H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

Differential form

r
D = v

Integral Form

r r
D dS = v dv
s

r
B=0
r
r
B
E =
t

r
r r D
H = J +
t

r r
B dS = 0
s

r r
r r
L E dl = t s B dS

Gausss Law for E

field.
Gausss Law for H
field. Nonexistence
of monopole
Faradays Law

r
r r
r

D r Amperes Circuit
L H dl = s J + t dS Law

L THUYT ANTEN

H ta r cu

A = Ar r + A + A
Ax sin cos
A = sin sin
y
Az cos

cos cos
cos sin
sin

Ar sin cos

A = cos cos
A sin

2
2
x
+
y
2
2
2
1
1 y
r= x +y +z
= tan
= tan
z
x
x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos

sin sin
cos sin
cos

sin Ar

cos A
0 A
cos Ax
sin Ay
0 Az

Cc php tnh vector

Del (gradient)

=
x +
y + z
x
y
z
r Ax Ay Az
+
A =
+
y
z
x

Divergence
Curl (ROT)

Laplacian
(del2 )

x
r

A =
x
Ax

y
Ay

z
Az

2V 2V 2V
V= 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
2

Theorems

r r
r
A

d
S
=

A
dv

Divergence

Stokes

Laplacian
Scalar:

Vector:

r r
r
r
A dl = A dS
S

V V V
V= 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
r
2
2
2
2

A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z
2

Some terms

E = cng in trng electric field intensity [V/m]

D = mt in trng electric field density
H = cng t trng magnetic field intensity, [A/m]
B = mt t trng magnetic field density, [Teslas]

D = E
B = H
9
10
o = 8.85 10 12 F / m =
36
o = 4 10 7 H / m

H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

Differential form

r
D = v

Integral Form

r r
D dS = v dv
s

r
B=0
r
r
B
E =
t

r
r r D
H = J +
t

r r
B dS = 0
s

r r
r r
L E dl = t s B dS

Gausss Law for E

field.
Gausss Law for H
field. Nonexistence
of monopole
Faradays Law

r
r r
r

D r Amperes Circuit
L H dl = s J + t dS Law

L THUYT ANTEN

Theo nh lut Gauss:

r
B = 0

Trng ca vector ny khng c divergence

Vi vector A bt k:

r
A= 0

Nn lun c th tm c vector A bt k sao cho:

r
r
r
B = A = H
Trng ca mt vector khng c divergence
nn n l rotation ca mt trng khc

r
A

:Vector th t

C B tm v s A
C A tm c 1 B
Gi s c B, cn tm thm iu kin c
c th A

r
r
B
E =
t

T nh lut
Faraday:

r
r

r
E = A = A
t
t
r
r A
=0
E +

L THUYT ANTEN
r
r A
=0
E +

Mt khc vi mi trng v
hng lun ng vi :

( ) = 0

Trng ca mt vector khng to rotation

nn n l divergence ca mt trng v hng khc
r
r A
E+
=
t
: is the Electric Scalar Potential (Vector th in)

L THUYT ANTEN
r
r
A
E =
t

r
r
r
B = A = H

r
r D r
H =
+J
t

E r
=
+J

t
B

A = ( A) 2 A
r
1
A

2
( A) A = J +

t
t

r
r
r r
1

A
2
A A = J +
2

t
t

[(

r
r
r
r

A
2
A +
= A 2 + J
t
t

r
r
r
r

A

2
A +
= A 2 + J
t
t

r
2
r
r
r

2
A +
= A 2 + J
t
t

Ban u c trng in t, hay

xc nh B; A c chn sau cho
r
r
r
xoy ca A bng B:
B = A = H
Tuy nhin, divergance ca A (bin
thin ca A theo hng ly tm) th
khng b rng buc vi xoy ca n
Vector bt k c th xoy
c lp vi divergance
Vy chn

