CHAPTER 1 The Dawn of the Quantum Theory PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 4-1. Radiation in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum 1s usually described in terms of wavelength, 2, and is given in nanometers (10 m). Calculate the values of v, 3, and E for ultraviolet radiation with A = 200 nm and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11 vi Hz 108 tot 10 10! 10! 10" 0! 10%” 10? 10% Microwaves Radio shortwave rauio & X rays yay tw = ee ee 10” 10°10” 1 107 10* 10" 10°? 10° 10°'* Alm FIGURE 1.11 “The regions of electromagnetic radiation. 2.998 x m-s_ spins 1.50 x 10 Hz 200 x 10 m 1 ————— = 5.00 x 10° cm" 200 x 107 em eee 626 % 10-** F5)(2.998 > 108 m-s" - a — 93 x 10° 3 200 x 10 m ey “These results correspond to those expected when considering Figure 1.11 Radiation in the infrared region is often expressed in terms of wave numbers, # = 1/2. A ypi value of # in this region is 10° em~!. Calculate the values of », 2, and E for radiation with = 10° cm“ and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11. 3x 10" Hz = (2,998 x 108 m-s~")(1 x 10° m I 1x 10° m E = hv = (6.626 x 10™ J-s)(3 x 10" Hz) = 2 x 107° 1x 10m Again, we can predict these results from Figure 1.11.d d (8mhe 1 aeOl= 5 (Sam) -5 ltd 0 = 8xhe | = - + =“. oe [wn D Bie - | xe! =5(¢—1) To solve, we iterate and find x = hc/hgukyT = 4.965, oF 4,,,.7 = 2.90 x 107 m-K. maak 1-6. At what wavelength does the maximum in the radiant energy density distribution function fo blackbody occur if (a) T = 300 K? (b) T = 3000 K? (c) T = 10000 K? From Equation 1.4, 2.90 x 107 m-K a. Raggy = POO K = 9.67 x 10-0 oo 300K * 2.90 x 107 m-K b. = = 7 dou = SK 9.67 x 107 m 2.90 x 1079 m-K ms 10000 K Eee ee eee enna ee eee enna ee eee aces ee Eee en Eaz ee EaweDE owen es HoDee ents ones ones eseatenestaneaes 1-7. Sirius. one of the hottest known ctars, has approximately a hlackhody spect 4 260 nm. Estimate the surface temperature of Sirius. = 2.90 x 107 m From Equation 1.4, K oO ei i x STF [ogy Never eee 1-8. The fireball in a thermonuclear explosion can reach temperatures of approximately 10” K. Wh value of A... does this correspond to? In what region of the spectrum is this wavelength found ( Figure 1.11)? From Equation 1.4, 2.90 x 107 m-K Saag ma a iaeIOSReeee ceases A, This corresponds to the X-ray region in the electromagnetic spectrum. eS 1-9. Calculate the energy of a photon for a wavelength of 100 pm (about one atomic diameter),Chapter 1 1-3. Past the infrared region, in the direction of lower energies, is the microwave region. In this region, radiation is usually characterized by its frequency, v, expressed in units of megahertz (MHz), where the unit, hertz (Fz), is a cycle per second. A typival microwave frequency is 2.0 x 10* MIIz. Calculate the values of v, A, and E for this radiation and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11. Lx 10 He 2.0 x 108 Me (+ Yate! ( 1 MHz ¢ _ 2.998 x 10" ms"! b> 20% 10% 5" hy = (6.626 x 10~* J-s)(2.0 x 10" ) 2.0 x 10" s* 1.5 x 107 m 3x10?) ‘This is illustrated in Figure 1.11 1-4. Planck’s principal assumption was that the energies of the electronic oscillators can have only the values £ = nhy and that AE = hv. As v —> 0,then AE — and E isessentially continuous, Thus, ‘we should expect the nonclassical Planck distribution to go over to the classical Rayleigh-Jeans distribution at low frequencies, where A —> 0. Show that Equation 1.2 reduces to Equation 1.1 as v > . (Recall that e* = 1 +x -+ (27/2!) +--+, oF, in other words, that e* © I +x when x is small.) 8h vidv (1.2) 8rv"k,Tdv which is the classical Rayleigh-Jeans distribution (Equation 1.1). 