Chng I. Tng quan v mng ni ht v tuyn WLAN....................................................

2
1.1 S cn thit ca mng WLAN...................................................................................2
1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca mng WLAN.......................................................................4
1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mng WLAN.............................................................................5
1.3.1 Cc card giao din mng v tuyn......................................................................5
1.3.2 Cc im truy nhp v tuyn..............................................................................5
1.3.3 Cc cu ni v tuyn t xa..................................................................................6
1.4 Kin trc giao thc WLAN.......................................................................................6
1.5 Cu hnh WLAN........................................................................................................7
1.6 Phn loi mng WLAN..............................................................................................9
1.6.1 Cc LAN v tuyn..............................................................................................9
1.6.1.1 Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)................................................................10
1.6.1.2 Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)..........................................................................12
1.6.1.3 So snh cc mng WLAN DSSS v FHSS................................................13
1.6.1.3.1 Dung lng ton mng.......................................................................13
1.6.1.3.2 S loi b nhiu..................................................................................14
1.6.1.3.3 Cc xung t.......................................................................................14
1.6.1.4 Cm bin sng mang.................................................................................15
1.6.2 Cc mng LAN hng ngoi..............................................................................16
1.6.3 Cc mng LAN trc tip v khuych tn.........................................................17
1.6.4 Cc c tnh ca cc mng LAN hng ngoi...................................................18

Chng I. Tng quan v mng ni ht v tuyn WLAN

1.1 S cn thit ca mng WLAN
Cc mng LAN kt nt cc my tnh, cc file server, cc my in v cc thit
b mng khc s dng cp. Cc mng ny cho php ngi s dng trao i thng
tin vi nhau qua th in t v truy nhp cc chng trnh ng dng a ngi s
dng v cc c s d liu dng chung. kt ni ti mt mng LAN, thit b
ngi s dng phi c kt ni vt l ti mt li ra hay mt khe cm c nh, v
th m to ra mt mng c t hoc nhiu nt c nh. Vic di chuyn t mt v tr
ny n mt v tr khc cn phi ngt kt ni khi mng LAN v thc hin ti kt
ni mt v tr mi. Vic m rng mng LAN bt buc phi lp t thm cp, qu
trnh ny tn nhiu thi gian, chim nhiu khng gian hn v tng ng k chi ph
ban u. Cc nhn t ny lm cho mng LAN hu tuyn c chi ph cao v kh
khn khi lp t, bo dng v nht l khi sa cha.
Cc mng WLAN em li li ch cho ngi s dng di ng v cho qu trnh
trin khai mng linh hot trong cc mng tnh ton ni ht. Khi di ng, ngi s
dng di chuyn gia cc v tr khc nhau trong mi trng mng LAN m khng
lm mt kt ni. Mt im thun li ca WLAN l kh nng linh hot trong vic
cu hnh li hoc b sung nt mi vo mng m khng phi quy hoch li mng v
khng mt chi ph cho vic ti lp t cp, v vy m lm cho vic nng cp trong
tong lai tr nn n gin v khng tn km. Kh nng i ph vi cc thnh
phn ca mt mng LAN ng c to ra bi cc ngi s dng di ng v cc
thit b tnh ton cm tay l mt yu t quan trng khc cn xem xt n khi la
chn mt mng WLAN. V th, vic s dng rng ri cc my tnh xch tay v cc
thit b k thut s c nhn cm tay dn ti mc ph thuc cng tng ln vo
cc mng WLAN trong nhng nm gn y. Hin nay c khong 40 sn phm
WLAN c mt trn th trng. Con s ny c mong ch l cn tng hn na vi
s xut hin gn y ca cc chun WLAN HIPERLAN v IEEE 802.11.
Mng WLAN khc vi cc mng v tuyn din rng ch qu trnh truyn
thng tin s bng v tuyn t bo hoc v tuyn gi. V cc h thng ny ph sng
khong cch ln, chng i hi c s h tng t tin, chng cho php cc tc
d lu thp v yu cu ngi s dng tr tin theo thi gian s dng rng
bng thng hoc vic s dng c s. Tuy nhin trong nh hoc khu vc a l b
gii hn cc mng WLAN khng yu cu chi ph s dng v cho php tc s
liu cao hn.

Hnh 1.1: Cu hnh mt mng WLAN in hnh

Cc mng WLAN cho php tc d liu cao hn 1Mbps v thng c s
dng truyn d liu gia cc my tnh trong mt to nh. Vi kh nng qung
b, cc mng WLAN cng cho php thc hin cc dch v pht qung b v dch
v truyn t im ti a im mc d cc dch v ny phi c bo v trnh khi
cc truy nhp tri php. Trong cu hnh ca mt mng WLAN in hnh (Hnh
1.1), mt thit b pht/ thu (b thuh pht) gi l im truy nhp kt ni ti mt
mng hu tuyn t mt v tr c nh. im truy cp thc hin thu, lu m v
pht cc gi s liu gia mng WLAN v c s h tng mng hu tuyn. Mt
im truy cp ring l c th h tr mt nhm cc nt di ng v c th thc hin
chc nng trong phm vi vi trm mt. Anten gn vi im truy nhp thng c
t cao nhng cng c th c t bt c ch no c th c min l m bo
c vng ph sng theo yu cu. Cc thit b u cui ngi s dng trao i
thng tin vi im truy nhp qua cc b thch ng WLAN, cc b thch ng ny
c thc hin nh l cc card PC trong cc my tnh xch tay, cc card PCI hoc
cc card ISA trong cc my tnh bn hoc cc thit b tch hp ton b trong cc
my tnh cm tay (cc thit b h tr c nhn k thut s, cc my tnh c nhn
cm tay dng bt iu khin) v cc my in. Cc b thch ng WLAN cung cp
mt giao din gia h iu hnh mng khch v ng kt ni v tuyn thng qua
mt anten. iu ny cho php cc dc tnh vt l ca kt ni v tuyn tr thnh
trong sut i vi h iu hnh mng. Cc mng WLAN s dng cc thit b my
tnh di ng c gi l cc mng LAN khng dy. Thut ng khng dy nhn
mnh thc t rng cc mng LAN ny b i dy ngun cng nh cp mng.