A =
t

C th gn A theo iu kin khc

r

A +
=0
t
r
2
r
r

A
2
A 2 = J
t

r
D = v

v
E =

A v

=
t

( A) v
=

t

v
+
=
t
t
2

2
v

2
2 =
t

Cho trng sng sin

(harmonics):

r
A
A 2 = J
t
r
2
2
A ( j ) A = J
r
2
2
A + k A = J
2

Trong

k =
2

r
r
r
2
2
A + k A = J
Ax + k Ax = J x
2

Ay + k Ay = J y
2

Az + k Az = J z
2

( x, y, z )

0
x

r
r

r
P (r )
( x, y , z )

r r

A(r ) =
4
y

r r e jkr
J (r )
dv

r
V

z
( x, y, z )

r
r

r r r
R = r r
r
r

0
x

r
P (r )
( x, y , z )
r r

A(r ) =
4

r r e jkR
dv
J (r )

R
V

A( x, y, z ) =
4

r
e jkR
v J ( x, y, z ) R dv

r
A=
4

r e jkr
J
d v

r
V

Ax =
J
d
v
x
4
r
V
jkr

e
Ay =
Jy
dv

4 V
r

e jkr
Az =
Jz
d v

4 V
r
jkr

r r r
R = r r

r
r

r
J

r
r

0
x

r
P (r )

r r

A(r ) =
4
y

r r
jk r r

r r e

(
)
J
r
d
v
r
r

r
r
V

Tch phn mt

r r

A(r ) =
4

r
e jkR
S J S ( x, y, z ) R ds

Tch phn ng
r r

e jkR
A(r ) =
I e ( x, y, z )
dl

4 C
R

TRNG VNG XA TO BI
ANTEN BT K

r r r
R = r r

r
r

r
J

r
r

0
x

r
P (r )

r r

A(r ) =
4
y

r r
jk r r

r r e

(
)
J
r
d
v
r
r

r
r
V

r r r
R = r r

r
r

r
J

r r
r
R = r r r r r

r
r

0
x

r
r r

r
P (r )

r r

A(r ) =
4

r r

A(r ) =
4

r r
jk r r

r r e
J ( r ) r r d v

r
r
V
r
jk ( r r r )

r r e

(
)
d
v
J
r
r

(
)

r
r
r
V

r r

A(r ) =
4

r
jk ( r r r )

r r e
d v
J (r )
r

(r r r )
V

jkr
r r
e
A(r ) =
4 r

r r jkrrr

(
)
J
r
e
d
v

r r
E (r ) =

1
j

r
A(r )

r
r 1
H = A

r r
E (r ) =

1
j

jkr

r
( jkr ) ( jkr ) A(r )

r r
E (r )

r r
r
r
E (r ) = j A (r ) + A (r )

r r e jkr
E (r ) =
F ( , ) + F ( , )
r

 1
F ( , ) = j
4
1
F ( , ) = j
4

r r jkrrr

(
)
J
r
e
d
v

r r jkrrr

(
)
J
r
e
d
v

D
r >>

r >> D
kr >> 1

TRNG VNG XA CA DIPOLE

HERTZ

TRNG IN T C TO
BI DIPOLE HERTZ
r r
e jkr
A(r ) =
4 r

r r jkrrr
J (r )e dv
V

z
r
r

l 2

0
l 2

r
P (r )

r r
r
A(r ) = Az (r )z
( x, y , z )

Kch thc dipole rt nh

ng knh dipole rt nh

y
x = 0;
r r

I e (r ) = I 0 z y = 0;
l 2 z l 2

A( x, y, z ) =
4

Rr

e jkR
C I e ( x, y, z ) R dl
Hng s i vi tch phn

l 2
r
I 0 jkr
e jkr
e
dz =
I0
lz
Az ( x, y, z ) = z

4r
4
r
l 2

I0
l
4
r
Az

Az =
r =
r
r
r
jkr

I 0l jke
Az =

4
r

jkr

jkr

jkr
jkr
r r

I 0l jke
e
H (r ) =
2 r z

r
r
4

Dipole Hertz
z

r
r

( x, y , z )

l 50

l 2
0

l 2

PHN B DNG
Ni khc

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )P z , z
2

Phn b dng dipole Hertz

z
l 2

I0

l 2

PHN B DNG

1
1
L
z
<

l
2
P z , =
2 0L N i khc

TRNG IN T C TO
BI DIPOLE HERTZ
r
P (r )

z
r
r

l 2

0
l 2

r r
r
A(r ) = Az (r )z
( x, y , z )

