Linux

LINUX
LINUX

2014

Linux

Linux
RAM, CPU.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Linux Ubuntu
Linux .
.
.
.Linux
.)permissions( Linux
(.)process control
.
Linux .
.Linux
Instant Linux Basics
Linux

.
1969 c
Linux Unix
1975

PSD .

.

Linux
.1975

Linux workstations super computers
Linux

.
Linux
.1
.2
.3
.4
:Kernel
kernel :
....
:System Library
Linux
.
:System Utility
.Linux
:User Interfaces CLI
( )Terminal ( GUI
mouse keuboard
).
ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 2
Linux :
Linux
Linux Linux

Linux

Red Hat, Ubuntu,
...Mint, Debian
Linux
VMware Workstation .
File New Virtual Machine
.iso
.Easy install

Linux

.
Command Line Interface
kernel Graphical User
Interface .
:Linux
]Command [options] [arguments
:Command .
:Options command

.
:Arguments commands .
:
mkdir m 654 test
argument test
option m
option .

. .Ubuntu Linux

Terminal terminal .
:
date .
cal .
uname .
uname a .
uname m architecture.
clear .
.1 manual
Linux
8
:
shell command .
System calls functions
.kernel
Libraries functions .
/div
.
.
.
.
man
man whois .
man cat
.
q man pages .
man passwd passwd
man 5 passwd passwd
man pages man man
:
apropos man pages
:
apropos passwd = man k passwd
:
whatis cat
whatis passwd
man f passwd
whereis cat
whereis ls
whereis passwd
whereis tar

options --h
cat --h
netstat --h
--h :
info cat

.man pages

.Linux
Linux
pwd
print working directory
.
cd Desktop/
pwd .
cd change directory
.
cd /etc
cd ~ home directory
Cd .home directory
parent directory cd ..
root directory cd ..
Linux .
cd
.
:
Absolute path root /
Relative path /
.current working directory
home directory desktop :
Cd /home/ismail/Desktop/ .absolute path
cd Desktop/ .relative path
Linux tab completion Tab

Tab .
directory
list ls
ls a
().
Ls l
.
Ls lh
:
Ls document/ document .
mkdir :rmdir
mkdir course course directory .
mkdir p course1/sub/sub1 course1 sub

sub sub1
rmdir
rm r

Linux
Linux
File1 file1
.
directory Linux

Linux disks
.
:
touch
.
file
Linux
Linux

.doc .

Magic File
:
file :
file1 :
/proc /dev
option :
rm

.
cp
2 arguments

.
file1
.
mv

.

Linux
:
Head

11 .
Tail .
log
.
Cat

.
cat /etc/passwd
Tac

More & less

.
more /etc/passwd
less /etc/passwd
Strings
binary
files word

.binary data
:
strings /bin/ls
binary data :
cat /bin/ls

LinuxVI editor
.VIM
Linux
.
VI
.
:VI
:
vi file1
:
vi R file1
view file1
vi editor :
Command mode
.
Insert mode .
:
vi file1
command mode
i insert mode command mode
ESC ESC .
:VI
Action

Inputs
:q
!:q
:w
:wq
:w New_file
i
I
a
A
o
O
x
X
dd
D
Mode
Insert
mode
Command
mode