1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca mng WLAN

Lch s pht trin ca cc mng WLAN c s lc qua 3 th h:

 Th h u: Hot ng ti cc bng tn 900-928 MHz (bng tn

ISM), vi tc thp hn 860Kbps. Do hn ch v bng tn (nhiu ng
dng v tuyn khc tng chy trn bng tn ny) nn cc cng ngh giai
on ny khng pht trin mnh.
Th h th hai: Hot ng ti bng tn 2,4-2,483 GHz, tc t 2
Mbps, s dng k thut tri ph v ghp knh nhng cng b hn ch v
bng tn
Th h th ba: Hot ng ti cc bng tn 2,4 GHz (s dng cc
phng php iu ch phc tp hn) t tc 11 Mbps, 5 GHz v 17
GHz, tc ln ti 54 Mbps.
860 Kbps

Speed

c
quyn
Proprietary

Network

900 MHz

Radio

1986

1 &12&Mbps
2 Mbps

1988

1990

Theo tiu chun

2.4 GHz

1992

11 Mbps

1994

2.4 GHz

1996

IEEE 802.11
c ph
chun
1998

2000

2002

Hnh 1.2: Qu trnh pht trin ca mng WLAN

Cc t chc tiu chun ln nh IEEE v ETSI lin tc a ra v cp nht cc
tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11, v HIPERLAN ca mnh.
Di tn
u
im

Nhc
im

900 MHz
Vng ph sng
rng hn, s dng
cho cc mng
LAN trong nh

2.4 GHz
- c s dng rng ri
hin nay
- Theo chun IEEE
802.11
- Tc d liu cao hn
(khong 10 Mbps)
- Tc d liu - Vng ph sng gn hn
ti a l 1 Mbps
- Di bng tn ngy cng
- Bng thng hp ng c
- Di bng tn
ng c

5 GHz
- c trn th
trng
- Theo chun IEEE
802.11
- Tc d liu cao
(khong 20 Mbps)
- Vng ph sng
gn nht
- Chi ph cho cc
thit b v tuyn cao
hn

1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mng WLAN

Cc thnh phn ca mng WLAN bao gm cc card giao din mng v
tuyn, cc im truy nhp v tuyn, v cc cu ni v tuyn t xa.

1.3.1 Cc card giao din mng v tuyn

Cc card giao din mng v tuyn khng khc nhiu so vi cc card thch
ng s dng cho mng LAN hu tuyn. Ging nh cc card thch ng mng hu
tuyn, card giao din mng v tuyn trao i thng tin vi h iu hnh mng
thng qua mt trnh iu khin dnh ring, v th m cho php cc ng dng s
dng mng v tuyn cho qu trnh truyn d liu. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh cc
card thch ng ca mng hu tuyn, cc card ny khng cn bt k dy cp no
kt ni chng ti mng v iu ny cho php ti lp t cc nt mng m khng
cn chuyn i cp mng hoc thay i cc kt ni ti cc bng mch hoc cc b
tp trung (hub).

1.3.2 Cc im truy nhp v tuyn

Cc im truy nhp to ra cc vng ph v tuyn, cc vng ny kt ni cc
nt di ng ti cc c s h tng mng hu tuyn hin c. iu ny cho php mt
mng WLAN tr thnh mt phn m rng ca mng hu tuyn. Bi v cc im
truy nhp cho php kh nng m rng mt vng ph sng v tuyn, cc mng
WLAN l rt n nh v cc im truy nhp b sung c th c trin khai trong
mt to nh hay khun vin trng i hc nhm to ra cc vng truy nhp v
tuyn rng ln. Cc im truy nhp khng nhng cho php qu trnh truyn thng
vi mng hu tuyn m cn thc hin lc lu lng v thc hin cc chc nng
cu ni tiu chun. Chc nng lc gip cho vic o trn kt ni v tuyn bng
vic xo b lu lng d tha. Do ghp i khng i xng gia phng tin
truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn, nn iu quan trng i vi im truy nhp
l cn c mt b m thch hp v cc ti nguyn b nh. Cc b m l cn thit
cho vic lu tr cc gi d liu ti im truy nhp khi mt nt di ng tm thi di
chuyn ra khi mt vng ph v tuyn hoc khi mt nt di ng hot ng ch
cng sut thp.
Cc im truy nhp truyn thng vi nhau qua mng hu tuyn qun l
cc nt di ng. Mt im truy nhp khng cn phi iu khin truy nhp t cc
nt di ng a thnh phn khc, (tc l n c th hot ng vi mt giao thc truy
nhp ngu nhin phn b nh l CDMA chng hn). Tuy nhin, mt giao thc a
truy nhp tp trung ho c iu khin bi mt im truy nhp c c mt s
thun li. Cc tu chn giao din mng hu tuyn ni chung ti mt im truy
nhp bao gm 10Base2, 10BaseT, modem cp, modem ADSL v ISDN. Mt s
card giao din mng v tuyn c th s dng kt hp vi cc im truy nhp v
tuyn.

Hnh 1.3: im truy nhp v tuyn

1.3.3 Cc cu ni v tuyn t xa
Cc cu ni v tuyn t xa tng t nh cc im truy nhp ngoi tr vic
chng c s dng ch yu cho cc kt ni bn ngoi. Tu thuc vo khong
cch v vng ph, c th c thm cc anten ngoi. Cc cu nh vy c thit k
lin kt cc mng vi nhau, c bit l trong cc to nh v khong cch xa
khong 32 km. Chng cho php kh nng la chn nhanh chng v kinh t so vi
vic lp t cp hoc trin khai cc ng in thoi dng ring v thng c
s dng khi cc kt ni hu tuyn truyn thng l khng kh thi (chnh hn khi
trin khai qua sng sui, qua a hnh g gh, qua cc khu vc ring, qua ng
cao tc). Khng ging nh cc kt ni bng cp v cc mch in thoi dnh
ring, cc cu ni v tuyn c kh nng lc lu lng v m bo rng cc mng
c kt ni khng b chng ln bi cc lu lng khng cn thit. Cc cu ni
ny cng c th lm vic nh l cc thit b an ninh ni b bi v chng ch c
cc a ch c m ho vo trong cc b thch ng LAN (tc l cc a ch
MAC), v vy m ngn chn thnh cng cc qu trnh truyn thng gi mo.

