CHNG 1

GiI THIU V DUNG DCH IN LY THUYT IN LY

I.Mt s khi nim v dung dch

1. Dung dch v nng dung dch:
Nng mol/lit, M
Nng molan, mol/kg
Nng ng lng .lg/lt
Phn mol, %
2. Khi nim v dung dch in ly:
- Nhng dung dch c kh nng dn in,
- Cht ha tan: cht in ly (hay cn gi l cht in phn
hoc cht in gii)
- L cht dn in loi hai (dn in ion)
2

II. Tnh cht ca dung dch khng in ly in ly

nh lut p dng

Khng in ly

in ly

Raoult 1

P/Po = N2

P/Po =iN2

Raoult 2

Ts = Ks Cm
T = KCm

Ts =i Ks Cm
T =i K Cm

Vanthoff

= C R T

= i CRT

n
P
2
N
2
n n
Po
2

- Dung mi nc: Ks =0,52, K = 1,86, Cm l nng molan

- - p sut thm thu; R hng s kh (0,082 atm T-1 mol-1; T nhit
tuyt i (kenvin); C nng mol/l.
3

III. Cc lun im ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius

1. Mt s cht c kh nng phn ly thnh ion khi ha
tan vo dung mi thch hp.
V d:
HCl = H+ + Cl
CH3COOH CH3COO + H+
S ion do mt phn t cht tan phn ly ra gi l bc ca cht in ly

2. S phn ly xy ra khng hon ton

n'

n s phn t phn ly; n tng s phn t ha tan

n

3. Qu trnh phn ly l mt phn ng ha hc cn bng v tun

theo nh lut tc dng khi lng

M A M A

K pl

[ M ] .[ A ]

[ M A ]

IV. ng dng thuyt in ly Arrhenius

1. Phn bit cht in ly mnh, cht in ly yu
-Cht in ly yu: Trong dung dch khng qu long ch
c mt phn nh s phn t b phn ly thnh ion,
cn phn ln cc phn t tn ti trng thi phn
t, <5%.
-Cht in ly mnh: l cht khi ha tan vo dung dch
b phn ly hu nh hon ton thnh ion ( 1).
- * Cht in ly trung bnh (t). Th d H3PO4

2. Xc nh h s ng trng i
M A M A

Vant Hoff : = i CRT

.C + (1 - ).C = i.C i = . + 1 -

i 1

bc in ly: = + + -

ngha vt l ca h s Vant Hoff i: l t s gia tng

s tiu phn cht tan (ion + phn t) trong 1 th tch
dung dch in ly trn s phn t cht tan ha tan
trong th tch .
6

Dung dch ZnCl2 cha 0,85 gam

cht tan trong 125 gam nc kt
o
tinh 0,23 C. Xc nh phn
ly biu kin (hnh thc) ca ZnCl2.

3. Hng s phn ly
HA H+ + A

[ H ].[A ]
K
pl
[ HA]

K pl

[H+] = [A] = C. ; [HA] = C.(1-)

2
C.

Cht in ly yu, phn ly < 5%, th c th xem (1 - ) 1.

K = C.

K
C

K.V

nh lut pha long Ostwald: phn ly ca cht in ly yu t l

nghch vi cn bc hai ca nng hay t l thun vi cn bc hai ca
pha long.
8

 Cn phi thm bao nhiu nc vo 1,00

lt dung dch NH4OH 0,200 M s phn
t phn ly tng ln gp i? phn ly
trong dung dch u l 0,010

4. Khi nim pKa, pH

pK = - log K ; pH =-log [H+]
Vi acid yu k hiu pKa , vi baz yu pKb
Tnh pH:

10

5. Chuyn dch cn bng phn ly

HA H+ + A NaA A- + Na+

Khi tng nng ca ion chung

trong dung dch th phn ly ca
cht in ly yu gim.

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6. Dung dch m
HA H+ + ANaA Na+ + A-

C ch n nh pH ca dung dch m
Tnh pH ca dung dch m
C

pH pK lg a
a
C
m
C
pH 14 pK lg b
b
C
m

Handerson
Hasselbach

Cb, Cm : nng acid yu, baz yu v mui; Ka v Kb: hng s phn

ly ca acid v baz
: C a,

12

m nng tch phn

Dng vi phn ca m nng ()
ac
pH pK lg
a
bc

dc

dpH

dpH
1
1
1
1
ab

.(

)
.
dc
2,3 b c a c
2,3 (b c )(a c)
Khi

c0

dc
a.b

2,3.
dpH
ab

* m nng cng ln khi nng cc acid v baz lin

hp cng ln.
* Khi tng nng acid yu v baz lin hp khng i
th m nng ln nht khi hai nng bng nhau.
13

Nng ion H+ s thay i nh

th no nu nh ta thm 0,05 mol
acetat natri vo 1 lit dung dch acid
acetic 0,005M. Bit rng hng s
phn ly ca acid acetic l 1,79.105.