Kch thc dipole rt nh

ng knh dipole rt nh

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )P z , z
2

Az (r ) =
4

r
Az (r ) =
4

r e
J z (r )
V

jkr

dv

e jkR
I 0 ( x ) ( y )
dxdydz

R
V
l 2

r e
Az (r ) =
I 0 dz
4r
l 2
jkR

Rr
r
e jkr
Az (r ) =
I0
4
r

Hng s i vi tch phn

l 2

dz

l 2

r r
e jkr
A(r ) =
I0
lz
4
r

r r
r
A(r ) = Az (r )z
r
e jkr
Az (r ) =
I0
l
r
4

 Ar sin cos

A = cos cos
A sin

Ax = 0
Ay = 0
r
e jkr
Az (r ) =
I0
l
r
4

sin sin
cos sin
cos

cos Ax
sin Ay
0 Az

I 0le
cos
Ar = Az cos =
4r
jkr
I 0le
A = Az sin =
sin
4r
jkr

A = 0

I 0le jkr
A = Az sin =
sin
4r

r
r 1
H = A

r 1
H = ( Az z )

r 1
1
H = (Az ) z + Az ( z )

r 1
H = (Az ) z

1 Az
Az
Az
Az =
+

r +

sin
r
Hm khng ph thuc (i xng xung quanh trc z)
r
e jkr
Az (r ) =
I0
l
r
4

 jkr
jkr
r r

I 0l jke
e
H (r ) =
2 r z

4
r
r

r r
e jkr jk 1

+
H (r ) = jk
I
l

sin
2 0

4 r r

r r
r r
r r D (r )
H (r ) = J (r ) +
t
V dng ch tp trung anten,

r r
r r D (r )
H (r ) =
t
r r
r r D (r )
r r
H (r ) =
= jE (r )
t

r r
r r
1
E (r ) =
H (r )
j
jkr
r r
e
jk 1

+
H (r ) = jk
I
l

sin
2 0

4 r r
r

r
H ( r )
1

H (r )sin

r sin
r
r
1 H r (r )
+

rH (r )
r
r sin

r
(
)
r

H
r

+ (rH (r ))

r r

r r
H (r ) = r

1

(H sin ) (rH )
H = r

r sin
r r

= j E r + E


1
(H sin ) =
r sin
1 I ol jk 1 jkr
=
2 e 2 sin cos

r sin 4 r r
jEr =

Il
Er = o
2

/
1 jkr
e cos
2
3
jr
r

1
/
I ol j
1 jkr
(rH ) =
jE =
e sin
E =
+

2
3
r r
4 r
r
jr
jI ol 2 jk 1 jkr
k 2 e sin
=

r r
4r

General
I ol
H =
4

@Far field r> 2D2/

jk 1 jkr
r + r 2 e sin

I ol
Er =
2

/
1 jkr
e cos
2
3
jr
r

I ol
E =
4

j
/
1 jkr
e sin
+

2
3
r
jr
r

I ol jk jkr
H =
e sin

4 r

Er = 0
I ol j jkr
E =
e sin

4 r

TRNG VNG XA CA DIPOLE HERTZ

r
r

l 2

x
l 2

l 50

PHN B DNG

r ry
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )P z , z
2
r r
e jkr
E (r ) = jk
I 0l sin
4r