1.4 Kin trc giao thc WLAN

Cc mng WLAN khc vi cc mng hu tuyn truyn thng c bn lp
vt l v phn lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) ca m hnh tham
kho cc h thng m OSI. Nhng khc bit ny to ra hai phng php cung cp
im giao din vt l cho cc mng WLAN. Nu im giao din vt l lp iu
khin lin kt logic LLC, phng php ny thng yu cu mt trnh iu khin
ngi dng h tr cc phn mm mc cao hn nh l h iu hnh mng chng
hn. Mt giao din nh vy cho php cc nt di ng truyn thng trc tip vi
mt nt khc s dng cc card giao din mng v tuyn. Mt im giao din logic
khc phn lp MAC v c s dng bi cc kt ni v tuyn. V l do ny, cc
im truy nhp v tuyn thc hin cc chc nng cu ni v cc chc nng khng
nh tuyn. Mc d mt giao din MAC i hi mt kt ni hu tuyn, n vn cho

php bt c mt h iu hnh mng no hoc mt trnh iu khin no lm vic

vi mng WLAN. Mt giao din nh vy cho php mt mng LAN hu tuyn
hin c c th c m rng d dng bng vic cung cp kh nng truy nhp cho
cc thit b mng v tuyn mi. Kin trc giao thc ca mt giao din mng
WLAN in hnh c cho trn Hnh 1.4. Cc lp thp hn ca mt card giao din
v tuyn thng c thc hin bng phn mm chy trn cc b x l nhng.
Cc lp cao hn ca nhn xp giao thc mng c cung cp bi h iu hnh v
cc chng trnh ng dng. Mt trnh iu khin mng cho php h iu hnh giao
tip vi phn mm lp thp hn c nhng trong cc card giao din mng v
tuyn. Ngoi ra, n cn thc thi cc chc nng LLC chun. i vi h iu hnh
Window, trnh iu khin ni chung ch tng thch vi mt s phin bn ca c
tnh ca giao din trnh iu khin mng. Cc trnh iu khin da trn Unix
Linux v Apple cng c mt.
Ngn xp giao thc v tuyn

Ngn xp giao Ngn xp giao thc v

thc hu tuyn
tuyn

Lp cc ng dng

Lp
iu
khin truy
nhp
mi
trng
(802.3,
802.5)
Lp vt l hu
tuyn

Lp vn hnh mng/ h thng

truyn ti (TCP/IP)
Lp iu khin lin kt logic
Lp iu khin truy nhp mi
trng
Lp vt l v tuyn
Card giao din mng

Lp iu khin truy
nhp mi trng (c
phn mnh ho, ti kt
hp, ng k, iu
khin li)
Lp vt l v tuyn

im truy nhp

Hnh 1.4: Kin trc giao thc ca cc thnh phn WLAN

Trong Hnh 1.4, cc lp gm: lp ng dng. lp vn hnh mng/ h thng
truyn ti (TCP/IP), lp iu khin lin kt logic thuc v h iu hnh v trnh
iu khin; cc lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng, lp vt l logic thuc v
phn mm my tnh.

1.5 Cu hnh WLAN

Cc mng WLAN thng c hai kiu cu hnh mng hay cn gi l topo
mng, chng bao gm cu hnh c lp v cu hnh c s nh c miu t tng
ng trn Hnh 1.5 v Hnh 1.6. Cu hnh c lp h tr kt ni im ti im
(peer-to-peer) ni m cc nt di ng truyn thng trc tip vi nhau s dng cc
b thch ng v tuyn. Bi v cc mng c lp c th c thc hin mt cch
nhanh chng v n gin, chng thng c to ra m khng cn cc cng c
hay k nng c bit no. Chng cng khng cn thc hin vic qun tr mng.

Nhng cu hnh mng kiu nh vy l l tng p ng cc yu cu trong kinh

doanh hoc trong vic thit lp cc nhm lm vic tm thi. Tuy nhin, chng
cng gp phi nhiu bt li khi vng ph sng b gii hn. Mt im truy nhp c
th m rng phm vi ca hai mng WLAN c lp bng cch hot ng nh mt
b lp, nhn i mt cch hiu qu khong cch gia cc nt di ng.

Hnh 1.5: Mng WLAN c lp (mng ad-hoc)

Hnh 1.6: Mng WLAN c s

Cc mng WLAN c cu hnh c s cho php cc nt di ng c th c
tch hp vo trong mt mng hu tuyn (xem Hnh 1.6). Qu trnh chuyn i t
cc phng tin v tuyn sang cc phng tin hu tuyn phi thng qua mt
im truy nhp. Vic thit k mt mng WLAN c th c n gin ho mt
cch ng k nu cc thng tin v mng v cc hiu bit cn thit qun l mng
c thu thp ti cng mt v tr. Mt im truy nhp c nh v chnh gia c
th iu khin v phn quyn truy nhp gia cc nt ang c tranh chp, cho php
truy nhp d dng ti mng ng trc, d dng thhc hin gn a ch v cc mc

u tin, thun li trong vic qun l qu trnh chuyn i cc gi d liu, v theo

di c ng i ca cu hnh mng hin thi. Tuy nhin, mt giao thc a truy
nhp tp trung ho khng cho php mt nt truyn thng tin trc tip ti mt nt
khc m nt ny ang c nh v trong vng ph sng ca cng im truy nhp
y (xem Hnh 1.7). Trong trng hp ny, mt gi d liu s phi c truyn i
hai ln (ln u t nt ngun v ln sau l t im truy nhp) trc khi n i ti
nt ch, qu trnh ny lm gim hiu qu truyn dn v lm tng tr truyn sng.
Tuy nhin, cc h thng nh vy ni chung thng cho php nng sut truyn d
liu ln hn, cc vng ph sng ln hn, v c kh nng cung cp lu lng theo
thi gian bao gm video v thoi. Ngoi ra, mt im truy nhp c nh v c k
hoch cng c th ti thiu ho cng sut truyn dn v gii quyt cc vn v
nt n mt cch hiu qu. Lu rng hu ht cc mng WLAN s dng giao thc
phn b nh CSMA dng cho a truy nhp, cc nt trong mng c s c th
truyn thng trc tip vi cc nt khc. Tuy nhin, mt vi mng WLAN c s
yu cu qu trnh truyn dn gi phi c nh a ch duy nht ti im truy
nhp ngay c khi CSMA c chp nhn. im truy nhp sau s chuyn tip
gi ti ng nt ch.

