Gio trnh K thut vi x l

LI NI U
Cng ngh thng tin ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa
hc cng ngh v cuc sng thng nht. Bn cnh khi lng phn mm h
thng v ng dng s, cng ngh phn cng cng pht trin v cng nhanh
chng. C th ni cc h thng my tnh c ci thin trong nhng khong thi
gian rt ngn, cng ngy cng nhanh hn, mnh hn v hin i hn.
Nhng kin thc c bn v v phn cng ca cc h thng my tnh lun
lun l i hi cp thit ca nhng ngi chn cng ngh thng tin lm nh
hng cho ngh nghip v s nghip khoa hc trong tng lai.
Gio trnh K thut Vi x l ny c vit trn c s nhng bi ging theo
st cng mn hc c thc hin ti Khoa Cng ngh thng tin trc
thuc Trng i hc Thi Nguyn t khi thnh lp n nay, v lun lun c
sa cha, b sung p ng nhu cu kin thc ca sinh vin hc tp ti Khoa.
Gio trnh c chia thnh 5 chng:
Chng I gii thiu nhng kin thc tng quan c s dng trong k thut
Vi x l cc h m, cch thc biu din thng tin trong cc h Vi x l v my
tnh, cng nh nhn nhn qua v lch s pht trin ca cc trung tm Vi x l.
Chng II gii thiu cu trc v hot ng ca cc n v x l trung tm t
P8085 n cc cu trc ca Vi x l h 80x86, cc cu trc RISC v CISC. Do
nhng ng dng thc t rng ln trong i sng, trong chng II c gii thiu
thm cu trc v chc nng ca chip Vi x l chuyn dng C8051.
Chng III cung cp nhng kin thc v t chc b nh cho mt h Vi x
l, k thut v cc bc xy dng v nh ROM, RAM cho h Vi x l.
Chng IV i su kho st mt s mch chc nng kh lp trnh nh mch
iu khin vo/ra d liu song song, mch iu khin vo/ra d liu ni tip,
mch nh thi v mch iu khin ngt.
Chng V gii thiu cc cu trc v cch xy dng, phi ghp mt s thit
b vo/ra c bn cho mt h Vi x l nh bn phm Hexa, h thng ch th 7 thanh,
bn phm my tnh v mn hnh.
Cun gio trnh chc chn c nhiu thiu st, rt mong oc s gp ca
cc c gi. Mi kin ng gp xin gi theo a ch:
B mn K thut my tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
i hc Thi Nguyn
Thi Nguyn
Hoc theo a ch Email dongnt@hn.vnn.vn
Nhm bin son

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

MC LC
MC LC
3
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC H VI X L.................................................6
I.1 Cc h m..................................................................................................................................................6
I.1.1 H m thp phn (R = 10 - Decimal).................................................................................................6
I.1.2 H m nh phn (R = 2 - Binary)........................................................................................................7
I.1.3 H m bt phn (R = 8 - Octal)...........................................................................................................7
I.1.4 H m 16 (R = 16 - Hexa)..................................................................................................................7
I.2 Chuyn i ln nhau gia cc h m....................................................................................................8
I.2.1 H nh phn v h thp phn................................................................................................................8
I.2.2 H nh phn v h Hexa......................................................................................................................10
I.3 Biu din thng tin trong cc h Vi x l...............................................................................................11
I.3.1 M ho cc thng tin khng s...........................................................................................................11
I.3.2 M ho cc thng tin s.......................................................................................................................11
I.3.3 Biu din d liu s trong my tnh..................................................................................................12
I.3.4 Bn cht vt l ca thng tin trong cc h Vi x l..........................................................................13
I.4 Vi nt v thc hin cc php tnh trong h m nh phn.................................................................14
I.4.1 Php cng v php tr.........................................................................................................................15
I.4.2 Php nhn v php chia........................................................................................................................16
I.5 Cu trc ca h Vi x l v my vi tnh.................................................................................................16
I.5.1 Vi nt v lch s pht trin cc trung tm Vi x l...........................................................................16
I.5.2 Cu trc c bn ca h Vi x l........................................................................................................17
I.5.3 T h Vi x l n my vi tnh PC....................................................................................................20

CHNG II. CC N V VI X L TRUNG TM.............................................23

(CPU CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)..................................................23

II.1 Trung tm Vi x l P8085.....................................................................................................................23

