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Chapter 3: Calculations and The Chemical Equation
Chapter 3: Calculations and The Chemical Equation
Mole
One mole is defined as 6.022 X 1023.
This refers to one mole of anything, eggs,
paperclips, atoms. One mole of anything
is 6.022 X 1023 items. Much like one
dozen of something is 12.
This number, 6.022 X 1023 is called
Avogadros number, named after the
scientist who conducted a series of
experiments leading to the mole concept.
For example:
The atomic mass of oxygen is 16.00 amu.
And
One mole of oxygen atoms (6.022 X 1023
oxygen atoms) has a mass of 16.00 grams
Another example
The atomic mass of iron (Fe) is 55.85
amu.
And
One mole of iron atoms (6.022 X 1023
oxygen atoms) has a mass of 55.85 grams
Molar mass
The mass of one mol (mole) of atoms in
grams
Note
One mole of atoms of any element
contains 6.022 X 1023 atoms, regardless of
the type of element.
The mass of one mole of an element
depends on what that element is, and is
equal to the atom mass of that element in
grams.
This means
There are several conversions regarding
atoms, moles, and mass
Homework Assignment # 10
Read p. 119-123.
As you read, complete exercises 1-6.
When you are done reading, answer
problems 23-36 on p. 146-147
Chapter 4: Calculations
and the Chemical Equation
Section 4.2: The Chemical
Formula, Formula Weight, and
Molar Mass
Chemical Formula
A combination of symbols of the various
elements that make up the compound.
Formula Unit
The smallest amount of atoms that
provides the following information
Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of the compound or
the formula weight in grams.
Examples
Chapter 4: Calculations
and the Chemical Equation
Section 3: The Chemical
Equation and the Information it
Conveys
Chemical equation
The shorthand notation for a chemical
reaction, where one substance changes
chemically into another substance.
An example: burning sugar
Reactants
The starting materials that undergo a
chemical change
Products
The ending materials that are produced by
a chemical reaction.
Most importantly
The chemical equation identifies the
relative number of moles of reactants and
products.
Reactants
are on the
left of the
arrow.
The arrow
indicates the
reaction
occurs in one
direction.
l
would
indicat
e the
substa
nce
were a
liquid.
g indicates
the
substance is
a gas
Combination reactions
Decomposition reactions
Replacement reactions
Combination reactions
Involve the joining or combining of two or
more compounds
The general form of the reaction is
A + B AB
Combination reactions
Examples include:
Decomposition Reactions
Reactions that produce two or more
products from a single reactant.
The general form for the reaction is
AB A + B
Decomposition reactions
Examples include
Replacement ReactionsSingle
Replacement
Single replacement reactions is where one
atom replaces another in the compound
The general formula is
A + BC AC + B
Replacement Reactions
Examples include
The replacement of copper by zinc in
copper sulfate forming zinc sulfate
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) Zn SO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Replacement ReactionsDouble
Replacement
Two compounds that switch atoms with
each other
The general formula is
AB + CD AD + CB
Replacement ReactionsDouble
Replacement
Examples include
The formation of salt and water with the
reaction of a base and an acid
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
Precipitation reactions
Acid-base reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Precipitation reactions
A chemical change that produces an
insoluble product that will form a solid.
Usually the solid can be seen falling out
of the solution, hence, called precipitation.
At other times the solid makes the solution
turn from clear to cloudy.
Solubility predictions
Na, K, and ammonium compounds are generally soluble.
Nitrates and acetates are generally soluble
Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are generally soluble. However,
iodine compounds that contain lead, silver, and mercury are
insoluble.
Carbonates and phosphates are generally insoluble. Sodium,
potassium, and ammonium carbonates and phosphates are soluble.
Hydroxides and sulfides are generally insoluble. Sodium,
potassium, calcium, and ammonium compounds are however
soluble.
Acid-base Reactions
This involves an acid combining with a
base to form a salt.
An example would be
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
Chapter 4: Calculations
and the Chemical Equation
Section 4: Balancing Chemical
Equations
since
The number of atoms in a molecule cannot
be changed (it would make an entirely
different compound)
coefficients
(whole numbers that show the numbers of
entire molecules) are used to balance a
chemical equation
1 mole Ca
1 mole Ca
1 mole C
1 mole C
3 moles of O
3 moles of O
1 mole H
2 mole H
1 mole Cl
2 moles Cl
1 mole Ca
1 mole Ca
On the product
side:
2 moles of H
1 mole of O
4 moles of H
2 moles of O
Chapter 4: Calculations
and the Chemical Equation
Section 4.5: Calculations Using
the Chemical Equation
= 0.207 moles
1 mole of
CaO has a
mass of
56.06 grams
= 56.00 grams
Theoretical yield
The maximum amount of product that
could be produced determined by
calculations using the chemical equation.
Percent yield
The ratio of the actual and theoretical
yields determined by the formula
%yield = actual yield X 100%
Theoretical yield
Example:
2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl2(s) + H2(g)
Assume the theoretical yield of CaCl2 in
this equation were 30 g. If the actual
yield of CaCl2 were 25 g, calculate the
percentage yield.
25 g X 100 = 83.3%
30g
Homework Assignment
p. 147-148 Exercises 85-104 (odd)