51zor;

+1

1994

lrli:ili:tij.rirri:jjri:i:i.rr:t:i:$rj.::rr,tiiill,riiiril::ir,iii+r:ii,ji::iii;:n::t:iit::.ii;riijtl,it

:iittr

tAp cui na NIcAy rs uANc rH.z(xc

ffi *b {}+JS* B&X \#SjJ kd$xsku cHg[NC, rJdstf;J

to

Dit THI vao tm

CHI]YIiNI I'O/IN . TIN
Al

I tltlll-

lt)$,t

IIOO
'

tt{\

CAC SO JOSEPHD

'

ur

ff

.,

TOAN Yru
-- - -^'\

)U
(O :)

-rO
I

C,(O
.O,

='

f-

-.o
Dr

:.] n.
v1

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on!'
1r

NIHN SO

Ufrg 4$nS,ticrr''Phdn' dd, thffifi$1r1ffiimH

bet ddng thtic

ft

z$

ToAI\ HQC VA TUbI TRE

MATHEMATICS AND YOUTH

MUC LUC
Trang

Ddnh cho cdc ban Trung hoc co sti

For Lower secondary school leuel Friends

Thdi Vidt Thd.o - Sit dung diQn tich trong

1
chfng urinh
t Gidi bdi ki trudc
Solutions of probl.ems in preuiotts isstte
C6c bdi tt TU199 ddn T10/199, L1l199, LZllg9 3
o Gidi tri todn hoc
Fun with Mathentatics
Binh phuong; GiAi dap bni Bdi torin v6 di6n s6
Nguydn Ngd ; Ai ho gi ?
Hod,ng Chnng; D6ng Phtrong Scic cci ddng duoc
I
tha tOi kh6ng ?

Db ru

ki

Problenrc in this issue

tt T1/203 ddn T10/203,

LU203, L21203 l0
Dd thi vdo l6p 10 chuy6n todn - tin hoc DHTH
12
TP Hd Chi Minh
Tim hidu situ thdm lodn hoc phd th6ng
Further study of school Maths
Nguydn Sinh Nguyen - IJng dung tich phdn dd
14
chrlng minh bdt ding thrlc
Cac bni

ndy

o Trd.n Van Vudng - Ci,c s6 Jos6phe

o Kdt quA thi hoc sinh gi6i toin qudc
t Todn hoc vd dbi sdng

Mathematics and Life

Nguydn Vinh Cq.n - Ph6p ddi xrlng trong
thi6n nhi6n

15

Bia 3

Tdns bin

fip

NCL]YE,N CANI-I'|OAN

Phd tdng bi4n tdp

NCoDatttr
FIOANG C}IIJNG

HOr D6NG elEru

rAP

Nguy6n CAnh Todn, Hodng

Chring, Ng6 Dat Trl, L6 Kh6c

BAo, Nguy6n Huy

Doan.
Dinh
Hei,
ViCt
Nguy6n
Quang
Hio, Nguy6n XuAn Huy, Phan
Huy KhAi, Vu Thanh Khidt, Lc

Hai Khoi, Nguy6n Ven

N{au,

Hodng L Minh, Nguy6n

Khic

Minh, Trdn Van Nhung,

Nguy6n Dang Phdt, Phan
Thanh Quang, T+ Hdng
QuAng, Dqng Hung Th5ng, Vr1

Drrong Thuy, Trdn Thdnh

Bia 4

Tru sd tba soqn :

DT:260786
81 Trdn Hung Dqo, Hh NQi
231 Nguy5n Ven Ci{. TP Hd Chi Minh DT:356111

Trai, L6 Bn Khdnh Trinh, Ng6

Vi6t Trung, DAng Quan Vi6n.

Bin tQp ud. tri s4: 'rr0 Xttvt THUY

Trinh boy: DoAN ubNc

N lx;i J#, Ti. J ""', *., ii #d" : #

ta bin
ddn crich sfr dung cdc e6ng

:,

ttrrlc alOi

tich. VQn dung nci nhtr-m6t

c" khac,
"Orig
{rhAp ldm phong phri.crich nhin, sily lu6n, vA.
qua trinh giAi to6n L,ing rh,i,
9y-dd lAm.cho
Knong go bo.
Ta dtta vdo cdc khing dinh di bidt :
. 1) MQt d?.Sr3" chia thinh c6c da giric khOng
giao nhau thi di6n tich da giac bariddu bin!
tdng di6n tich cd.c da giric d"rroc chia ra.
. 2) Hai tam gi6c ddng dang thi t.i sd di6n
tich bing binh phtrong ti sd ddng dbng.
3) Hai tam gidc cci chuns d6v, thi ti sd
Ci6n tfch bang ti sd 2 drrdng-"uo."'
4) Hai tam gi6c ccj chung dudns cao
(dudng cao- bang nhau) thi ti-s6 di6n- tich
b6ng ti s6 hai driy.

_ _Bei toin 2 (D.li XCva) Tr6n c6c canh AB,

BC, CA crta \ABC ldy cac di6im C, , At, B'l
tudng fng. Chfng t6 rang AAt , BBI , CCI
AB, CA, BC,
d6ng quy khi va ctri thi

B,C

^,8

qO=,

GiA srl cdc dudng thing AAr,

quy tai O. Ap dung cdc ti sd
di6n tich ta nhdn duoc :
Gidi

BB t , CC I d6ng

cA, Sd.o.o BC,

--=
AtB- s*,iit c/:

AB,

S*un

"ou.o
s;;

va

cBt = s;;
Nhdn 3 ding thrlc lai vdi nhau ta cd :

Ddnh cho cdc ban Trung hoc co sd

SU DTING DION TicH

Tn,ONG CHUNiG MINH
THAI
Dugi.ddy. s6 trinh bay
s6 rlng dung
^ thrlc di6n tich vdo idcm6t
cdng
vdn d6 : "
. a) Ti sd dQ dai cric doan th&ns
------o cci
-- thetinh theo ti sd cric di6n tich .
BAi to6n 1. Tl,On cdc can-hAc veAB cua MBC
ldy^ c6.c didm .B,, C, tuong fng. Goi O h giao
di6'm cia BB, .*/h '
o
ac; Hay
oB ^. BCt
= ''
oB, neu

i#

vq

CB,

vi--_R r
ABt
Gidi

xethai

8,

T:ac6-#+

ssoc'
sor,na

rgr6,W,u

=1*P'c-'*F'

.LBOC vd L,AOC c6 OC chung n6n ti s6

di6n tich bing ti sd dirong cao ha td-i Oa. ;i ;;

BC,

oq i

San.ic BCt

"a,

"ouo.=
=s-*
s*", Br,;

BO

d-#:

"o*
saao,,st.,t,rc
,
a
=

\l

Neu

ABt CAt

BC,

.__

Bp AP c,A-'

GiA sr] O Ii giao

cta L4, udBB,.
Ta ki hi6u C, ie
4t
grao cta OC vA
AB thd rhi rr) di6u ki6n cdn ta c6
ABt CAt BC,
AB, CAI BCt
B,C A,B' CA: ': a,c A,, cr;'do ao

Tric ld AAt , BB I , CC, ddng quy. Dinh li X6 va

vin {ri1S^khi 41, 8,, Ct nam ngodi cd"c canh

\fr,

dci bang

Bp ArB C,A-'',' Ta chrlngminh di6u ki6n dir

BC', BC,
C;A: ry " va C' le 2 didm chia trong A-B
theo cung 1 ti sd vi vfly C,uit C', trung nhau.

Stanc AC
h_
norangrancs;;:
Bp=
ABt + Bp
ABt

=--a'c

vrdr rsAo

,qB1 cAl BCI

cia L,ABC.
Blri to6n 3. Cho LABC, BD ld, phAn gidc
trong ctla gdc B, hdy chtlng minh
BD = 2o, ."ouB
Gidi : Ta cci

1B

+B)

a*c

Snsnr, ,AB.BD.sinV
smoc-

BD

,AB.BC sinB

2BC . cos

Mat kh6c

Ttrddsuyra:Ro+Rb+Rc>

S*ao AD c
AC a*c
Saaac=-*--
+-

--

Zac B
a*c Z'
b) Stl dung t6t mdi lien hO gitra ti sd dien tich
vdi ti sd uii drrdng cao, bdn kinh drrdng trbn

ndi tidp, ngoai tidp ... cria tam gtrdc, da gi6c.

Bhi todn 4. Cho 1 da gi6c l6i ngoai ti6p
1 drrdng trdn b6n kinh r. Ta chia da 44c dd
thinh &c tam gi6c kh6ng giao nhau Chfng
rninh ring tdng cde brin kinh dtrdng trtrn n6i
tidp trong cric tam gi6c dci l6n hon r"
Gid.i : Ki hiCu c6c b6n kinh dttdng trdn
nQi ti6p trong cdc tam gi{'c dd le
rt,rr,...,ru. Chu vi cfia chring ldPl, P2,
..., p,, vd S7, Sr, ..., S,, ll di6n tich ctia
chri-n[. Gqi c}u v1 da gi6c ddu. li P--va diQn
tich ln S. Ta lu6n cci Pi. P Yi = L , tu - rr
2Sn
2St 2Sz
*...* p, ,
*
* ,z + .... *r'n =
O, O,
2Su
25:
ZSt
ZS
-+
(dpcrn).
+...+------ > pppp
-=r
5.

?rong tam giric ,{BC

ta idy 1 didm M, ki

hiu cdc khoAng cdch

tit M tdi c6c dinh cira
grhc la
tam
cdn
R4, Rg, R6
circ
cdch
tdi
kho&ng
canh BC, CA, vd AB
le. da; db, dr.
a) ChtfuUminh reng : a . Ru ) . d, + b . dh
"
b) Ro + Rb + Rc > 2(do + db + dc)
(Bdt ding thrlc Ec dd so)
Gid.i : H+ tr] B vd C cAc drrdng vu6ng gdc
BK vd. CL trdr. drrdng thing MA' (hinh tr6n)
Ki hieu at = BK; az: CL. R6 ring

a, * a, <

o.

111

-> 2o . Ro, 2o, . Ro * -Zoz. Ro

11

= s'ABM * s ter,u = rb

. du *

. d,
2e
Bdt d6ng thrlc dring ndu M thu6c mi6n
trong g6c BAC, kh6ng dring khi M 6 ngoii.
b) BiSn ddi bdt d&ng thrlc a, vd bang vi6c
ldy ddi xfng ctra M qua phAn giric gdc A ta
cri :
c

R->-. dt +
ua
i.
Ro>

. do +

d.

.ttL *y- >- 2Yx,y>o)

Blri to6n 6. Gia str ABtD ld 1 trl gi6c
ldi sao chb drtdng th&ng CD t'i6p xric v6i

a*c

Bhi to6n

o\
o. ou" ,b nt)
,c *;)
* (;
(;

o,

> 2(do + db +dc) (Std.ungb

tsD
2a . ccts 2

,b c,

(;*i)

dc

tudngtg

albd, Rr,
.
;
b

[inh AB. Chdng minh rang

di6u f,icn cdn va dri dd drrdng th6ng AB tidp
drrdne trdn drrdng

xric v6i dudng trbn drrdng [inh CD la cac

dudng th&ng BC va AD song song vdi nhau.
(V6 dich torin qu6c td ldn th(r 25 (1984))
Gid.i: GoiMln

trung didm

Gqi N li trung
didm ctia CD
Mt le hinh
chidu c.tia M trn
CD

la

N/

*;.do.

hinh

cta N tr6n

chidu

AB

Ttgttac6MM,=
Ta }ai cd

AB
z

1 AB NNr AB.^"NI
= 4
r' 2'
CD: AB,CD
1
sa"u,'1, = SNT4ND:
g
zMMr' 2
*BC
vdADllMN
MN
BC
ll
Nhrr vay AD ll
* Suur*N = SacMN uit, S paglr = S tDuN
AB..lfNi AB . CD
48 =CD
<-rDrldng tron drrdng kinh CD cti
*NN,t2=:-

so^,r,rz

sINBM =

didm chung duy nhdt v6i

phAi chrlng minh.

