DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CHNG 1

H M

Ni dung
1.1 Khi nim chung
1.2 Cc h m
1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m
1.4 Mt s php ton

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.1 Khi nim chung

C s (r - radix):l s lng k t ch s (k
s - digit) s dng biu din trong h thng
s m.
Trong k thut s c 4 h thng s quan trng :
h thp phn, h nh phn, h bt phn (h tm)
v h thp lc phn (h mi su).
Trong ton hc, ngi ta gi h m theo c s
ca chng.

V d: H nh phn = H c s 2, H thp phn

= H c s 10...
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.1 Khi nim chung

Trng s (weight): i lng biu din cho v
tr ca 1 con s trong chui s.

Trng s = C sv tr
V d:
- S thp phn 123.456 (c c s l 10)

102

101

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

S nh phn 110.011(c c s l 2)
1

22

21

20

2-1

2-2

2-3

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.1 Khi nim chung

Gi tr(value):
Gi tr = (k s x trng s)
-

V d: S thp phn 123.456

1

102

101

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

1x102

2x101

3x100

100

20

4x10-1 5x10-2 6x10-3

0.4

0.05

0.06

Gi tr = 100 +20 + 3 + 0.4 +0.05 + 0.06 = 123.456

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
1.2.1 H thp phn(Decimal): H thp phn c
10 k hiu t 0 n 9 nn cn gi l h c s 10.

V d: Gi tr ca 3294,5 l:
3.103 + 2.102 + 9.101 + 4.100 + 5.10-1
1.2.2 H nh phn(Binary): l h m dng hai
k t (0,1) biu t mt gi tr s.
Mi ch s ch ly 2 gi tr hoc 0 hoc 1 v
c gi tt l "bit"(Binary digit).
Bit l s nh phn 1 ch s.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
1. Cc tnh cht ca s nh phn:
S nh phn n bit c 2n gi tr t 0 n 2n 1
S nh phn c gi tr 2n-1: 1 1 (n bit 1)
v gi tr 2n: 10 ... 0 (n bit 0)
Bit tn cng bn phi gi l bit c trng s b
nht (LSB Least Significant Bit)
Bit tn cng bn tri gi l bit c trng s ln
nht (MSB - Most Significant Bit).
S nh phn c gi tr l l s c LSB = 1;ngc
li gi tr chn l s c LSB = 0.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
2. Cc bi s ca bit:
1 B (Byte) = 8 bit
1 KB
= 210 B = 1024 B
1 MB
= 210 KB = 220 B
1 GB
= 210 MB = 230 B
1 TB(terabyte)
= 210 GB = 240 B
...
Crumb, Tydbit, hoc Tayste: 2 bit.
Nibble, hoc Nybble: 4 bit.
Byte: 8 bit.
Word: 2 Byte
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
3. Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:
Php cng:
0 + 0 = 0; 1 + 0 = 1; 1 + 1 = 0(nh 1)
V d:

1 0 12 (510)
+ 1 0 02 (410)
10 0 12 (910)

Digital Electronics

(1310) 1 1 0 12
(1110) + 1 0 1 12
(2410) 1 1 0 0 02

(4,37510) 1 0 0, 0 1 12
(3,75010) + 1 1, 1 1 02
(8,12510) 1 0 0 0, 0 0 12

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
php tr:
0 - 0 = 0 ; 1 - 1 = 0 ;1 - 0 = 1 ;0 - 1 = 1(mn 1)

V d:

1 1 0 12 (1310)
- 1 1 02 (610)
0 1 1 12 (710)

Digital Electronics

2510) 1 1 0 0 12
(1110) - 1 0 1 12
(1410) 0 1 1 1 02

(5,312510) 1 0 1, 0 1 0 1 2
(2,812510) - 1 0, 1 1 0 12
(2,500010)
0 1 0, 1 0 0 02

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
Php nhn:
0x0=0 ; 0x1=0 ;1x0=0 ;1x1=1
V d:

Php chia: Php chia nh phn cng tng t

nh php chia s thp phn.