Hnh 1.7: Mng WLAN c s c iu khin tp trung

1.6 Phn loi mng WLAN

Cc mng WLAN c th c phn loi thnh mng LAN v tuyn v LAN
hng ngoi. Cc LAN v tuyn c th c da trn qu trnh truyn dn bng
hp hay truyn dn tri ph trong khi cc LAN hng ngoi c th l khuych
tn hay c nh hng. Di y cp n cc loi c bn ca cc mng LAN
v tuyn v hng ngoi c nh gi im mnh cng nh im yu ca mi loi.

1.6.1 Cc LAN v tuyn

a s cc h thng mng WLAN s dng cng ngh tri ph. Khi nim v
tri ph xut hin hn 50 nm v c khi xng t trong quc phng m
bo cho truyn thng tin cy v an ton. Tri ph cp n cc s tn hiu da

trn mt s dng m ho (iu ny c lp thng tin c pht i) v chng s

dng rng hn nhiu so vi yu cu truyn tn hiu. rng hn c ngha l
nhiu v cc hiu ng fading a ng ch nh hng n mt phn nh ca mt
qu trnh truyn dn truyn ph. V vy m nng lng tn hiu thu hu nh khng
i theo thi gian. iu ny ln lt to ra tn hiu m n d dng hn cho vic
tch sng cho cc my thu c ng b vi cc tham s ca tn hiu tri ph.
Cc tn hiu tri ph c th hn ch c nhiu v gy kh khn cho qu trnh tch
sng v thu xen. C hai k thut tri ph: Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) v tri
ph nhy tn (FHSS).

1.6.1.1 Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)

Cc h thng DSSS cho php truyn dn tin cy vi t s tn hiu trn tp m
l tng i nh. DSSS tri rng nng lng (cng sut) ca tn hiu trn trn mt
ln. Nng lng trn mi n v tn s b gim i mt cch tng ng. V vy,
nhiu to ra bi cc h thng DSSS nh hn mt cch ng k khi so snh vi cc
h thng bng hp. iu ny cho php cc tn hiu DSSS dng chung cng mt
bng tn. i vi mt my thu khng xc nh trc, cc tn hiu DSSS xut hin
nh l tp m bng rng cng sut thp v c loi b bi hu ht cc b thu
bng hp. Tri li, k thut ny lm gim bt nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu bng
hp bng vic tri rng chng ra pha my thu. DSSS kt hp lung s liu vi
mt m s t cao hn. Mi bit s liu c bin i thnh mt mu bit chung
m ch c my pht v my thu chh nh c bit. Mu bit gi l m gi tp m
v mi bit trong m gi l chip. Thut ng chip c s dng nhn mnh
rng mt bit trong mt m gi tp m to thnh mt phn ca bit s liu tht.
Chui cc chip trong mt chu k chip l ngu nhin nhng mt chui ging nh
vy c lp li trong mi chu k bit, v vy m lm n tr thnh gi ngu nhin
hay l ngu nhin mt phn. Tc chip ca mt m gi tp m n-bit cao hn n
ln tc d liu. Tc cao ca chui chip dn n kt qu l c mt rt rng.
Tiu chun 802.11 s dng m 11-chip, tc chip nhanh hn 11 ln tc s
liu. M gi tp m cng di, kh nng khi phc tn hiu ban u cng ln, nhng
khi s cn ln hn v yu cu tc d liu cao hn. Thng thng rng
bng thng tri ph vo khong hai ln tc chip. V vy, tc chip 11 Mchip/s
chuyn thnh rng bng thng tri ph 22 MHz.
my thu cc chip c gii tri ph bi cng mt m gi tp m v c
bin i ngc li thnh d liu gc. Tuy nhin, nng lng ca tp m v nhiu
c th c thm vo trong qu trnh b tri rng v do bi kh b bi m gi
tp m. Ngoi vic bit c m gi tp m c dng bi my pht th my thu
cng phi c ng b mt cch chnh xc vi pha ng ca m cng nh tc
chip ca n. V vy, cha nng quan trng ca c ch nh thi trong phn m u
ca mt gi DSSS l phi cho php my thu ng b vi pha ng ca m gi tp
m ca mt gi trong thi gian ngn nht c th c. V qu trnh truyn dn cc
gi l khng ng b, nn mi gi DSSS phi c khi u bi phn m u
dnh cho cc mc ch ng b.