Bhi todn

AB tai Nr. Di6u

7.

Cho didm M

trong AABC.
Qua M v6 c6c
dudng th&ng
AM, BM, CM
cAt cAr cqnh
tam gi6c tudng

rlng tai cic didm

At, Bt, Cl

Chtlng minh r6ng

n'

IA,T BM CM

i N*W*c,rd'-

u ;b)

AAI BM
A

C\4

tltt'W' cru'

Gid.i:

Kihigu St = S,utac, 52 = Stuec

S.r = Sa,rz;a.

Z"du

cria

AB.

Ta

c<j :

AAt Sunc
AN = s&rd;

s/ +s, +s.,
sl

(Xent. tidp

trang 16)

=r;!

7a3n

3nsd0

Bei T1/199. Tint

cd.c

chtt sd a, b, c,

cho udi ntqi sd tu nhiAn n ta c6 :

"".
-_q@l.. I-se-Z
nsria ns6b nsdc
Ldi giei : Cdch I
Ki hi6u

P,,:17.

t = ( aa- -

rl sao

a + il3

10t

cc.

lUt * cP,, * 1
= 81a.1,+ e*a+lb)pi, +(a+b*c)p,,+
dPu . 1g)rt

MAt khec

(1)

{W-r3 +l)r=

(dP,,*1.tj

nsdC

= d.:t4,+sd,2P:t+gd,P,+ I
Tr) (1) vd (2) suy ra :
81a\, + (l*a + sqp:t+ (o. + b * c)p,, =
= d.3P'1, + ad.2Pi + sdP,t
th6a mdn v6i vd sd gi6 tri cta p,,

(2)

ld'i = 81a
I

13d':l9a+9b

*t:Scl
Tirclddri Bt*dig+d:9
[o +6

Thayvdo h trn

1,1:t

Nsir

tac6:

bP,t .

Bai T2l199. Cho cuc cla thtlc P(x) uir ek)

thfu ru.an
P(x) = Qk) + Q(t - x) Vr R.
Bidt rd,ng cdc hA sd cia P(x) Ld nhitng s6
nguydn hhdng dnt uit P@) = 0. Tirih P(P(B)).
Ldi girii : Ctia da sd cdc ban. Tt giA thidt

-1

q 66--6
--;;";
H*c

_j

nsrid

lE rr rdNc

thi ld' : 9Pn* l.n

Ta cci : aa...

nsd9

Lt :@

Nh{n x6t : Nhi6u ban do khOng nhdn xdt

t6t n6n thit qurl nhi6u tnrdng hOp. Cric ban cd
loi giAi tdt ld Trhn Phant Nguyn (9T, NK Hei
I*tng),Vuong Vu Thang (9A,, GiAng V6 iI, Ha
NOi) ; Ddo L Dung (9, Nk Vri Tiru, tfrai
Binh) ; Triln Tha,nh Quang (9CT, euEc hoc
HuO ; L0 Thanh An (7A, Chuy6n phtic y6n,
MO Lirrh, Vinh Phf), ...

nsii.l

'1

tad a = g ;b = g ; c = g

Tcinrlai0.=b=c=d=g

2 : (Nguydn phi Binh,9A, p?CS Bd

van Dan, He NOi)
ding thtlc dfng vdi moi n N n6n dring
_ -Vi
vdi n = 2, tttc la :
__ Cqch

qabbccal=(dd+l)r(*)
Ndud<4thi
@e + ls <45s = 91j2i < oa66 cc + j
Do drj d > 4.Dirngph6p thtd = S ; 6 ; ?
;

P(0) : Q(0) +Q(1) : 0 v6ix : 0

(i)
P(1) = Q(1) +Q(0) v6ir : i
{2)
Tn (1) va (2) suy ra P(l) : g
GiA sfr :
P(r) = aoft + o1l, - I +. . . * 0,, _ rtc * ar,
trong dci ao,et,...,en lir nhtng sd nguyn
khdng Arn ta cci :
P(i) = ao * a,. .. 4 art _, * a.,, : 0

Sry t& clo = al = ., . = a,, _ I : e, = 0.

:0 vdi msi r e E. Vdy
_Nghia le P(r)
P(3) : 0. Suy ra P(P(3)) : O.
Nhgn x6t : Tdt c8. cdc b4n d6u crj ldi gini
diirng. Cr{c tran sau dAy cd ldi giai fit : Nguy\n
Kidn Cudng, 9M, Mari Quyri, HA N6i i fe nat
Long,9T, Lam Son ; Ia Thd Tdn, gCT, NK
IlriQ" YOn ; Trdn Tltanh Son, 9F,, Bim Son,
lhanh Hda;Vuorug Mai Phuong, 8 torin, NK,
HAi.Hung : Dd Dang Tao, gB, Chuy6n V-T,
]Inq Hba, Hd Tay ; L T6n phat, B"t chuyOn
Le J{hidt ; LA Quang Ndru, B,l chuy6n, Drlc
'DOrg
!_hd, Q$ng Ng6i : Phant Tttdi Hit,0T,
Srrg, Th:ii Binh ; Phan Miruh Nguyet, g{,
!6ng i!{!, Ddng Hdi, QuAng Binh ; Ngiyfin La
L4c, BA, Ddm Doi, Minh HAi ; Ddm Khdrth
Hba, 9\ Lrrong Van Ch6nh, phri y6n.

rri ircuyBlv

8 ; 9 ta ihdy chi c6 d. = g th6a mdn (*) tt ni A,;

d.=b=C=9).

Ta d6 ddng chrlng minh v6i 6tr = S = s =

d,
= = 9 bii todn drroc th6a m6n vi ;
?d.._.9p0_...bcc...q * 7 = 99...9 + 1
ns6a nsdb ns6c
3ns69

Bai T3/199. Ctto A,ABC. Xet cJidnt M niint

trong tam giac" Ndi AM, BM, CM cat cd,c canlz
ddi diin tai Ar, B j, Ct. Tim gid, tri nh6 nhdt
crto bidu thric :
A^I
P=] f L{A,
*

BM

M1

CM

*c,'

c5c tarn gi6c ld kh6ng

I-di giai : Vi di6n tich

*Aur n6n ta dqt :
6our r'=
Ta cri

Y2

"'SLCMr=

'

SMMB=

z2

AAt x2 + ),2 + z2 :MAt

xr
AAi-Mq
y2+22
AM
*MAl
=--MAr =-*'
BM z2 +x2
Tudng trJ
MBt= -V-,
cM x2 +y2

Dd Dane ?oo, Chuiron Ung ltrda,Tla Tay ; Phont

Huy Giip,Nang khidu Gia Luong, EIirBic : Dinlt

Itii

ttuong, La Thanh An, Chuy-6n-Phfc-Y6n,

Vinh Phri ;-N guydn Thi Th.cnlt,PTCS Hdng Bdng'
H&i Phdng.

v[l rlu

\fv-;F

=-xyz
f

S,it dung

+V T- {7 +;

dt-1

, \tir+

i-

bdt ding thrJc

for+

b7

'#

-b ((;",-) . (;*t) " (;

1_

>;=.6=312
\z

Khi r = ! : z ta cd P Cai gi6 tri nh6 nh{t

vd Pu,1n= 3{,'Lric d<i il'f ld trgng tam c'fa
AAtsC,

Nhin x6t:
Da s6 sic ban giAi nhu tr6n'

Nhi6u ban ghi kdt qu6 la 3 tl8.

Cric ban giAi
A

tdt bai niry :

Nguydn LA L{c,
cdp II Ddm Doi,

A
,/
^ \''' 'trg,
"'A
\

MinhHeit/r'\i1'...
Nguydn. Dic
i
;:2't}._
\
ti -.,\
Tudng PT i ,.t
\, ']'
chuy6n Gia /.."
k:*-*
-^-.-.-u*"-----Y
Trdn
LA
Lai
;
c
"i.'n'""
At
Al
;;:;
DuY, fr
Thd
Luong Le Til,

chuy6n LO Khidt, LA Quang Ndnr, Chuy6n Drlc

Phd-, QuAng Ngai ; Dd.nt Khd.nh Hita, Vd Thi
Ly, Chuy6n Lrrong Van Ch6nh, Phri Y6n ; Tr6'tt
fni rui" Thanh, CII D6ng Mf, Ddng Hdi,
Ba
Qu&ng Binh ; Vin Ng.oc Quang, PTC'S
PTCS
dirh,"Thurrh Hcia ; Trd.n Dic Quybn,
Trdn DEng Ninh, Nam Dinh, Nam }{.d; Dod'n

8,6. Hilrtg, Nguydn' Anh

Trd,n Bd'ng,Ng-uydn
Duorug,
Hadng
Nguydi
Tti,

Dinh Truig, Nguydn

Anh Hod.ng, Nguydn Long, Nguydn Hbng Hd' A,

4

a) Chtng ntinh riing

co tinh chdt P

nqi sd ngrtyS'n

td dbu

b\ Chi ra riing tbn tai u0 han h'cp s6 n co

(o(o - b\' > a) ta dddc

z*t :r*J'
1 .t*z
z /
V2\ x
Y
rrr
2,
lz *;))'1 ,,x )', ,Y

-t'ttirY

BAi T4l199. Ta n6i s6 tU nhiar' n ld s6 c6

tinh chdt P ndu khi n lit udc cia a" '7 udi sd
nguyn duong a nis.o d.6 tlt'i n2 cung ld' t16c cila'

W=-rT

Do dci

Trdn Vit Binh, Nguy1n Cqnh" Nanz, PTCS

D6n"e Da. 74s; thanh Aizn,ffigyydn Ngoc Tdru'
Marf Quyri, Ha Noi ; D6 Mi'nli'CdlL 9.lI lhi
ttdn Nam Sach;Luong Le'Qtm'ng PTNK Hei
Hrrng ; Phqm'Thdi Hd,DongHqng, Thrli Binh ;

tlruh chdt

P"

Ldi gi6i (cia nhibu ban) : a) X6t sd nguyn

td p tny"y. GiA srl o li s6 nguy6n drrong nio dcj
,',a o! - 1i P (i)' Ta cdn chrlng minh
p-)

al'-l:

ThAt viy, tr) (1)

p*a-1i
+al'-a*a-1i
P
(do at' -ai p theo dlnh li nh6 Ph6ctna),
haya=l(modp)+
ak=7(modP)VfteN+
+ al - I + a), -2 +... * a * I = 0 (urodp) =>
(a -.1)(d' - I + at' - 2 1. .. * a * 1) = 0
(nrodp2) hay aP - 1 i P2. (Dicm).
b) X6t hgP sd ru : P t.P: (*), vdiP, , P2ld hai
sd nguyn t6 kh6c nhau tiry y' Gia srl a Ii sd
md
dd
dtrong ndo
rrg.ryl,
dd
ay - 7 i n , hay oPttrt - 1i pt pz. Khi
(al'tl'r - I i Pt (2) vd (aPtf'z - 1 i p2(3)' Theo
kdt que ciia phdn a), til (D vi (3) +
(5)' Ma
@rY; - 1i pi (4) va (at il'z - t t P3
:

fl

ua

pj

nguyon td cirng nhau n6n

ti

(4) va (5)

duoc o\tPz - tr i p2t .n), hay dt - 1 i n2 '

Di6u niy chfing t6 n co binh chdt P' DO thdy
crj v6 han frqp s6 dang (*). VAy cci v6 han hgp
sd cri tinh chdt P. (Dpcm)'
NhQn x6t. 1. Cd fiL nhi6u ban grli ldi giai
cho bii to6n. M6t sd ban do khdng bidt v4n
dung kdt quA cta phdn a) n6n giAi-phdn b)
Xfrong ng6n gon. Nhi6u ban kh6c, do kh6ng
hidu dring dinh nghia "sd c6 tinh chdt P" n6n

ta

giAi sai phdn b).

