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GT Ky Thuat VXL Hoan Chinh
GT Ky Thuat VXL Hoan Chinh
LI NI U
Cng ngh thng tin ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa
hc cng ngh v cuc sng thng nht. Bn cnh khi lng phn mm h
thng v ng dng s, cng ngh phn cng cng pht trin v cng nhanh
chng. C th ni cc h thng my tnh c ci thin trong nhng khong thi
gian rt ngn, cng ngy cng nhanh hn, mnh hn v hin i hn.
Nhng kin thc c bn v v phn cng ca cc h thng my tnh lun
lun l i hi cp thit ca nhng ngi chn cng ngh thng tin lm nh
hng cho ngh nghip v s nghip khoa hc trong tng lai.
Gio trnh K thut Vi x l ny c vit trn c s nhng bi ging theo
st cng mn hc c thc hin ti Khoa Cng ngh thng tin trc
thuc Trng i hc Thi Nguyn t khi thnh lp n nay, v lun lun c
sa cha, b sung p ng nhu cu kin thc ca sinh vin hc tp ti Khoa.
Gio trnh c chia thnh 5 chng:
Chng I gii thiu nhng kin thc tng quan c s dng trong k thut
Vi x l cc h m, cch thc biu din thng tin trong cc h Vi x l v my
tnh, cng nh nhn nhn qua v lch s pht trin ca cc trung tm Vi x l.
Chng II gii thiu cu trc v hot ng ca cc n v x l trung tm t
P8085 n cc cu trc ca Vi x l h 80x86, cc cu trc RISC v CISC. Do
nhng ng dng thc t rng ln trong i sng, trong chng II c gii thiu
thm cu trc v chc nng ca chip Vi x l chuyn dng C8051.
Chng III cung cp nhng kin thc v t chc b nh cho mt h Vi x
l, k thut v cc bc xy dng v nh ROM, RAM cho h Vi x l.
Chng IV i su kho st mt s mch chc nng kh lp trnh nh mch
iu khin vo/ra d liu song song, mch iu khin vo/ra d liu ni tip,
mch nh thi v mch iu khin ngt.
Chng V gii thiu cc cu trc v cch xy dng, phi ghp mt s thit
b vo/ra c bn cho mt h Vi x l nh bn phm Hexa, h thng ch th 7 thanh,
bn phm my tnh v mn hnh.
Cun gio trnh chc chn c nhiu thiu st, rt mong oc s gp ca
cc c gi. Mi kin ng gp xin gi theo a ch:
B mn K thut my tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
i hc Thi Nguyn
Thi Nguyn
Hoc theo a ch Email dongnt@hn.vnn.vn
Nhm bin son
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MC LC
MC LC
3
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC H VI X L.................................................6
I.1 Cc h m..................................................................................................................................................6
I.1.1 H m thp phn (R = 10 - Decimal).................................................................................................6
I.1.2 H m nh phn (R = 2 - Binary)........................................................................................................7
I.1.3 H m bt phn (R = 8 - Octal)...........................................................................................................7
I.1.4 H m 16 (R = 16 - Hexa)..................................................................................................................7
I.2 Chuyn i ln nhau gia cc h m....................................................................................................8
I.2.1 H nh phn v h thp phn................................................................................................................8
I.2.2 H nh phn v h Hexa......................................................................................................................10
I.3 Biu din thng tin trong cc h Vi x l...............................................................................................11
I.3.1 M ho cc thng tin khng s...........................................................................................................11
I.3.2 M ho cc thng tin s.......................................................................................................................11
I.3.3 Biu din d liu s trong my tnh..................................................................................................12
I.3.4 Bn cht vt l ca thng tin trong cc h Vi x l..........................................................................13
I.4 Vi nt v thc hin cc php tnh trong h m nh phn.................................................................14
I.4.1 Php cng v php tr.........................................................................................................................15
I.4.2 Php nhn v php chia........................................................................................................................16
I.5 Cu trc ca h Vi x l v my vi tnh.................................................................................................16
I.5.1 Vi nt v lch s pht trin cc trung tm Vi x l...........................................................................16