II.1.1 Cc nhm tn hiu trong P8085........................................................................................................25
II.1.2 Khi nim v bn cht vt l ca cc BUS trong h Vi x l..........................................................27
II.1.3 Cc mch 3 trng thi, mch cht v mch khuych i BUS 2 chiu...........................................28
II.1.4 Biu Timing thc hin lnh ca CPU P8085.............................................................................32
II.1.5 Khi nim chu k BUS.......................................................................................................................34
II.1.6 Ngt (Interrupt)...................................................................................................................................35
II.1.7 Truy nhp trc tip b nh (Direct Memory Access DMA)...........................................................36
II.1.8 Vi chng trnh (MicroProgram) v tp lnh ca P8085................................................................37
II.1.9 Vi nt v lp trnh cho 8085.............................................................................................................42
II.1.10 H lnh ca P8085.......................................................................................................................43
II.2 Cc trung tm Vi x l h 80x86.............................................................................................................46
II.1.1 M t chn ca P8086 v cc tn hiu..............................................................................................46
II.1.2 Cu trc Trung tm Vi x l h 80x86 ..............................................................................................48
II.1.3 H thng thanh ghi trong cc P80x86.............................................................................................50
II.1.4 Cc ch lm vic MIN/MAX........................................................................................................55
II.1.5 Phng thc qun l b nh, cc mode a ch.................................................................................55
II.1.6 Phng thc nh a ch thit b ngoi vi........................................................................................60

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

II.1.7 Cc mch Multiplexer, mch Decoder, mch PLA............................................................................60

II.1.8 Vi nt v lp trnh hp ng..............................................................................................................62
II.3 Cu trc v tnh nng ca mt s chip Vi x l hin i...................................................................63
II.3.1 Cu trc chip Vi x l Pentium..........................................................................................................65
II.3.2 Cu trc RISC, CISC .........................................................................................................................69
II.3.3 Qun l b nh ..................................................................................................................................71
II.3.4 B nh cache .....................................................................................................................................71
II.4 Single-Chip MicroComputer C8051......................................................................................................72
II.4.1 Tng quan...........................................................................................................................................72
II.4.2 M t cu trc v chc nng..............................................................................................................74
II.4.3 Lp trnh cho C8051.........................................................................................................................84
II.4.4 Cc kh nng ng dng ca C8051.................................................................................................85

CHNG III. B NH TRONG CA H VI X L............................................86

III.1 B nh trong h Vi x l......................................................................................................................86

III.1.1 Phn t nh, vi mch nh, t nh v dung lng b nh .............................................................86
III.1.2 Vi nt v b nh trong ca h Vi x l v my tnh PC................................................................87
III.1.3 Phn loi cc chip nh ROM, RAM..................................................................................................92
III.3 T chc b nh cho h Vi x l...........................................................................................................93
III.3.1 T chc b nh vt l......................................................................................................................93
III.3.2 Thit k v nh cho h Vi x l.......................................................................................................94

96
CHNG IV. CC CHIP KH LP TRNH..........................................................97
(PROGRAMMABLE).............................................................................................97
IV.1 Tng quan................................................................................................................................................97
IV.2 Mt s mch chc nng tiu biu........................................................................................................97
IV.2.1 Mch vo/ra d liu song song PPI-8255 (Programmable Peripheral Interface)..............................97
IV.2.2 Mch iu khin ngt PIC-8259....................................................................................................102
IV.3.3 Mch m nh thi a nng PIT-8253 (Programmable Interval Timer)........................................112
IV.4.4 Mch iu khin vo/ra ni tip ng b/d b USART-8251 (Universal
Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)....................................................................................118

CHNG V. THIT B VO RA CA H VI X L.........................................131

V.1 Bn phm Hex Keyboard.........................................................................................................................131
V.2 Ghp ni bn phm vi h Vi x l......................................................................................................135
V.2.1 H thng bn phm ca my vi tnh.................................................................................................135
V.2.2 Qu trnh truyn d liu t bn phm cho CPU ..............................................................................136
V.3 Mch iu khin v lp trnh ch th 7-segments...............................................................................137
V.4 Mn hnh (Monitor).................................................................................................................................139
V.4.1 Mn hnh ng tia m cc CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).........................................................................139
V.4.2 Ghp ni mn hnh vi h Vi x l..................................................................................................140
V.4.3 B iu khin mn hnh CRTC........................................................................................................141

PH LC

144

PH LC A...................................................................................................................................................144
PH LC B...................................................................................................................................................147

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

T 2-14 l gi tr lm trn ly 10 s sau du phy..............................................................................148

PH LC C...................................................................................................................................................149
PH LC D...............................................................................................................................................150

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC H VI X L

I.1 Cc h m
H m thng dng nht trong i sng l h m c s 10 (thp
phn Decimal), s dng 10 k t s t 0 n 9. Ngoi ra, trong sn xut,
kinh doanh cn c khi s dng h m c s 12 (t dozen).
Trong cc h thng my tnh, x l, tnh ton, ta s dng h m
c s 2 (nh phn Binary), h c s 8 (bt phn Octal), h c s 16
(Hexa). Tuy nhin, vic nhp d liu hay a kt qu x l, ta li dng h
m c s 10.
Mt s N trong mt h m bt k c n+l ch s , trong gm n ch
s thuc phn nguyn v l ch s thuc phn thp phn, c trin khai
theo cng thc tng qut:

N =

k =l

Rk

trong :

R l c s ca h m
ak l trng ca ch s v tr th k (0 ak < R)
{ ak }R = {0, 1, 2, 3, , R 1}
l, n l s nguyn
N = anan-1a1a0,a-1a-2a-l
Theo cng thc trn, cc s c biu din trong cc h m khc
nhau s nh sau:
I.1.1

H m thp phn (R = 10 - Decimal)

{ ak }D = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
123,45D = 1 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 3 x 100 + 4 x 10-1 + 5 x 10-2

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

H m nh phn (R = 2 - Binary)

I.1.2

{ ak }B = {0, 1}
11011.01B

= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2 =
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0,25 = 27,25D
H m bt phn (R = 8 - Octal)

I.1.3

{ ak }O = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
653,12

= 6 x 82 + 5 x 81 + 3 x 80 + 1 x 8-1 + 2 x 8-2 =
= 384 + 40 + 3 + 0,125 + 0,03125 = 427,1562D

Lu : Cc ch s trong h ny c th biu din nh 3 k t s (0

v 1) trong h m nh phn theo bng sau:
Octal Binary
0O
1O

000B
001B

Octa
l
2O
3O

Binary
010B
011B

Octa
l
4O
5O

Binary
100B
101B

Octa
l
6O
7O

Binary
110B
111B

H m 16 (R = 16 - Hexa)

I.1.4

{ ak }H = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
3A7,C

= 3 x 162 + 10 x 161 + 7 x 160 + 12 x 16-1 =

= 768 + 160 + 7 + 0,75 = 935,75D

Lu : Mt gi tr k t s Hexa c th biu din thng qua 4 k t s
h nh phn theo bng sau:
Hexa Binary
0H
1H
2H
3H

0000B
0001B
0010B
0011B

Hex
a
4H
5H
6H
7H

Binary
0100B
0101B
0110B
0111B

Hex
a
8H
9H
AH
BH

Binary
1000B
1001B
1010B
1011B

Hex
a
CH
DH
EH
FH

Binary
1100B
1101B
1110B
1111B

Nhn xt:

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

1. Trong cc h m va c nu, h m c s 2 c rt nhiu

u im khi x l trong my tnh. Th nht, vic m phng gi
tr ca mt k t s l rt n gin: ch cn mt phn t c hai
trng thi khc bit. S dng bn cht vt l ca vt mang
thng tin biu din hai trng thi ny rt d thc hin. Trn
dy dn in l cc trng hp c dng in (tng ng vi
trng s l 1) hoc khng c dng in (tng ng vi trng s
l 0).
2. Vic chuyn i gia hai gi tr 0 hoc 1 c th thc hin thng
qua mt cng tc, trong thc t l cc phn t logic in t thc
hin cc chc nng ca kho in t: ng (dng in i qua
c) hoc m (dng in khng i qua).
I.2 Chuyn i ln nhau gia cc h m
H nh phn v h thp phn

I.2.1

a) T nh phn sang thp phn: S dng biu thc trin khai tng
qut nu, cng tt c cc s hng theo gi tr s thp phn,
tng s l dng thp phn ca s nh phn cho.
V d: 11011.11B= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 27.75D
b) T thp phn sang nh phn:
Phn nguyn: Ta c ng thc sau (v tri l s thp phn, v phi l biu
din nh phn ca s ):
SD

= kn2n + kn-12n-1 + kn-22n-2 + k121 + k020 + =

= 2(kn2n-1 + kn-12n-2 + kn-22n-3 + + k1) + k0

vit:

V ki = {0, 1}, ng phn vi s 0, 1 trong s thp phn, nn ta c th

SDk0
= kn2n-1 + kn-12n-2 + kn-22n-3 + + k1 = 2(kn2n-2 + kn-12n-3 + + k2) + k1
2
Thy rng: K t u tin ca s nh phn l k0, ng vi s d khi
chia SD cho 2, k t tip theo, k1 chnh l s d khi chia thng cho 2, v.
v nn ta c th tm tt c cc k t khc nh sau:
Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

V d: i s 173D ra s nh phn
173 2
86 2
43 2
21 2
10 2
5 2
2 2
1 2

d
1
d
0
d
1
d
1
d
0
d
1
d
0
d
1

k0

Vy 173D = 10101101B

k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
k7

0
Phn phn s : ng thc quan h gia s thp phn v s nh phn (phn
phn s) (v tri l s thp phn, v phi l s nh phn) nh sau:
SD

= k-12-1 + k-22-2 + k-32-3 + k-m+12-m+1 + k-m2-m

2SD

= k-1+ (k-22-1 + k-32-2 + k-m+12-m+2 + k-m2-m+1)