2. Cdcban
T r d.n. M

i.n

c<i

ldi giAi Ldt: Nguydn Bd' I{it'ng'

tI d'i, N g u y 6n' An lt

h An h, T rd,n T lt an h

?ti., Nguydn Hodng Duong, PTCS Trtrng

Vuong), Nguydn Phn Qudng, Pham. La Hi"rn[,

PTCS Trung Nhi, Nguydn Phn Binh PTCS 86
Van DAn), D6 IIb Ngo, pTCS D6ngDa) ; Mai

Thanh Binh

7M, PTDL Marie Curie, Hi

Hn?ay);
Trinh Hbrug Mol (PTCS Chuy6n, Thrii Binh) ;
Vd Song Ha $ NKTN D6ng Hi, QuAng Tri) ;
NQi) ; 7r&z NguyenNgqc (9K, L6Loi,

Nguydn Huy Hodng (Trtrdng chuyOn Vinh Lac.

Vinlr Phrl) ; Nguydn Trqrug HQu, phant Dinh
Chinh, T6 DOng Vit (CT DHTH Ha Ngi) ; Dinh
Trung Hdng, Nguydn Tudn Hdi, Nguydn Thai
Hd (PTDL Marie Curie, Ha NOi) ; Trinh Thd

Huynh, Truong Thxong Hoitng - (PTTI{ L6

Hdng Phong, Nam Uil ; La Minh Hidu, L

Trqng Giang, Nguydn Duy Hi^tng, Hodng Ngoc

TAm (PTTH Lam Sdn, Thanh Hda) ; phitng
San Ld.m (PTTH Phan tsOi Ch6u, NghQ An) ;

Nguydn Thanh Hdi (PTTH Dio Duy Tr),

QuAng Binh) ; Ddo thi ThiLn Huortg, io Van
Thdo, Hb Si fhdi (PTTI{ I)6ng Hi, euAng
Iri) ; Vo ViQt Hilng (PTTI{ }Ioing Hoa Th6m,
Da Ning) ; La Anh Yl? (Qu6c hoc HuO vd
(PTTFI Trtlng Vrrong, euy
ll_quydn Cdng Tudn
Nhon).

ructrYiN fHAt:

fr4tNtt

BAi TSli.B$. V6i cdc s6 th1c d,uong

lu, a , B ta xet ha.t. day sd {*u} ,, o
ud tlu) ,, r,, doo, xdc dinh ruhu sau
r,,
{l*n*l=aY,,413 VrL = 0, l, Z, ... (1)
lln*t:axr,*PIY,,'
t

xo,

T)m dibu kiAn ciln uit d,i ddi udi a , p dd ta

xn-*a ud./r,*** khi n--+*co u6i ntgi

c6

xo,Yu>O

Ldi gi6i
GiA

(cria da sd c6c ban)

sfi xn-**

!rr+*a.
X6t O < (t < 7. Dat xolln:

(1) ta suy ra

V_a

c. Tr) gie thi6t

xn+l Yn
(*)
Jn+I Xn
x2n x2n+l
'!2n+t
!J,,
-:C'.'|+:-

Kdt luAn : a Z 1, B > 0 tiryy.

Nh6.n x6t : Cric ban grli ldi giei v6 tda soan
d6u cd ldi giAi dung.
NGLIYEN VAN VAU

BAi T6/199. Cho sd nguyAn d.uong ld k ud.

thfu ntdn k < n. Gid sl c6
b0 sd c6 thi tt! (x, , x2, . . . ,nn)
udi xie { -t; +;} V i =T;i. Cho phip th4c
hien phdp tod.n sau : ldy h s6, nilm d h ui tri
hhd.c nhau, cia b6 sd {x1 , x2, . . . , xrr) r6i thay
nfii sd bdi sd rldi cia n6.
Cho hai bQ sd c6 thtt ttl :
A = (al, a2,.. ., a,,) udi a,e { -1 ; +l}
sd nguy1n duong n

Vi=T,n
B: (bl,b2,...,brr) uoi b, e { -1; +;}
Vi:T,n

Chtng minh riing nhis uic tttuc hi1n lin

m|t sd hitu han liin php thay s6 n6i trn
ddi udi bO sd A ta cd thd nhQn d,uoc b0 sd B.
Ldi giai kiaPhirng Son LOnt., PTTH phan
Bdi ChAu, Ngh6 An, V6 Qudc Hilng vit. ph.qnt
COng ThiAu, tnldng Chuy6n IG Khidt, euAng
Ngei). Trudc hdt, ta chrlng minh :
Nh{n x6t : Nhd vi6c thrrc hi6n li6n tidp phdp
tod.n cria d6 bei ta cri thd ddi m6t sd o, bdt ki cria
A thAnh sd ddi cria nci, cdn (n - 1) sd cdn lai cria
A vdn giu nguyn giri tri cria minh.
Thdt vdy, x6t a,bdt ki thu6cA. Ldy ft sd ndo
d<i trong sd (n - l) sd cdn lai cria A, giA srl li
tidp

Thuc hi6n ph6p torin

nhcim ft sd

di

cho ldn luot cho ft

(oi,oir,...,

q11r);

(ai,ai

t,

ait

., e,ir_l,aix);

... ; (ai, oir, oir, . . ., oir_

BdB
x2u + l = e!2n +:-'=
*" +-rx2, c^ xr,,
x2r,
= f,

di6u ki6n ban ddu xo, ya > 0.

o,r'o,a,,..,aik

Do vdy

(ocxr,,

Til (2), v6i z dri ldn thi x2rt + 1 < xr,, _ , (do
0 < a < l), di6u niy mdu thudn vdi giA thidt
ddy x, =+ *oo khi n n a.
Ydy a > 7. Tt (1) ta e<j :
,i, o t + yi, * t ) o2 G * y?,1 + 2ap
(**)
(*) vA (**) suy ra.r- *oo , !,r- *oo vdi moi

-1*

plx2,r

- r) + acx,)r*t *Fl*zr_t

=o)r:u-ltAln-le)
trong d6 A2,t _ t

-0 khi

(do rr, ---: oo)

(d nhdm

)
thf / kh6ng cd m5t sd o, , t = 7,

2, ..", k).Sau ldn thrrc hiOn thrl A thi sJ a; b! ddi

ddu & ldn, con m6i S a; ,J = 7, 2, ..., k,biddi ddu

k - I ldn. Vi A 16 nen siu ldn thuc hin thf ft thi

o, bi ddi thdnh --0; , cbD k s6 a;r, ciz . . , air
vAn giu nguy6n gia

tri

cria

minh.'Hidn nhi6n

n-k- I

s6 cbn

l4i (ngodi ai,dir,...,ai.r)

cira A crlng gifi nguy6n gi6

eosd

tr! cria minh

(do kh6n9b! ph6p to:in tdc d6ng t6i)'

Nh.Qn *Zt Auqc ch.rlng minh' Vi
:
a.i ;6ie{ -r; +.t} v i = 17 non v6i m6i I

cosp

62

4"2 -o2

+ c2

o2

+f -")

2b"

- b)

lcosa

cosA

=T*1:,.:!i::::,

..., rt, cilc sd a;, b, ho4c nhtr nhau ho4c

cogl =
7, 2,
'
zdr)
xet
NhQn
tt
dd,
Do
ddu.
chi khac nhau v6
d +il +c2
tr6n d6 ddng cri dddc di6u dd bei y6u cdu
Viy max F(x,y,z\=--nabc ' dat
chring minh.
:; -' ,
khi * :
| - A, Y
Nh$n x6t : Trong sd eac ban grli ldi giai drroc, ching h4n.
cho bii to6n, chi cri mQt ban cho ldi giAi sai'
- -ft -tz--v.
2
Nhi6u bpn cho ldi giei khOng ng6u gon' Ngoni
c5c ban dd n6u t6n d tr6n, c6c ban sau c0ng cti
NhAn x6t: Hdu hdt cric ldi giei grli ddn ddu
ldi giei 6t : Dd Hb IlSa (PTCS Don-g- Da, Hi dring chi cd mOt s6 it rrdc lttgng bdt d6ng thrlc
NOiJ, Nguydn Pkrt Binh ( PTCS Bd !-an Dirn,
khOig ch4t, vi vay cho k6t quA sai' Ngon! cich
Ha NOi) i Nguydn Thdi HiL ( PTDL Marie giai t""ao,'mQt sE- bp cbn cho crich giAi hinh
Curie, Ha NOi) ; Nhfr Qui Tho, Nguydrt Duy [9c d1ra. tr6n bidn ddi v6cto.
Hitng, Phqm Minh Tuan (PTTH Lam Son NGUYEN VAU UAU
Thanh Hda) ; Dod.n Trd.n Trung (PTTH Phan'
BAri T8i 199 , Gid. sit H , Au , Bu , Cn lan luot
BQi ChAu, NghQ An) ; NguYdn Thanh Hdi (
PTTH Ddo Duy Tt, QuAng Binh) vn L Anh ld truc td,m., trung d.idnt cia cdc doart' BC, CA,
Vr7 (Qu6c hoc Hud).
AB cia tant gidi hh1ng cdn ABc. Cdc dudng
. th&.ne tan luot qua A, B, C uit uuing g6c udi
NGUYEN KiI,{C MINTI
HAo: IIB,r, HCri cat ctu dudng thang BC, CA,
C, . Chrtng ninh rarug
Bai T7l199. Cho a, b, c lit. d0 dili 3 cqnh AB lhn luqt tqi At ,81,
cia ntQt tant gid.c. Xet cd.c sd x, y, z tban nt'an At,81, C, thang hd.ng.

x*y*r=U.

Lbi giii:

Tim gid. tri l6n nhd,t cila bidu thuc

sinx sinn,t sinz

f)atr :

Thai
FId. 1OM, PTDL
Marie Curie, Hd
Gsi
Nqi).
A2,f_2, C2 ldn

"

(cria da s6 cdc ban)

y = - p, z =|
;

; -",

thi

-r

a .+ p +y = xt uit sinx = cosa, siny - cos?,

SLLZ = cosy
St dqng ddng nhdt thr-ilc.
Z(bccosa

a2

catosB

-{bcosa *acosP -c.7)

1^
;*[@2

(bcosa

'l

oA"

(bccoxt

asinp -beina = 0

At

cd chum H(x,AoBC) la chirm di6u hba' Anh cria

bcosa*acosP*c=0

T:,1-

Te
cd
cfng
ta
t'J
MOt cech tudng

abcori)

s--;e qA e;A
gt-A: Y;A; cir- = -3

qe

L',sina]: ^

^ a2+bl+c2
- c)'J < Z"b"

Ddu ding thrlc xAy ra l<hi

6'

cacosp

+ b2 + c?) -'(asinP

acosB

Azc

dtrbng cao h4 tr)

cric dinh A, B, C. Do AABC khOng cdn n0n
A,#A,,. QualI kefia!7x songsong v6iBC,ta

uil\r rrurf,

Ao

chAn

T;E qB

s6 c<i :

") =

lddt la

chim.H(rAu BC) tn:ngphdpquay(H i 9Oo) li m6t

chirnr v6i cdc tia ttldng rlng song song vdi eirc t'ia
cita chirm A(A2A..CB). Suy ra chim ndy c(tng

abcosY) =

*b2 +c2 -@sinB -bsina)2

F(x, y,

theo

Nguydn

F(x,Y,z)=;+f
Ldi giai

(dUa

Hon nrraAA 2 , BB-,, CC, ddng quy tqi

ta

cci

'Fl n6n

T,H s.3

rrc Fe

qv. AV E;c c;A

#=-ry ffi r;6:r

Ap dqng dinh li Menelauyt ta cci dpcm.