.
:
regular expressions .
grep & egrep .
fgrep
.
grep
/grep options pattern filename/
-i patterns
-l pattern
pattern .
-n pattern
-v
-c pattern
-w pattern pattern
.
grep root /etc/passwd
grep n root /etc/passwd
grep n bash /etc/passwd
grep v bash /etc/passwd
grep vc bash /etc/passwd
grep c bash /etc/passwd
grep i BAsh /etc/passwd
grep BAsh /etc/passwd
grep i BAsh /etc/passwd
grep i Bash /etc/passwd /etc/group
grep iw Bash /etc/passwd /etc/group
:
options grep :
^ .
$ .
no...y 6 no y
] [a-d .
*] [a-d a ab .... abc
] [^a-z .
grep ^no /etc/passwd
grep -n ^no /etc/passwd
grep -vn ^no /etc/passwd
grep -vc ^no /etc/passwd
grep -vn bash$ /etc/passwd
grep bash$ /etc/passwd
grep r... /etc/passwd
egrep
w :
+
*
| )(or
egrep -n [a-d]+ /etc/passwd
egrep -n [x-z]+ /etc/passwd
egrep -n (root|nobody) /etc/passwd
egrep -n (root|nobody|tech) /etc/passwd
fgrep
regular expressions
/fgrep options string filenames/
Grep [a-b]* /etc/passwd
Fgrep [a-b]* /etc/passwd
*] [a-b .

.find

...
.
/Find pathname expressions actions/
Pathname .
Expressions .
Actions .
:
11
.Block = 512 Byte
find Desktop/ -name
find Desktop/ -size +10
find Desktop/ -size -10
find Desktop/ -size 10
11:
find Desktop/ -atime +10
find Desktop/ -atime -10
find Desktop/ -atime 10
:
find Desktop/ -mtime +10
find Desktop/ -mtime -10
find Desktop/ -mtime 10
find Desktop/ -user User_name
:
find Desktop/ -type f
:
find Desktop/ -type d
find Desktop/ atime -5 user user_name
:
find Desktop/ atime -5 user user_name print
find Desktop/ atime -5 user user_name ls
find Desktop/ atime -5 user user_name ok rm {} \;
rm
}{
-ok
;\ }{
find Desktop/ atime -5 user user_name -exec rm {} \;
.
:
cd Desktop/
pwd
ls
find lecture04 name file*
find lecture04 name *file
find lecture04 name *file*
find lecture04 name *.txt
find lecture04 atime +2 ls
find ~ -size +1
find ~ -size +1 exec wc {} \;
find ~ -size +1 exec cat {} \;
where: wc= words count

.
tar Linux
/tar functions archivefile filenames/
Archivefile .
Filenames .
functions :
tar help
c .
t .
x .
f .
v .
j z
.
cd Desktop/
tar cf etc.tar /etc
root files
:
sudo tar cf etc.tar /etc
ls ltrh
sudo tar cvf etc.tar /etc
ls ltrh
:
sudo tar cvfj etc_bzip2.tar /etc
ls ltrh
sudo .root user
sudo tar cvfz etc_gzip.tar /etc

ls ltrh
:
tar tf etc.tar
:
mkdir files
cp et*.tar files/
ls
cd files/
ls ltrh
:extract
tar xf etc.tar
ls ltrh
cd etc
ls
cd ..
tar xf etc_bzip2.tar

.
.
zip
:
:
zip -r lecture04.zip lecture04
zip r etc.zip /etc
sudo zip r etc.zip /etc
:
sudo zip -0 r etc_1.zip /etc
:
cd Desktop/lecture04
zip p 123456 file_with_pass.zip new_copy

.history
zip e file_with_pass1.zip new_copy
Then we inter the password after this command.

.
:
mkdir compress
cp *.zip compress/
cd compress/
unzip file.zip
unzip file_with_pass.zip
:
unzip l etc.zip
:
unzip v etc.zip
:
unzip t file.zip
zip .
gzip
:
gzip new_copy
new_copy.gz
:
gzip -c file111

:
gzip c file111 > file111.gz
ls ltrh
gzip :
gzip r compress/
cd compress
ls ltrh
cd ..
.
:
gunzip new_copy.gz
gunzip c file111.gz > unzipped.txt
gzip cd file111.gz > un_zipped.txt
:
tar zcf compress.tar.gz compress/
ls ltrh
bzip2
.
bzip2 c file111.gz > all.gz
ls ltrh