I.5.2 Cu trc c bn ca h Vi x l........................................................................................................17
I.5.3 T h Vi x l n my vi tnh PC....................................................................................................20
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CHNG IV. CC CHIP KH LP TRNH..........................................................97
(PROGRAMMABLE).............................................................................................97
IV.1 Tng quan................................................................................................................................................97
IV.2 Mt s mch chc nng tiu biu........................................................................................................97
IV.2.1 Mch vo/ra d liu song song PPI-8255 (Programmable Peripheral Interface)..............................97
IV.2.2 Mch iu khin ngt PIC-8259....................................................................................................102
IV.3.3 Mch m nh thi a nng PIT-8253 (Programmable Interval Timer)........................................112
IV.4.4 Mch iu khin vo/ra ni tip ng b/d b USART-8251 (Universal
Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)....................................................................................118
PH LC
144
PH LC A...................................................................................................................................................144
PH LC B...................................................................................................................................................147
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N =
k =l
Rk
trong :
R l c s ca h m
ak l trng ca ch s v tr th k (0 ak < R)
{ ak }R = {0, 1, 2, 3, , R 1}
l, n l s nguyn
N = anan-1a1a0,a-1a-2a-l
Theo cng thc trn, cc s c biu din trong cc h m khc
nhau s nh sau:
I.1.1
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H m nh phn (R = 2 - Binary)
I.1.2
{ ak }B = {0, 1}
11011.01B
= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2 =
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0,25 = 27,25D
H m bt phn (R = 8 - Octal)
I.1.3
{ ak }O = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
653,12
= 6 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 3 x 80 + 1 x 8-1 + 2 x 8-2 =
= 384 + 40 + 3 + 0,125 + 0,03125 = 427,1562D
000B
001B
Octa
l
2O
3O
Binary
010B
011B
Octa
l
4O
5O
Binary
100B
101B
Octa
l
6O
7O
Binary
110B
111B
H m 16 (R = 16 - Hexa)
I.1.4
{ ak }H = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
3A7,C
0000B
0001B
0010B
0011B
Hex
a
4H
5H
6H
7H
Binary
0100B
0101B
0110B
0111B
Hex
a
8H
9H
AH
BH
Binary
1000B
1001B
1010B
1011B
Hex
a
CH
DH
EH
FH
Binary
1100B
1101B
1110B
1111B
Nhn xt:
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I.2.1
a) T nh phn sang thp phn: S dng biu thc trin khai tng
qut nu, cng tt c cc s hng theo gi tr s thp phn,
tng s l dng thp phn ca s nh phn cho.
V d: 11011.11B= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 27.75D
b) T thp phn sang nh phn:
Phn nguyn: Ta c ng thc sau (v tri l s thp phn, v phi l biu
din nh phn ca s ):
SD
vit:
SDk0
= kn2n-1 + kn-12n-2 + kn-22n-3 + + k1 = 2(kn2n-2 + kn-12n-3 + + k2) + k1
2
Thy rng: K t u tin ca s nh phn l k0, ng vi s d khi
chia SD cho 2, k t tip theo, k1 chnh l s d khi chia thng cho 2, v.
v nn ta c th tm tt c cc k t khc nh sau:
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V d: i s 173D ra s nh phn
173 2
86 2
43 2
21 2
10 2
5 2
2 2
1 2
d
1
d
0
d
1
d
1
d
0
d
1
d
0
d
1
k0
Vy 173D = 10101101B
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
k7
0
Phn phn s : ng thc quan h gia s thp phn v s nh phn (phn
phn s) (v tri l s thp phn, v phi l s nh phn) nh sau:
SD
2SD
= 1.6256
= 1 + 0.6256
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0.6256
0.2512
0.5024
0.0048
x2
x2
x2
x2
= 1.2512 = 1 + 0.2512
= 0.5024 = 0 + 0.5024
= 1.0048 = 1 + 0.0048
Qu nh c th b qua
I.2.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
K t
s
Hexa
0
1
2
3
T hp
nh
phn
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
T hp
nh
phn
K t
s
Hexa
0
1
0
1
4
5
6
7
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
K t
s
Hexa
0
1
0
1
8
9
A
B
T hp
nh
phn
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
K t
s
Hexa
0
1
0
1
C
D
E
F
V d:
110 110
1
6
D
001
1
3
1001. 011
0
9.
6
0101B = 6D39.65H
5
7.
CH
111
010
111
011
100
110
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I.3.1
M ho cc thng tin khng s
C hai loi m ph cp nht c s dng l m ASCII v EBCDIC.