Nhgn x6t : Cci 42ban giei bai niy. Trr) m6t

sd bqn kh6ng x6t hti6ng md dd kdt luAn

At , Bt, C, thinghdng, cdn lai cric ban d6u giai
dring. Cric ban sau ddy cti ldi giai t6t: Nguydn
Thdi Hd (10M PTNK Marie Curie Hi NOi),

Nguydn Tudn Hd.i (11M lVtarie Curie Hd N6i),

chuy6n L6
llrS* Cdng ThiQn (10T Trudng (9A,
Trung
llhid_t_Queng Ng6i), P hsm Le Hitig
Nhi Ha NQi), PDonz Qudc Thdi (104 PTTH L6
Hdng Phong, Nam Hd).
oANc vrEN

Bni T9/199. Cha tant giac ABC co s6 do cd.c

canh ld al,d2,a., uir diAn ilch ld S. Chilng
minh rd.ng :

Pt

Pz ) Ps )
) *. --------,-e:, * --------- az > 2Sr{S
Pz+Ps ' pt *pt-'t pt tp:*t'
vdi p1, p2, p j li 3 sd duong bdt ki.
lqi grAi : Ap dsng Ller cl6ng thtic
o:,

BtrnhiacOpski ta cci

o2'
a2,
LPZ+Ps ltt+ps p1tp,J
x [(pz+p_.) +- @ t + p) + @,+p)] >
*(r. la.';:

^, aj

*j

a2,

'*2 (rr.ft =;;*or" o;or)

t

> (at

a, *

@t+Pz+P) >

P1 )P:)P-t,
a7 i ----:-- ta-t
Qa 2
+ps t pt +p:*J
Pt +Ps ' pt
-t-

Ta chi cdn chrlng minh

1_

hay

+a

r+a 3)2 -2 1o]

r+a r+a j)2 Thdt viy: (*) o

*ai

(a

+ai*"rr)l > 2s\i5

1oi+oi*"3), 4S\1, (*)

-@ 2-ct )2 +a22-@

> 4S{5
+e (at

--a

i2

+a23

(a

;a2)2

a)(at * a, - ar) *
* (.a.t * a, - ar)(.a, - a, * ar) *
* (o, * a, - ar)(a, - ar * ar) > 4,{i S (*n)
a,*a-*o,,
Dat
o
-*ey2 -;p-ai=x;
P -aZ= Y; P -03 =J z thi
(**) *o

DHTH He N0i), Nhu Qu! Tho (10T, Lam Sdn,

Tlranh IJ6), Phqm. Minh Phuong (10A, DHSP
He N6i I), Nguydn Thei Hd (i0M Mari Quyri,
Ha NOi), Dinh Thi Thu Thiy ( 11T, Luong Van
Tuy, Ninh Binh), Phan HoirngViQt (114 Qudc
hoc Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh) ; Pham Hbng Vdn
(10T, Trdn Phri, Hai Phbng)...
Dd chrlngminh (*), cdcbanPh.i^tng Son Ld,nt
(12T, Phan B6i Ch6u, NghQ An), VaVi$ Hilng
(12110, Hoing Hoa Thdm, Di Ning), Nguy6n
H6ng TAm (11CT, Hing Vudng, Vinh Phri),
\guydn Thanh Hdi (72T, Dd.o Duy Tr), QuAng
Binh) ... dd srl dung lrrong giric drra v6 chring
minh bdt ding thrlc trong tam giric ABC li :

ABC +tg
2
,

tgZ +tg

>

rJS

Mdt s6 b3n dd rnp dung bdt ding thrlc

Tr6brrsep de coi a1t a2, a, ld binh ding vd
P1,

P2,

j le binh d&ng dd g)a

srl

at 7 a2 2 a, si1 p t > p t > pj.Cdcban nh6cho

khi o, > 0.)> a, thi p1,p2,p3 dAu cbn binh
ding nrra !
rHdNc NuAl
B}ri T10/199 Gei G ld trqng td.nt trt di1n
S.ABC. M ld. mOt didnt. tltuQc LABC. Cdc duimg
thdng qua M song song u6i GA, GB, GC the-o
thu tU cdt cdc ntet (GBC), (_GCA), (GAB) tqi A1,
B t, C
t Chilng minh rdng GM di qua trang tdm
L ArBtCt.
Ldi giii : Trrt6c hdt, LABC ld tAp hop didm
thudc it nhdt m6t trong ha doan thing AB, BC,
Clt n6n dd bai
cdn duoc srla lai
r-E

ur'12

:-_--=-

j[(a,

P1=P2=Pj
Nh{n x6t : Nhi6u ban giAi theo crich tr6n
vA cri lbi giei tdt : Nguydn Huy Tod.n (10A,

, o2t

>- (a.,

yr)2 + (yz -xz)2 + (xy -xz)2 > 0

.hi"n nhi6n
- \*y .
d[ng.
=
Ding thfc xey rB . <.+ at = a2 = a3 uil

az +

e+4(xy * yz * zx) > 4{g \G+J +:,l[{rz

(*y)2 + (yr)2 + (zx)2 + 2(xy2 z * # ye + xyz2\ >
o- 3(xy2 z * xyz2-+ x2 yz)

ld : M thu6c
mi6n tam giric
ABC. Ta s6

chrlng minh bii,

torin tdng qudt

trong dd G

li

,*i,,D

m6t didm bdt ki

kh6n.g thu6c mf

@tsc)
GqiN lA giao didm cta mf (MArBr) v6i GC.
Do MA,llGA vd MB,llGB (1) n6n NB,l lMA, vir
NAtllMB; hay MA,fuB, la hinh bt'nh hdnh.
Suy ra IufN, AtBt dc; tring didm chung, goi ld
didm 1 (2). M+t khdc, do MCt ll GC n6n C, e
mp(MGC), suy. ra GCI le giao tuydn cria hai
nr6t ph&ng (MGC) vA (GAB). T,] tr6n, ta lai cei

MN la giao tuydn ctia hai m4t ph&ng MGC)

va (MArBr). Hbn nta, do (1) n6n rnf GAB) ll
mf (MA,B,) sr-ryraMN ll GCt.MdMC,llGN (St)
n6n trl gtde MC rGN ln hinh binh hinh, do dci
MG di qua trung didm J cira C,N, Kdt hop
didu nly vdi (2), ta cci giao didm O cria C,Iv6i
MJ ld,trong tAm A MNCt*t

#,

f,,

ru o

ld trgng tAm cia A AtBlcl, dpcm.

Nh{n x6t : Cd 34 ban tham gia giei bai
ndy, trong sd dci crj 4 ban d6 xudt va giAi bni
to6n tdng qu6t nhu tr6n. Cric ban sau day crf
ldi giai t6t: Nguy\ru Tudn Hdi (11M - Marie
Curie, He Noi), Dinh Thdnh Trung (10A..
oiirh Ht N6ii' ; va rhi.ntt Lons (tdp rrcf
trrldng PTNK HAi Hung) ; La Qudc Trinh
(i0T - Lam Son, Thanh Hria).
nANc vtBN

BAi L1l199. MOt bintt. c6 tttd tich V d,uoc

ndi udi ntOt bont hilt kh; (bonr tay). Durug tlclt

*r.Hoi ptdi bont

t6i da mdi td.n bont.lit.Uu:

hil t6i thidu bao nhiu ld.n dd dp sudt d trong

binh thdp hon Sntnt Hg. Cho rang dp sudt ban
ddu eila binh lit 760ntm. Hg uit nhit d6 hhdng

thoy ddi trong qua trinh bont.

Ldi giai : GiA stl sau m6i ldn troin thd iich
khi trong binh dtroc gi6n nd ti V ddn V +V,
Vi nhiet d6 trong quri trinh bom khOng thay
ddi n6n ddy ln qud trinh d&ng nhi6t PV : const.

Vdi ldn bom thrl nhdt P,(V*V1)=PV,Pt : PV

Vdi ldn bon thf hai

frq

P2(V +

h) = PrV-P,

'

vdi ldn bom thrl n

!-;.
= , +V1r)z
P

(1 + o,os),'

Theo dd

bdi

< bntntHg -+rL >

ldsdnguyon,
ffirV6in
suy ra n > 103 Vqy phAi bom hrit tdi thidu ln
103ldr..
It{h4n x6t : Cci 15 ern gui bai giAi, trong dci
cci 7 em crj ldi giAi dring. C6c em c<i bni giAi
t6t i Vu Thi Bich Hd, 11C, PTTH Chuy6n Th6i
Binh ; Pham Thanh Gio.ng gTL PTNK Hei
Hrrng ; Nguydn Thu Thanh, 12L LO Quy DOn,
Nha Trang ; Trd.n Van Quang, 11L LO Quy

P,,

DOn, Nha Trang, Khanh il/rda; Trd,n Van Anh,

10I PTTi{ Dong

H[

nAC

Uoc.

BR,,7in +/rr)

-R;

ucn

Rt

'

u,lc

RUan

(1)

Ry =

norq* rypU *
Khi ddi ch6 (A) vn ff) cho nhau ta lai cd
RRAUAT'

u'A('=

RoRv+R(RA+RL)

vdi cudng

dd

dbng diQn qua ampe kd Id

u'or'

RU,,Ig

R,,t

R,tRv + R(RA + Rv)

^A

Q)

Kdt hop (1) va (2) ta co

uoc

I'o

= n, -Rv =

vir

J?

uuc

uoC

IA

_R,

un,
,\

12

o,g2

t2
o'1 --;^

t2

= 60oo

150 f2

ooo

Nh{n x6t : Cd 65 em de grri bdi gi6i, trong

Trong d<i P bang 76ann Hg, ru bang sd ldn

{, ld 6p sudt 6 trong binh sau khi bom

n.

uE.

dci cci 60 em de crj

bom,

thf

linh

Trong d6 antpe
kd A) ctti 0,1A,
u6n kd rL) chi
12V. Ndu ddi
ch6 uOn kd ud
antpe hd thi khi
dct ampe kd chi
0,02A. Tinh gid fti crta din trd R, bidt UAB
hh6ng ddi.
Ldi gi6i : Goi R, vd' Ra ld di6n tro ctia v6n
kd vi ampe kd. Lric ddu ta cri :

Tudng tu,

\V

PVI
- (v +vt),t
' rt -_
ldn

ruhu

PV.

Bei Lzlr99.
Cho mach tliQn

QuAng Tri,
MAI ()ANII

kdt quA dring ; trong sd dci

dec biet hoan ngh6nh 23 em l6p 9 da cd ddp s6

df ng (cci em de gti t6i cL2 cdch giAi cria minh).
Cdc em sau dAy dd cci bii giAi gon vdt6t : LA

Anh Minh, 9, trudng Nguy6n T1r__t!-uo"g,

Hud ; Plrynt'Anh Dung, gLT, PTNK Hai

Hrlng ; La Quang Than.h,9 ndng khi6u D6ng

Hi, QuAng Trl; Nguydn Quarug Truitng,9CL
Nang khidu Vinh, NghQ An; La Hbng Nant,
9L Nang khidu Thrli Thuy, Th6i Binh ; Truorlg
Manh Cudng, gCT, Viet Tri, Vinh Phri ; Coo
Tidn 80,9L Nang kliidu Kim Son, Ninh Binh;
Trinh Thu Huybn,9T, PTTH Lam Son Thanh
}J6a; Nguydn Quynh.l/crz 10M, Marie Crrrie,
He Ndi ; Phcm. Duc Dai, Nguydn Ddt Dai,9"l,
Nang khiSu Gia Lrrong, Hi Bic ; La Qudc

Khanh, 358
Thi6n

- Hu5'

Phf An, Vinh Lqi,

MT

Thia

Girii ddp bdi

BAI TOAN VE orErr

s6

GiA sit bAng sd da didn nhu sau :

vd theo giA thidt thi
tI
A

AI}G
ABC
+CFI vd,*GHI

EEE

('

II

DEV

o6xc PErroNt; s6c c6 oAxc

DUgc rEA ror rs0xc r

vdD+E+F:B+E+H=L8
i
1'

=E: I
ho4cD +F' = 14 viE = 4. Qua m6t vii md
m6rn thay chit bing sd ta thdy chi cd khA nnng
thrl hai cd thd x6y ra. Nghia li ta cci D * F =
f}i6,u nAy chi cd thd xAy ra nu D +tr'

B+H=14viE=4.