Thy rng k-1 tr thnh phn nguyn ca v phi, vy:

2SD k-1 = (k-22-1 + k-32-2 + k-m+12-m+2 + k-m2-m+1)
2(2SD k-1) = k-2 + (k-32-1 + k-m+12-m+3 + k-m2-m+2)
k-2 l phn nguyn tip theo ca v phi c th bng 0 hoc bng
1. Tip tc tng t, thu c cc k t s ca cc phn t cn li.
V d: Chuyn i s 0.8128 thnh s nh phn
Thc hin php nhn lin tip vi 2, phn nguyn ca tch bao gi
cng l cc gi tr hoc bng 0 hoc bng 1, thu c kt qu sau:
0.8128 x 2

= 1.6256

= 1 + 0.6256

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

0.6256
0.2512
0.5024
0.0048

x2
x2
x2
x2

= 1.2512 = 1 + 0.2512
= 0.5024 = 0 + 0.5024
= 1.0048 = 1 + 0.0048
Qu nh c th b qua

Lu : Qu trnh bin i ny kt thc khi phn phn s ca tch s

bng 0, tuy nhin, nu qu ko di, tu theo yu cu ca chnh xc d
liu khi tnh ton v x l, c th b qua.
H nh phn v h Hexa

I.2.2

Chuyn i mt d liu nh phn sang h Hexa rt n gin, nu

ch rng ta c 24 = 16, c ngha l mt s Hexa tng ng vi mt nhm
4 s ca s nh phn (t 0 n F). V vy, khi chuyn i, ch cn thay
nhm 4 ch s ca s nh phn bng mt ch s tng ng ca h Hexa
nh sau:
T hp
nh phn

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

K t
s
Hexa

0
1
2
3

T hp
nh
phn

0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1

T hp
nh
phn

K t
s
Hexa

0
1
0
1

4
5
6
7

1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0

0
0
1
1

K t
s
Hexa

0
1
0
1

8
9
A
B

T hp
nh
phn

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1

K t
s
Hexa

0
1
0
1

C
D
E
F

V d:
110 110
1
6
D

001
1
3

1001. 011
0
9.
6

0101B = 6D39.65H
5

Lu : Phn nguyn c nhm tnh t v tr ca ch s c trng nh

nht, phn phn s c nhm tnh t v tr ca ch s c trng ln nht.
T cch chuyn i trn, d dng nhn ra php chuyn i ngc t
mt s h Hexa sang s h nh phn bng cch thay mt ch s trong h
Hexa bng mt nhm 4 ch s trong h nh phn.
V d:

F5E7.8CH = 1111 0101 1110 0111.1000 1100B

7.

CH

111

010

111

011

100

110

= 1111 0101 1110 0111.1000

1100B

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

10

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

I.3 Biu din thng tin trong cc h Vi x l

Cc h Vi x l x l cc thng tin s v ch. Cc thng tin c
biu din di dng m nht nh. Bn cht vt l ca vic biu din
thng tin l in p (0 ng vi khng c in p, 1 ng vi in p
mc quy chun trong mch in t) v vic m ho cc thng tin s v ch
c tun theo chun quc t. Mt bin logic vi ch hai gi tr duy nht l
0 hoc 1 c gi l mt bit. Hai trng thi ny ca bit c s dng
m ho cho tt c cc k t (gm s, ch v cc k t c bit khc).
Cc bit c ghp li thnh cc n v mang thng tin y cho cc k t
biu din cc s, cc k t ch v cc k t c bit khc.

Bit (BInary digiT) l n v c bn ca thng tin theo h m nh

phn. Cc mch in t trong my tnh pht hin s khc nhau gia
hai trng thi (in p mc 1 v in p mc 0) v biu din hai
trng thi di dng mt trong hai s nh phn 1 hoc 0.
Nhm 8 bit ghp k lin nhau, to thnh n v d liu c s
ca h Vi x l c gi l 1 Byte. Do c lu gi tng ng
vi mt k t (s, ch hoc k t c bit) nn Byte cng l n v
c s o cc kh nng lu gi, x l ca h Vi x l. Cc thut
ng nh KiloByte, MegaByte hay GigaByte thng c dng lm
bi s trong vic m Byte, d nhin theo h m nh phn, ngha
l:
1KiloByte
= 1024 Bytes,
1MegaByte
= 1024 KiloBytes,
1GigaByte
= 1024 MegaBytes.
Cc n v ny c vit tt tng ng l KB, MB v GB.

