Stress and Strain: MAE 314 - Solid Mechanics Y. Zhu

Stress and Strain
MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu
Slide 1
Stress and Strain
Introduction to Normal Stress

Stress = Force per unit area
F
=
A
Slide 2
Stress and Strain
Introduction to Normal Stress contd

If the stress varies over the cross-section, we can write
the stress at a point as
= lim
A0
F
A
We assume the force F is evenly distributed over the

cross-section of the bar. In reality F = resultant force
over the end of the bar.
dA = F
A
Slide 3
Stress and Strain

Sign convention
>0
<0
Tensile (member is in tension)

Compressive (member is in compression)
Units (force/area)
English: lb/in2 = psi
kip/in2 = ksi
SI:
Slide 4
Tensile
Compressive
N/m2 = Pa (Pascal)
kN/ 2 = kPa
kN/m
kP
MPa, GPa, etc.
Stress and Strain
Homogenous: material is the same throughout the bar

Cross-section: section p
perpendicular
p
to longitudinal
g
axis of bar
A
Prismatic: cross-section does not change along axis of bar
Prismatic
Slide 5
Non-Prismatic
Stress and Strain
Definitions and Assumptions - contd
Uniaxial bar: a bar with only one axis
Normal Stress (): stress acting perpendicular to the cross-section.
Deformation of the bar is uniform throughout. (Uniaxial Stress State)
Stress is measured far from the point of application

application.
Loads must act through the centroid of the cross-section.
Lets expand
p
these last two assumptions
p
Slide 6
Stress and Strain

The uniform stress state does not apply near the ends of
the bar.
Assume the distribution of normal
stresses in an axiallyy loaded
member is uniform, except in the
immediate vicinity of the points of
application of the loads.
Uniform Stress
Saint-Venants Principle
Slide 7
Stress and Strain

How do we know all loads must act through the centroid
of the cross-section?
cross section?
Let us represent P, the resultant force, by a uniform
stress
t
over the
th cross-section
ti (so
( that
th t they
th are statically
t ti ll
equivalent).
Slide 8
Stress and Strain

Moments due to :
M x = ydA
A
M y = xdA
A
Set M
Myy == M
Myy
Mx x== M
Mxx and M
1
1
y = ydA = ydA
PA
AA
1
1
x = xdA = xdA
PA
AA
Slide 9
Stress and Strain
Right hand rule
Equations
q
for the centroid
Example Problem 1
Boom AB with a 30x50-mm rectangular cross section, rod BC
with a 20-mm-diameter circular cross section. Calculate forces
AB and BC.
Slide 10
Stress and Strain
Procedure
0a. Given/Wanted + Sketch
0b. Plan
Coordinate System
Free Body Diagram
Equilibrium Equations (Statics)
Count number of unknowns and equations
Solution
S l ti
Check your solution !!
N t
Note:
Use variables instead of numbers
Units!
Slide 11
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 1 Solution
Slide 12
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 2
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B

and loaded as shown. Determine the average normal stress at
the midsection of (a) rod AB and (b) rod BC.
BC
40 kips
Slide 13
Stress and Strain
Slide 14
Stress and Strain
What is Shearing Stress?
Last time we talked

about normal stress (),
which acts
perpendicular to the
cross-section.
Shear stress () acts
tangential to the surface
off a material
t i l element.
l
t
Slide 15
Normal stress results

in a volume change.
Shear stress results

in a shape change.
Stress and Strain
Where Do Shearing Stresses Occur?

Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and
rivets.
Bolt is in single shear
Free Body Diagram of Bolt
Force P results in shearing stress

Force F results
F
lt in
i bearing
b i stress
t
(will discuss later)
Slide 16
Stress and Strain
Shear Stress Defined

We do not assume is uniform over the cross-section,
because this is not the case.
Therefore, is the average shear stress.
P F
ave = A = A
Th
The maximum
i
value
l off may be
b considerably
id bl greater
t
than ave, which is important for design purposes.
Slide 17
Stress and Strain
Double Shear
Bolt is in double
double shear
Free Body Diagram of Bolt
Free Body Diagram of Center

of Bolt
ave =
Slide 18
Stress and Strain
P
F
= 2=
A
A 2A
Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is a normal stress, not a shearing stress.