VQy c<i hai cnp s6 cri tdng bang 14 la (8, 6)

vd (9, 5). Tt dri c<i thd tim ra loi giAi sau m6t
s6 thdm db :
Thtl lai ta c<i
3
5
I
648 : 351 +297
6

1)

549=362+187
BiNII PFIU()NG

Ai h9 gi ?
vi

TOi cri 4 ngudi ban t6n le LO, Vt, Ly, Hodng

ho cflng le I-, Vt, Ly, Hodng. Bi6t rang :

* Anh t6n Vri ho kh6ng phAi ln Hoing

- Anh ho Ly thi cci t6n trung vdi ho cria anh
cci

Trong s6ch Cd hoc tinh hoa (NXB T16,

1992) cd mdu chuy6n sau dAy

quan

ring:

"Ta xem trong sdch tudng cd nrji : Ngudi

ta nhAn trung dii m6t tdc thi sdng ldu rn6t
tram tudi."
DOng Phttong Sric dting kr6n, phi crldi. C6c
quan bdt I5i la v0 phep.

ta ring :
"Mudn tdu-86 ha, kd ha thdn kh6ng d6m
cudi BQ ha, chi crrdi Ong Bdnh Td mat ddi rnd
th6i.'
Vua h6i : "Sao lai cudi 6ng Binh ?d ?"
Ddng Phrtong Scic ncii : "Tuc tn:y6n 6ng
BAnh Td sdng trim trarn tudi, ndu quA thrrc
nhrt cAu trong sdch tudng Be ha vta ndi, thi
nhin tmng Ong ddi t6m tdc, ma nhAn trung
ddi trim tdc thi c.ii mnt Ong ta d0 phei dei ddn
mdt trtdng".
Vua Vrl Dd nghe ncii, bdt crtdi, tha tdi cho.
Ban nghi xent Ddng Phuong Soc cuiti \ng
Bdnh Td nhu udy c6 ding hh6ng uir cd dang
duoc vua tha t6i cho khOng ?
DOng Phrrong S<ic cdt rnri,

t6n trirng v6i hq cria anh cd t6n L6.

Cric ban tim girip xem Ai hS gr ?
NCt,tyEN Nc;r)

NhAn trung dhi sdng lAu

MQt h6m vua Vri Dd nhn Hrin n<ii vdi cdc

Ch[ thich

IoANCi ('uLlN(i

Vfi Dd.. vua nhi Hrin, th6 t<i tnt Z fiudc

C6ng nguyGn.

. Nhdn trung : phdn l6rn

ddn gitta m6i tr6n.

ti

dtt6i mrii xudng

Gidi ddp

Ngut'ti ta nhAn trung dAi m6t tdc thi sting lAu m6t
Iii mnh de d6, kh6ng thd suy ra mnh dd
dzio: Ngut)i sdng lfru m6r trarnl rudi tni co nhAn rrung

trtrm tudi.

dAi m6t tdc.

Vir trt rnenh dd deo niy. ctng kh6ng th6suy ra dng

tudi tho ti tc thuan viti chidu dzji crla nhzin trung

D6ng Phtldng S6c.srry ltr1n khbng hop logic. vir dhng

phiri phat vi t6i crri,i 6ng

Binh 16

Tim nrl tri nh6 nhdt cria tdng cric s6 dtrgc

vidt trong bAng.
Ncfi UAN
phing
cho didm /
Bei T9/203 : Tr6n in4t
cd dinh. Ba drrdng tron (Oi ,Rr), (O2,R2),
(O3 , ft3) cilng di qua 1. Ngoni ta O, cit 02 t4i
C , azcilt OTtar A , 03 cat O t t4i B. Bidt ring I
nim d trnong tam g16c ABC. MOt drJdng tt-r&ng
MNtidpxricv6i (O1), (Or) ldn lnatAM, N, kh6ng
c1tt (O3); tudng tu, dudng th&ngPQ tidp xric v6i
(O), (O3) vd dridng thing EF ti6p xric v6i (O:),
(Ot). Gie sit cric drrdng trbn (O1), (Or) vd (or)

C6c l6p PTCS

Bni T1/203 : Cho n s6 thrlc a,a2,...,a,,

thu6c doan [-1. 1l sao cho
al + a) i... + a] : O. Chrlpg minh rdng
n

tlray ddi.sao cho al + al + R3 < 3.

a) Hiv tinh bdn kinh cria c6c dudng trbn vir
khoinecach t6rn c'ic drrbngtrbn do, sao cho tdng
?-s = atuuN + dtNPQ + &^JEF ldn nhdt.
(lt/dc gla t
u+t.ugep-s,A-q4
) Chfns minh rdns khi L'5 dat
irnat thi di6n tich" luc gi6c ldi MNPQE
nci.
ctia nci
nhEt cta
duoc gie
Ei6 tr!
tri l6n
I6n nh*dt
cringr dat dugc

ar*ar+...+or=B-

NcuvEn
.rB

ElAi T2l2O3 : Phdn

-'9tlt'1 + "! tirhnh nhan ttt
Bari ?3/f;S:i :

oE,

tich da

thrlc

&

vO II[,LI BiNFI
(Jlw do?n th&ng Ats, didm C

|#fffif"Tl;li:fll:FT#r{:}iry'$F6r}
GIANG
TRINI-I BANC GIAT

:rim gita A, "& ri l;ir (r u6ng gcic v6i AB.

Tr6n-tia Cx rt'";,' 2 dielrr D; E sao cho

Bai Tl0/203 : GiA st trl di6n *BCD c6 tdt

CE CA
A = * = {3.

iluungtdrn ng:';;i tiip ;\.lDCcat

drtdng trdn ngoai tiSp A BEC tai H (H * C).
Chtlne nrinh rang H(: ludn lu6n di qua tn6t
didm co'dinh khi f- r'hurdn dOng tr6h doan
thineA.B.'Bai todn "r',tr ;lung kh6ng khi thay
{3 b6i nt cho trttdc (nr. :' 0t
NGUYEN DUC TAN

C6c l6p PTTH

Bhi T4l203 : Giai bdt phrrong trinh

x2+Gx+z<{rT5
BAi
cd'c

g15,

NGUYI]N HAI THANH

T5/203 : Cric da thtcP(x) vd Q(r) nhan
tri nguyn t4i ctng eric didm (nghia ld

P(ileZaQk\eZ).
Chrlng minh

ring hoin

hoac P@) + Q@)

BAi T6/208
him s6

P(x)

const
.I'RAN
^.

* Q@ = const
cria

o'

s6

/\r+1i '=2f(x)rvx*-l

NGUYEN VAN MAU

BAi T8/203 : Cho rn6tbdnghinh vu6nggdm

c<i 1994 x 1994 6 vu6ngbingnhau. Trongmdi
6 vu6ng ta vidt mQt s6 ng,ry6n kh6ng Am tty
f th6a mdn di6u ki6n : Ndu m6t 6 ndo dci drroc
rriAt sd 0 thi tdng cria tdt cn clic s6 viSt d dbrig
vd cOt chrla 6 dci khdng nh6 hon i994.
10

Cde el6 Vat f

BAi {,i/203 : Yat lul kh6i lugng lkg ctdgc
girr tr6n mat AB ' l'n,' mdt sgi day, mat A-8
f,ghicng 30' so vr,r phuong nanr ngang, -M4t
AB quCu xung quanl' irue ihAngrdrtigAl{ vdi

vin tdc gdc kh6ng ddi u., =

ra vi cci chi6u
dii 0,2m. Lfc

10;-

DdY bi d6n

nix M v6n nem

trOnAB. Ma s6t
*tna M vd AB
khong d6ng kd.

Tim:

b) Ltrc 6o'
M l6n AB

giua

f(xl):17x2+fixy-7y21
trong dri r, y nhQn 916 tri nguy6n vd kh6ng
rRAN DUY HrN,
BAi T7l203 : Xdc dinh tdt cA c6c hdm
R \i-1) -.R th6a mair di6u kien
ct,4x -2,

NGT]YEN MINH HA

ctia

ddng thdi bing

AD. cD, DB, BC th'eo thf tu la M N, P, Q, R,

S. Chrlng minh rang MQ, NR, PS d6ng quy.

a) Lrtc c6ns"
ddy'treo

XUAN DANG

: Tlm giri trf nh6 nhdt

cL iic canh iidn xric v6i m6t mai cdu ndo dd. Gie
sr} tidn didm cira mdt cdu'v6i ddc canh AB, AC,

PHAM I.IUNCi QIIY6T

Bii LZIZSB : M6c hai v6n kdl/, . V, rr6i tidp

nhau vio hai crJc crfa nguda di6n m6t chi6u thi
kim cria v6n kii V, chi"6v, kim cta v6n kd Y,
chi 4V. Khi chi mic vOn kd V, vno hai cgc cria
ngu6n di6n tr6n thi kim cria nci chi gy.
a) Tim sudt diQn dQng cria ngudn di6n.
b) Khi chi m6c v6n k6 Vr.vdri hai cgc cria
nsudn di6n tr6n thi kirn cita nd chi mdv v6n ?
O"ua kdt bui tinh to6n. h6v n6u V nehia thuc
tB {rlng dringt c,ia Ui torirf tron. ' "
TRIJONG MINH TUE
Chri f : IlIi giAi chi giti vd m6t dia chi : Tda soan
TC Torin hoc vir tutii tr,81 Trdn Llung Dao, IIe Nqi.

'N71203. Find all functions :

;,R
\*-11 +::B satisfying the condition
f

^,4x-2,
f(,+l)=2f(x\Vr;'-1
NGI.IYE,N VAN MAI.I

For Lower Secondary Schottls

n real numbers
a>..r an from segment [-i,
al + a3, +...+ af, = O. Prove that
T'I.1201', Given

a1t

a, * a,

+.".+ a,,

1]

and

<!.

NGLIYE,N DL,

T8i203. A given square board consists of

1994 x 1994 equal squares. Each square is
labelled by a non-negative integer satisfying
the following condition : If a certain square is
Iabelled by O then the sums of all numbers of
the corresponding column and row containing
this square are not less than 1994.
Find the minimal value of the sum of all

TZ/2A1. Find a factorization of polynomial

nurnbers of the board.

C+gBrr+r.

Nf;0

VL' HI]Li I]INH

T3/203. Given a segment AB . C is a point

in the interior of AB and Cr is the axis

perpendicular to AB . D, E e Cr such that
CE CA
CB: 7D = tl3 ' The circumcircle of L ADC
intersecrs the circumcircle ot' h BEC
at 11 and C (H * C).
IfC passes through a fixed point
whenever C moves along AB. Is the
conclusion true if {5 is changed by a certain
Show that

valuern>0?

NGLIYITN DLIC,IAN

For Upper Secondary Schools

T4l2O3. Solve the following inequality

x2+6x+z < \G+5".

NCliYirN llAI TIIANFT

T5/203. Polynoniiai s Pk) and Q(ri have

integer values at the same points (i.e. P(r/
Z oQk) Z). Show that either P(x) - Q&) =

= const

ay P(x) +

}-IAN

Tgl2O3. Let 1 be a fixed point on a given

plane. Three variable circles (Op R1),
(O,, R2), (O-;, ff.r) Pass through I. Let,

(oz)n(o:): { c,t i,(o:)n(o.;): { A,r}s

(O.;)

n (Or) = { B, I j andlis in the interior

of L ABC.
Let MN be a common tangent of

r) at M
and of (O r) aL N such that MN does not
intersect (O.r). In a similar way, let PQ be a
comrllon tangent of (Or) (O-r) (which does not
intersect (Oi), EF be a comrnon tangent of
(O-r), (Ol) (which does not intersect (O:).
Suppose

that

nl

(O

+ R|+ R; < s.

a) Calculate the radii of the circles and the

distances between the centers of these circles

in the case vrher-e

) S = area LlUil.{

areaL,IPQ

areaA,IEF

is nraximum.

b) Show that if I S i" uiaximum then the

area or MNPQEF is;11,

h:::^..

Q@ = const.
TRAN XUAN DANG

Tf 0/203. Let all sides AB, AC, Al), CD, pB

T6/203. Find the minimal value of the

and BC of a tetrahedron ABCD be tangent to

function

f(x,y)=lZx2+l7xy-Tfl

where x, y are integers and a.re noi

simultaneously equal to 0.

