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Phng php phn tch mt s thng s c bn

kim sot cht lng nc trong h thng ni hi
Nguyn Hoi Nam
Trung tm nh gi H hng Vt liu - Vin Khoa hc Vt liu
Nh B1 - 18 Hong Quc Vit - Cu Giy - H Ni
in thoi: 04 - 7911673
Webpage: www.comfa.vn

Fax: 04 - 7911673
Email comfa@ims.vast.ac.vn

1. Gii thiu
Rt nhiu h hng trong h thng ni hi c lin quan n cht lng nc cp. Cc h hng
ny l hon ton c th phng trnh c nu nh nc cp cho ni hi t c sch cn
thit khng b ng cu cn trong ni. Tuy nhin, theo cc s liu phn tch cht lng
nc cp cho ni hi thy rng hu ht cc ngun nc ny khng t c cc yu cu (k
c nc ma). Nh vy ngun nc dng cp cho ni hi cn phi c x l mi c th
s dng c. Ngoi ra, cht lng nc t c cc yu cu th khng ch p dng
phng php x l ph hp m cn phi la chn h thng x l p ng cng sut nc
cp cho ni.
bo m duy tr c cht lng nc nh mong mun, vic theo di hiu qu hot ng
ca h thng x l nc l rt cn thit. thc hin c vic ny mt cch nhanh chng v
chnh xc phi phn tch nh gi c cht lng nc sau x l. Mun vy phi la chn
cc thng s c bn v c trng nht cho cht lng nc phn tch nh gi. Ngoi ra
cng phi la chn phng php phn tch n gin d thc hin v c tin cy cao c
th thc hin nhng ni m iu kin khng c nh trong phng th nghim. Cc ch s
v phng php phn tch c gii thiu di y phn no p ng c cc yu cu
nu trn c th thc hin ngay ti v tr t ni hi ca cc nh my x nghip. Ngoi ra cc
phng php ny cng rt an ton v d dng thc hin cn b vn hnh ni hi c th t
lm c m khng cn phi o to nhiu.
2. dn in
o dn l php o kh nng dn in ca mt dung dch. Nc tinh khit hu nh khng
dn in v nc phn ly rt t, nhng do nc trong t nhin lun c cha cc cht tan trong
n v cc cht ny khi tan trong nc th b phn ly thnh cc cation (ion tch in dng) v
anion (ion tch in m) nn cc ngun nc trong t nhin (nh nc ao, nc sng, nc
ngm) u dn in. Ti mt nhit xc nh, dn in ph thuc vo nng cc
cation v cc anion, tc l ph thuc vo thnh phn ca dung dch. i vi nc ung, sinh
hot, nc mt th dn in c th c xem nh l thc o gn ng cho nng chung
ca cc cht v c trong .
V d: nc nguyn cht c dn khong 0,055 S/cm tng ng vi in tr khong
18,2 M.cm = 18.200.000 .cm ti 250C. dn ca nc ma l khong 10 20 S/cm,
ca nc sng, ging khi hoc nc ngm trong khong 100 1000 S/cm. dn ca
nc l thng ln hn 1000 S/cm v c th ln ti 20 000 S/cm

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2.1 Nguyn tc
o dn in ca mt dung dch l php o dn ca mt n v th tch dung dch gia
2 tm in cc t song song v i din nhau (hnh 1). Cc tm in cc thng c lm
bng platin.

Hnh 1. S nguyn l ca in cc o dn in
dn in ca dung dch c o trc tip bng my o dn in s dng in cc
platin.
2.2 Dng c
-

Cc (nha hoc thy tinh)

My o n

2.3 Ha cht
-

Nc ct

Dung dch c dn in chun (thng i km theo my o)