Mt cng sut bc x
r r
e jkr
E (r ) = jk
I 0l sin
4r
2
2
r r
F ( , ) + F ( , )
W (r ) =
r
2
2r
r r 2
E (r )
r r
W (r ) =
r
2
r r
W (r ) =

k
2
2
(
)
I 0l sin r
2 2
32 r
2

Cng bc x
r r
W (r ) =

k 2
2
2
(I 0l ) sin r
2 2
32 r
r
U ( , ) = r W (r )
2

k 2
2
2
(
)
U ( , ) =
I
l
sin

0
2
32

V trong cc mt phng

U n ( , ) = sin
2

Mt phng yOz

U n , = sin 2
2

V trong cc mt phng
2
(
)
U n , = sin

Mt phng xOy

U n , = 1
2

CNG SUT BC X

PR = U ( , ) sin dd
k 2
2
2
(
)
U ( , ) =
I
l
sin

0
2
32
2
k
2 8
(I 0l )
PR =
2
32
3
k 2
2
(I 0l )
PR =
12

PR = 10(kI 0l )

Cng sut bc x
k (I 0l )
2
2
PR =
= 10k (I 0l )
12
2

2 PR k l
2 l
RR = 2 =
= 80
I0
6

U max 3
=
D0 = 4
PR
2

 LI

k 2
2
2
(
)
U ( , ) =
I
l
sin

0
2
32
U ( , )
D( , ) =
PR 4

PR = U ( , )d

PR = U ( , ) sin dd

D( , ) =

2
(
)
U n , = sin ( )

4 U n ( , )

U ( , )sin dd
n

3 2
D( , ) = sin ( )
2

IN TR BC X

PR = 10(kI 0l )

2 PR
RR = 2
I0
l
RR = 20k l = 80

2 2

r r
e jkr
E (r ) = jk
I 0l sin
4r
r r
k 2
2
2
(
)
W (r ) =
sin
I
l
r
0
2 2
32 r
k 2
2
2
(
)
U ( , ) =
I
l
sin

0
2
32

U max 3
=
D0 = 4
PR
2

k 2 (I 0l )
2
PR =
= 10k 2 (I 0l )
12
2

2 PR k 2l 2
2 l
RR = 2 =
= 80
I0
6


RS =
2
RS
RD =
l
2a

X in

l 2

[
ln (l
120

2a ) 1]
tan (kl 2 )
l 2

Dipole ngn
z

r
r

l 2
0

l 2

PHN B DNG
Ni khc

( x, y , z )

50 l 10
y

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )T z , z
2
jkr
r r 1
e
E (r ) = jk
I 0l sin
2
4r

Phn b dng dipole ngn

z

2z
l
l

1
Lz <
T z, =
l
2
2

0 L N i khc

l 2

I0
l 2

PHN B DNG

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )T z , z
2

Dipole ngn
z

r
r

l 2
0

l 2

PHN B DNG
Ni khc

( x, y , z )

50 l 10
y

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )T z , z
2
jkr
r r 1
e
E (r ) = jk
I 0l sin
2
4r

Dipole c chiu di hu hn
z

r
r

( x, y , z )

l 10

l 2
0

l 2

PHN B DNG

r r
l

J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y ) sin k z z

Dipole ngn
z

r
r

l 2
0

( x, y , z )

50 l 10
y

l 2

PHN B DNG
Ni khc

r r
l
J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y )T z , z
2

l = 1
25

0.5
75

l 2

I0
r r
l

J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y ) sin k z z

l 2

PHN B DNG CA DIPOLE C

CHIU DI HU HN
l 2

l 2
l = 0.25

l = 0.5

l = 0.75

l=

l = 1.25

l = 1.5

r r
l

J (r ) = I 0 ( x ) ( y ) sin k z z

Cng in trng to bi
dipole hu hn
Cng in trng

kl

kl
cos cos
jkr cos
I 0e
2
2

E j
2r
sin

Cng t trng

kl

kl
cos cos
jkr cos
E
I 0e
2
2

j
H

2r
sin

Mt cng sut v Cng

bc x
2

kl
kl

2
cos cos cos

I
r
2
2
0

r
W (r ) = 2 2
8 r
sin

kl
kl

2 cos
cos cos

I0
2
2

U ( , ) = 2
8
sin

lll===l11=2.75

.
5
3

lll=l===
352.8
5.5.5
l
=
8

==l00010=0....5.625
25

llllll=
===

.25
1
375

75

TH BC X

l = 1.25

y
z

l = 4

Cng sut bc x
2

I0
{C + ln(kl ) Ci (kl ) + 12 sin (kl )[Si (kl ) 2Si (kl )]
PR =
4
+ 12 cos(kl )[C + ln (kl 2) + Ci (2kl ) 2Ci (kl )]}

cos y
cos y
Ci ( x ) =
dy =
dy
y
y
x

sin y
Si ( x ) =
dy
y
0

C = 0.5772

Cin ( x ) = ln (x ) Ci ( x ) = ln ( ) + ln ( x ) Ci ( x )
= 0.5772 + ln ( x ) Ci ( x )