TRAN DLIY HINTI

certain sphere at, M,

At P, Q, R, S,

respectively.
Prove thatMQ,-IIR and PQ rneet at a point.
NC]UYEN

MINII IiA
t1

oE

rm UAo lfip t0

GHUYET IOAU

Truolrs oal h0c

rfig

- vdNc t ucAY zrlslrsss,triot cIAN

LArvr eAI teo pHUt.
CAu 1 : Ta ndi sd trl nhi6n A ld mQt s6
r

"Pitago", n6u A la tdng binh phuong cira hai s6

t{

nhi6n nAo d<i.

a) Cho P vn Q ld hai sd "Pitago", chrlng minh

P.Q vn ZttP c:0l,g li cric sd "Pitago".
b) Tim c6c s6 "Pitago" M vd N sao cho tdng
vh hiu cria chring kh6ng phAi ld cric sd "Pitago"'

Cdu 2 : a) GiAi phtrong trinh cdn thrlc

d5-r-4@
.

b) Chrlng minh rl&ng thrlc

t{as + z(i'F t a{<a:

zM _ ,-

COu 3 : T6m dQi bcing thaui gia giai v6 dich

trong dci hai d6i bdt ki phAi gap nhau dring m6t
ldn. Bigt rB.ng ddn cudi gi6,i kh6ng cd trAn ddu
ndo kdt thfc vdi ti sd hda.
Chrlng rninh ring trong tdm d6i nii tr6n,
lu6n tim drroc bdn d0i A, E, C vd' D sao cho k6t
quA c5c trin ddu gifia ho ld A th6ng B, C, D,
B th6ng C, D vit C th6ng D.
Cd:u 4: B6u hoc sinh grii M5i, MAn, Mai vd
Mo dang d trong mQt can phbng cira ki tric xri.
MQt c6 dang stta 6o, mQt c0 dang chAi ddu, mQt
cO dang vidt thu vd mQt c6 dang doc s6ch. Bidt

ring:
s6ch.
11 tty khOng srla 6o vd khOng dgc

thm

2. MQn kh6ng vidt thrr vd kh0ng srla 6o.'

3. Ndu My kh6ng vidt thu thi Mo khOng stta ao
4. Mai kh6ng doc s6ch vd khOng stta 6o. "
5 ' Mo kh6ng doc srich vi kh6ng vidt thrl.
Hay n<ii chinh x6c m6i c0 dang lim gi'
Ciu 5 : GiA srl O li mQt didm nam b6n
trong tam gi6c d6u AB C. Cf.cdudrrg thhng AO,
BO, CO cit cec canh d6i di6n cta tam giric t4i
cric didm A1, F 1, C, trrcrng fng. Bi6t ring

sl^a,o + sacrr,o + sAlltt,<l =

= sA{:B,o + stoaro + saec,.-r" chrlng

minh
ring O nim tr6n m6t dudng trung tuydn cria
tam giSc ABC.

Ir - vdNG 2 NGAY 22l8ltss3, HP s6 z.

TI{di GIAN IATU NAT i8O PHUT.
CAu I : Chia t4p hgp nhttng sd trr nhi6n
|t,2, ...,2n) thhnh hai tip con rdi nhau A vd B,
m5i tap cri n phdn ttt.
L2

- TlIl HgG IggS-I9gr

rrqp T'P Hd clrt lulinh

Ki hieu c5c phdn ttr cta hai tdp niry
thd tu teng

theo

H6y chrlng minh ding thtlc

: n2
I o,- b,l + I az- brl *..'. * I o,,- b,,l
x
2n
2n
Cd:c. 2: Cho mQt bAng kich thu6c
ki
bdt
3n
6
vdo
ddu
ddnh
6 vu6ng. Ngudi ta
clia bAng. Chrtng minh ring cd thd chqn ra n
hnng vd n c6t cira bAng sao cho cdc 6 dugc drlnh
ddu d6u nim tr6n ru hing hoac n c6t niy.
CAu 3 : Cho hinh thang vu6ng ABCD c6
AB ld. c4nh driy nh6, CD ld cpnh d6y l6n, M ld
giao didm cria hai dtldng ch6o AC vb' BD. Bi6t
iang hinh thang ABCD ngoai tidp dtrdng trbn
nan Hnfr R. Hey tinh di6n tich tam glec ADM.
Ciu 4 : MQt hOp dung 52 vi6n bi, trong dci
cci 13 vin miu xanh, 13 vi6n miu d6, 13 vi6n
rndu vdng vi 13 vi6n mdu tring. Cdn phAi ldy
ra it nhdl bao nhi6u vi6n bi (md kh6ng nhin
kh6ng it
dg
trttdc) dd chic ch6n trong
"g
"-"
hon 7 vi6n bi ciing rniu. I{ay phrit bidu vi chrlng
minh biri torin tdng qurit hon.
CAu 5 : MQt da-v cac con s6 0 vi 1 cri d6 dni
32 dtac goi ld m6t xAu. Ta ki hiOu cdc xdu A,
B, C,... nhtt sau
6 - (o'1, a1,..., Q1), B = (b1, br,"', b3'),
g = (c1, c'2,,...,"."r',) i6i a,' ar,ci,...1 o trii t,

i = 7,2, ..., 32,

Gid tri cria mOt xAu ld s6 c6e con sd 1 cci
trong xdu dy.
MQt mriy tinh cd thd xt li c6c xAu bang hai
ph6p bidn ddi sau :
o Ph6p dich chuydn c6c phdn tit cria A di
h vi trf, I < fr < 32 theo quY t6c
{o.p e->,..., os) * (ap, apa1..., a31, Ctjr a1,
ay...ay_1).

Ph6p so s6nh hai xAu A vd B dd drroc

nr6t xAu mdi C theo quY t6c A&B * C, v6i
[l nau (ot = bi:-0) haY (ai = bi = 1)
t
", - I 0 ndu (a, = 7, bi : O) hay(ai = 0, bi = 1)
Cho xau A cd 916, tri bing 16 vd' B id rnOt
xou tiry y. Chrlng minh ring bing c6ch dich
chuydn A di k v! tri (thich hgp) vd so sdnh kdt
quA v6i B, ta s6 dttgc xdu C cd g1a tr! kh6ng
nh6 hon 16.

oAp AN vdNc 2 (22l8l1.ess)

CAu I : TrrJdc ti6n nh4n x6t ring ndu ta
chia t4p d6 cho thinh hai tAp con s6p thf tU
td nhi6n

a : { dl : 1, a2 = 2,... 0,,= n-} uit B = {b,,

n
= *.7, br_t = n + 2,... bl = 2n] thi ta cci cdc
gi6 tri tuy6t d6i cria hi6u lo,- bil ld

ot-btl :2n-1
al- bz: 2n - 3

la,,-t-

b,r-1! = 3

I a,,- b,rl : 1
Do dd tdng c6c gi6 tri ndy s6 id :
(2n - 1) + (2n - 3) +... * 3 * I = n2
Bay gid bang c6ch tSng c6c gre tri cta o, vi
giAnr c6c giri tri cri;a b,(m6i brrdc thay ddi so
drroc goi la 'ddi ch6" cdc phdn trl ctia A vd B),
chring ta crf thd d6 dnng truy cAp moi khA nang
phAn b6 xen ko cdc g1a tri cria a, vd, b, trong
khoAng tr) I ddn 2n md vAn git nguy6n thtl td
ctia chrlrng irong trlng tdp con. Chf it ld qud
trinh niy s6 chdm dft khi md
A : {al = rL * 7, a2 - n * 2,,.., a,, : 2i}
vd

B = {br:7,bnl
Bay gid ta xern

- 2...,b2:n- 7,bl:n)
cl5;c g1a

tri tuyt ddi ctra hi6u

thay ddi nhrr thd nio m6i khi o, "ddi ch6" cho b;
Ndu trtrdc khi ddi ch6, o, = kp bt = ft + 1 thi
sau khi ddi ch6 ta c<i a,, : h * l, b j : k.Vi cdc
girl tri cl&a a,vd &, kh6ng thay ddi sau ldn ddi
ch5 nD.y, n6n tdng lo,- b,l + lo,- b,l cing
kh6ng thay ddi vi do dci todn bd tdng/ cric gi6
tri tuy6t ddi cria oic hi6u crlng s6 kh6ng ddi vn
bang giri tri ban ddu cria nd ld n2.
COu 2 z Ta chon ra n hing cci chtla sd 0
duqc d6nh ddu nhi6u tr6n c6c hdng dd nhdt.
Ta chrlng minh sd 0 drrgc d6nh ddu c-dn lai < n.
Gie qt ngugc l-ai, khi dcj_ s6 ccj mOt hang (trong
sd n hing cbn lai) chrla it nhdt 2 O de danh ddu
(ngpy6n li Dirichle). Vi trn n hing de chon
cd kh6ng it hon 2 x n 6 di duoc drinfi ddu, suy
ra s6_6-dtroc ddnh ddu ldn hon 3n trui vdi gil
thuydt ban ddu.
VSy ryu khi dl chon ra n hdng eon lai kh6ng
qu6 ru 6 drroc d6nh ddu vd ta cri thd chon < z c6t
chfa chring thi se thdy kh6ng con 6 dtroc ddnh
ddu nio nim ngoii cric hing hay c6t duoc chon.
Cfru 3 : Goi O li tim cfia dtldng trbn n6i
ti6p hinh thang vu6ng (xem hinh ve). Gie stl
c1,c g6c tai dinh

A vd D vu6ng.
D6 thdy tam

giScBOCvudng
tai O. Goi E, l', //
G, If ldn iufi la 6
eAc didm tidp
xtic cria dtidng
trbn n6i tidp vdi
cdc canh AB,

CD, AD, BC, ta cci h6 thtlc OHJ

: BH . CH

ER AE
ra -DF =
FC:
Do dci didm M phAi nim tr6n do4n .EF.
Dudng cao rlng vdi dinh M cia tan g;t6c ADM
cd d6 dli ld .R, vi canh driy lb.2R, suy ra di6n
tich tam gi6c ndy li R2. Do diOn tich cdc tam
g16c ADM vd tsCM bang nhau. n6n trong
trt{dng hop c6c gcic B vd C vu6ng, chring ta
SuY

CAu 4 : Bing suy luAn don giAn, dO thdy n6u

ta ldy ra 25 vi6n bi thi sE phai co it nhdt 7 vi6n bi
cung miu (nguy6n li Dirichle, 6 x 4 = 24 < 25)
Tdng qurit hdn, cho n hQp chfa cic vi6n bi
drroc t6 bdn mdu, mdi h6p cci kh6ng it hon la vi6n
bi duoc t6 cung mOt mdu. Tr6n l6n cric vi6n bi
cria n hQp nAy. H6i cdn phAi ldy it nhdt bao nhi6u
vi6n dd chic chin cd ft vi6n bi cirng rniu. Cin
trA lbi ln phAi ldy run(h -1) + 1vi6n bi. jl

CAu 5 : Fh6p so sdnh hai xAu A va B dd

duoc xAu C cri thd vidt nhtr sau :A & B + C
: (ot & b,, a, & b r,..., a,, & b,)
v6i ph6p torin tr6n cdc sd 0 vi 1 dttoc thrrc
hien theo quy t6c

1&1 =1 1&0=0 0&1 :0

0&0:1

Ta viSt kdt quA cria tdt cir c1,c dich chuydn

A vd. so srinh v6i B ftic ld xdu C IAn lugt til
tr6n xu6ng thinh m6t bAng vu6ng kich thtroc
32 x 32.
(a, & b,)

(a, & b.)

(",r &

b..,)

(,r.,, & b,.)