M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
dng 7 bits m ho cc k t
M ABCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
dng c 8 bits (1 Byte) m ho thng tin
Loi m c dng trong ngnh bu in, trong cc my teletype l
m BAUDOT, ch s dng 5 bits m ho thng tin.
I.3.2
M ho cc thng tin s
Cc s c m ho theo cc loi m sau:
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I.3.3
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
N=Fx2 E
trong F l phn nh tr (Mantissa)
v E l phn c tnh (Exponent - s m)
Theo nguyn tc ny, mt s thc c biu din trong cc my 32
bit nh sau:
31 30
S
23 22
E
0
F
12
N = (-1)s x 2E-127 x F
Vi cch biu din ny, c th thy ln ca cc s nh sau:
S dng: +3.4 x 1038 < N < +3.4 x 10-38
S m:
- 3.4 x 1038 < N < - 3.4 x 10-38
Lu : Khi kt qu php tnh vt qu cc gii hn trn, nu s m
(exponent) l dng, s c coi l - hoc + . Trong trng hp s m
l m v vt qua s m cc i cho php, kt qu c coi l bng 0.
Dng s chnh xc gp i (Double precision) c biu din nh
sau (64 bits):
63
S
62
52
51
N = (-1)S x 2E-1023 x F.
I.3.4
VH gii hn trn
ng vi gi tr 1
VH nh mc
VH gii hn di
Vng khng chc chn
VL gii hn trn(0,8V) ng vi gi tr 0
VL gii hn di
13
m vi m
1,341
th0866
p0 ca mch TTL
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VinI.1
Cng nghPh
Thng
tinc cao
Tel 098
Output
Inputs
FLIP-FLOP
Hnh I.2
B
+
+
+
+
0
1
0
1
B
=
=
=
=
0
1
1
0
Carry
(Nh)
0
0
0
1
Hi Borrow
u
(Mn
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0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
=
=
=
=
0
1
1
0
)
0
1
0
0
I.4.1
0.10010
B =
-0.11001
-0.00111
A =
(B)ng
0.10010
A =
0.10010
1.00110
(B)b=
1.00111
1.11000
1.11001
( )ng = -0.00111
( )b =
-0.00111
=
=
Thy rng:
S biu th kt qu s l m thun nu l mt s dng
S biu th kt qu l m ngc nu ta dng m ngc i
vi s hng m v cho kt qu l mt s m
S biu th kt qu l mt s b 2 nu dng m b 2 i vi
s hng m v kt qu l mt s m.
b) Php cng i s cc s hng du phy ng:
i vi php cng i s cc s hng du phy ng, cn tin hnh
cc bc sau:
Cn bng phn c tnh (s m) bng cch dch chuyn phn
nh tr
c tnh ca tng bng c tnh chung
nh tr ca tng bng tng cc nh tr
Chun ho kt qu nu cn.
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I.4.2
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Cu trc c bn ca h Vi x l
Cc khi chc nng c bn ca mt h Vi x l (hnh I.3) gm:
n v x l trung tm (CPU)
B nh ROM, RAM
Thit b vo (nhp d liu - Input device)
Thit b ra (a d liu ra - Output device)
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B NH CHNH
RAM
ROM
BUS H THNG
CPU
POWER
SUPPLY
GHP NI VO
GHP NI RA
THIT B VO
THIT B RA
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220VAC
in p mt
chiu th cp:
5V, 12V
Power
Switching
Transistor
B lc s
cp
Bin p
xung
Chnh lu
th cp
B lc th
cp
Tn hiu cm bin in p
I.5.3
h hVi xVi
l
nhimy
vii tnh
Trong thc tT
, cc
xl
n
cPC
trang b thm nhiu
thit b ngoi vi tin dng tu theo yu cu, mc ch s dng v c giao
din thn thin vi con ngi. l cc my vi tnh PC. Cng c th l
nhng h Vi x l chuyn dng cho nhng mc ch tnh ton hay iu
khin.
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MN HNH
(MONITOR)
CPU
V B NH CHNH
(ROM, RAM)
MY IN (PRINTER)
BN PHM
Hnh I.4
CC A
(FDD, HDD,
CDROM)
CHUT
My Vi tnh PC
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