B i stress
Bearing
t
i in
is
i th
the members
b
th t a bolt
that
b lt connects
t (not
( t
in the bolt itself), along a bearing surface.
Thus,
P
b =
Ab
Force F results in bearing stress
where
Ab = projected area where bearing pressure is applied
P = bearing force
Slide 19
Stress and Strain
Bearing Stress - contd
For single
g shear case
P P
b =
=
Ab td
Slide 20
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 1
Determine (a) the average shearing stress in the pin at B, (b) the
average bearing stress at B in member BD, and (c) the average
b i stress
bearing
t
att B iin member
b ABC
ABC.
Member ABC has

rectangular crosssection 10x50 mm
Each pin has

16 mm diameter
Each vertical member

has rectangular crosssection 8x36 mm
Slide 21
Stress and Strain
Slide 22
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 2
A load P=10 kips is applied to a rod supported as shown
by a plate with a 0.6 in. diameter hole. Determine the
shear stress in the disk and the plate.
1.6 in
Disk
0.4 in
0.25 in
Plate
0.6 in
Rod
Slide 23
Stress and Strain
Slide 24
Stress and Strain
Stress on an Oblique Plane

What have we learned so far?
Axial forces in a two-force member cause normal stresses.
Transverse forces exerted on bolts and pins cause shearing

stresses.
t
Slide 25
Stress and Strain
Stress on an Oblique Plane - contd
However,, axial forces cause both normal and shearing

g
stresses on planes which are not perpendicular to the
axis.
This is also the case for transverse forces exerted on a
bolt or pin.
Slide 26
Stress and Strain
Consider an inclined section of a uniaxial bar.
The resultant force in the axial direction must equal P to satisfy

equilibrium
equilibrium.
The force can be resolved into components perpendicular to the

section F
section,
F, and parallel to the section
section, V
V.
F = P cos
V = P sin
The area of the section is
A0 = A cos A = A0 / cos
Slide 27
Stress and Strain
We can formulate the average normal stress on the section

as
The average shear stress on the section is
Slide 28
F
P cos
P
=
= cos 2
A A0 / cos A0
V
P sin
P
=
=
sin cos
A A0 / cos A0
Thus, a normall force

Th
f
applied
li d tto a b
bar on an iinclined
li d section
ti
produces a combination of shear and normal stresses.
Stress and Strain

Since and are functions of sine and cosine, we know the
maximum and minimum values will occur at = 00, 450, and
900.
=
=
Slide 29
P
sin cos
A0
P
cos 2
A0
At =900
=0
At =900
=0
At =450
=P/2A0
At =450
=P/2A0 (max)
At =00
=P/A0 (max)
At =00
=0
Stress and Strain
Lets interpret this visually.
Slide 30
Stress and Strain

Sign
g convention for p
positive normal and shear stresses:
This fits with our previous convention for = 0.
Slide 31
Stress and Strain
Design Considerations
From a design perspective, it is important to know the
g
load which a material can hold before failing.
g
largest
This load is called the ultimate load, Pu.
The stress equations are the same as before with P=Pu.
Ultimate normal stress is denoted as u and ultimate
shear stress is denoted as u.
Slide 32
Stress and Strain
Design Considerations - contd

Often the allowable load is considerably smaller than the
ultimate load.
It is a common design practice to use factor of safety.
F .S . =
Slide 33
ultimate load
allowable load
F .S . =
ultimate stress
allowable stress
The two equations above are identical when a linear relationship

exists between the load and the stress. In real-world engineering
application, however, this relationship ceases to be linear as the load
approaches its ultimate value
value.
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 1
Two wooden members are joined by the simple glued
scarf splice shown below. Knowing that the maximum
allowable shearing stress in the glued splice is 75 psi
psi,
determine the largest axial load P that can be safely
applied.
5.5 in
3.5 in
Slide 34
Stress and Strain
Slide 35
Stress and Strain
Example Problem 2
Knowing the ultimate load for cable BD is 25 kips and a
factor of safety of 3.2 with respect to cable failure is
required determine the magnitude of the largest force P
required,
which can be safely applied to member ABC.
15 in
18 in
Slide 36
12 in
Stress and Strain
Slide 37
Stress and Strain
Introduction to Normal Strain