1a,

& h,)

(a.,

& b,)

(',, & h.,,) ia, & b,,)

1a.,,

& b,)

(a12

& b,)

(or,,

&

(a.,,

& tr,)

(a, & h,)

(u,,,

& t',,,) (ol & t',,)

b..,,) (a1,0

&

b.rr)

Ta s6 chtlng urinh li trong bAng tr6n ccj

dring (16 x 32) sd 1, tit dci theo nguy6n Ii
Dirichle, sd phAi t6n tai m6t hdng chria kh6ng
ft hon 16 sd 1, t'rng vdi m6t c6ch dich chuydn
xAu A r6i so srinh v6i B dd duoc xAu C cd gjd,
tri kh6ng nh6 hon 16.
Thdt vAy, ndu x6t theo tr)ng c6t cria bAng
thi vdi m5i gi6 tri cd dinh citabl, s6 cri dring 16
s6 trong cdc sd a1, a.>,..., o..t)c6 cung giri tri (0
hay 1) vdib1, do d<i m6i cOt crj dung 16 sd 1.
Vi bAng cci 32 c6t n6n sd cdc sd 1 trongbAng
dringbing (16 x 32). DAy chinh li di6u ra cdn
cd dd rip dung drroc nguyn li Dirichle:
:

HOANG. I,E MINH.

13

t
15

Trong chrrong trinh PT ta cd mQt rlng dgng cira

ph6p tinh tich ph6n :
Din ticit ttinhphang gi6i hqnbrii hai dxdng th.ang
hdnt
x -' a, x = o ii db thi cila hai cho
b]
sao
bAn
tuc
tien
[a
,
1;it
=
fz$)
lt = f {x) !2
f/x) > f2(x), udi m.oi x e [a ,b] duqc cho bdi cOng

F
-

o
-

rG
G

rG

e
-I

t}

h"

thic

Vi aq

z
z

pz
'E(C

i-HG

;o
32

:JI
'$c

',8 O
:-

8,5
14

12. NgO

t<[5]

p > 7, q > 1 tiaru hQ udi ruhau

1. Cir.o cd.c sd

u]

bdi

11
r''A:''

,,U' dd,ng thic

Young)

r 1.
Giai.x6tdudngcongy /.
(hinh
tich
di6n
tdng
2)
thdv
Ta
Ta crine cd r = 14

S, l6n hon dien tich hinh-chtt nhAt ACBO. Ta tfnh

S,,, S, :

57,

s1 =

1Ln
t_x]'
)xp-tdx:-

ol'

td

= p
[,r

t)

tl

lL

,,

lt

I ."-, - Y' lbs2= l\ft 'd.v="q

loViy

S,aorc

o.b

bq

S/ +Sr=ob

( oP* bqq : dPcm

T

Vi CB 2. Cho a, b cac sd l6n hon haY

bang 1. Chirug ntinh rang

ob<ed-1+btrub.
Giii : X6t drrdng cong y = lnx (x > 1) vd cac
B, C (hinh 3). DiQn tich hinh chu nhft
didm A,'khOng
l6n hon tdng di6n tich 57, 52. Ma
ACBO
Sncon = b(a -- /)
o =1
I
vdSr= )e|dy= d flo -1 -eo-t -7
0

g..

8'(t
dlr
.gF

kem Gidi tich

ab = S
pq*
tr-Lv6ix > 0,p

itI,

.Lx)Jd.x

Tttd thi: udi nrci a, b duong,ta c6

r5

-f

l
Thuc Lanh tran.g 128, Phan Dtc Chinlt trang 159,
. Hirttt
Ntnt truoc
nvibrt
cia
PTTH
nghi4p
tdt
tlti
cac
hi
Trong
Trdn Van Hoo bdng t37).
d6.cApddn,n;9f
b-a9
ndy
bai
d
day,
ndy.
todn
dong
co
Z ddy ltdu nhtr nant nito cung
phan nay de- clrtlng-lDlnh_nl.ot so Daf,
,FI rln"E duns bii to6n tinh di6n tich bang tich
vdi c6c bf,t dang ttrtlc co chua nalrl
doi
luc
aif;g finl"c. Phrtong phdp nny ccj hi6u
,- mo [ay loga.

S = J tf ,$\

S-,

: f hx dr = xlnx -,
I

ln,

blnb

-b + I
Hi't'

v?y
(a

< bLnb - b + 1 + I - t - 1 : btnb

ab <btrtb +eo-|. Dpcnr.

1'\b

-b

d-t
n

Vi arr 3" Cl*ng ntinlt rang udi nzQi s6 tu nhin n > 7 ta co n! < o" 2 ul -u
Gi6i: Trong mat ph&ng tr;a dO, ldy cdc didm Ai cci hoinh d0
X,t = i(i : 7 ,..., n). Goi B; ld cric didm tr6n dudng congy = lnx e6 hinh chidu tr6n
trric hoinh laA, (i : 7,2,..., n). Din tich hinh thang congA, B,,A,rl6n hon tdng
diQn tich c5c hinh thang AAF, BfisBs,'..,An: t4,BnB, - t'
In.l + ln2 ln2 + lnT

+- 2

ln(l -

-..*-#

1) +

ht

fL

J
1

trna*++ Inl *lnZ+ln3+"'+

ln (z-1)

.ry

< ntnn-n

* lc+
I

+L

= ln(nn +;e1 -n)

h-r

C6e tran thir vAn dung phtrong ph6p ndy dd

chting rninh cdc bdt ding thfrc ;
1. b(o + 1) < { *blrub udi a, b > 0

2. (n + l)ab <on+l
z nguy6n duong)

n+l
4nb "

(a,

b>

0,

3. Chrtng minh rang v6i moi n nguyOn drrong

Hlnh

ln(n+ J) < I
At A2AJ

4tq An a

11
*=*...*2n

- Giao didm cria cdc tia ndy vdi Jn dtac ghi sd

thd trr trrongrlngli 4..., n, 7, 2. Didm sdJ tr6n dr
(s6 bi xcia theo qu.y t6c Josephe) kh6ng dudc dat
tuongrlngvdi didm dd d6nh ddu tr6n Jn-t . Cd thd

,,Josi:phe
vi hai
T{org giai tho4i todn hoc
ngudi mudn sdng" d s6 198 (1ggg) i:ria tap chi
To:in hgc ",'i Tu6i tr6 cd mQt quy tdc d6 xac
dlnh sd-ihrl trr cira ha_i_ngrrdi'm,iO""
tro"g

mOt cu6c ttr s6t ctia 41 ngudi.

N6i dung to6n hoc
clta quy tdc Josbphe d6

"6"9

nhu sau:

Ve n:6t dudng trdn

r6i drinh ddu z didm

tr6n drrdng trbn d<i. Ghi
sd thrl td cira n didm
niy theo chi6u kim

ddng hd li6n tidp tr) 1

d6n ra b6n canir didnr
lu.o"q 9qg.Xudt-phdt tr) didrn l, ta di doc drrdng
tron dci theo chi6u kim ddng hd vA ldn triot rlO'ni
vi xcia ddn ddn c:ic didm da d6nh ddu. ?ronE
khi ddm, ta chi dirng cdc sd ddm t, Z. S. Dier;
neg tudng fng v6i sd ddnr B thi bi ic;a di. Didru
tidp 9a-u ctia diem bi xcia drroc d6m l. Crl ti6p
tgc d6m vi xda ddir ddn cac didm da drinh ddil
trr.l6c dci qt g" bi x<ia) nhu vAy cho ddn
{tlo1g
khi chi cdn lai 2 didm.
S_6.tht1 tu cria hai didm kh6ngbi xcia dcj chinh
Id sd thrl tg cta hai ngrtdi mudrisdng trong sd n
ngrBi tham gia cu6c [u sat.
n-gudi tham grl cu6c tU srit theo quy
. , \du-crin
t6c JosBphe-thi ta.g_oi sd-ttr_tt iu cria hai ngudi
mu6n s6nglircdr s6,Iosiphehangn vA goi dutng
trong tudng fng li J,, {duimg h:an Joibplte).
ring c6c s,5 Josephe hang 2 vA hang 3 ddu
..
ld -Ro
1 vi 2. Ta d6t a2 = a3 :'l,"bz = b_t':n.
GiA sir n > 4 md cdc sd Josdphe hang z - I
d?. dyqJ xric dinh li a,,_ vd b)_,. Ti ic ,1,,_-,
,
16r."-*J, ddngtAm v6iJ^1,. Ndf'[dm churrgcua
hgi$yUilS_t1dn d<i ld_n ii.iot v6i cric didm rirurg
sd thr3 tt 1, 2,... n - S, n - 2, ft - I ded6nh ddil
l16n Jr_, bang uic tia trrong dng xudt phrit tr)
tam
chung.

coi ph6p dat hrong dng d<i ld mOt 6nh xa.

f,,; ( 1, 2,...,tu'- 3, tu - 2, h - 1) *(4, ...,
n, 1, 2) bAo todn thf tu tr] bO n - 1 sd Q, Z,'..,

l.-_3, ft-2,n-

D6li

2).

1) l6nb6
mdt song dnh.

n- 1s6(4,...,n,7,

-Khi rip dqng quy t6c Josdphe dd xda ddn cric

didm dd drinh ddu trn J., ', vd. J_. thi 16 rdne
rylS didm r trn J,,_, bin6a klii va chi kh'i
u

ff::),\{ Y^::?t'ri ##

r.

?,,?; :0"!{,9. a,/,u

au = f,, (a,,-1), b,, : f,, (bn*)"
Ndu r ln sd thd tu cira didm d6 d6nh ddu
tr6nJ,,_, thi / < x < /l - 1 vit

lS+r ndux. ( z-J

f,,kl=11 nd'ux =n-2
12 nd'u x =n- j
e +x) ndu 2 *x <t n - 1 < n
: l, *+(2
+r)-n ndttt*.v>n
11
(
I

l*p*1-,

_)
| ..
lnrun
2*x
)

nou o

.2**
n

.l

2.*x n*1

e2*r. :1+"i'ioi
,2+
n '"+]

15

brong dci [o] Id phdn nguy6n cria o vir

{a) = a

Nhu vdy, cong thilc

- foi-ta pitdn phan ciiio. hang
n > 4 lir
truyto6ir d6i i6i Joslphe

.2*a,,-t\
,2+bn-t,
du=l*"I
* 1,b,,=l*"1 " i
Ndu d6t a, 0 va b, = I thi de ding kidm
tra lai rang

c'Ong

n=2vdn:3.

thrlc tr6n ci'n dfng cA v6i

Srl dung c6c c6ng thrlc ndy, ta l4p duoc bAng

c'ic sd Josbphe tt
d6i nhanh ch<ing mi
trbn Josbphe. T-rong bAng-dr5,

tudng
kh6ng cdn vE c6c dtrdng

hang thdp l6n hang cao

ta

cci

ar, :

16

'3i la sd tfit tttiria hai ngrrof mudn

vd b,, =
s6ngitrong cuQc trJ sdt cta 41 ngudi theo quy

tic

Josbphe.

Vdi moi

n 2 2, a,, vb' b,, la hai s6 nguY6n

duong khric nhau,'ktiSng vt?ot qu6 n vd khdng

chia hdt cho 3.

'Ndu ta thay ddi chrit it trong quy t6c Josbphe
dd cho c6c s6 ddm chi lA 1 vi 2 mi didm s6 ddm
2 bi x<ia, cu6i cing chi girr lai mqt di6'm khdng
bi xcia thi s6 thf iu cira didni khOng bi xda dci
luOn lu6n IA scj 16. Ndu goi nci lh -*6- hta Josbphe
hqng n vd ki hiu nri ld a. thi a, : I Yi

N6u ta lai thay ddi rnQt phdn quy tic Josbphe

dd cho c6c sd ddm ld 1,2,3,4 rrd didm cci sd
ddm 4 mdi bi xda, cudi cung girl lai 3 didm
kh6ng bi xcja thi cci thd goi s6 thf tu cria c6c
dldmtr;'li c6c sd siau Josizphe hang n vd ki
hi6u chung lb. u,,, ttu, ru,, (dinh nghia quy n4p
cho cdc sd ndy arrqCtaul tudng tu nhu doi vdi
c6c s6 arr, bt,). Ndu dat u2 = 0, u2: 7, til' = 2

thivdin>3tac6
. 3*rr - r,

u,,=l*n{-#} ,u,,=7*"{ ,

uu:l*"1,3+w,,*i, I
"
Cd thd chon u, =. - 1 vir wt :

Hi

--fuq-

= s, -

Trrong trl ta cci t

MB

MBl= S'

*:

vqng rang sau ndy ta cci thd

... -ffi ffi ffi

MA S, * S-;
MAt = s, s;
sr + s1

-2[1,'<"tl';

tim dttoc

c6c c6ng tlirlc "dgp" tudng trl cho c6c s6 Josdphe

vd c5c s6 si6u JosdPhe.