I.3.1
M ho cc thng tin khng s
C hai loi m ph cp nht c s dng l m ASCII v EBCDIC.
M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
dng 7 bits m ho cc k t
M ABCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
dng c 8 bits (1 Byte) m ho thng tin
Loi m c dng trong ngnh bu in, trong cc my teletype l
m BAUDOT, ch s dng 5 bits m ho thng tin.
I.3.2
M ho cc thng tin s
Cc s c m ho theo cc loi m sau:

M nh phn s dng cc s c biu din theo h m nh phn

nh nu trn

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

11

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

M nh thp phn (BCD Code Binary Coded Decimal Code) s

dng cch nhm 4 bits nh phn biu din mt gi tr thp phn
t 0 n 9. Cc gi tr vt qu gii hn ny ( > 9 ) khng c s
dng.

I.3.3

Biu din d liu s trong my tnh

Biu din d liu l s nguyn c du: Gi s dng 2 bytes (16
bits) biu din mt s nguyn c du, bit cao nht (MSB Most
Significant Bit) c dng nh du. S dng c bit du S =
0, s m c bit du S = 1.

D15

D14

D13

D12

D11

D10

D9

D8

D7

D6

D5

D4

D3

D2

D1

D0

Biu din d liu l s thc c du: V nguyn tc, du ca s

vn l gi tr ca MSB nh quy c trn. C hai dng s c
du phy c s dng trong my tnh: S du phy tnh (fixed
point) v s du phy ng (floatting point).
Du phy tnh s phn chia chui ch s thnh phn nguyn v
phn phn s. V d ta c th vit:
001 1101.0110 1101

Nhng ni chung, trong cc my chuyn dng, thng phi tm mt

phng php thch hp c th biu din s c du phy c nh m
du phy c t ngay sau du, ngha l s du phy tnh c dng:
0.knkn-1kn-2k1k0
Du phy ng c dng rt ph bin, dng chun tc nh
sau:

N=Fx2 E
trong F l phn nh tr (Mantissa)
v E l phn c tnh (Exponent - s m)
Theo nguyn tc ny, mt s thc c biu din trong cc my 32
bit nh sau:
31 30
S

23 22
E

0
F

S c biu din c gi tr thc tnh theo biu thc:

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

12

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

N = (-1)s x 2E-127 x F
Vi cch biu din ny, c th thy ln ca cc s nh sau:
S dng: +3.4 x 1038 < N < +3.4 x 10-38
S m:
- 3.4 x 1038 < N < - 3.4 x 10-38
Lu : Khi kt qu php tnh vt qu cc gii hn trn, nu s m
(exponent) l dng, s c coi l - hoc + . Trong trng hp s m
l m v vt qua s m cc i cho php, kt qu c coi l bng 0.
Dng s chnh xc gp i (Double precision) c biu din nh
sau (64 bits):
63
S

62

52

51

V gi tr thc c tnh theo biu thc:

N = (-1)S x 2E-1023 x F.

Cng cn lu rng, i vi cc d liu s c du, thun tin

cho x l v tnh ton, trong my thng c biu din di cc dng m
thun, m ngc (complement) hoc m b 2 (two-complement). Gi s ta
c s A=+0.10010, cc m trn u biu din nh nhau, nhng vi s B =
-0.10010 th s c biu din nh sau:
Bnh thng A = -0.10010
M ngc A = 1.00110 (b 1, tc l o cc ch s trong s )
M b 2
A = 1.00111 (tng ng vi b 1 cng thm 1)

I.3.4

Bn cht vt l ca thng tin trong cc h Vi x l

Trong cc h Vi x l, thng tin v cc gi tr 0 hay 1 c biu

din thng qua mt mc in p so vi mc chun chung, thng l t
(GND - Ground). ln ca in p biu din cc gi tr ny ph thuc
vo cng ngh c s dng to nn phn t mang thng tin. i vi
cc mch t hp TTL (Transistor-Transistor-Logic), cc mc in p c
m t trong hnh I.1
5V
3V
2V
1V
0.2V
0V

VH gii hn trn

ng vi gi tr 1
VH nh mc
VH gii hn di
Vng khng chc chn
VL gii hn trn(0,8V) ng vi gi tr 0
VL gii hn di
13

m vi m
1,341
th0866
p0 ca mch TTL
Nguyn Trung ng -Hnh
VinI.1
Cng nghPh
Thng
tinc cao
Tel 098

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

Ta thng dng k hiu VH ch mc cao, VL ch mc thp.

Trong mch TTL, ta dng mc cao, mc thp ch in p cao, in p
thp so vi in p chun chung. Cc mc cao, thp khng phi l mt gi
tr c nh, m l mt vng gii hn cho php. Ngoi phm vi nu, vng
khng thuc hai mc trn l vng khng chc chn, khng xc nh.

