v v3 .
T , thi gian c xc nh (p dng ma trn ngc):
(4.9)
Hay dng thi gian tng i: d j = T j / Ts ; j = 1, 2, 3
(4.10)
p dng c th vo bn din tch hnh tam gic trong gc phn su th nht ca
hnh lc gic, ch n vector c bn trong mi din tch trn, ta thu c kt qu:
Trong din tch (1), vector v bn v0 , v1 v v 4 :
d 1 = d v 0 = 1 - d 2 - d 3 = 1- m a .(sin + 3 .cos )
d 2 = d v1 = m a .(-sin + 3 .cos )
(4.11)
d 3 = d v 4 = 2.m.sin
Trong din tch (2), vector c bn v1 , v 2 v v3 :
d 1 = d v1 = 2 - m a .(sin + 3 .cos )
d 2 = d v 2 = -1 + m a .(-sin + 3 .cos )
(4.12)
d 3 = d v 3 = 2.ma.sin
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Trong din tch tam gic (3), vector c bn v1 , v3 v v 4 :

d 1 = d v1 = 1- 2.ma.sin
d 2 = d v 3 = -1 + ma. (sin + 3 .cos )
(4.13)
d 3 = d v 4 = 1 + ma.(sin - 3 .cos )
Trong din tch tam gic (4), vector c bn v5 , v3 v v 4 :
d 1 = d v 4 = 2 ma.(sin + 3 .cos )
d 2 = d v 5 = -1 + 2.ma.sin
(4.14)
d 3 = d v 3 = ma.(-sin + 3 .cos )
Nu vect nm V gc phn su th i so vi gc phn su th nht ca hnh lc
gic tnh t v tr trc thc , ta c th qui i n v gc phn su th nht xc
nh thi gian tc ng ca cc vector c bn theo h thc:
Vi V = V2 + V2 ; =
V
V
(4.15)
3. Nhn xt
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian cho php iu khin tuyn tnh tt, hiu
qu cao, rt cn thit cho cc h t ng iu khin. N m ra mt l thuyt thc
hnh iu khin mi c cht lng cao cho vic chuyn i nng lng in t cc
ngun DC sang AC. Tuy nhin, phng php iu ch vector khng gian vn cn tn
ti mt s nhc im nh: i hi b vi x l c kh nng tnh ton cao v b nh
ln, vic tnh ton cng phc tp khi s bc ca b nghch lu tng ln, lp trnh gii
thut kh phc tp
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Chng 5
CASCADE PHNG PHP IU CH VECTOR
KHNG GIAN DNG SNG MANG
Trong cc nghin cu gn y, nhiu tc gi tm ra c mi quan h gia
phng php iu ch rng xung sin v phng php iu ch vector khng gian.
Vi nhng khm ph ny, mt phng php mi da trn mi quan h ca hai phng
php trn c ngh: Phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
(Carrier based Sapce vector PWM). Theo , phng php ny s tp hp nhng u
im ca hai phng php trn: qu trnh tnh ton n gin hn, m rng c phm
vi iu ch
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang (Carrier based
SVPWM) c ngh bi hai tc gi: Nguyn Vn Nh v Hong Hee Lee [2] [4].
Cc tc gi phn tch mi quan h gia phng php iu ch vector khng gian v
k thut PWM dng sng mang, t a ra thut ton v m phng cho b nghch
lu p a bc dng diode kp (NPC multilevel inverter). Lun vn ny tp trung tm
hiu, nghin cu phng php trn nhng a ra cch m phng ng dng cho b
nghch lu p a bc dng cascade (Cascade inverter).
1. Tng qut v phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
1.1 tng tng qut ca phng php
Da trn c s l thuyt phn tch tng quan gia SVPWM v sng mang n
cc (carrier based unipolar PWM), phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng
sng mang thc cht l to ra mt sng iu ch mi c nhiu u im hn so vi cc
sng iu ch c.
Cc tc gi a ra gii thut iu ch da trn phn tch cho b nghch lu p
a bc dng diode kp NPC.
in p iu ch ca b nghch lu p a bc c th c phn tch thnh cc
thnh phn nh sau:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 5.1: B nghch lu p 5 bc dng diode kp v phn tch in p iu ch.

Reference phase to pole voltages (in p pha tm ngun DC hay cn gi
n gin l in p iu ch) l ln in p gia mt u pha ti ca b
nghch lu v mt im in th chun trn mch DC (thng chn l im
trung tnh O, nh trn hnh), bao gm in p thnh phn th t thun
nghch (active voltages) Vx12 v in p thnh phn th t khng (reference
common mode) V0ref :
Vxref = Vx12 + V0ref , vi x = a, b, c
(5.1)
Gii hn ca in p iu ch:
0 Vxref Vs
(5.2)
Vi Vs l tng in p ca cc ngun DC.

Active voltages (in p thnh phn th t thun nghch): trong biu
vector, in p ba pha th t thun nghch c xc nh bi bin Vref
v gc pha ca vector in p tng ng, hoc t in p phase to
pole voltages sau khi loi tr thnh phn offset.
Va12 = Vref.cos
Vb12 = Vref.cos( 2 3 )
(5.3)
Vc12 = Vref.cos( 4 3 )
nh ngha hai gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca in p ba pha th t thun
nghch:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Vmax = Max(Va12, Vb12, Vc12)

Vmin = Min(Va12, Vb12, Vc12)
(5.4)
Reference common mode voltage (in p thnh phn th t khng) V0ref:

c s dng lm gim s ln chuyn mch v gi cn bng ngun DC,
c gi tr thay i trong gii hn V0max v V0min
V0max = (n 1).Vdc Vmax
V0min = - Vmin
(5.5)
V Vk = k.Vdc , vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3... (n-1) l bc ca in p DC.

nh ngha hai bc in p gn nht vi in p iu ch Vxref :
0 VLx Vxref VHx Vs
VHx = VLx + Vdc
(5.6)
Additional common mode (in p offset) V0add: c ngh cng thm

vo in p iu ch nhm thu c mt in p iu ch mi ti u hn
Vxref
Vxref = Vxref + V0add = Vx12 + V0ref + V0add
(5.7)
Hnh 5.2: Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn in p.