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6. S phn ly theo nhiu nc

Vi hng s phn ly K bng tch ca cc hng
s phn ly tng nc Ki : K = Ki
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 H2PO4- H+ + HPO42 HPO42- H+ + PO43-

H3PO4 3H+ + PO43-

K1 = 7,6.105
K2 = 6,2.108
K3 = 4,4.1013
K =K1 K2 K3

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7. Tch s ion ca nc
2 H2O H3O+ + OH
hay : H2O H+ + OH
[H 2 O] C H 2O

[ H ].[OH ]
K
[ H 2 O]

1000 g / l
55,5(5)mol / l
18 g / mol

[H+].[OH] = K.[H2O] = Kw
ToC
Kw.1014

0
0,114

10
0,292

18
0,570

25

50

1,008

5,474
16

9. S thy phn
[ HX ][OH ] C 2 .h 2
K

tp
C.(1 h)
[X ]

Do h << 1 nn 1 - h 1

K tp
C

Lin h gia hng s thy phn, hng s phn ly v Kw

][H ] K
[ HX ][OH ][H ]
[
X
K
[OH ][H ] :
W
tp
[ HX ]
K
[ X ][H ]
a

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10. Cn bng ha tan

MmXn (r) m M+ (dd) + n X (dd)

T = [M]m.[X]n
Dung dch bo ha:
[M]m.[X-]n = T
Dung dch cha bo ha: [M]m.[X-]n < T

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 Xc nh tch s tan ca mui MX2

nu dung dch bo ha cha 0,02
mol trong 100 ml dung dch.

19

11. Cn bng ion trong dung dch in ly

M1X1 + M2X2

M1X2 + M2X1
M1+ + X1 + M+ + X2

[ M X ][M X ]
1 2
2 1
K

cb
[ M X ][M X ]
1 1
2 2
[ M ][ X ]
1
1
K

11
[M X ]
1 1
[ M ][ X ]
1
2
K

12
[M X ]
1 2

[ M ][ X ]
2
2
K

22
[M X ]
2 2
[ M ][ X ]
2
1
K

21
[M X ]
2 1

K
K
11
22
K

cb
K
K
12 21
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Cn bng ion trong dung dch in ly

1. Nu K11 , K22 > K12 , K21 (tc l nu M1X1 v
M2X2 phn ly mnh hn M1X2 v M2X1 ) th Kcb
> 1, cn bng (*) dch chuyn v bn phi
2. Ngc li, nu K11, K22 < K12, K21 th Kcb < 1
v cn bng (*) dch chuyn v bn tri

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V. Thiu st ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius

phn ly

n'

n : s phn t phn ly
n : tng s phn t ha tan

01
Tr s khng i, khng ph thuc vo pp xc nh
Thc nghim

Ch ng vi dung dch long ca cht in ly 1:1

Nng cht in ly hoc

in tch cc ion tng

Cc tr x/ = cc pp khc nhau
th khc nhau
chnh lch cng ln khi C
hoc in tch ion cng ln

> 1 khi C rt ln
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C (lg/l)

1 ( dn)

2 (thm thu)

KCl

0,005

0,956

0,963

KCl

0,010

0,941

0,943

KCl

0,020

0,922

0,918

KCl

0,050

0,889

0,885

BaCl2

0,100

0,751

0,788

MgSO4

0,100

0,434

0,324

La(NO3)3

1,00.106

0,920

0,946

La(NO3)3

1,00.105

0,788

0,865

La(NO3)3

1,00.104

0,635

0,715

Cht in ly

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CHCl (mol/l)

1 ( dn)

3 (S)

3,00.103

0,986

0,990

8,00.102

0,957

0,880

3,00.101

0,903

0,783

3,00

1,4

6,00

3,4

16,0

13,2

> 1 : phn ly khng cn ngha vt l theo thuyt ly

Arrhenius ???

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Thiu st ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius.

Hng s phn ly Kpl
Qu trnh phn ly l mt phn ng ha hc cn bng v tun
theo nh lut tc dng khi lng, c trng bi Kpl.

K pl

[ M ] .[ A ]

[ M A ]

M A

M A

iu kin nhit , p sut nht nh gi tr ca Kpl phi

l mt hng s, khng ph thuc vo nng dung dch.
Thc nghim

Ch ng vi cht in ly yu :
hng s phn ly tng i n nh khi thay i nng
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C (lg/l)

KCl
Kpl.102

MgSO4
Kpl.105

NH4OH
Kpl.105

CH3COOH
Kpl.105

1,0.104

1,28

2,35

1,06

2,0.104

1,96

3,23

1,0.103

4,56

6,01

1,56

1,75

5,0.103

10,51

10,5

1,0.102

15,10

13,3

1,68

2,0.102

1,74

5,0.102

36,0

24,7

1,0.101

53,5

33,3

1,92

1,70

2,0.101

1,65
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Theo Arrhenius: < 1 v ph thuc vo nng

Cht in ly mnh

Hot tnh xc tc ca ion H3O+

trong dung dch acid mnh t l
thun vi nng acid

Ph hp th nh sng ca dung
dch cht in ly mnh
KHNG c cc vch ng vi
phn t khng phn ly

phn ly ca cht in ly mnh

KHNG ph thuc vo nng

=1

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I.4. Thiu st ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius.

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng phn ly ???

Nng lng u ra b gy lin kt trong

phn t (hoc trong mng tinh th) ?

C II

V sao ion tch in li tn ti bn trong dung

dch ?
Sai st nh lng , Kpl ???

Tng tc gia cc ion?

C III

S phn b ca ion trong dung dch ?

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V d:

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