Khi m gi ngu nhin c to ra bi my thu c ng b chnh xc vi

tn hiu thu, qu trnh gii tri ph nh cc tr cao nht ca qu trnh t tng
quan cao. Nu m gi ngu nhin c dch i mt hay nhiu khong cch chip,
ta c qu trnh t tng quan thp. Tng t nh vy, tp m v nhiu c th c
thm vo tn hiu thu to ra qu trnh t tng quan thp bi v chng l khng
tng quan vi m gi ngu nhin. iu ny to ra mt nh cc tr n l gia
khong cch mi bit. Khi truyn dn qua ng truyn v tuyn c rt t s tri
tr, thu ng bao sng ca tn hiu thu hoc l c tng cng hoc l b gim
i nhng nh cc tr khng b nh hng. Bi v nh cc tr t tng quan xut
hin nh k, cc my thu DSSS c th kho cc nh cc tr ny mt cch n
gin khi m ho d liu sau khi chng t c qu trnh ng b ho ban u.
iu ny ng rng ngay c mt chip hay nhiu hn cc chip b ph hu trong
qu trnh truyn dn, thuc tnh t tng quan trong tn hiu DSSS c th khi
phc d liu ban u m khng cn yu cu truyn dn li. Ngoi ra, cc nh cc
tr ca nhiu do cc qu trnh phn x t hiu ng a ng hoc l vic truyn
dn mt gi mi c th b loi b lm cho cc nh cc tr ny l khng ng nht
vi cc nh cc tr yu cu. Kh nng chu c cc nh cc tr nhiu l ph
thuc vo qu trnh phn gii thi gian ca tn hiu DSSS. Mt qu trnh phn gii
cao hn yu cu tri ph rng hn nhng li cho php cc nh cc tr nhiu c
th c phn gii d dng hn. Mt my thu DSSS ng b vi mt trong s cc
phn x t hiu ng a ng thu c. Cc phn x khc b tr i hn mt
khong thi gian ca mt chip b suy gim ng k.
Mt tham s quan trng i vi cc h thng DSSS l s lng cc chip trn
mi bit c gi l li x l hay t s tri ph. li x cao lm tng kh
nng loi b nhiu ca tn hiu (bi v nhiu c tri vi cng mt h s nh
li x l). li x l thp lm tng rng bng thng cn thit cho qu trnh
truyn dn tn hiu. M, FCC li x l cc tiu l 10 cho cc bng ISM. Gii
hn trn ca li x l c xc nh bi rng bng thng kh dng. Tiu
chun IEEE 802.11 dng mt m gi tp m 11-chip tri rng d liu 11 ln trc
khi tryn dn, do t c li x l 10,4 dB. li ny l kh nh khi so
snh vi cc h thng t bo tri ph. Do vy, vic kh nhiu b hn ch nhng c
nhiu rng bng thng kh dng hn cho qu trnh truyn dn d liu ngi
dng vi tc cao.
Phng php DSSS c s dng trong cc mng WLAN l khc vi a truy
nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). Phn chia m lin quan n qu trnh truyn
dn cc m gi tp m trc giao c th chng ln v thi gian nhng t hoc khng
nh hng ln nhau. Cc nt khc nhau s dng cc m dnh ring khi pht tn
hiu. i vi mt my thu c iu chnh theo m ca mt qu trnh truyn
dn, cc tn hiu khc (s dng cc m khc) xut hin nh l tp m nn. Trong
qu trnh gii tri ph tp m ny b loi b bi li x l. Mt h thng CDMA
truy cp ngu nhin i hi cc my thu phc tp c th ng b v gii iu ch
tt c cc m gi tp m. Cc mng WLAN dng cng mt m gi tp m v do
khng c mt b m kh dng cn thit cho hot ng ca CDMA. Mt m n

cho php thng tin c qung b mt cch n gin. Ngoi ra, m c th c

lm cho ngn hn, do vy m lm tng rng bng thng cho qu trnh truyn
dn s liu.

1.6.1.2 Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)

FHSS tri ph tn hiu bng cch pht i mt cm ngn trn mt knh tn s
v sau chuyn (nhy) ti mt knh khc trong mt khong thi gian ngn theo
mt mu c xc nh trc m c hai my pht v my thu u c bit.
Khng ging nh DSSS dng nhiu knh tn s ng thi, FHSS dng nhiu knh
tn s mt cch ngu nhin. V cc knh tn s l bng hp nn chng cho php t
s tn hiu trn tp m rt tt v cc b lc bng hp c th c s dng loi
b nhiu. i vi mt my thu khng xc nh, truyn dn DSSS c xem nh
l tp m xung thi gian ngn. Mu nhy tn xc nh cc knh tn s c chn
v th t m cc knh tn s c s dng. ng b gia my pht v my thu
phi c thc hin v c duy tr chng nhy vo cng mt knh tn s ti
cng mt thi im. i vi cc h thng FHSS, li x l c nh ngha l
t s ca ton b rng bng b chim bi cc knh tn s trn rng bng tn
tn hiu.
Thi gian c tr (tc l thi gian mi knh tn s) phi c xc nh r v
FHSS yu cu cc knh phi c chuyn i sau mt khong thi gian nht nh.
S knh tn s trong mt mu nhy v thi gian c tr b hn ch bi hu ht cc
c quan chc nng. V d nh trong bng 2,4 GHz, FCC yu cu s dng nhiu
hn hoc bng 75 knh trong mi mu v thi gian c tr ln nht l 400 ms (tc
l ht 30s cho thi gian c tr ca c 75 knh). m bo rng cc knh kh
dng c la chn ngang nhau trn mc trung bnh, tt c cc knh trong mt
mu nhy phi c s dng ht trc khi cc knh trong mu nhy c s
dng li, v vy m t s nhy nh nht l 75/30 hay 2,5 bc nhy/s. iu ny c
ngha l trong hu ht thi gian, nhiu gi d liu c th c pht i trong
khong thi gian c tr ca ca mt knh tn s trong mt mu nhy. Xem xt qu
trnh truyn dn ca mt gi d liu Ethernet c di ln nht 1518 octet hay
12144 bit. Vi tc s liu 2 Mbps, thi gian truyn dn gi c th xp x 6 ms.
V vy, theo l thuyt c nhiu hn 60 khung Ethernet di cc i c th c
gi i trong khong thi gian c tr 400 ms. V cc ng dng thng thung m s
dng nhiu gi c kch thc ngn hn, nn con s ny tng rt ng k.
T s gia tc nhy v tc s liu dn n kt qu l c hai phng
thc nhy tn FHSS. Khi tc nhy cao hn tc s liu th h thng c gi
l nhy tn nhanh. Ngc li, khi tc nhy thp hn (nh trong v d trn), h
thng c gi l nhy tn chm. Tc nhy c nh hng mnh n hiu nng
ca mt h thng FHSS. Khng ging nh cc h thng bng hp c cp php
hot ng vng ph dnh ring v ni chung khng lin quan n nhiu, cc h
thng nhy tn hot ng trong cc bng tn ISM dng chung v khng c cp
php c th gp nhiu trn mt s knh. i vi cc h thng FHSS chm, iu
ny c kh nng lm mt nhiu gi s liu. Do nhy tn nhanh thng thc

hin tt hn nhy tn chm, ngay c khi c cng mt li x l.Tuy nhin cc

FHSS nhanh l tn km hn khi thc hin v chng yu cu cc b tng hp tn s
rt nhanh.
Cc mu nhy c thit k hu nh l trc giao cc knh tn s trong cc
mu khc nhau hu nh khng gy nhiu vi nhau. Do xc xut xung t gia
cc knh l nh, in hnh l vo khong 1%. Cc bc nhy k tip (gia cc
knh tn s) thng vt qu rng bng kt hp ca ng truyn. Do , nu
nhiu lm gin on qu trnh truyn s liu trn mt bc nhy ring bit, th kh
nng m n nh hng n bc nhy k tip trong mu l nh. i vi cc
FHSS nhy tn nhanh, nhng xung t nh vy thng to ra cc li ngu nhin
m c th sa c bi my thu m khng cn pht li. Tuy nhin, i vi t s
nhy tn chm cho trc trong cc mng WLAN FHSS, cc xung t c th dn
n mt hay nhiu gi b hng m cn phi pht li khi phc s liu b mt.
Khng ging nh cc mng WLAN DSSS s dng cng mt m gi tp m, cc
mng WLAN FHSS c th s dng nhiu hn mt mu nhy tn tng dung
lng mng. Hnh minh ho cc mu nhy khc nhau c th c gn cho cc
vng ph khc nhau c phc v bi cc im truy nhp. tung s dng nhiu
mu nhy l tng ng vi s dng cc m gi tp m khc nhau.