1.2 Gii thut iu ch ca phng php
thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton v m phng, tt c cc i lng in p s
c chuyn v dng tn hiu theo php tham chiu:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
V x = v x .Vdc ;
vi x = a, b, c
(5.8)
T y ta s c cc tn hiu tng ng: vxref, vxref, vx12, v0ref, v0add.

Gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang c th
c biu din tng qut thng qua s khi sau:
Hnh 5.3: S khi tng qut ca phng php.

Gm 2 khi chnh, vi cc chc nng nh sau:
Khi Primitive voltages Generator c chc nng to ra in p

Primitive phase to pole voltages Vxp(tng ng reference phase to
pole voltages Vxref ).
Khi Additional common mode Generator dng tnh ton v a ra

mt in p offset_V0add thch hp cho tng ch iu ch PWM
(lin tc hay gin on).
Tn hiu in p cui cng thu c l Reference modulating signals_vxref s

c a vo so snh vi cc tn hiu sng mang sinh ra cc trng thi chuyn
mch ca b nghch lu.
Khi Primitive voltages Generator: c chc nng sinh ra tn hiu iu ch s
cp primitive phase to pole voltages vxp :
vxp = vx12 + vop ; x = a, b, c
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(5.9)
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
nh ngha hai bc iu ch c gi tr gn nht vi tn hiu primitive

voltages vxp:
L(x) vxp H(x)
(5.10)
n( x) + 1 khi 0 v xp < (n 1)
khi v xp = (n 1)
n 1
H(x) =
(5.11)
L(x) = H(x) 1
Vi n(x) = Int(vxp) ; x = a, b, c
Thnh phn active voltages vx12 c th c suy ra t v tr ca vector

in p tng ng trong gin vector in p:
va12 = Vref.cos
vb12 = Vref.cos( 2 / 3 )
(5.12)
vc12 = Vref.cos( 4 / 3 )
Primitive common mode: nm trong gii hn ca v0max v v0min. Thnh

phn ny khng nh hng n in p ti, nhng n lm thay i
dng tn hiu iu ch v ng gp vo vic lm gim s ln chuyn
mch trong mt chu k.
Max = Max (va12, vb12, vc12)
Min = Min (va12, vb12, vc12)
(5.13)
i vi b nghch lu p n bc, hai gi tr common mode cc tr l:

v0min = - Min
v0max = (n-1) Max
(5.14)
Hai gi tr c th chn ca in p primitive common mode:
Medium common mode:

v0p = (v0max + v0min) / 2
(5.15)
Minimum common mode:

khi
v0 max
v0p = (n 1) / 2 khi
v
khi
0 min
v0 max < (n 1) / 2
v0 max (n 1) / 2 v0 min
(5.16)
v0 min > (n 1) / 2
Tm li thut ton to ra tn hiu primitive phase to pole voltages nh sau:
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 5.4: Thut ton ca primitive common mode v phase to pole voltages.
Minh ha mi quan h gia cc tn hiu in p v dng sng mang PD trong b
nghch lu p 5 bc dng diode kp NPC:
Hnh 5.5: Quan h dng sng mang v tn hiu iu ch.

Khi Additional common mode voltage: cng ging nh thnh phn
primitive common mode, thnh phn additional common mode cng khng
nh hng n in p ti. Tuy nhin, khi thm vo mt gi tr additional
common mode thch hp s ci tin ng k hiu qu ca k thut PWM.
Thnh phn ny gip phn chia hai ch thc thi k thut PWM: DPWM
cho cc ng dng cn gim s ln chuyn mch v SVPWM trong trng
hp cn lm gim nhp nh dng in
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
dminH = Min(vHa, vHb,vHc)

dminL = Min(vaL, vbL, vcL)
(5.17)
vHx = H(x) vxp

vxL = vxp L(x) ; x = a,b,c
(5.18)
Ty theo cc ch PWM, ta c cch tnh cc gi tr additional common mode

khc nhau:
Carrier based SVPWM method (ch PWM lin tc): sng iu ch

dng lin tc
v0add1 = (dminH - dminL) / 2
(5.19)
(5.20)
vxSVM = vxref = vxp + v0add1
Hnh 5.6: Additional common mode i vi trng hp PWM lin tc, v0add = d0.
Discontinuous PWM methods (ch PWM gin on): sng iu ch

dng gin on. u im ca sng iu ch dng gin on l s ln
chuyn mch trong mt chu k b gim xung, do cng sut tn hao
do qu trnh ng ngt cng gim theo.
d min H khi
d min L khi
v0add =
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d min H < d min L

d min H > d min L
(5.21)
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Nu dminH = dminL (trong trng hp medium common mode DPWM):

d min H khi
d min L khi
v0add =
v0 p < (n 1) / 2
v0 p > (n 1) / 2
vxDPWM = vxref = vxp + v0add
(5.22)
(5.23)
Hnh 5.7: Discontinuous PWM vi v0add = dminL = vcL.
Hnh 5.8: Discontinuous PWM vi v0add = dminH = vHb.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Tm li, ta c s thut ton tnh additional common mode v tn hiu iu ch

cho tng ch PWM nh sau:
Hnh 5.9: a) S gii thut tnh additional common mode.

b) ng vi ch carrier Space vector PWM.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 5.10: Trng hp ch PWM l Discontinuous PWM.
2. ng dng cho b nghch lu p a bc dng cascade

Ta xt b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade nh sau:
Hnh 5.11: B nghch lu p cascade 5 bc.