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
1.2.3 H bt phn(Octal): H 8 gm 8 k hiu: (0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7) nn c s ca h l 8.
H c s 8 c th thay th bng 3 bit trong h nh
phn.

Cc php tnh trong h 8:

Php cng:

1278
+ 3758
5248

Tin hnh cng cc ch s c cng trng s vi

nhau(7+5=1210).
Nu tng ln hn 7: ly tng chia cho 8, ly s d
vit xung tng tng ng vi trng s ;
Thng s nh ln trng s k tip.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
Php tr:
Php tr cng c tin hnh nh trong h thp
phn
Khi mn 1 c trng s ln hn k tip th ch
cn cng thm 810.
V d:
6238
- 3758
2268
Tin hnh tr nh sau: 3 + 8 (mn trng s k tip) - 5 =
6; ti trng s k tip 2 - 7 - 1 + 8 (mn) = 2; cui cng ly
6 - 3 - 1 = 2.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
1.2.4 H thp lc phn(Hexadecimal-Hex):H
gm 16 k hiu l (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C,
D, E, F) nn cn gi l h c s 16.
Trong : A = 1010 , B = 1110 , C = 1210 , D = 1310 , E
= 1410 , F = 1510
Ta c th dng mt t nh phn 4 bit (t 0000 n
1111) biu th cc k hiu thp lc phn.
Cc php tnh trong h c s 16: thc hin tng t
nh h 8.
Nhn xt: ta c th thc hin i cc h 2,8,16 sang
h 10, sau thc hin cc php tnh v i kt qu
v h cn tnh.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.2 Cc h m
Biu din s ca 4 h m thng dng:
H thp phn

H nh phn

H bt phn

H thp lc phn

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

10

1001

11

10

1010

12

11

1011

13

12

1100

14

13

1101

15

14

1110

16

15

1111

17

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

1.3.1 Chuyn i t h c s 10 sang cc h khc:

i vi phn nguyn:
Chia lin tip phn nguyn ca s thp phn cho c s
ca h cn chuyn n.
Kt qu: s d sau mi ln chia vit o ngc trt t
Php chia dng li khi kt qu ln chia cui cng bng
0
i vi phn phn s:
Nhn lin tip phn phn s ca s thp phn vi c s
ca h cn chuyn n
Kt qu: phn nguyn thu c sau mi ln nhn, vit
tun t.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

V d:
1. T thp phn sang nh phn:

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

2. T thp phn sang thp lc phn:

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

3. T thp phn sang bt phn:
V d 1: i s 3510 sang h 8
35
4

8
8

=4
=0

D 3
D 4

a0
a1

Kt qu : 3510 = 438
V d 2: i s 0,37510 sang h 8
0,375 x 8
0,0

x 8

= 3,0

Phn nguyn = 3

a-1

=0

Phn nguyn =0

a-2

Kt qu : 0,37510 = 0,308
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

1.3.2 i mt biu din trong h bt k sang h thp
phn:
Dng cng thc:
N10

a n 1 r n 1 .... a 0 r 0 a 1 r 1 .... a m r m

V d:
101102 = 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 2210
2158 = 2 x 82 + 1 x 81 + 5 x 80 = 14110

76A16 = 7 x 162 + 6 x 161 + 10 x 160 = 189810

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

1.3.3 i cc s t h nh phn sang h c s 8 v 16:
V d 1: i s 110111,01112 sang s h c s 8
110 111 , 011 100

6
7
3 4
Kt qu: 110111,01112 = 67,348
V d 2: i s nh phn 111110110,011012 sang s h
c s 16.
0001 1111 0110 0110 1000

1
F
6
6
8
Kt qu: 111110110,011012 = 1F6,6816
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.3 Chuyn i gia cc h m

V d 3: T nh phn sang thp lc phn:

V d 4:T thp lc phn sang nh phn:

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

1.3.1 S nh phn c du:
1.3.1.1 Biu din s nh phn c du: c 3 PP
S thp phn
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7

Digital Electronics

Biu din theo bit du

1. 1 1 1
1. 1 1 0
1. 1 0 1
1. 1 0 0
1. 0 1 1
1. 0 1 0
1. 0 0 1
0000
0. 0 0 1
0. 0 1 0
0. 0 1 1
0. 1 0 0
0. 1 0 1
0. 1 1 0
0. 1 1 1