1.6.1.3 So snh cc mng WLAN DSSS v FHSS

V cc h thng DSSS l cc h thng lm trung bnh nhiu trong khi cc h
thng FHSS li da trn c s trnh nhiu, nn mi h thng c nhng im mnh
v im yu ca ring n.
1.6.1.3.1 Dung lng ton mng
Nu so snh cc knh tn s ring l th cc DSSS c tim nng truyn dn
tc cao hn bi v cc knh DSSS rng hn cc knh FHSS. V d nh trong
bng ISM 2,4 GHz, mi knh DSSS chim dng mt rng bng khong 22
MHz trong khi vi FHSS, rng bng ln nht c xc nh l 1 MHz. Mc d
vic tri rng rng bng c yu cu trong cc mng WLAN DSSS, nhng h
thng nh vy sn sng cung cp cc tc s liu v tuyn ln n 11 Mbps trn
mi knh trong khi tc s liu cao nht hin nay ca cc knh FHSS mc 3
Mbps trn mi knh.
Tuy nhin, cc h thng DSSS l khng rng nh cc h thng FHSS.
rng bng rng hn c cp pht cho mi knh DSSS l mt tr ngi v s lng
c t cc knh khng chng ln kh dng hn, iu ny gii hn s lng cc
vng ph v tuyn c lp m chng c th c cng v tr v hot ng m khng
c nhiu. Trong bng tn ISM 2,4 GHz, ti a ch c 3 vng ph DSSS cng v tr.
Mt khc, do c nhiu hn cc knh 1 MHz khng chng ln v do vy c nhiu
mu nhy hn, cc mng WLAN FHSS 2,4 GHz c th h tr n 26 vng ph v
tuyn cng v tr, v vy m cho php dung lng ton b mng ln hn. Tuy
nhin, la chn ny l tn km v yu cu phi c nhiu im truy cp hn.

1.6.1.3.2 S loi b nhiu

Khc bit chnh gia cc mng WLAN DSSS v FHSS 2,4 GHz l trong
FHSS, cc knh tn s trong mt mu nhy c tra ra ton b bng ISM cn
trong DSSS, ch c mt phn ca rng bng ISM c s dng. Do cc
mng WLAN FHSS t b nh hng bi nhiu m nhiu ny c th chim gi ngu
nhin mt phn c nh ca bng tn ISM 2,4 GHz. iu ny c minh ho trong
hnh vi gi s rng c 5 knh tn s c chn cho mt mu nhy tn v mi
knh c thi gian c tr 400 ms. R rng l, cc ngun nhiu bng rng v bt
bin theo thi gian c th lm gim hiu nng ca h thng DSSS nghim trng
hn cc h thng FHSS nhy tn nhanh. Hn na truyn dn FHSS c cng sut
cao hn c th khc phc v lm gim nhng tc ng ca nhiu cng sut thp
hn. Cc h thng DSSS khng th trnh khi nhiu v truyn dn cng sut thp
ca chng khng th p o nhu. Tuy nhin, bi v thi gian ri l kh di, mt
s gi FHSS c th b mt do nhiu.
DSSS c th c ci thin nu thc hin phn tp thi gian do m tn
hiu c pht i c th thu c ti nhiu v tr khc nhau. Ngoi ra, khi hai hay
nhiu hn tn hiu a ng c tch bit v thi gian nhiu hn mt vhu k
chip, chng tr nn c lp vi nhau. a ng truyn c lp ny c th c kt
hp thc hin phn tp ti my thu DSSS, qu trnh ny thc s lm tng cng
hiu nng ca my thu.
1.6.1.3.3 Cc xung t
Xung t trong h thng tri ph c cng mt tc ng nh xung t trong
h thng bng hp. Cc gi lin quan n xung t b loi b v phi c pht li
sau . Khc bit quan trng trong h thng tri ph l xc xut m khi c hai gi
xung t vi nhau th gi vn thu c gi th ba (v d nh gi th ba c th s
dng m gi ngu nhin dch thi gian hay mu nhy tn). V th, nu truyn dn
tri ph c s dng th cc xung t lin quan n cc gi ring l hn l vi
cc khe thi gian c th hay vi cc my thu dng ring.
Ni chung, cc xung t trong c hai h thng DSSS v FHSS t xy ra
thng xuyn hn so vi cc h thng bng hp v kh nng truyn dn gi khng
ng b chnh xc v mt thi gian l rt nh. V vy, khi cc vng ph khc nhau
c cc knh tn s ging nhau chng ln, truyn dn tri ph a thnh phn c th
dn ti cc li ngu nhin nhng khng nht thit l cc xung t ph hu. V d
nh cc my thu DSSS c kh nng thu gi d liu u tin ngay c khi c truyn
dn gi tip theo chng ln v mt thi gian c cng mt m gi tp m. l bi
v cc gi n sau to ra cc x dch thi gian khc nhau (cc pha) ca cng mt
m, khi cc nh cc tr t tng quan ca cng b lch v thi gian. Gi s
rng cc gi A v B c pht n nt C s dng DSSS. Gi B b tr so vi gi A
hn mt chu k chip (xem Hnh). Trong h thng bng hp, bt c hai gi no
chng ln v thi gian u dn n vic ph hu c hai. Thi gian xung t nguy
him l ton b di ca gi d liu. Khi tri ph, thi gian nguy him l kh
ngn in hnh l vo trong khong cc bit mo u ca gi d liu. V vy, nu