Trong b nghch lu 5 bc dng cascade, vi im trung tnh O nh hnh trn th
cc mc in p ca ngun DC phn b quanh gi tr 0: +2Vdc, +Vdc, 0, -Vdc, -2Vdc.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Dng b tr cc sng mang PD v cc mc in p DC tng ng trong b nghch

lu 5 bc dng cascade:
Hnh 5.12: Phn b cc mc in p DC tng ng vi dng sng mang.

in p iu ch so vi im trung tnh O _ Vref, O thay i trong cc khong gi
tr: -2Vd Vref +2Vd iu ny s gy kh khn cho qu trnh xc nh cc mc in
p H(x), L(x), cng nh l cc in p tng ng VH(x), VL(x) khi Vref, O < 0.
Do , thun tin hn ta bin i cc mc in p DC theo php tham chiu
tng ng sau:
Hnh 5.13: Phn b mc in p DC v dng sng mang sau khi bin i.

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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Php bin i ny dn n in p iu ch cng thay i tng ng:

Vref mi = Vref,O + 2.Vd
(5.24)
Khi , cu trc mch xem nh tn ti mt im trung tnh O c in th l 0

(zero), quan h vi trung tnh O:
VOO = 2.Vd
(5.25)
V in p ng ra ca b nghch lu so vi im trung tnh O (phase to pole

voltages) cng thay i tng ng:
VXO = VXO + VOO = VXO + 2.Vd ; X = A, B, C
(5.26)
V c th xem nh tn ti mt m hnh mch nghch lu tng ng nh sau:
Hnh 5.14: M hnh mch nghch lu tng ng.

Ta thy rng vi php bin i nh trn, dng phn b in p DC ca b nghch
lu cascade hon ton tng t nh trong trng hp b nghch lu NPC phn tch
trn (nh H5.2 v H5.5). Do ta hon ton c th ng dng gii thut iu khin
ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang vo b nghch lu dng
cascade ging nh trong trng hp ca b nghch lu NPC. Hn na php bin i
ny xem nh khng nh hng n cu trc phn cng ca mch nghch lu v tt c
ch din ra trong mch kch, nhm to ra mt tn hiu in p iu ch ti u hn.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Trong m phng, cc gii thut iu ch s c thc hin trong cc khi DLL

c vit bng chng trnh Microsoft Visual C++ .
3. M phng cho b nghch lu cascade 5 bc

S m phng b nghch lu p 5 bc dng cascade theo phng php iu ch
vector khng gian dng sng mang (bn v A3). Cc thng s trong m phng dng
chung cho c bn ch :
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz.
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5 , L = 0.01H (cos = 0.85), hng s

thi gian =
L
= 2 ms
R
Ta phi xy dng khi DLL thay i theo tng ch iu ch.

3.1 Ch Medium common mode SVPWM
M phng trong trng hp chn ch PWM l lin tc (SVPWM) v medium
common mode:
v0add = (dminH - dminL) / 2
3.1.1
Chng trnh ca khi DLL
// MedCM_SVPWM.h
#pragma once
using namespace System;
namespace MedCM_SVPWM {
#include <math.h>
void _declspec(dllexport)ham(double t,double delt,double*in,
double *out)
{
double a,b,c,Max,Min;
double vomax,vomin,vop;
double vap,vbp,vcp;
double na,nb,nc;
double Ha,Hb,Hc,La,Lb,Lc;
double vHa,vHb,vHc,vaL,vbL,vcL;
double dminH,dminL;
double voadd,vaSVM,vbSVM,vcSVM;
a = in[0];
b = in[1];
c = in[2];
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// Tinh gia tri Primitive Phase to Pole Voltage Vxp

if(a > b)
{
if(a > c)
{
Max = a;
if(b > c)
{ Min = c;}
else
{ Min = b;}
}
else
{ Max = c;
Min = b;}
}
else
{
if(b > c)
{
Max = b;
if(a > c) { Min = c;}
else
{ Min = a;}
}
else
{ Max = c;Min = a;}
}
vomax = 4 - Max;
vomin = -Min;
// Medium common mode
vop = (vomax + vomin)/2;
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
// Tinh cac gia tri vHx, vxL
if (vap == 4)
{
Ha = 4;
La = 3;
}
else
{
Ha = int(vap) + 1;
La = Ha - 1;
}
vHa = Ha - vap;
vaL = vap - La;
if (vbp == 4)
{
Hb = 4;
Lb = 3;
}
else
{
Hb = int(vbp) + 1;
Lb = Hb - 1;
}
vHb = Hb - vbp;
vbL = vbp - Lb;
if (vcp == 4)
{
Hc = 4;
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Lc = 3;
}
else
{
Hc = int(vcp) + 1;
Lc = Hc - 1;
}
vHc = Hc - vcp;
vcL = vcp - Lc;
// Tinh gia tri dminH
if(vHa < vHb)
{
if(vHa < vHc)
{
dminH = vHa;
}
else
{ dminH = vHc;}
}
else
{
if(vHb < vHc)
{
dminH = vHb;
}
else
{ dminH = vHc;}
}
// Tinh gia tri dminL
if(vaL < vbL)
{
if(vaL < vcL)
{
dminL = vaL;
}
else
{ dminL = vcL;}
}
else
{
if(vbL < vcL)
{
dminL = vbL;
}
else
{ dminL = vcL;}
}
// Tinh gia tri Additional common mode va Modulating signals
voadd = (dminH - dminL)/2;
vaSVM = vap + voadd;
vbSVM = vbp + voadd;
vcSVM = vcp + voadd;
out[0] = vap;
out[1] = vaSVM;
out[2] = vbp;
out[3] = vbSVM;
out[4] = vcp;
out[5] = vcSVM;
out[6] = vop;
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
out[7] = vomax;
out[8] = vomin;
out[9] = voadd;
}
}
3.1.2
Kt qu m phng
Hnh 5.15: Cc thnh phn in p trn pha A.