Sll dgng dign tieh

2)
AAt * MAt S, + S,

o dd c6c cong

Tuy vdy, ta mdi chi tirn dtroc c6ng thrlc "dep"

cho sd ttla Josdphe hang n li

oi:1+2Qt

(Tidp theo trang

j,

N6u so sdnh c6c cOng thr'tc truy to6n d6i vdi

cdc sd Josirphe, trra Josbphe, si6u Josdphe da
n6u tr6n thi ta thdy chring cri dang thdng nh{t'

1*an-,,

ring
du= | +2(n -2ltos|rllv6in > l.

ttrrtecua u.nadw,,cdnd,lngcA ydin = 2' Nhung

khdng cttqn augc Sia tri thich hgp cia rz 1 dd
cic c6ng thrlc cria u,, cbn dirng cA vdi n = 2 '

or:1*"{-;-ivdin>2.
Cd thd chttng minh d6 ddng

, 3*'',,-

,,
",

*-

> 8 Ddu"="co khiM

ra

trqng tam LABC

Bang phrrong ph6p trinh biy tr6n. c6c ban
ccj thd giAi c6c bdi t4p sau :
1) Cho tam giSc d6u ABC, didm o d trong

., :itl.Ti:":$*';!^;il',u,;;",:'J};:ti;X;
t_, ;;

";;-

: AA'+

BB'

+CC'kh6ng ddi.

Z) Tr6n canh AC ctc MBC taldy didm D.

:t,
* 1 *__,
=
Chrlng t6 rang tdng cric b6" I*I dudng trbn
Mq E ' S,
n6i tidp cSrc tam g15c ABD vd BCD I6n hon brin
MB
MC
MA
kinh vbngtrbn n6i Li6p LABC'
Al
+- +"'
MAt ' MBt MCt =
3) Qua didnr M nim trong hinh binh hnnh
S,
- 'Sr. , S, iJ, , Sl S.r.
ABCD tav6cscdrrdngthingP8vdQSsong
:- l:!*Ij\' sr/ * l-:+-)
+/\ s.r
, * Si-\/ 2
\ s.r ' s,i
\ s,
song v6i cdc c4nh sc va AB. (CAc didnr P, Q,
-crt
:
:
:
S,:5.r.
S,
khi
> 2 +-2 +d 6. Ddu
iR,SnantrOnAB, BC,CD,DA). Chtlngt6ring
cric ditdng thing BS, PD vd MC d6ng quy'
tr6n
thrlc
vd
bdt
ding
3
ttng
b) Nhan theo
ta
duoc:
"iit-""A*
i* *.*.irs.+s.tr.q.+
4) Cho tam gi6c cdn ABC (AEt = ACl. Gqi
(S,+S.,)(S.r+S1)(S1+S,)
CM --t,
A1'81'cl lA chan c6cdtrdngphan giac tudng
ur-'
,N ,N fr:
"
"t'"2'*3
ttng dinh A, B, C' Ki hi6u Sl = SM,B,{','
(n * b\z > 4ab
"r.
'i ,AM,z
,BMr: ,CMr
BC'
chrlng minh

MC

- 1,n,il \r,*)

\r+r) "-

4S,S.1.4SJS7.'4SIS,
S,S,S.r

16

s = sMnc, ft =
S
5l

t-

I rl

n6, t'av

.l

__r(_

KET QUA TIII HOC SINH GIOI TOAN

PTTH ToaN QUdC N,iM rroc r99s.t994
o

?liJTFrT,'lf3[i
"'#i1""'ldlS"-"itbf'f
t_h.i"g B 4rm tg9a. Cd-5t-d6i?d;'i
".".3
sinh dy.tEi -o.bang A ra"6'f
th-anfi p6o-"a ta"iiiiii
&H

lii{

;*l *lrr' f,"{f sr#i

$, $*i
"'.tf 6 bai
tdi da-cria--ca
toan Ia 40 Ei8*. Xat !,i'd
cuOc thi nhu sau :
bdi dtroc giai (dat tr) 20 didm trd
-l^0;r,)^Tdng sd
_cy5 cA hai bAhg?-, B-H 6b,
#n:',

601327

"hi6hi'iiic

= 18,3Vc,.
A:

Bdng
.

,ldfrg sd bai dtroc giAi la 48, chidm ti

^
481232-=

2O,6Vo

16

Gidi nhd.t: cri 1 oi.Ai (3.9,b didnr) : Trdn Ngoc

Nam (Trtrdng DHfH HN1- -'-"'
Gidi ruhi;

J<; O

giei

(tt

29 didrn ddn 84 didm)

Dtlong,
Htrg. tlidu_ (Nam Ha), Vn
HiSu- (Ninh Binh), Trdn Thantr' ga.
Quang -liguvi+.

$ffif fl s#fr

ilJ-y^qp&l3,lB,I,-P^I,6T,T,;*J

Bdng B :

Tdng
12,6%

sd

bii

dtroc giAi la 12, chidm

Gidi nhdt: Kh6ng cci

.Gidi
ryli : cd 2 giai tt,: 29,b didm ddn B0
^.
glom)
: HoAnA Vi6t- (Y6n Bzii); NCuydn XuAn
Hirng (Dic Lfc)
Gidi ba; cd 6 giAi (tt 28 didm ddn 25 didm) :
Tuong Qudc, L6 BAo Lons. Nsuv6n
_
T.dn
Minh rha4h tTay Niqh2 r,o FlonE'(od"1,6"i,
B*i.Q,-e"g Nam rLam OOnE), Vo fiBah-g:Ir""g
(Trd VinE)
. .Gi4i kftuyen khictt : c6 4 grei (tt 20 didm
deh 21 didni) :
Phan VanTin (LA

g}p;,i#;+l?i*Lri
Hi;q,i%?ffiffi
ba : Cd lb giai (tt 28 didm ddn 2T,b 1-d.o,Thei*#ffi
*,*qrg!
qtem,
fl

_ Hoing Van Long rTrud4g DHSP Vinh),

$t{,xBf Fnflhfl}{T?flnhfar$H$H"#j{
116r,-g,

ffi

tilc lLlgs

fl

b?"ugti\e*HBl

NcuyE,N

vrpr

HAr

fran Blo Kha

"tfr:rr"^,*r#JliiPHxffi fi.)I

ffi;f,,,slr n {T} #fi rLH,lf s'sd,4 dil#

_ .Gid^i khuyn kh{ch ; c6 26'siAi (tr} 20 didm
!9" 2-? di.ii ' NsryoL Vidtqt"a;,-e-;i-A;ii

fl[+nH,friHhi*tr}}$3t+tr

tm*q#,fllli{ffitHffiit*-ffi
Php d6i xung...
(Tidp theo trang 18)
rgl.s^ doi
.s6ng c0a minh, con nglrdi aa udt
-.1
nhi6n trons.viQc rao dUng clc di6ju kiQn
:!y9"Jljon
s9n9.
l.r/ ngan,xL(a, ngLrOi nguy6n th0y aa Oidt tam
cac tudi
mac hinh chi6c t6, lAm cung ho tn"o nlnn
kh,uyit. nin blnh,OUns niJc *,"-o o"ng
:L1h,t^t.1"S
3r.q biy v.v.. Kh6ng phAi chi c6 ioAi nqudi ma ci
tu si6c, c0ns hQc t6p duqc rdi
Itl:.ral,.9i^knqnq
nnteu
o thi6n nhi6n.

Con ki6n

dAo.

hang. con ong

xAy td ddu theo nh0ng h)nh dang ninn

ni. * tn"o
quy tdc to6n hsc ch6t ch6.
i!ulg
qa det nhung tam ludi c0a ch(ng N h0ng con nhon
v6i

mO-t dO

chinn

x6c toen hgc cao ddn mic mA mOt trong nhing loAi
nhOn chAu phi duoc mQnh danh td ,nhdn hlnh hqc,,
.. .^N S?y^n"y.. con ngtldi kh6ng nh0ng chi hqc tf p
th.i6n n.hi0n v6! c6c hjnh aqng hlnh nqc."ma da nghi6n
c,u, b,t chr.r6c thi6n nnin riOt
itjn aiCn. H,1 on

Phong siilh (oc dd gi(p cho loai"a"r,

ngudi kh6m phA ra
nhi6u di 6u ki th0 c0a thi6n nhi6n, vhn dung chrjng dd
hodn thi0n vA ddy nhanh c6c qu6 i,i.t ,aviJ.i rno"
hac ki thuat vA da dem tai nhidu t<dt quir,J'" i6.

Thi6n nhi6n cdn luu gir.r nhidu Ui dn t<l diQu vA

cdn.kh6ng ngr4.rg n6 tuc hqc tap, ngnien
:?n lq,lji
cuu,
kham phA ra c6c.b[ dn d6 dfj ngAy ceng i4o ra
cho minh mQt cuQc sdng phong pfrri frbn, th-u6n ldi
hdn vA c0ng hdp d6n hOn.

NcuyEN viNH cAN

lVidr rhco ANT'l I()Ny l{AVIEI.LI)

To6n hgo va dbi

s6,s f,DHCp non K&$ffi&

rH;6$

ffinnfr&ffi

H"rrroilG
CO

tfrdnoi rdtnhidu nhrlnggl mAtathdyxungquanh nhrlng

.A ta nhjn ngini iang ngAy, lA nhttng kdt-quA c0a
inr'ai ni.n noc' c,ia'inien nnlen. Kh6ns phai nsAu nhi0n

ve d-ei'xi tno

lN;ii

rna mOt c6i i6 ciy, mOt quA thdng, mOt con c6, mOt con rUa
lf,dn,: f,rn lai c6 mOt hi nh dan3 ch-ung; vir mOt cAi v6 dc xinh
mQt chu6i thi0n hl kndng td xa ldc xa ld.lai duoc
,i. *.s

"ai cirnq m0t khuOn m6u hinh*hqc: chting co h)nh d4ng

cdu tao theo
.Jo nntrng,ltlon! xoSn 5e. ru 6i m0t sinh vat - m0t c'Ai cAyT0t
Oang noalmOt cliri cdn -trirng v- v.. - tr.I n6 dd lA m0t bdi hec hlnh
frocitrloi dang hoAn chinh nh6t
Thi6n nhi6n dd s6ng tao ra v0 tru th.eo mOt ch!'dng tr)nh
todn hec xAc di nh va ng,.roi ta nhAn ra ring cac pntldng ph-ep

mir thr0n nhi0n dd sJ clqng thr'tdng lA ddn-gi an va trUc tiep'

xAy
bit Od, tr.t mOt sd luong nhd cac phdn-ttt' thi6n rrhi6n
voi cech
;;;" ;4" ;"c cAu t'tic cJa tno tnci vat ti. rdi ctrng
in-;""tiet kidm cac plrudng ti en'rhu v$y, chi-udng rr'at vai.hinh
nlnn nq" cd bAn, thi6n nhi6n de tao cho i:h0ng cdu tr(c dycAc
hinh dAnq bi4n fr6a v6 ctrng. N gudi t:r dA.phAt hi6n ra rdng
hinh dang cd ie pi-l.i" tap nhdt cring chi ld nhr-lng

"g"v;a ";r,rg

/9

_/,

/ /

*,,/

./

,t

/ /Y't,','tl
,/ ,'tl, .k,
L./

t.H

l/
Y-/

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ilAp

lit"phdp d6i xtng d1ttg".

ISSN:0866-8035
Ma s6 : 8BT05M4

Chi sd 12884

:il:J"T:i:^"ff
Gi6 : 1200d

In tai Xrtdng Chd bin in Nhd xudt bin

In xong vd grli Iuu chidu thring 5 11994

Gi6o duc

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ughin

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