Output
Inputs

FLIP-FLOP

Mt phn t mang thng tin

Hnh I.2

Vt mang thng tin v cc gi tr 0 hoc 1 l mt mch in t c

bit m u ra ca n s tng ng vi mt trong hai mc trn, c gi
chung l Flip-Flop. Tu theo yu cu s dng, cc Flip-Flop c cc kh
nng thu nhn cc tn hiu vo v a tn hiu ra theo nhng quy lut nht
nh (Hnh I.2)
I.4 Vi nt v thc hin cc php tnh trong h m nh phn
Php cng v php tr hai s nh phn 1 bit c thc hin theo quy
tc nu trong bng sau:
A
0
0
1
1
A

B
+
+
+
+

0
1
0
1
B

=
=
=
=

0
1
1
0

Carry
(Nh)
0
0
0
1

Hi Borrow
u
(Mn

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

14

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
1
1
0

)
0
1
0
0

Php cng v php tr

I.4.1

a) Php cng i s cc s hng du phy c nh

i vi php cng i s: Thc hin bnh thng. Trong trng hp
c mt ton hng l mt s m, ta s dng m ngc hoc m b 2 ca n,
hiu chnh kt qu theo cc quy tc thng qua cc v d minh ho sau:
A =

0.10010

B =

-0.11001

-0.00111

A =
(B)ng

0.10010

A =

0.10010

1.00110

(B)b=

1.00111

1.11000

1.11001

( )ng = -0.00111

( )b =

-0.00111

=
=

Thy rng:
S biu th kt qu s l m thun nu l mt s dng
S biu th kt qu l m ngc nu ta dng m ngc i
vi s hng m v cho kt qu l mt s m
S biu th kt qu l mt s b 2 nu dng m b 2 i vi
s hng m v kt qu l mt s m.
b) Php cng i s cc s hng du phy ng:
i vi php cng i s cc s hng du phy ng, cn tin hnh
cc bc sau:
Cn bng phn c tnh (s m) bng cch dch chuyn phn
nh tr
c tnh ca tng bng c tnh chung
nh tr ca tng bng tng cc nh tr
Chun ho kt qu nu cn.

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

15

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

I.4.2

Php nhn v php chia

a) Php nhn:

i vi php nhn cc ton hng du phy tnh, vic quan trng l

phi xc nh du ca kt qu, theo du ca kt qu bng tng modulo
2 ca cc bit du. Tr s ca tch l kt qu ca php tnh tin (dch phi)
v php cng.
Vi cc ton hng c du phy ng, du ca tch c xc nh
nh php nhn vi du phy tnh, sau tin hnh tm tch s nh sau:
Cng phn c tnh (s m), kt qu l c tnh ca tch

Nhn phn nh tr, khng n du ca cc ton hng

Chun ho kt qu nu cn.
b) Php chia:
i vi php chia cc ton hng du phy tnh, vic quan trng l
phi xc nh du ca kt qu, theo du ca kt qu bng tng modulo
2 ca cc bit du. Tr s ca thng s l kt qu ca php dch tri v
php tr.
Vi cc ton hng c du phy ng, du ca thng s c xc
nh nh php chia vi du phy tnh, sau tin hnh tm thng s
nh sau:
Tr phn c tnh (s m), kt qu l c tnh ca thng s

Chia phn nh tr, khng n du ca cc ton hng

Chun ho kt qu nu cn.
Nhn xt: D dng nhn thy rng cc php tnh s hc nu trn chung quy
li vn ch yu l thc hin php cng v php dch (shift).
I.5 Cu trc ca h Vi x l v my vi tnh
Vi nt v lch s pht trin cc trung tm Vi x l
S xut hin ca my tnh in t (MTT) vo khong nm 1948
m ra mt trang mi trong nghin cu khoa hc ni chung v khoa hc tnh
ton ni ring. Nhng phi mi n nm 1971, cc h Vi x l mi bt u

xut hin. S ra i ca Single chip 4-bit Microprocessor Intel 4004

I.5.1

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

16

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

(P4004) vo nm thc s l mt cuc cch mng trong ngnh cng

nghip my tnh . C th ni P4004, vi di t x l 4 bits, lm i
thay ton b cch nhn nhn v cc thit b u cui ca MTT, hay cc c
cu chp hnh trong iu khin qu trnh. P4004 c th qun l trc tip
4K t lnh 8bit ca b nh chng trnh v 5120 bits b nh d liu RAM.
CPU cn c 16 thanh ghi ch s c s dng lm b nh tm cho d liu.
Vi tp lnh gm 46 lnh, P4004 chim c nhiu u th trong cc
ng dng thc t lc by gi. Tip tc ca dng P 4bit ny l P4040, c
nhiu ci tin mnh m so vi P4004 v mt lot cc chip chc nng,
chip nh ra i.