.
Uname
:
uname
uname a
uname i
uname n
uname r
uname s
uname rs
uname rsn
man uname
Cal
cal 12 2010 :
cal -1
:
cal -3
:
:2115 1 2114 12 11
cal -3 12 2014
man cal
Date
:
sudo date --set=31 October 2114 23:11:11
changing date and time
sudo date s 31 October 2114 23:11:11
changing time and date
sudo date +%T s 23:11:11
changing time
sudo +%Y%m%d s 21141131
changing year, month, and day
sudo date +%hh s 23
changing hours
sudo date +%mm s 11
changing minutes
sudo date +%ss s 11
changing seconds
wc
:
ls
wc file6.txt
wc new_copy
wc new_copy unzipped.txt
wc l new_copy
wc c new_copy
wc w new_copy
wc m new_copy
wc L new_copy
line counts
byte counts
word counts
character counts
max line length
History

ls f*
List of all files or folders which their names start with f
ls *f
List of all files or folders which their names end with f
ls *.zip
ls f*.zip
ls file?
List of all files or folders which their names are 5

characters in length and start with file.
ls [a-d]*
List of all files or folders which their names start

with a,b,c,or d.
ls [abc]*
cd ~
Go to home user directory
To exec more than one command in one line:

cal 11 2014;uname a;date;ls ltrh
pipe
. :
*ls fil

:
ls fil* |wc l

.
ls fil* |wc m
.
history | grep date
history | gerp date s
history | gerp date | wc l

Linux
.
Linux

.
:
ls l

.
Permission sets
3 3

.
read/no read r/write/no write w/execute/denied x/-
:
cat /etc/group
mkdir lecture12
cd lecture12
touch file1 file2
ls l

.
mkdir subdir
ls l
cat /etc/group
:
chgrp adm subdir/
ls l
mkdir sub
cd sub
touch fil2
touch fil1
touch fil3
cd ..
ls l
chgrp adm sub
ls l
cd sub
ls l
:
cd ..
chgrp R adm sub
cd sub
ls l
owner
:
cat /etc/passwd
userID, groupID :
chown root fil1
sudo chown root fil1
ls l
owner group :
chown root:adm fil2
sudo chown root:adm fil2
~ cd
:
Directory/folder
Ls
Modification
Cd, ls -l
File
Cat
Vi
Execute
r
w
x
Linux
etc/passwd
hash
.
userID
.
:
ls ltrh
cd lecture12/
ls l
touch file12
1. symbolic mode:
chmod [u/g/o/a] [+/-/=] [rwx]
u=owner; g=group; o=others; a=all;
+ add permission; - delete permission; = chang permission;
chmod u+x file12
chmod g+w file12
chmod g-w file12
chmod o-r file12
2. octal mode: each permission is presented by number, r=4; w=2; x=1
let say that octal value = 7 then 7 = 111 = rwx
6 = 110 = rw5 = 101 = r-x
4 = 100 = r-3 = 011 = -wx
2 = 010 = -w1 = 001 = --x
0 = 000 = --632 = rw--wx-w751 = rwxr-x--x
777 = rwxrwxrwx
775 = rwxrwxr-x
chmod 44 file1 = chmod 044 file1
chmod 7 file1 = chmod 007 file1
chmod 600 file12
ls l
touch file4
ls ltrh
default permissions = rw-r--r-- which is defined by umask = 022
umask 666
755 644
.777

processes.
Linux

.
process
process
PID processID 5 process
process
.
process UID : GID
UID userID GID groupID
.process
process processes process
parent process .child process
parent process child process child process
child process child process
PPID .parent process ID
init process process
1 kernel parent process daemon process
zombie process
.
:processes
Ps
processes .
ps e
PID, TTY, Time, CMD
ps f
UID, PPID, PID, Time, TTY
ps ef
ps ef | more
:
UID .
PID .process
PPID parent peocess .process
C CPU .process
STIME .
TIME .process
CMD command .process
ps :
vi new_copy
ps ef | grep vi
.
ps ef | grep vi new_copy
.
pgrep vi
process
pgrep x vi
process vi .
pgrep n vi
process .
pgrep U 1000
1111
:
pgrep l U 1000
:
ptree vi
Signals
processes signals
process
:
sigkill 9 process .
sigterm 15 process .
: process
kill PID
kill SIGTERM 3771
kill -15 3771
:
Kill SIGKILL 3771
:
pkill vi

Linux
.
data centers
.