Vi: Va_SVM l tn hiu in p iu ch ca phng php
Va12 l tn hiu in p thnh phn th t thun nghch
Vop l tn hiu in p thnh phn th t khng
Voadd l tn hiu in p cng thm vo.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 5.18: in p pha tm ngun trn pha C.
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
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Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 5.23: Dng in ti trn pha A

3.2 Ch Minimum common mode SVPWM
Ch PWM l lin tc (SVPWM) v minimum common mode:
khi
v0 max
v0p = (n 1) / 2 khi
v
khi
0 min
v0 max < (n 1) / 2
v0 max (n 1) / 2 v0 min
v0 min > (n 1) / 2
v0add = (dminH - dminL) / 2

3.2.1
Chng trnh cho khi DLL

Tng t nh chng trnh trong phn trn, nhng thay cng thc tnh vop v
voadd cho ph hp vi ch m phng.

3.2.2
Kt qu m phng
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Hnh 5.28: Phn tch Fourier cho in p ti pha A.
Hnh 5.30: Dng in ti trn 3 pha.

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3.3 Ch Minimum common mode DPWM

Ch PWM gin on v minimum common mode:
d min H khi
d min L khi
v0add =
khi
v0 max
v0p = (n 1) / 2 khi
v
khi
0 min
3.3.1
d min H < d min L

d min H > d min L
v0 max < (n 1) / 2
v0 max (n 1) / 2 v0 min
v0 min > (n 1) / 2
// MinCM_DPWM.h
#pragma once
namespace MinCM_DPWM {
#include <math.h>
void _declspec(dllexport) ham (double t,double delt,double
*in,double *out)
{
double a,b,c,Max,Min;
double vomax,vomin,vop;
double vap,vbp,vcp;
double Ha,Hb,Hc,La,Lb,Lc;
double vHa,vHb,vHc,vaL,vbL,vcL;
double dminH,dminL;
double voadd,vaDPWM,vbDPWM,vcDPWM;
a = in[0];
b = in[1];
c = in[2];
// Tinh gia tri Primitive Phase to Pole Voltage Vxp
if(a > b)
{
if(a > c)
{
Max = a;
if(b > c)
{ Min = c;}
else
{ Min = b;}
}
else
{ Max = c;
Min = b;}
}
else
{
if(b > c)
{
Max = b;
if(a > c) { Min = c;}
else
{ Min = a;}
}
else
{ Max = c;Min = a;}
}
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vomax = 4-Max;
vomin = -Min;
// Minimum common mode
if(vomax < 2)
{vop = vomax;}
if((vomax >= 2)&&(vomin <= 2))
if(vomin > 2)
{vop = vomin;}
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
// Tinh cac gia tri vHx, vxL
if (vap == 4)
{
Ha = 4;
La = 3;
}
else
{
La = int(vap);
Ha = La + 1;
}
vHa = Ha - vap;
vaL = vap - La;
if (vbp == 4)
{
Hb = 4;
Lb = 3;
}
else
{
Lb = int(vbp);
Hb = Lb + 1;
}
vHb = Hb - vbp;
vbL = vbp - Lb;
if (vcp == 4)
{
Hc = 4;
Lc = 3;
}
else
{
Lc = int(vcp);
Hc = Lc + 1;
}
vHc = Hc - vcp;
vcL = vcp - Lc;
// Tinh gia tri dminH
if(vHa < vHb)
{
if(vHa < vHc)
{
dminH = vHa;
}
else
{ dminH = vHc;}
}
else
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{vop = 2;}
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{
if(vHb < vHc)
{
dminH = vHb;
}
else
{ dminH = vHc;}
}
// Tinh gia tri dminL
if(vaL < vbL)
{
if(vaL < vcL)
{
dminL =
}
else
{ dminL
}
else
{
if(vbL < vcL)
{
dminL =
}
else
{ dminL
}
// Tinh gia tri Additional common
if(dminH < dminL) { voadd
if(dminL < dminH) { voadd
if(dminH == dminL)
{
if(vop < 2)
else
{ voadd
}
vaDPWM = vap + voadd;
vbDPWM = vbp + voadd;
vcDPWM = vcp + voadd;
out[0] = vap;
out[1] = vaDPWM;
out[2] = vbp;
out[3] = vbDPWM;
out[4] = vcp;
out[5] = vcDPWM;
out[6] = vop;
out[7] = vomax;
out[8] = vomin;
out[9] = voadd;
}
vaL;
= vcL;}
vbL;
= vcL;}
mode va Modulating signals
= dminH; }
= -dminL; }
{ voadd = dminH; }
= -dminL; }
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3.3.2
Kt qu m phng

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3.4 Ch Medium common mode DPWM
Ch PWM gin on v medium common mode:
d min H khi
d min L khi
v0add =
3.4.1
d min H < d min L

d min H > d min L

Tng t nh chng trnh trong phn trn, nhng thay cng thc tnh vop v
voadd cho ph hp vi ch m phng.