Trong giai on tip theo t nm 1974 n 1977, Intel i u

trong vic ch to cc CPU 8bit, P8008, P8080 v c bit l P8085,
nhng CPU c BUS d liu 8 bits v BUS a ch 16 bits. Cc loi CPU ny
c kh nng qun l dc 64K t nh ca b nh v 256 thit b ngoi
vi. iu ng ch P8085 l cng ngh dn knh v chia s thi gian
hp l trn BUS cho php a ra thm nhng tn hiu iu khin rt
mnh, cho php xy dng nhng my vi tnh u tin.
Khong thi gian nm 1978 n nm 1982 l giai on ra i v pht
trin mnh m ca cc trung tm Vi x l 16 bits. c bit cui giai
on ny l s xut hin cc trung tm Vi x l P8088, P8086, vi kh
nng x l d liu 16 bits v BUS a ch 20 bits, c s dng to ra
cc my vi tnh XT, c a mm lu gi chng trnh ng dng v d
liu.
Tip theo ca giai on ny l s pht trin v bo ca cc loi
P80186, P80286, 80386SX, 80486-SX v 80486-DX, vi nhp ng h
ln n 100MHz. My vi tnh AT v cc my tnh PC ra i trong giai on
ny d gi thnh cn rt cao, nhng tr thnh rt thng dng trong i
sng con ngi.
T khong gia nhng nm 1993 tr li y, cc trung tm vi x l
Pentium ra i, tc ngy cng cao, vi nhp ng h ln n hng GHz,
v s xut hin ca cc trung tm x l a phn lung nh cc chip
Pentium IV hin nay.
I.5.2

Cu trc c bn ca h Vi x l
Cc khi chc nng c bn ca mt h Vi x l (hnh I.3) gm:
n v x l trung tm (CPU)
B nh ROM, RAM
Thit b vo (nhp d liu - Input device)
Thit b ra (a d liu ra - Output device)

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

17

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

Ngoi ra cn phi k n khi to xung nhp (Clock

Generator) v khi ngun (Power Supply).
CLOCK

B NH CHNH
RAM

ROM

BUS H THNG

CPU

POWER
SUPPLY

GHP NI VO

GHP NI RA

THIT B VO

THIT B RA

Hnh I.3 S khi cu trc c bn h Vi x l

Cc khi chc nng c bn c ni vi nhau qua mt tp ng

dy truyn dn tn hiu in gi l BUS h thng. BUS h thng bao gm
3 BUS thnh phn: BUS a ch, BUS d liu v BUS iu khin. Thit b
vo/ra thng c ghp ni vi BUS h thng thng qua giao din ghp
ni (I/O Interface).
n v x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit CPU) l khi chc
nng c bn nht to nn mt h Vi x l hay my tnh c nhn
(Personal Computer PC). My vi tnh l mt trong nhng ng dng c th
ca mt h thng gi l H Vi x l.
a) CPU thc hin chc nng x l d liu thng qua cc hot ng
chnh sau:
c m lnh c tp cc bit thng tin 0 v 1 t b nh
chnh
Gii m lnh to cc xung iu khin tng ng vi m
lnh iu khin hot ng ca cc khi chc nng khc
Thc hin tng bc cc thao tc x l d liu theo yu cu
ca lnh.
Bn trong CPU c cc thanh ghi (Registers):
Thanh ghi con tr lnh IP (Instruction Pointer), trong cc trung
tm vi x l trc y cn gi l thanh m chng trnh PC
(Program Counter) cha a ch ca lnh k tip cn c
thc hin trong tun t thc hin chng trnh
Cc thanh ghi a dng khc GPRs (General Purpose Registers)
lu tr tm thi d liu, kt qu trung gian hay trng thi
ca h thng cng vi n v s hc v logic ALU (Arithmetic
and Logic Unit) thc hin cc thao tc x l d liu

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

18

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

n v iu khin CU (Control Unit) l thnh phn phc tp

nht, c chc nng gii m lnh v to cc tn hiu iu khin

hot ng ca ton h thng.
b) B nh chnh c t chc t cc t nh, trong IBM/PC t nh
c di 1 byte (8 bits). B nh ny gm cc chip nh ch c
ROM (Read Only Memory) v cc chip nh truy xut ngu nhin
RAM (Random Access Memory) c tc truy cp nhanh. B nh
c s dng cha cc chng trnh v cc d liu iu khin
hot ng ca h thng. cc chng trnh ng dng v d liu c
th c cha ROM hoc RAM, cc kt qu trung gian hay kt
qu cui cng ca cc thao tc x l c th c cha trong cc
thanh ghi a dng hoc trong khi nh RAM
c) Cc mch ghp ni vo/ra l cc mch in t cho php CPU trao
i d liu vi cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, mn hnh, my
inlm giao din vi ngi dng hoc cc b chuyn i stng t DAC (Digital/Analog Converter), chuyn i tng ts ADC (Analog/Digital Converter), cc mch vo/ra s DO
(Digital Outputs), DI (Digital Inputs)

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

19

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

d) H Vi x l cn c mt mch to xung nhp gi l ng h h

thng (Clock Generator) iu khin v duy tr hot ng ng b

ca tt c cc khi chc nng. B to xung ny c iu khin
bng mt mch thch anh c tn s thch hp v m bo tn s
lm vic n nh cho ton b h thng.
e) Mt khi ngun nui (Power Supply) cung cp nng lng cho h
thng t mng in li.