.
telnet
1969 unix

ports
.get, delete

plain text
.
telnet
telnet server
telnet client
putty 23
Linux
ubuntu, debian :
sudo s
apt-get update
apt-get install telnetd
telnet :
cd /etc/init.d/
inetd restart
exit
client IP
telnet:
Ifconfig
client :
telnet 192.168.1.55
telnet ( telnet
)server telnet
server telnet .exit
ssh

22 server digital
certificate client .
openSSH
:
sudo s
apt-get update
apt-get install openssh-server openssh-client
client :
ssh 192.168.1.55
key client .
server client FTP
SFTP SSH scp linux servers
.ssh
file1 client client :
cd Desktop/
dcp file1 ismail@192.168.1.55:/home/ismail/Desktop/lecture14
client .server
scp_folder client :server
scp r scp_folder ismail@192.168.1.55:/home/ismail/Desktop/

Linux .
passwd

root :
root :
su
passwd
passwd ismail
who
.

who H
who am i
whoami
cmp

.
cmp file6.txt file7.txt
cmp file11 file21
man cmp
sort
:
vi sort_file
ESC :wq
sort sort_file
:
vi sort_file1
:
sort sort_file sort_file1
.
:
:
:
sort u sort_file
sort n sort_file1
sort r sort_file
sort rn sort_file1
:
sort t , k1,1 sort_t
sort_t ,
.
:
sort t , k2,2 sort_t
sort t , k2n,2 sort_t
sort t , k1,2n sort_t

man sort

simple link hard link
.Linux
windows shortcut

shortcut
shortcut
.
linux unix shortcut symbolic link
hard link .
Symbolic link
hard link .
Hard Disk
File1
File2
hard link
symbolic
link
Linux
inode
ls i inode
.
cd Desktop/lecture
ls i
touch f1 f2
.
ln
symbolic link hard link :
ln :hard link
ln s :symbolic link
Ln s /home/ismail/Desktop/lecture04/f1 /home/ismail/Desktop/f1_l
ls ltrh f1_l link
symbolic hard inode
inode link symbolic link .hard link
link :
rm f1_l
:hard link
ln /home/ismail/Desktop/lecture04/f1 /home/ismail/Desktop/
cd ..
ls ltrh
.
:
ls ltrh

:
D
L link
1 1
hard link .

Linux .

.
.
root super user
.
su
init 0
.level 0
init 6
Reboot without warning

:
Restart after 2 minutes
shutdown r +2
To cancel commands
shutdown c
:
shutdown r +2 system will reboot within 2 minutes
:
shutdown h +10
: .
Linux

Eng Ismail Mohamad Hazem Kayali

Communication & Network Engineering
Computer Networks CCNA CCNP CCNA Security JNCIA-JUNSON
Wp5.samowel@hotmail.com
INSTANT LINUX BASICS

COMMAND LINE
ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI
INSTANT LINUX
BASICS
COMMAND LINE
2014

Linux

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Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 2

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 3

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 4

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 5

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 6

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 7

Instant Linux Basics

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Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 9

Instant Linux Basics

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Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 11

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 12

Instant Linux Basics

mkdir p course1/sub/sub1 course1 sub

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 13

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 14

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 15

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 16

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 17

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 18

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 19

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 20

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 21

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 22

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 23

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 24

Instant Linux Basics

More & less

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 25

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 26

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 27

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 28

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 29

Instant Linux Basics

ENG ISMAIL MOHAMAD HAZEM KAYALI 30

Instant Linux Basics

where: wc= words count