nt C ng b thnh cng vi nh cc tr t tng quan ca phn mo du ca

gi A, n s kh kh khn trong vic t hiu chnh cc nh cc tr khc trong
phn cn li ca gi d liu bi v cc nh cc tr xut hin mt cch nh k.
Cc nh cc tr nhiu gi B c th c b qua. V vy, gi B c th c coi l
b mt trong qu trnh truyn nhng khng c xung t no xy ra. y ngm
gi s rng cc nh cc tr t tng quan ca cc gi A v B l khng trng khp
nhau. Bi v y yu cu m gi ngu nhin di bao ton b di ca gi
A nhm m bo rng xung t c gii phng mt khi my thu ng b vi
phn mo u ca n. Nu m ny lp li trong thi gian sng ca gi A, gi B
cng c th lm hng gi A nu cc nh cc tr t tng quan chng ln nhau.
Nu gi A v gi B c nh a ch ti cc nt khc nhau v cc nh cc tr t
tng quan ca cc gi ny khng chng ln nhau, c th gii m c hai gi m
khng b li.
Ging nh cc h thng DSSS, cc h thng FHSS cho php truyn dn a
phin s dng cc thnh phn tr ca cng mt mu nhy tn. Sau qu trnh
truyn dn s c ni li tng t nh cch ca phng php ghp knh phn
chia theo tn s. Cc xung t s ch xy ra nu c hai hay nhiu hn cc nt c
cng mt mu nhy tn dch thi gian.

1.6.1.4 Cm bin sng mang

Hu ht cc mng WLAN s dng cng mt dng cm bin sng mang (hay
hnh ng) ti ni m qu trnh truyn dn b tr hon khi pht hin ra mt qu
trnh truyn dn gi s liu n. i vi cc mng tri ph, mc tiu ca vic cm
bin sng mang l xc nh mt b thu xc nh c bn hay khng hn l
xc nh nu nh c cc gi s liu khc c pht i trong phm vi ca my thu.
Vic ny i hi a ch ca mt gi phi c gii m xc nh ch n chnh
xc. Bt li l ch cc mng WLAN tri ph khng gii m a ch ca gi khi
thc hin cm bin sng mang. V d, trong cc h thng DSSS, cm bin sng
mang thng c thc hin bng cch gim st mc nhiu hay kim tra s xut
hin ca cc nh cc tr t tng quan ca m gi ngu nhin chung. Theo
phng php ny cm bin sng mang dn n vic vic hu nh khng loi b
c cc qua trnh truyn dn gi khng chng ln (nhng c nhiu). Mc d c
th l cm bin trong cc h thng tri khng phc v cho bt k mc ch no
nu nh trng thi ca ch n xc nh trc l khng c bit, n cho php
mt nt truyn dn d liu tc cao. Nu cc nh cc tr t tng quan a
thnh phn c kt hp trong cng mt qu trnh truyn dn, th sau cc v tr
ca cc nh cc tr ny c th c s dng i din cho nhiu bit thng tin
hn m khng yu cu tng rng bng thng. i vi m gi ngu nhin 11-bit,
c ti 4 nh cc tr dch thi gian c th hot ng ng thi, v vy cung cp tc
d liu tng gp 4 ln cho mt nt n c mt cht tng cng thu ng bao
sng. Cc m gi ngu nhn ngn c s dng lp i lp li trong khi truyn dn
gi cho php cm bin sng mang trong cc h thng DSSS c th c tin hnh
nhanh chng hn v ti bt k im no trong gi.

1.6.2 Cc mng LAN hng ngoi

Mng WLAN u tin c pht trin s dng truyn dn hng ngoi cch
y khong chng 20 nm. K t , mt s lng ln cc mng LAN hng ngoi
xut hin. Cc h thng ny khai thc cc im thun li do s dng v tuyn
hng ngoi nh l mt mi trng cho truyn dn v tuyn. Chng hn, tia hng
ngoi c bng thng khng cp php rt di do, n loi b c nhiu v tuyn,
v cc thit b hng ngoi nh v tiu th t cng sut.
Cc mng LAN hng ngoi s dng phn ph in t tn s ngay di nh
sng nhn thy lm mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. V gn ging nhau v chiu
di bc sng, nh sng hng ngoi c tt c cc c tnh vt l ca nh sng nhn
thy. Ging nh nh sng nhn thy nh sng hng ngoi hot ng cc tn s rt
cao. iu ny c ngha l n truyn theo ng thng v khng th b hp th bi
cc vt ti hay cc chng ngi vt l (c th l bc tng, cc vt cn, trn nh)
v s suy hao ng k khi i qua ca s. Cc c tnh ny gip cho vic gi cho
nng lng sng quang hng ngoi tp trung trong mt khng gian nht nh c
th l mt cn phng, v hu nh khng loi b c cc vn v nhiu v nghe
trm tri php. Tuy nhin, nh sng hng ngoi s vt qua cc ca, phn x tr
li khi p vo cc bc tng, v phn x xung quanh cc gc ging nh l nh
sng mt tri v nh sng ca n in trong phng. Bi v nh sng hng ngoi
c bc sng di hn nh sng nhn thy, v khng th quan st c bng mt
thng trong mi trng hp.
Khng ging vi cc sng v tuyn, cc tn s hng ngoi l qu cao thc
hin iu ch ging nh i vi cc tn s v tuyn. V vy, cc ng truyn
hng ngoi thng da trn c s iu ch xung bt-tt v tch sng tn hiu
quang. Qu trnh truyn dn xung bt-tt c thc hin bng cch bin i cng
(bin ) dng in rong my pht hng ngoi nh l laser diode hay diode
pht quang chng hn. Theo cch ny, d liu c mang i bi cng (ch
khng phi l pha hay tn s) ca sng nh sng. Tch sng trc tip c thc
hin bi b tch quang dng photodiode to ra dng in t l vi cng sut
sng quang ti. B mt ca b tch sng xc nh nhy ca my thu v v th
xc nh phm vi thu. B tch sng c b mt ln c in dung ln m in dung
ny gii hn rng bng thng kh dng. Ging nh nhiu b pht s dng
trong cc mng si quang, cc b pht hng ngoi s dng trong cc mng LAN
hng ngoi hot ng xung quanh bc sng 850 nm (khong 350 THz). Tuy
nhin, cc mng si quang c hiu nng ln ch yu l do cc thuc tnh ca si
quang. B qua s c mt ca si quang (nh trong cc h thng v tuyn), v
cc ng truyn sng tn hao thp cng mt i. Qu trnh truyn nh sng tryn
i gia hai nt mt cch tin cy v c th iu khin c tr nn kh rt kh
khn. Cc h thng hng ngoi s dng hai thnh phn vt l khc nhau (cc b
pht v cc b tch) pht v thu tn hiu sng quang. iu ny tri ngc vi
cc h thng v tuyn v s dng mt anten chung pht v thu tn hiu. V
th, min l cng mt knh tn s c s dng, cc c tnh truyn sng gia

anten pht v anten thu l i xng nhng iu ny khng th p dng cho cc h

thng hng ngoi quang.