B ngun ca cc h Vi x l thng thng l b ngun xung vi k

thut ng-ngt dng bn dn cng sut (Switching Power Supply), va gn
nh, cng sut ln li va m bo gn sng nh nht v kh nng
chng nhiu cao. Hnh I.4 l s khi ca b ngun ng-ngt. in p
li (220VAC) c chnh lu trc tip, lc bng t ho cung cp cho
mt b dao ng tn s cao (t 20KHz n 40KHz). Cc xung in p tn
s cao c chuyn sang bin p xung cng sut h p. in p li ra
ca bin p xung c chnh lu v lc thnh in p ngun mt chiu
cung cp cho h thng. Nguyn l n p y l thay i rng ca cc
xung c tn s n nh, do vy s dao ng ca in p u ra khi c ti
c chuyn qua b cm bin iu chnh rng ny, m bo s n
nh ca in p ra.
in p
mt chiu
s cp
Chnh lu
s cp

220VAC

in p mt
chiu th cp:
5V, 12V

Power
Switching
Transistor

B lc s
cp

Bin p
xung

Mch cm bin chuyn mch

Chnh lu
th cp

B lc th
cp

Tn hiu cm bin in p

Hnh I.4 S khi b ngun nui my tnh

I.5.3
h hVi xVi
l
nhimy
vii tnh
Trong thc tT
, cc
xl
n
cPC
trang b thm nhiu
thit b ngoi vi tin dng tu theo yu cu, mc ch s dng v c giao
din thn thin vi con ngi. l cc my vi tnh PC. Cng c th l
nhng h Vi x l chuyn dng cho nhng mc ch tnh ton hay iu
khin.

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

20

Gio trnh K thut vi x l

My tnh x l d liu: L cc my tnh c dng tnh

ton, x l cc d liu nh qun l nhn vin trong c quan, tnh ton tin
lng, tnh ton kt cu cng trnh, phn tch d liu trong kinh doanh,
v.v Quan im ng cho rng my tnh ch gm CPU v b nh chnh,
cn cc thit b ph tr khc nh bn phm, my in, cc a cng, a
mm, CD, chut, mn hnh, my in, l nhng thit b ngoi vi. Cc
chng trnh x l d liu c lu gi trong b nh chnh hoc trong
cc a, c nhim v x l nhng d liu c ngi dng nhp vo, v
a kt qu x l ra mn hnh, in ra giy hoc lu gi trong cc a.
nh gi tnh nng v cht lng ca cc my ny, ta thng cn c vo tc
x l d liu, dung lng b nh, a, cht lng mn hnh, my in
v.v
a)

MN HNH
(MONITOR)

CPU
V B NH CHNH
(ROM, RAM)

MY IN (PRINTER)

BN PHM

Hnh I.4

CC A
(FDD, HDD,
CDROM)

CHUT

My Vi tnh PC

My tnh l b x l s: i vi cc my tnh ny, thi gian

dnh cho x l d liu rt nh, cn thi gian tnh ton, x l cc s liu
li v cng ln. Cc my tnh loi ny c s dng ch yu trong cc c
quan d bo, nh d bo kh tng, thu vn, trong tnh ton qu o bay
ca tn la, my bay, tu thu, v.v hay trong cc phng nghin cu khoa
hc. Nhng my tnh loi ny thng thng thc hin nhng chng trnh
tnh ton khng l, nn chng c trang b cc CPU rt mnh v cc thit
b ngoi vi, b nh ngoi rt ln. l nhng siu my tnh
(Supercomputer).
b)

My tnh o lng v iu khin: S pht trin nhanh chng

ca cc h thng my tnh to ra nhng ng dng ln lao trong cc h
thng o lng v iu khin t ng. i vi cc ng dng thng thng
nh trong cc dng c gia dng, t Tivi, iu ho nhit , my git v.v
l nhng my tnh nh c ch to di dng mt vi mch ( SingleChip Microcomputer). Tuy nhin, cng cn phi tnh n nhng my tnh
c)

Nguyn Trung ng - Vin Cng ngh Thng tin Tel 098 341 0866

21