3.4.2
Kt qu m phng

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4. Nhn Xt
T nhng kt qu m phng trn, ta c th nhn xt s b nh sau:
Vi b nghch lu p 5 bc th dng p pha ti rt tt, tt hn b nghch

lu p 3 bc nhiu, dng sin chun hn.
Mi phng php c mt dng sng offset khc nhau, v th tng ng

ta c nhng sng iu ch khc nhau. iu ny cho thy phng php
iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang rt linh hot khi cn thay
i gia cc ch .
Vi phng php DPWM cho s ln chuyn mch t, ta c th thy r

iu ny qua th p ti cng nh in p pha tm ngun DC.
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Sng hi bc cao xut hin trong dng in p ti gim nhiu so vi

phng php iu ch rng xung sin.
Trong 4 ch m phng trn th ch Medium common mode

SVPWM cho kt qu tt nht: dng sng hi bc cao ca in p ti
xut hin t, h s mo dng ca dng in ti cng nh hn so vi 3
ch cn li.
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Chng 6
IU KHIN B NGHCH LU A BC DNG CASCADE
VI NGUN DC KHNG CN BNG
K thut Carrier based PWM v Space Vector PWM trn y c pht trin trn
c s cc ngun DC n nh v cn bng, khi gin vector l h tnh bt bin.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc ngun DC thng khng cn bng v in p ca chng
khng n nh. Ly v d trong b nghch lu a bc cu hnh NPC, in p trn cc t
in lun dao ng theo thi gian v khi gin vector l mt h ng, bin thin
theo thi gian. Cn trong trng hp ca b nghch lu dng cascade, th khi in p
ngun cho cc b nghch lu cu mt pha c ly t h thng in thng qua cc b
chnh lu, th cc in p ny cng dao ng ty theo h thng cung cp. Do , vi
k thut iu khin ging nh trong trng hp ngun DC cn bng v n nh th s
cho ra kt qu dng in ti b mo dng v xut hin cc thnh phn sng hi bc
thp, nh hng n ph ti
1. M phng cho trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng

1.1 Thc hin m phng
thy r c nh hng ca ngun DC khng cn bng ln dng dng in
ti, ta s thc hin m phng cho b nghch lu dng cascade 5 bc.
Phng php c s dng l Medium common mode DPWM nh trong
trng hp ngun DC cn bng. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c gi tr ln lt l Va1 = 250V, Va2 = 150V, Vb1 =

280V, Vb2 = 120V, Vc1 = 160V, Vc2 = 240V.
Sng iu khin c tn s 50Hz, sng mang dng PD tn s 2000 Hz;
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;
Ti RL u dng sao (Y) c R = 5 , L = 0.02H.
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1.2 Kt qu m phng
Hnh 6.1: Cc ngun DC khng cn bng.
Hnh 6.2: Dng dng in ti trn 3 pha.
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Hnh 6.3: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha A.
Hnh 6.4: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha B.
Hnh 6.5: Dng in p pha tm ngun DC trn pha C.

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Hnh 6.6: Dng in p ti trn pha A.
Hnh 6.7: Dng in p ti trn pha B.
Hnh 6.8: Dng in p ti trn pha C.
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Nhn xt:
Khi ngun DC khng cn bng p ng dng in ti b mo dng rt nhiu, cn
trn dng ca in p ti tn ti nhiu sng hi bc cao. T vn trn i hi phi c
phng php thch hp iu khin b nghch lu trong iu kin ngun DC khng
cn bng iu ny gp rt nhiu trong thc t v khng th iu khin ngun DC cn
bng tuyt i.
2. Phng php iu khin b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng

cn bng
2.1 Nguyn l iu ch
Phng php ny c phn tch da trn b nghch lu p a bc dng diode
kp NPC, v cc thnh phn in p cng c phn tch nh trong trng hp ngun
DC cn bng (nh trnh by trong chng 5).
Reference phase to pole voltages:
Vxref = Vx12 + V0ref ; x = a,b,c
(6.1)
Active voltages:
Va12 = Vm.cos
Vb12 = Vm.cos( 2 / 3 )
(6.2)
Vc12 = Vm.cos( 4 / 3 )
Gii hn ca in p iu ch:
0 Vxref Vs
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(6.3)
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Vi Vs l tng in p ca cc ngun DC:

Vs = Vd1 + Vd2 + ... + Vd(n-1) = V(n-1)
(6.4)
nh ngha hai gi tr cc tr ca thnh phn in p th t thun - nghch:

Vmax = Max(Va12, Vb12, Vc12)
Vmin = Min(Va12, Vb12, Vc12)
(6.5)
Hai gi tr cc tr ca thnh phn common mode:

Vomin = -Vmin
Vomax = Vs Vmax
(6.6)
Vomin Voref Vomax

nh ngha hai bc in p H(x), L(x) gn nht vi Vxref v in p tng
ng ca chng VH(x), VL(x) :
0 VL ( x ) V xref VH ( x ) Vn 1
(6.7)
Vdx = VH(x) VL(x)
(6.8)
Mi quan h gia VH(x), VL(x) :

VL ( x ) V xref < V H ( x )
VH ( x ) = Vn 1
H(x) = L(x) + 1 ;
khi V xref < Vn 1

khi
V xref = Vn 1
x = a,b,c
(6.9)
(6.10)
nh ngha hai gi tr EHx v ExL = Exref nh l chnh lch in p gia

Vxref v VH(x), VL(x) nh sau:
E Hx = V H ( x ) V xref ; x = a, b, c
E xref = E xL = V xref V L ( x )
(6.11)
Hnh 6.10: in p iu ch v quan h gia cc bc in p.

nh ngha hai gi tr nh nht tng ng ca EHx v ExL:
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E min L = Min( E aref , Ebref , E cref )
E min H = Min( E Ha , E Hb , E Hc )
(6.12)
nh ngha thng s xref nh l tn hiu iu ch nh:

xref =
E xref
Vdx
; 0 xref 1
(6.13)
Do , in p iu ch c th biu din nh sau:

V xref = VL ( x ) + xref .Vdx
(6.14)
Hnh 6.11: Nguyn l iu ch ca phng php

a)Quan h gia cc in p iu ch
b)Tn hiu iu ch trong th a sng mang
c)Tn hiu iu ch nh trong th mt sng mang.
Quan h gia cc tn hiu iu ch vi dng sng mang tng ng v mu in
p DC trong b nghch lu 5 bc dng NPC c biu din trong th sau:
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Hnh 6.12: Mi quan h gia cc tn hiu iu ch trong th sng mang.