1.6.3 Cc mng LAN trc tip v khuych tn

Qu trnh truyn dn hng ngoi trong cc mng WLAN c th l trc tip
(tm nhn thng) hoc khuych tn (phn x). Trong cc LAN hng ngoi trc
tip, cc my pht v my thu phi hng vo nhau truyn thng tm nhn
thng. Cc my pht s dng cc chm tia tp trung bng hp trong khi cc my
thu hot ng vi cc gc nhn tng i nh. Do mt LAN hng ngoi trc
tip d b che khut bi cc vt hay con ngi gia my pht v my thu.
Hu ht cc mng LAN hng ngoi trc tip cung cp cc kt ni Ethernet hoc
vng th bi. Cc mng khc s dng cc chm laser cng sut cao c nh
hng truyn s liu, thoi v video tc cao gia cc to nh. Tc s liu
thay i t 1 n 155 Mbps c ly khong 1 n 5 km. Cc mng LAN hng
ngoi trc tip hiu nng cao ch yu c s dng ch trin khai cc mng c
nh. Cc mng ny khng thc t khi p dng cho cc nt di ng v vic lin kt
chnh xc gia my pht v thu l kh kh khn v l khng th i vi thng tin
di ng.
Cc h thng LAN hng ngoi khuych tn khng yu cu tm nhn thng
trc tip nhng ch c th c s dng trong nh v chng ph thuc nhiu vo
nng lng hng ngoi phn x truyn thng. Cc tn hiu hng ngoi lp y
vng ph sng ging nh qu trnh chiu sng trn cao s dng cc b mt phn
x (cc bc tng, cc vt cn, trn nh) phn x tn hiu gia my pht v my
thu. iu ny ng rng c th c c mt tm nhn rng bng vic s dng cc
my pht bao gm nhiu nhiu b pht hng n cc hng khc nhau v s
dng cc my thu gm nhiu lp photodiode. Cc tn hiu hng ngoi pht i
chiu sng trn nh trong khi cc my thu c hng v pha trn nh tch
sng ra nng lng sng hng ngoi. Ngoi ra, v cc tn hiu pht i theo nhiu
ng, nn cho php truyn thng ng hng c lp v v tr v s nh hng
anten nt di ng. Thun li ca phng php ny l ch my pht c th truyn
thng vi nhiu my thu. Hin tng che khut khng phi l vn ln v nh
sng ch i n my thu nh qu trnh phn x bi mi trung xung quanh. im
bt li l ch khong cch v tc s liu b gim do tn tht nng lng hng
ngoi. Cc h thng khuych tn thng l tn sc theo thi gian gy ra bi truyn
sng a ng hn cc h thng trc tip v tm nhn rng hn c ngha l c
nhiu hn nh sng p vo cc b mt phn x v c nhiu hn cc nh sng
phn x c thc hin tch sng. Trong cng mt vng, nhiu chng ln gia cc
k t gy ra bi cc ng l nh nhau, bt chp tn hiu v tuyn hay hng ngoi.
Tuy nhin, fading phng (hay fading Rayleigh) ni chung khng lm suy yu
nhiu i vi tia hng ngoi di bc sng rt ngn to ra mt vng khng gian
nh ch tc ng n mt phn nh ca cc b tch sng dng photodiode. Hin
nay tc d liu cao nht m cc mng LAN hng ngoi khuych tn cho php
b gii hn 4 Mbps v cc mng LAN ny hot ng trong vng t 10 n 20 m.

1.6.4 Cc c tnh ca cc mng LAN hng ngoi

Cc mng LAN hng ngoi khc vi cc mng LAN v tuyn nhiu im.
Ni chung, cc h thng v tuyn lun to ra vng ph rng hn cc h thng
thng tin quang v tuyn bi v cng sut cc my pht yu cu cao hn v cc
my thu c nhiu thun li khi s dng cc k thut to phch cm bin. Mt
khc, tn hiu v tuyn lun c rng bng thng hp hn cc tn hiu quang
mc d cc h thng thng mi vn cha khai thc c ht bng thng tn hiu
quang.
S tiu th cng sut
Bi v cc mng LAN hng ngoi pht tn hiu s dng cc xung bt-tt, cc
b pht hng ngoi c iu chnh hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nh,
v th chng tiu th cng sut thp. Nu yu cu cng bc x ln m rng
phm vi tn hiu, cng sut trung bnh c th gi khng i bng vic gim
rng xung pht.
Cc ngun nhiu
Truyn thng hng ngoi loi b c cc ngun nhiu sng in t v cc
ngun nhiu tn s v tuyn. Tri li, nh sng hng ngoi khng gy nhiu vi
bt c mt phng tin truyn thng no khc. Mc d cc thit b s dng ph
bin nh l b iu khin t xa dng hng ngoi cng hot ng cng bng tn
quang ging nh cc mng LAN hng ngoi, cc thit b ny thng pht tn hiu
ngt qung v do khng gy nhiu i vi hot ng ca cc mng WLAN mt
cch ng k. Ni chung i vi cc tc s liu t thp n trung bnh, cc
ngun nhiu nn pht x cng mt bc sng nh nh sng hng ngoi (nh nh
sng mt tri v nh sng nhn to to bi cc bng n si t v bng n
hunh quang) l nhng nhn t chnh lm gim hiu nng ca cc ng truyn
hng ngoi.
An ninh mng
V cc tn hiu hng ngoi khng hp th qua cc bc tng v suy hao
nghim trng khi truyn qua ca s nn chng khng c s dng cho truyn
sng bn ngoi.
Cc quy nh
Mt mng WLAN hng ngoi c th c s dng mi ni trn th gii
bi v khng c bt c hn ch no trong cc bng tn quang ang hot ng. Cc
tiu chun quy nh p dng cho vic s dng pht x hng ngoi l cc quy nh
an ton.