Aerodynamics B

Formula Overview

Stream function

Navier-Stokes Equations

u =

,
y

v =

u=

,
y

v=

Vr =

Continuity equation

+ (V) = 0
t

(1)

Momentum equation
p
= (uV)
x

(2)

p
= (vV)
y

(3)

p
= (wV)
z

(4)

V =

d
dr

(11)
(12)
(13)

Velocity potential
u=

1 d
,
r d

,
x

v=

Vr =

d
,
dr

,
y

w=

1 d
r d

V =

(14)
(15)

Elementary Flows
Uniform flow

Energy equation
 
 
V2
e+
V = (pV)
2

u = V ,
(5)

= V x,

x
Dx
=
+ ( V) x
Dt
t

Vr =

(6)

Divergence of velocity
1 D
Dt

(7)

= V y

(17)

Lines and Equations

Two-Dimensional streamline condition
v dx = u dy

V = 0

(18)

ln r,
2

cos
,
2 r2

cos
,
2 r

(8)

Vr = 0,
=

(9)

Circulation
I
V ds

(19)

V =

sin
2 r2

(20)

sin
2 r

(21)

2r

(22)

Vortex

Vorticity
=V

,
2r

Doublet
Vr =

(16)

Source/Sink

Substantial derivative

V =

v=0

(10)

,
2

V =
=

ln r
2

(23)

Elementary Flow Applications

Nonlifting flow over a cylinder
r

R=
2V


R2
= V r sin 1 2
r


R2
Vr = V cos 1 2
r


R2
V = V sin 1 + 2
r

A0 =
An =

(24)

(37)

dz
cos n0 d0
(38)
dx

cm,c/4 = (A2 A1 ) (39)

4

Camber line design

X
dz
= A0 +
An cos n0
dx
n=1

(26)
(27)

opt

1
=

0
Z

(cl )design = A1 = 2

Lifting flow over a cylinder



R2

r
= (V r sin ) 1 2 +
ln
r
2 R


R2
Vr = V cos 1 2
r


2
R

V = V sin 1 + 2
r
2r

dz
d0
dx

cl = (2A0 + A1 ),

(25)

(40)

dz
0
dx

(41)

dz
cos 0 d0
dx

(42)

(28)

Three-Dimensional Wings

(29)

Vortex filaments
(30)

dV =

dl r
4 |r|3

(43)

Angles of attack

Two-Dimensional Airfoils

= ef f + i
 
Z 2b d dy
dy
1
i (y0 ) =
4V 2b (y0 y)

Vortex Sheets
Z

ds

(31)

ef f (y0 ) =

L = V

(32)

A=

(34)

cm,c/4 = 0

(48)

Di0 (y) = L0 i = V i

(49)

Induced drag

(35)

Cambered airfoils
() = 2V

(47)

CL = A1 A

CD,i =

b2
S

Lift coefficient

1 + cos
sin

1 + cos X
A0
+
An sin n
sin
n=1

(46)

(33)

Symmetric airfoils

cl = 2,

(45)

Aspect ratio

Thin airfoil theory



Z c
() d
1
dz
= V
2 0 x
dx

() = 2V

(y0 )
+ L=0
V c(y0 )

(44)

!
e=

(36)

A21

N
X
1

CL2
Ae

(50)
!1

nA2n

(51)