1-5. Before Planck’s theoretical work on blackbody radiation, Wien showed empirically that (Equation 1.4) 2.90 x 10° mK Yaa T where A, is the wavelength at which the blackbody spectrum has its maximum value at a temperature T. This expression is called the Wien displacement law; derive it from Planck's theoretical expression for the blackbody distribution by differentiating Equation 1.3 with respect 102. Hint: Sct hc/AgackyT = x and derive the intermediate result e~* + (x/5) = 1. This problem cannot be solved for x analytically but must be solved numerically. Solve it by iteration on a hand calculator, and show that x = 4.965 is the solution. The Planck distribution law for blackbody radiation is Sthe da 3)E be _ (6.626 x 10 5s) (2.998 10 m Soa 19s 1x10 m 1-10. Express the Planck distribution law in terms of A (and dX) by using the relationship 2» 80h vidv pI dv = Ser -cd}./22, Substituting, we obtain Brh_ —c'dd Tyan = Sh __—edn PD = “sag Hy We know that vA. Brhc dh Ss RT where we have dropped the negative sign for convenience. It occurs because dv and dd have opposite signs. 1-11, Calculate the number of photons in a 2.00 mJ light pulse at (a) 1.06 zm, (b) 537 nm, and (© 266 nm. _ 6.626 x 10-** J-s)(2.998 x 108 ~ 1.06 x 10m 1.87 x 10°"? J. photon’ Since 2,00 mJ of energy are contained in the light pulse, 2.00 x 107 J T7105 phoron™ 1.07 x 10" photons Number of photons Parts (b) and (c) are done in the same manner to find b. 5.41 x 10" photons €. 2.68 x 10" photons SSS 1-12. The mean temperature of the Earth’s surface is 288 K. Calculate the wavelength at the maximum of the Earth’s blackbody radiation. What part of the spectrum does this wavelength correspond to? From Equation 1.4, a = 290x107 mK mm 288K This 1s in the infrared region of the spectrum, —.4j 1-13. A helium-neon laser (used in supermarket scanners) emits light at 632.8 nm. Calculate the frequency of this light. What is the energy of a photon generated by this laser? 1.01 x 10° m‘The Dawe ofthe Quantum Theor, he _ (6.626 x 10 J-s) (2.998 x 108 m-s') x 632.8 x 107 m = 3.139 x 10-73 1-14. The power output of a laser is measured in units of watts (W), where one watt is equal to one joule per second. (1 W = 1 J-s') What is the number of photons emitted per second by a 1.00 mW nitrogen laser? The wavelength emitted by a nitrogen laser is 337 nm. hve x (6.626 x 10° J-s)(2.998 x 10® m-s") 337 = 10 = 5.89 x 10°" J - photon” 1 5.89 10” F- photor 1.00 x 105 Fes 1.70 x 10" photon: 1-15. A household lightbulb is a blackbody radiator. Many light bulbs use tungsten filaments that are heated by an electric current. What temperature is necded 80 that 2,4, = 550 nm? From Equation 1.4, 2.90 x 10-3 m-K __ 2.90 x 10° mK 2, 350 x 107 m = 5300K 1-16. The threshold wavelength for potassium metal is 564 nm. What is its work function? What is the kinetic energy of electrons ejected if radiation of wavelength 410 nm is used? We will use Equation 1.7 to find @ and then use Equation 1.6 to find the kinetic energy. a a £ = 2998 10% m: 0 de 564 x 10°? m bahy, = (6.626 « 107 J-s) (5.32 x 10 Hz) =3.52 x 10° 5.32 x 10" Hz KE=hv—g =" =hv-o=—— x? _ (6.626 x 10 J-s) (2.998 x 10" ms! 410 x1 = 132x107 3.52 x 10°F1-17. Given that the work function of chromium is 4.40 eV, calculate the kinetic energy of electrons emitted from a chromium surface that is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 200 nm. 1.602 » 10°15 TeV he _ (6.626 x 10 J-s) (2.998 x 10% m-s“') 200 x 10 m onsavev ( ) ros 103 = 7.05 x 107° J = 2.88 x 10-7 1-18, When a clean surface of silver is irradiated with Tight of wavelength 230 nm, the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is found to be 0.805 eV. Calculate the work function and the threshold frequency of silver. From Equation 1.6, he @ = hv —KE =" —KE (6.626 x 10 J-s) (2.998 x 10° m-s') (: 602 x a) =e 0.805 ev (EXO 230 x 107 m ° TeV = 8.64 x 10° J 1.29 x 10" J = 7.35 x 10 From Equation 1.7, 7.38 x 10-7) h 6,626 x 10 J = 111 x 10" Hz 1-19. Some data for the kinetic energy of ejected electrons as a fanction of the wavelength of the. incident radiation for the photoelectron effect for sodium metal are Mom 100 = 200300 400 500 KEev | 101 394 188 0842 0.222 Plot these data to obtain a straight line, and calculate h from the slope of the line and the work function ¢ from its intercept with the horizontal axis.