Nguyn l hiu chnh trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng c biu din
nh sau:
Hnh 6.13: S gii thut trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng.

Tm li, phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang i vi trng
hp ngun DC khng cn bng c th c biu din tng qut nh sau:
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Hnh 6.14: S gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng
mang trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng.
2.2 ng dng cho b nghch lu a bc dng cascade
Ta xt trng hp b nghch lu dng cascade 5 bc vi ngun DC khng cn
bng nh sau:
Hnh 6.15: B nghch lu cascade 5 bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng.
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n gin ta thc hin cc php phn tch trn mt pha (v d pha A), cc pha
cn li tng t. Nh bit mi b nghch lu cu 1 pha c th to ra 3 mc in p
ng ra: b nghch lu H1 c th to c (-Va1, 0, +Va1) v b nghch lu H2 cng
c th to c (-Va2, 0, +Va2). Do khi 2 b nghch lu cu 1 pha vi ngun DC
khc nhau ghp ni tip th c th to ra ti a 9 bc in p, v d khi Va1 > Va2 ta
c:
Hnh 6.16: Cc mc in p c th t c ca b nghch lu cascade 5 bc.

Ty theo tng cch b tr sng mang c th m mi b nghch lu cascade 5 bc
cng ch c th to ra c in p dng 5 bc ng ra. V d mt s cch b tr sng
mang v in p to c tng ng nh sau:
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a)
b)
Hnh 6.17: Mt s trng hp b tr sng mang v mc in p DC to c.
Trong lun vn ny chn cch b tr sng mang nh H6.17a, v theo cch b tr
sng mang ny s t c s cn bng cng sut gia 2 b nghch lu cu mt pha
( trnh by trong chng 3 phn 2.2.2).
Tng t nh trng hp ngun DC cn bng, vi cch phn b ca cc ngun
DC nh H6.17a th s gp kh khn trong vic xc nh cc bc in p H(x), L(x) v
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cc mc in p VH(x), VL(x) khi thc hin phng php iu ch vector khng gian
dng sng mang trong vng iu ch c Vref < 0. Do , ta thc hin php bin i
tng ng sau:
Hnh 6.18: Bin i tng ng cc mc in p.

Khi trong mch nghch lu ta xem nh tn ti 1 im trung tnh O c in th
bng 0 (zero), quan h vi trung tnh O nh sau:
VOO = Va1 + Va2
(6.15)
V in p iu ch cng thay i tng ng:

Vxref,O = Vxref,O + VOO = Vxref,O + (Va1 + Va2)
(6.16)
Cu trc mch nghch lu sau khi thc hin php bin i ny c th minh ha
nh sau:
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Hnh 6.19: Minh ha mch nghch lu sau khi bin i.

thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton trong m phng, cc mc in p DC s
c chuyn thnh cc mc tn hiu in p DC theo php tham chiu:
vx1 = Vx1 / Vdx ;
vx2 = Vx2 / Vdx ;
(6.17)
Vi Vdx = (Vx1 + Vx2) / 2 ; x = A,B,C.

Tm li, ng dng phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
vo b nghch lu dng cascade ta phi thc hin cc bc bin i sau:
Hnh 6.20: Biu din cc php bin i trong gii thut ca b nghch lu cacscade.
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T y ta thy phn b cc mc in p DC ca b nghch lu cascade hon ton

ging vi cch phn b ngun DC ca b nghch lu dng NPC. Do ta hon ton c
th p dng gii thut ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang
trong trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng nh trnh by trong phn trn cho b
nghch lu a bc dng cascade.
3. M phng iu khin b nghch lu cascade vi ngun DC khng cn

bng
3.1 Chng trnh trong khi DLL
Ta xy dng khi DLL phc v cho m phng b nghch lu cascade i vi
ngun khng cn bng nh sau:
Ng vo ln lt l Va1, Va2, Vb1, Vb2, Vc1, Vc2, va12, vb12, vc12

tng ng vi in[0], in[1], in[2], in[3], in[4], in[5], in[6], in[7], in[8].
Ng ra ln lt l vap, varef, vbp, vbref, vcp, vcref, vomax, vomin, vop,

voadd tng ng vi out[0], out[1], out[2], out[3], out[4], out[5],
out[6], out[7], out[8], out[9].
Chng trnh trong khi DLL:

// KCB_MedCM_DPWM.h
#pragma once
namespace KCB_MedCM_DPWM {
#include <math.h>
__declspec(dllexport) void math (double t,double delt,double *in,
double *out)
{
double Va1,Va2,Vb1,Vb2,Vc1,Vc2;
double a,b,c,Max,Min,e;
double vomax,vomin,vop,vap,vbp,vcp;
double Eha,Ehb,Ehc,Earef,Ebref,Ecref;
double Vda,va1,va2;
double Vdb,vb1,vb2;
double Vdc,vc1,vc2;
double EminH,EminL,voadd;
double vaf,vbf,vcf,varef,vbref,vcref;
e = 0.1; // Bien e khong c gia tri trong thuat toan va
Va1 = in[0]+ e; // khong anh huong den ket qua, no chi la
Va2 = in[1]+ e; // mot sai so de mo phong duoc trong Psim
Vb1 = in[2]+ e; // ta co the chon gia tri bat ki
Vb2 = in[3]+ e;
Vc1 = in[4]+ e;
Vc2 = in[5]+ e;
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//
//
//
//
//
//
//
a = in[6];
b = in[7];
c = in[8];
Tinh gia tri Primitive Phase to Pole Voltage Vxp
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
Max = a;
if(b>c) { Min = c;}
else
{ Min = b;}
}
else
{ Max = c;
Min = b;}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
Max = b;
if(a>c) { Min = c;}
else
{ Min = a;}
}
else
{ Max = c;
Min = a;}
}
vomax = 4-Max;
vomin = -Min;
Tinh Medium Common Mode
vop = (vomax + vomin)/2;
vap = a + vop;
vbp = b + vop;
vcp = c + vop;
Tinh cac muc dien ap trung binh
Vda = (Va1 + Va2)/2;
va1 = Va1/Vda;
va2 = Va2/Vda;
Vdb = (Vb1 + Vb2)/2;
vb1 = Vb1/Vdb;
vb2 = Vb2/Vdb;
Vdc = (Vc1 + Vc2)/2;
vc1 = Vc1/Vdc;
vc2 = Vc2/Vdc;
Tinh Eha, Earef
if(vap<=va2)
{Eha = va2-vap; Earef = vap;}
else if(vap<=2) {Eha = 2-vap;
Earef = vap-va2;}
else if(vap<=(2+va1))
{Eha = 2+va1-vap; Earef = vap-2;}
else
{Eha = 4-vap; Earef = vap-(2+va1);}
Tinh Ehb, Ebref
if(vbp<=vb2)
{Ehb = vb2-vbp; Ebref = vbp;}
else if(vbp<=2) {Ehb = 2-vbp;
Ebref = vbp-vb2;}
else if(vbp<=(2+vb1))
{Ehb = 2+vb1-vbp; Ebref = vbp-2;}
else
{Ehb = 4-vbp; Ebref = vbp-(2+vb1);}
Tinh Ehc, Ecref
if(vcp<=vc2)
{Ehc = vc2-vcp; Ecref = vcp;}
else if(vcp<=2) {Ehc = 2-vcp;
Ecref = vcp-vc2;}
else if(vcp<=(2+vc1))
{Ehc = 2+vc1-vcp; Ecref = vcp-2;}
else
{Ehc = 4-vcp; Ecref = vcp-(2+vc1);}
Tinh EminH, EminL
if((Eha<=Ehb)&&(Eha<=Ehc)) {EminH = Eha;}
if((Ehb<=Eha)&&(Ehb<=Ehc)) {EminH = Ehb;}
if((Ehc<=Eha)&&(Ehc<=Ehb)) {EminH = Ehc;}
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//
//
//
//
//
//
//
if((Earef<=Ebref)&&(Earef<=Ecref)) {EminL = Earef;}

if((Ebref<=Earef)&&(Ebref<=Ecref)) {EminL = Ebref;}
if((Ecref<=Earef)&&(Ecref<=Ebref)) {EminL = Ecref;}
Tinh gia tri Additional common mode
if(EminH < EminL) {voadd = EminH;}
if(EminH > EminL) {voadd = -EminL;}
if(EminH == EminL)
{
if(vop < 2)
{voadd = EminH;}
else
{voadd = -EminL;}
}
Tinh vaf, vbf, vcf
vaf = vap + voadd;
vbf = vbp + voadd;
vcf = vcp + voadd;
Comparator and Selector
Tinh varef
if(vaf<=va2)
{varef = 0 + vaf/va2;}
else if(vaf<=2) {varef = 1 + (vaf-va2)/(2-va2);}
else if(vaf<=(2+va1))
{varef = 2 + (vaf-2)/va1;}
else {varef = 3 + (vaf-2-va1)/(2-va1);}
Tinh vbref
if(vbf<=vb2)
{vbref = 0 + vbf/vb2;}
else if(vbf<=2) {vbref = 1 + (vbf-vb2)/(2-vb2);}
else if(vbf<=(2+vb1))
{vbref = 2 + (vbf-2)/vb1;}
else {vbref = 3 + (vbf-2-vb1)/(2-vb1);}
Tinh vcref
if(vcf<=vc2)
{vcref = 0 + vcf/vc2;}
else if(vcf<=2) {vcref = 1 + (vcf-vc2)/(2-vc2);}
else if(vcf<=(2+vc1))
{vcref = 2 + (vcf-2)/vc1;}
else {vcref = 3 + (vcf-2-vc1)/(2-vc1);}
Gan gia tri cho cac ngo ra
out[0] = vap;
out[1] = varef;
out[2] = vbp;
out[3] = vbref;
out[4] = vcp;
out[5] = vcref;
out[6] = vomax;
out[7] = vomin;
out[8] = vop;
out[9] = voadd;
} }
3.2 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng l ngun DC

3.2.1
Thng s m phng
Ch m phng l Medium common mode DPWM. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c gi tr ln lt l Va1 = 250V, Va2 = 150V, Vb1 =

280V, Vb2 = 120V, Vc1 = 160V, Vc2 = 240V.
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
91/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
3.2.2
Kt qu m phng
Hnh 6.21: Cc ngun in p DC khng cn bng.
Hnh 6.22: Cc thnh phn tn hiu in p iu ch.
Hnh 6.23: in p pha tm ngun pha A.

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
92/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 6.24: in p pha tm ngun pha B.
Hnh 6.25: in p pha tm ngun pha C.
Hnh 6.26: in p ti pha A.

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
93/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 6.27: in p ti pha B.
Hnh 6.28: in p ti pha C.

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
94/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Hnh 6.30: Dng in ti pha A.