Biu din theo b 1

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 1 0
1. 0 1 1
1. 1 0 0
1. 1 0 1
1. 1 1 0

Biu din theo b 2

1. 0 0 1
1. 0 1 0
1. 0 1 1
1. 1 0 0
1. 1 0 1
1. 1 1 0
1. 1 1 1

0. 0 0 1
0. 0 1 0
0. 0 1 1
0. 1 0 0
0. 1 0 1
0. 1 1 0
0. 1 1 1

0. 0 0 1
0. 0 1 0
0. 0 1 1
0. 1 0 0
0. 1 0 1
0. 1 1 0
0. 1 1 1

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

a. S dng mt bit du: dng mt bit ph,
ng trc cc bit tr s biu din du, 0 ch
du dng (+), 1 ch du m (-).
V d:
+13 : 0 1 1 0 1
- 13 : 1 1 1 0 1
b. S dng php b 1: B 1 c thc hin
bng cch ly o ca cc bit cn c ly b.
S dng: gi nguyn tr s, bit du l 0
S m: bit du l 1 v ly b 1 cc bit tr s.
V d:+ 910 = 0.000 10012; - 910 = 1.111 01102(b 1)
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

c. S dng php b 2: B 2 c thc hin
bng cch ly b 1 cng 1.

L phng php ph bin nht.

S dng: th hin bng s nh phn khng b
(bit du bng 0)
S m: c biu din qua b 2 (bit du bng 1).
V d:

+ 910 = 0.000 10012

- 910 = 1.111 01112 (b 2) .

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

1.3.2 Cc php cng v tr s nh phn c du:
1.3.2.1 Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 1:
a. Php cng:
- Ta biu din cc s theo PP b 1.
- Thc hin nh php cng nh phn bnh thng.
- Trong trng hp c bit trn th ly bit trn
cng vo kt qu.
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
(s b 1 ca -510)
V d 1:
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 02
(s b 1 ca -710)
Cng 2 s: -5 v -7
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 02

Ly 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 02
(mu 8 bit).
Bit trn + 1
+1
1111 0011
Digital Electronics

(s b 1 ca -1210)

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

V d 2: Cng 2 s: +5 v +7(mu 8 bit) theo b 1.
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12

(510)
(710)

0 0 0 0 1 1 0 02

(1210)

V d 3: Cng 2 s: -10 v +5(mu 8 bit) theo b 1.

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02

Digital Electronics

(-1010)
(+510)
(-510)
Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

V d 4: Cng 2 s: +10 v -5(mu 8 bit) theo b 1.
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 02
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02

Bit trn + 1
0000 0101

(+1010)
(-510)

(+510)

b. Php tr: thc hin php tr, ly b 1

ca s tr, sau thc hin cc bc nh php
cng.
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

1.3.2.1 Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 2:
a. Php cng:
- Ta biu din cc s theo PP b 2.
- Thc hin nh php cng nh phn bnh thng.
- Trong trng hp c bit trn th bit trn c
b i.
V d 1:
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
(s b 2 ca-1110)
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 12
(s b 2 ca -710)
Cng 2 s: -11 v -7
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02
(mu 8 bit) theo b 2.

Bit trn

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02
Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m

(s b 2 ca -1810)

1.4 Mt s php ton

V d 2: Cng 2 s: +11 v +7(mu 8 bit) theo b 2.
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 02

(1110)
(710)
(1810)

V d 3: Cng 2 s: +11 v -7(mu 8 bit) theo b 2.

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 12
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02

Bit trn b
0000 0100
Digital Electronics

(+1110)
(-710)

(+410)
Chng 1: H m

1.4 Mt s php ton

V d 4: Cng 2 s: -11 v +7(mu 8 bit) theo b 2.
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 02

(-1110)
(+710)
(-410)

b. Php tr: thc hin php tr, ly b 2

ca s tr, sau thc hin cc bc nh php
cng.

Digital Electronics

Chng 1: H m