2.3 Phng php thc hin

Mu nc, sau khi ly chuyn trc tip vo cc (th tch ca mu nc trong cc phi cao
nhng ngp hon ton u o n vch du c sn trn in cc do nh sn xut nh du
sn). Nhng in cc vo cc v khuy nh m bo khng c bt kh b kt gia 2 in
cc trong phn u in cc o sau yn my t o.
i vi mt s my, mun thc hin php o cn phi thao tc bm nt trn my (c th l
nt Read) v kt qu o s c hin th trn mn hnh ca my o. i cho kt qu hin
th trn mn hnh dng hn khng thay i na hoc c ch Ready nh hin ln trn mn
hnh th mi ghi li kt qu o.
Sau khi o xong cn trng ra k in cc bng nc ct, ly khn bng mm thm nc v
thc hin bo qun in cc theo nh hng dn ca nh sn xut.
3. kim
kim ca nc c nh ngha l hm lng ca cc cht phn ng vi cc axit mnh,
tc l phn ng vi ion hydro. kim ca nc c chia ra mt s loi nh sau:
kim p ( kim hn hp): Khi trong nc cha mt lng cc mui cacbonat tan hoc
cc hydroxyt tan th pH ca nc s ln hn 8,2. Trong trng hp ny kim tng ng
vi lng axit cn dng gim pH ca nc xung ti 8,2 c gi l kim hn hp hay
kim p ca nc.
kim m ( kim tng): Khi kim tng ng vi lng axit cn dng gim pH ca
nc xung ti 4,3 chnh l kim ton phn m. i vi nc thin nhin, kim ph

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thuc ch yu vo hm lng cc mui hidro cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim v kim th.
Trong trng hp ny pH ca nc thng khng vt qu 8,2 v kim ny trng vi
cng cacbonat v tng ng vi hm lng ca hidrocacbonat ca nc.
3.1 Nguyn tc
xc nh kim ca nc cn dng dung dch axit mnh m nng bit trc
chun. Da trn th tch axit dng chun c th tnh ton c kim ca nc.
xc nh im tng tng ca php chun dng cc cht ch th axit-baz hoc dng
my o pH.
Lng dung dch axit tiu tn chuyn pH ca nc ti 8,2 tng ng vi kim hn
hp p v n pH 4,3 tng ng kim tng ( kim m).
Nu pH ca nc > 8,2 th c kim hn hp p
Nu pH ca nc < 8,2 th kim p bng 0
Nu pH ca nc < 4,3 th kim bng 0
3.2 Dng c
-

ng ong cc loi

Bnh nn (250 mL hoc 500 mL)

Cc cc loi

Buret (10 mL hoc 25 mL)

3.3 Ha cht
-

Dung dch axit HCl chun 0,1 N

Ch th Phenolphtalein

Ch th Metyl da cam

Nc ct

3.4 Phng php thc hin

Chun b mu
Khng cn x l mu trc, tr trng hp mu cha cn l lng th phi lc qua giy lc c
kch thc l 0,45m ngay sau khi ly.
Tin hnh
kim hn hp (p): Dng ng ong ly 100 mL mu nc cho vo bnh nn, thm vo
vi git ch th phenolphtalein. Nu nc chuyn sang mu hoc hng nht th thc hin
chun bng dung dch axit HCl cho ti khi dung dch mt mu hon ton. Nu nc khng
chuyn mu chng t khng c mt ca cc cht kim hn hp.
kim tng (m): Dng ng ong ly 100 mL mu nc cho vo bnh nn, thm vo vi
git ch th metyl da cam. Nu nc chuyn sang mu vng th thc hin chun bng dung
dch axit HCl cho ti khi dung dch chuyn hon ton sang mu . Nu nc c mu
chng t khng c mt ca cc cht kim.
Tnh ton kt qu
Cng thc tnh ton sau c p dng cho vic tnh c 2 loi kim p v m:

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kim (mg/L CaCO3) =

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AxNx1000
x50
V

Trong :
A: Th tch dung dch axit chun , mL
N: nng axit, N ( y l 0,1N)
V: th tch nc dng chun , mL
Cc cht c nh hng ti kt qu
Khi c mt ca clo t do trong nc s nh hng n vic xc nh im tng ng.
Lng CO2 t do qu cao cng nh hng n s chuyn mu ca cht ch th im tng
ng.
Cc ion silicat, phtpht, bort v sulphua cng b chun cng, nhng do hm lng ca
cc ion k trn trong nc thng khng ng k nn t nh hng n kt qu.
4. cng
cng ca nc l do cc kim loi kim th ch yu l canxi v magi gy nn. cng
c chia lm hai loi l cng cacbonat v cng phi cacbonat. Lng ion canxi v
magie tng ng vi lng mui cacbonat v hidro cacbonat (bicacbonat) c gi l
cng cacbonat. Lng ion canxi v magie tng ng vi cc anion ca cc axit v c mnh
nh clorua, sunpht v nitrat l cng phi cacbonat. cng ton phn l tng ca c hai
loi cng trn.
4.1 Nguyn tc
Axit Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic (EDTA) v mui ca n to phc cng cua vi mt s
ion kim loi. Nu cho mt lng nh ch th Eriochrome black T (ET-OO) vo dung dch c
ion canxi v magi v iu chnh pH = 100.1 dung dch s c mu ru. Khi dng dung
dch EDTA chun th canxi v magi s to phc vi EDTA. Khi cc cation trong dung
dch to phc ht th dung dch s chuyn sang mu xanh, lc cng l lc t im
tng ng v kt thc qu trnh chun .
xc nh cng ca nc dng dung dch EDTA bit trc nng chun. Da trn
th tch EDTA dng chun c th tnh ton c cng ca nc.
4.2 Dng c
-

ng ong cc loi

Bnh nn (250 mL hoc 500 mL)

Cc cc loi

Buret (10 mL hoc 25 mL)

4.3 Ha cht
-

Dung dch m amoni (NH4Cl+NH4OH)

Ch th ET-OO (Eriochrome T en)

Dung dch EDTA chun 0,01M

Dung dch NaOH 1N

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Dung dch HCl 1N

4.4 Phng php thc hin

Chun b phn mu th
Thng thng khng cn phi x l mu trc khi chun , tr trng hp mu c cha cn
l lng th phi lc qua giy lc vi kch thc l 0,45m ngay sau khi ly mu. Lu rng
lc c th lm mt i mt phn canxi v magi trong mu nc lc.
Tin hnh
Dng ng ong ly 50 - 100 mL mu nc cn xc nh cng vo bnh nn. Thm 1 mL
dung dch m v mt lng nh cht ch th. Nu pH ca mu nc khng nm trong khong
pH = 6 - 8 th dng dung dch HCl hoc NaOH iu chnh (nn dng giy ch th kim
tra trc) ri mi thm dung dch m v ch th.
Nu dung dch c mu hoc tm th tin hnh chun bng dung dch EDTA t burt
ng thi khuy hoc lc u. Chun nhanh lc u v chm dn khi gn n cui. Tip
tc thm dung dch EDTA khi mu ca dung dch bt u chuyn t mu hoc tm sang
mu xanh. Sc thi mu dung dch khng thay i nu thm mt git EDTA na.
Nu dung dch c mu xanh c ngha l nc mm v khng cn chun na.
Tnh ton kt qu
cng (mg/L CaCO3) =

AxMx1000
x 100
V

Trong :
A: th tch EDTA chun, mL
M: nng ca EDTA, M ( y l 0,01M)
V: Th tch mu nc dng chun , mL
Cc cht c nh hng ti kt qu
Cc ion nhm, bari, ch, st, coban, ng, mangan, thic, km cn tr vic xc nh bi chng
hoc cng b chun vi canxi v magi hoc chng cn tr s chuyn mu ca ch th
im cui.
Ion photphat v cacbonat c th kt ta canxi pH chun . Mt s cht hu c cng c th
cn tr vic xc nh.

Ti liu tham kho

APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1998). Standard method for the examination of water and
wastewater.20th Edition. Washington DC
Clair N.Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty and Gene F.Parkin (2003). Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science. 5 th edition. McGraw-Hill
Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6224 : 1996 (ISO 6059 : 1984 E) (1996). H ni
Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6636 2 : 2000 (ISO 9963 2 : 1994) (2000). H ni
T Vng Nghi, Hunh Vn Trung, Trn T Hiu (1986). Phn tch nc. Nh xut bn Khoa

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hc v K thut. H ni.

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