3.3 M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c ly t b chnh
lu cu 3 pha diode
3.3.1
Cc thng s m phng
Ch m phng l Medium common mode DPWM. Thng s m phng:
Cc ngun DC c ly thng qua b chnh lu cu diode 3 pha, cc t

in C = 1F, vi cc in p nhp vo ngun sin 3 pha ln lt l
Vsina1[linelinerms] = 155V, Vsina2 = 145V, Vsinb1 = 160V,
Vsinb2 = 140V, Vsinc1 = 135V, Vsinc2 = 165V.
Ch s iu ch m = 0.8;
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
95/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
3.3.2
Kt qu m phng
Hnh 6.32: Cc ngun DC khng cn bng.
Hnh 6.33: Cc thnh phn tn hiu in p iu ch trn pha A.
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
96/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
97/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
98/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
99/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
4. Nhn xt
Dng in p ti trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng r rng l c cht lng
km hn so vi trng hp ngun DC cn bng mc d c hiu chnh. Qua phn
tch Fourier ta thy thnh phn sng hi bc bc cao vn cn tn ti trong dng sng
ca in p ti.
Dng in ti trn 3 pha trong trng thi xc lp c th xem l cn bng.
Vic iu khin b nghch lu p trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c th
kt hp vi cc ch common mode khc nhau ging nh trong trng hp ngun
cn bng.
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
100/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Kt lun
Lun vn c bn thc hin c vic nghin cu k thut PWM cho b nghch
lu a bc ghp tng. i vi tng phng php iu ch trnh by c l thuyt
c bn, thc hin m phng trong Psim, phn tch v nh gi kt qu t c. c
bit i vi phng php iu ch vector khng gian dng sng mang a ra c
gii thut tng ng cho b nghch lu cascade c th thc hin m phng. Trong
trng hp iu khin vi ngun khng cn bng hiu chnh c p ng dng
in v in p v dng cn bng.
Tuy nhin, do qu thi gian hn ch nn lun vn cha thc hin m phng c
cho b nghch lu cascade dng 7 bc (hoc cao hn na), cha m phng c vic
iu khin vi ti c tnh thc t nh ng c khng ng b...
Hng pht trin ca ti c th l nghin cu m rng phm vi iu khin
tuyn tnh in p ng ra, thc hin m phng cho b nghch lu vi s bc cao hn,
hay iu khin vng kn trong trng hp ti l ng c c hi tip t c cht
lng in p v dng in cao hn.
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
101/102
Lun Vn Tt Nghip
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Nh, Gio trnh in t cng sut 1, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2002.
[2] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Analysis of Carrier Based PWM Methods
Based on Optimization of Voltage Errors.
[3] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Theoretical Analysis of Carrier Algorithms
For Multilevel Inverters with Unbalanced DC Voltages.
[4] Nguyn Vn Nh & Hong Hee Lee, Optimized Discontinuous PWM Algorithm
with Variable Load Power Factor for Multilevel Inverters.
[5] Nguyn Quang Tin, K thut PWM, Lun vn tt nghip i hc, Trng i
hc Bch Khoa Tp HCM, 2006.
[6] Nguyn B Mch, Nghin cu k thut iu ch PWM cho b nghch lu a bc
vi ngun p DC khng cn bng, Lun vn Thc s, Trng i hc S Phm K
Thut Tp HCM, 2006.
[7] Phm Xun H, So snh cc k thut iu ch gin on cho b nghch lu p a
bc, Lun vn Thc s, 2006.
SVTH: Trn Quc Hon
102/102

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Lun Vn Tt Nghip

Gii thiu tng qut..............................................................................................5

Phn loi b nghch lu p............................................................................6

Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc........................................7

Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter) .........7

Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)........9

Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)...............................................10

So snh s linh kin s dng trong 3 dng nghch lu p a bc trn........12

B nghch lu p cu 1 pha ................................................................................13

B nghch lu p a bc dng cascade...............................................................14

Tng qut v k thut iu ch rng xung PWM ......................................17

Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu .......................17

Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM ........................................18

Phng php iu ch rng xung Sin (Sin PWM) ........................................20

Nguyn tc thc hin ..................................................................................20

M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................21

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin ....................................................30

M phng cho b nghch lu p cascade 5 bc ..........................................31

Khi nim vector khng gian .............................................................................38

Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc.........................................39

Phng php iu ch vector khng gian ..........................................................41

tng tng qut ca phng php...........................................................45

Gii thut iu ch ca phng php..........................................................47

ng dng cho b nghch lu p a bc dng cascade........................................54

M phng cho b nghch lu cascade 5 bc ......................................................57

Ch Medium common mode SVPWM ...............................................57

Ch Minimum common mode SVPWM ............................................63

Ch Minimum common mode DPWM...............................................63

Ch Medium common mode DPWM .................................................63

M phng cho trng hp ngun DC khng cn bng......................................63

Thc hin m phng ...................................................................................63

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

Phng php iu khin b nghch lu p a bc vi ngun DC khng cn bng

ng dng cho b nghch lu a bc dng cascade.....................................63

M phng iu khin b nghch lu cascade vi ngun DC khng cn bng...63

Chng trnh trong khi DLL.....................................................................63

M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng l ngun DC.............63

M phng trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng c ly t b chnh

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

trnh chuyn mch t nhin ph thuc vo in p ngun hoc ph thuc vo in p

Phng php iu rng.

Phng php iu bin.

Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM).

Phng php iu ch rng sung sin ci bin (Modifield SPWM).

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space vector modulation,

Phng php Discontinuous PWM.

2. Cc dng cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc

Dng diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter).

Dng dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter).

Dng ghp tng cascade (Cascade Inverter).

2.1 Cu trc dng Diode kp NPC (Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter)

Hnh 1.1: Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter NPC.

SVTH: Trn Quc Hon

2.2 Cu trc dng t in thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)

Hnh 1.2: Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter.

Khi s bc tng cao th khng cn dng b lc.

C th iu tit cng sut tc dng v phn khng nn hin c vic

Mi nhnh c th c phn tch c lp vi cc nhnh khc. Khng

S lng t cng sut ln tham gia trong mch nhiu, dn n gi thnh

Vic iu khin s kh khn khi s bc ca nghch lu tng cao.