1 cos y
dy
Cin ( x ) =
y

0
x

Directivity
F ( , )

2 F ( , ) max
2

D0 =

kl

kl

cos
cos

cos

2
=
sin

D0 =

F ( , ) max

1
4

F ( , )

2 F ( , ) max
2

D0 =

F ( , )
0

sin d

in tr bc x

dipole
kl

kl
cos cos
jkr cos
I 0e
2
2

E j
2r
sin

kl
kl

cos cos
jkr cos
E
I 0e
2
2

j
H

2r
sin

k=

l=

DIPOLE NA BC SNG
z

r
r

x
4

( x, y , z )

cos
jkr cos
I 0e
2

E j
2r
sin

cos
jkr cos
I 0e
2

H j
2r
sin

DIPOLE NA BC SNG
( x, y , z )
r
r

x
4

cos
jkr cos
I 0e
2

E j
2r
sin

cos
jkr cos
r r
I 0e
2

E (r ) j
2r
sin

cos
cos

r r
I0 2
r
W (r ) = 2 2
8 r
sin

cos
cos

r r
I
I0 2
r 0 sin 3 r
W (r ) = 2 2
8 r
sin
8 2 r 2

2 cos
cos
I0 2

U ( , ) = 2
8
sin

2
cos
cos

I0 2
I
0 sin 3
U ( , ) = 2
8
sin
8 2 r 2


PR = 2.435 I
8
2
0

cos 2 cos

D( , ) = 1.643
sin

Z in = 73 + j 42.5

Z A = 7 3 e + j 42.5

 th bc x ca dipole na bc sng

z
l 2

y
l 2

r r 2

PL =
PS Gt ( t ,t )Gr ( r ,r )qt qr pt pr
4 r
2

2
PL =
PS G0
4 r

PL =
PS Gt ( t , t )Gr ( r , r )
4 r

dBd vs dBi (dB)

PL1 =
PS Gt1Gr
4 r
2

PL 2 =
PS Gt 2Gr
4 r

PL1 =
PS Gt1Gr
4 r
2

PL 2 =
PS 1.643Gr
4 r

PL1

Gt1
=
PL 2 1.643
PL1
= Gt1[dBi ] 10 log(1.643)
Gt1[dBd ] = 10 log
PL 2
PL1
= Gt1[dBi ] 2.15
Gt1[dBd ] = 10 log
PL 2

PL1

Gt1qt1 PLF1
=
PL 2 1.643qt 2 PLF2
PL1
= Gt1[dBi ] 10 log(1.643)
10 log
PL 2
qt1[dB ] qt 2[dB ] + PLF1 PLF2

 PL1
= Gt1[dBd ] +
10 log
PL 2
qt1[dB ] qt 2[dB ] + PLF1 PLF2
PL1

Gt1[dBd ] = 10 log
PL 2
(qt1[dB ] qt 2[dB ] + PLF1 PLF2 )

Anten khung trn nh

 jkr
e
E = k 2
I 0 a 2 sin
4r

Square Loop

Anten khung vung nh

L THUYT ANTEN
Gi s c vector B bin thin
trong khng gian, thi gian nht
nhTheo nh lut Gauss:
Tm vector A sao cho

r
r
B = A

C v s vector A p ng iu kin trn,

Do vi vector A bt k:
Theo nh lut Gauss:

r
r A = 0

B=0

Trng ca mt vector khng c divergence

nn n l rotation ca mt trng khc
Cn thm cc rng buc khc tm ra A nht nh