Normal strain () is defined as the deformation per unit length
of a member under axial loading.
Normal strain is dimensionless but can be expressed in

several ways. Lets say L = 100 mm and = 0.01 mm.
= 0.01 mm / 100 mm = 1 x 10-4 or 100 x 10-6

= 100 (read as 100 microstrain)
= 1 x 10-4 in/in (if using English units)
= 1 x 10-4 * 100 = 0.01%
Normal strain is also called extensional strain
Slide 38
--- Uniaxial Loading ---
Thermal Strain
Changes in temperature produce expansion or compression,

which cause strain.
T = T
= coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
Sign convention: expansion is positive (+), contraction is
negative (-)
For a bar that is completely free to deform (one or both ends

free):
T = T L = (T ) L
Slide 39
In this case, there is thermal strain but no thermal stress!
Mechanical Properties of Materials
We want to
develop a method
of analysis that is
characteristic of
the properties of
materials ( and )
rather than the
dimensions or load ( and P) of a particular
specimen.
specimen
Why?
& are truly material properties
P & are specimen properties
Slide 40
Mechanical Properties of Materials - contd

Stress and strain can be measured, so we want to
develop a relationship between the two for a given
material.
material
How do we calculate the elongation of a bar due to
l di ?
loading?
Apply force P
Calculate = P/A
Use material relation = f() to calculate
Calculate = L
Will expand on
this in a moment
Slide 41
Stress-Strain Diagram
Material behavior is generally represented by a stress-strain diagram,

which is obtained by conducting a tensile test on a specimen of material.
Slide 42
Stress-Strain Diagram - contd
Stress-strain diagrams of various materials vary widely.
Different tensile tests conducted on the same material may yield

different results depending on test conditions (temperature, loading
speed, etc.).
Divide materials into two broad categories:
Slide 43
Ductile material - Material that undergoes large permanent

strains before failure (e.g. steel, aluminum)
Brittle material - Material that fails with little elongation after

yield stress (e.g. glass, ceramics, concrete)
Lets examine the stress-strain diagram for a typical ductile material

(low-carbon steel) region by region.

Linear region
Stress-strain response
is linear
Slope = Modulus of
Elasticity (Youngs
modulus) = E
E has units of force
per unit area (same as
stress))
We get a relation
between stress and
strain known as
H k L
Hookes
Law.
= E
Slide 44

Yielding region
Begins at yield stress Y
Sl
Slope rapidly
idl d
decreases
until it is horizontal or
near horizontal
Large strain increase
increase,
small stress increase
Strain is permanent
Slide 45
Stress-Strain Diagram contd

Strain Hardening
After undergoing large
deformations the metal
deformations,
has changed its
crystalline structure.
The material has
increased resistance
to applied stress
(it appears to be
harder).
Slide 46

Necking
The maximum supported
stress value is called the
ultimate stress, u.
Loading beyond u
results in decreased
load supported and
eventually rupture.
Slide 47

Why does the stress appear to drop during necking?
If we measure the true area
area, the graph looks like:
true stress
The difference
is in the area:
t
true
stress
t
takes
t k
into account the
decreased crosssection area.
Thus, at the same

stress level, the
load drops.
Slide 48
Offset Method
For some materials (e.g. aluminum) there is not a clear yield stress.
We can use the offset method to determine Y.
Choose the offset (0.002 is shown here).

Draw a line with slope E, through
the point (0.002, 0).
Y is given by the intersection of
this line with the stress-strain curve.
Slide 49
Elastic vs. Plastic
A material is said to behave elastically if the strain caused by the

application of load disappear when the load is removed it returns to
g
state.
its original
The largest value of stress for which the material behaves elastically
is called the elastic limit (essentially the same as Y in materials with
a well-defined yield point).
Once the yield stress has been obtained, when the load is removed,
the stress and strain decrease linearly but do not return to their
original state.
This indicates plastic deformation.
When a material does not have a well-defined yield point, the elastic
limit can be closely approximated using the offset method.
Slide 50
Elastic vs. Plastic - contd
Y
Y
Reload
Plastic deformation (Permanent strain)
Slide 51

Stress and Strain: MAE 314 - Solid Mechanics Y. Zhu

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