CHUONGI TONG QUAN SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor 1. Gidi thigu vé rugu vang 1.1 Lich sir phat trién regu vang Rugu vang 1a mOt sin phim c6 ti lau dé. Cée mha sit he cho rng regu vang ¢6 Ié duge Khim phd mot eich tinh e& 6 ving dit mau mo cia Tho Nhi Ky, Khu vue nim gitta s6ng Nile va Tran trong suét thoi ky nén van minh dau tién cia thé gidi vao nm 3000 ~ 4000 trade Cong Nguyén. Loai tréi diw tién duge ding dé ché bién 18 tt ede giéng nho khée nhau (Vitis vinefera). Nho duge van ehuyén qua ving Dia Trung Hai béi ngudi Hy Lap va nguiyi La Ma, sau d6 lan rong qua Chau Au Patric MeGovern va cng sw ciia Ong da sir dung mot sé ky thudt xé nghigm mau vat, bao gdm ky thuat phan tich héng ngoai, sac ky long cao dp va xét ghigm di véi acid tartaric 48 chimg minh ring ngénh sin xudt rugu vang xudt hign eich day 5000 nam, Két qua phan tich héa hoc dd gém khai quit tai di chi Hajji Firus (tai ni Zagros) di dua bang chimg rugu vang xa them 2000 - 4000 nam nita, vé tn thoi ky dé da mudn. ‘Tren thé gidi vige sin xuit regu vang di ed tir rét Kau di, nung mai dén dau thé ky 19, nginh san xudt rzou vang méi phat trién manh va chuyén sang sin xuat véi quy mé cong nghiép. Ngay nay nganh san xudt rou vang da phat trién ‘manh mé tai eée nude trén thé giéi nu: Phap, Mj, Nga, Y, Tay Ban Nha, Hungari, Dite.. Nguoi Vigt Nam méi lim quen véi san xuat rugu vang khoang 100 nam nay, chit yéu 6 thanh thi, Nguyén Quang Hao va cong sy (1984) nghién cir va san xudt v6i quy mé nhé & Ha Noi 1A ragu vang Thing Long. Sau 43, éng tiép tue nghién cifu cng trinh: “Céng nghé san xudt Vang nho chat lrong cao” va da cho ra doi logi vang khé dau tign kha thanh cong @ Vigt Nam la Vine Wine. Theo cong nghé sin xuit 4, mot loat vang khéc Lin lugt ra di: vang Gia Lam, vang Héng Ha, vang Déng D6, vang Tay H6... Su ra ddi va phat trién cila nhimg loi vang, trén da gép phin quan trong vo st ra di cia nginh sin xudt nrow vang Vit Nam. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 2(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 1.2 Dinh nghia regu vang Rugu vang 1a tén goi logi nrgu duge sin xudt lau di tir nguyén Tigu nho bang phuong phap Ién men ty nhién nho hé vi sinh vat sn c6 trén vo va thit trai ma chii yéu li Saccharomyces cerevisiae vi Sacchromyces ellipsoideus, ma khong qua chung eat, nugu e6 46 edn nhe tir 9 — 16° ‘Theo dinh nghia ngay nay, regu vang la loai rugu duge sin xudt ti dich ép trai cfly (téo, nho, mo, thom, chudi, sori...), ¢6 gia tri dinh during cao, hurong vi thom ngon cita tréi cy ty nhién, giau vitamin, khodng va d cn nhe c6 te dung ich thich hoa, chéng béo phi, phong ngiza lao héa va kéo dai tudi the, ngan ngia ung th, phong chéng duge ci bénh tim mach va d6t qu 1.3 Phan logi rugu vang Cé nhiéu céch phan logi nrou vang khde nhau, Dua trén mau sie 06 vang tring, vang 46. Dya vao mit céng nghé, sin phim vang duge chia lim hai nhom 16n: nhém vang ¢6 gas vi nhém vang khong e6 gas. 1.3.1 Nhém regu vang khong e6 gas: ¢6 thé chia thanh 2:nh6m sau Nhém vang phé théng: lén men hoan toan, khéng durge bé sung cdn ctylic trong qua trinh cdng nghé bao gém hai logi + Vang khé (lén men can kigt): chéta ham Iugng ethanol tich ty do len ‘men e6 thé tir 9 ~ 14%, ham long dug edn Iai Khong qua 0.3%. + Vang ban ngot: chita him Iuemg ethanol do lén men tyr nhign tir 9 ~ 12%, him lugng dudng edn lai 3 8%, 4 Nhém rurgu vang cao 49: 1a logi rrgu vang ¢6 ham luong ethanol cao so véi nhém ruqu vang phé thong. Cé thé diing cn tinh luygn dé nang cao ham lugng ethanol trong qué trinh sin xudt, Nhém nay gdm hai loai: + Vang nang: ¢6 him long ethanol tir 17 ~ 20%, ethanol sinh ra do men kkhéng it hon 32%, Ham Iurgng durang can Iai ti 1 ~ 4%, + Vang khai vi: ham lugng ethanol tir 12 ~ 17%,trong d6 ethanol sinh ra do Ién men khong it hon 1,2%, Ngoai ra, ty thuge vao him Iugng durémg trong vang khai vi c6 thé tin tai ede dang sau: Vang Khai vi ban ngot: ethanol tir 14 — 16% va duéng tr 5 ~ 12%. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 3‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor = Vang khai vi ngot: ethanol tit 15 ~ 17% va durémg tir 14— 20% = Vang khai vj rat ngot: ethanol tir 12 — 17% va duong tir 21 — 35%, 1.3.2, Nh6m nrgu vang 66 gas 4 Rurgu vang 6 gas ty mhién (do 1én men tao ra): dé gitr duge gas ty ahién trong sin phim ngudi ta thye hign qué trink ten men phu trong chai kin, hé thong thing kin va tiy thude véo diéu kign lén men phy (nhiét d6, thoi gian) sé cho ra loai rugu Champagne vehi mite d6 chat luong khée nhau. ¢ Rurgu vang €6 gas niin tao (do ¢6 nap CO; vio san phim): ngudi ta e thé tao ra nhiéu loai rugu vang khde nhau theo thi hiéu how yéu cdu ciia thi truing tiéu ding. Tuy nhién, nhém vang ¢6 gas tw nhién thug e6 d6 rou tir 9 12%, dO ngot tir 38%. 1.4 M6t s6 loai requ vang noi tiéng trén thé 1.4.1 Rugu vang Phap Nude Phip o6 4 viing tring nho rng lon dé sim xuit ragu van + Viing Alsace nim & gin bign gigi nude Bite. Khi hi khd va o6 nhigu di mii Céu tric dja chat da dang voi granit, da voi, da cat, dé phién... ndi tigng vé mugu vang tring. San lugng nrgu vang tring cua Alsacee chiém 30% téng san lung nou vang tring cua nude Php. Vang ngon nhat cia ving nay Id vang kho vvi kh, thurong chifa khong 13.5% cn + Ving Bordeaux nim 6 ving tay nam gin Atlantic. Phin Ién vang 46 tai day 1a vang duge trn chung boi hai hodc ba logi. San xuét rugu vang néi tiéng va quan trong cia Bordeaux 1a Médoc, Haut Médoc, Graves Barsac, Sautemes, St.Emillion, Pomerol, Cérons, Loupiac, Fronsac, Bourg, + Ving Burgundy nim @ mién trung nuée Phép véi dign tich 47.700 ha, 6 day c6 ede vuin nho nh thude gia dinh v6i dign tich Khong 50 ha, + Ving Champagne nim & eye Bac ciia née Phap sin xudt logi rrgu vang tinh 48, quy’ te ma ign thé nhudng, khi hgu, nhit 18 ky thuat sin xudt va kinh nghiém nén nude Phip ng noi nao trén thé gidi sinh kip. Nhé vio giéng nho, diéu da san xudt ra loai nrgu vang dae bigt nay. Phin [én nrou Champagne duge san SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 4(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor xuat tir hn hop gidng Nho dé thm Pinot Noir ¢6 ham hrgng dudng nén d6 rugu ‘manh va giéng nh Chardonnay c6 mau vang kim, dem lai vi than cao. 14.2 Rugu vang Y Nui c ¥ 06 trén 1000 giéng nho ban dia duge trong céc ving dée lap qua mhigu thé ky. Nude ¥ 6 22 ving trong nho, trong dé nho duge trong chit yéu Rome, Puglis, Sicily, Sardina, Val de Aosta, Umbria, Piedmont, Tuscany, Emilia Romagna va Veneto. Trong dé 4 ving tring nho sau eiing durge ban ludn cu thé: + Piedmont: nim tai Tay Bie nude ¥. Vang né tring cling duge sin xuat tai lang. Asti tr logi nho Moscato. + Tuscany: day 1d ving néi tiéng véi vang, lich sik va nghé thuat, Nim & ‘rung tam phia Bac nude Y. Logi vang d6 chi yéu duge sn xuat tai Chianti + Emilia Romagna vi Veneto: Emilia nim 6 phia Bic cba Tuscany. Bay 1a ving trng nho In, chuyén trdng logi nho e6 chat Iugng thép. Veneto sin xudt mot long Ién vang do va tring. Ca hai ving ny chuyén sin xudt vang cong nghiép ding cho xuét khéw. 1.4.3 Rucgu vang Dite Nude Dire ¢6 ving nho chi yéu nim 6 phia Bic, Mia tring nho ngin, vi vay nho chira nhiéu acid va it duéng . Duge chia thanh 4 loai: + Rugu vang bin (Deutcher Tafewein).. + Rurgu vang viing (Landwein), + Rugu vang Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbuagebiete (QbA): vang QbA cb chat Iugng thap, c6 Iugng dung khoang 13°Brix, Phin Ion vang QbA duge str dung dé xudt khdu + Rugu vang Qualitatswein mit Pradikat: 1A logi rugu vang chat lrgng cao (QmP), ¢6 Iwong dudmg tir 17°Brix. Phu thude vao lxong dung, ngudi ta phin chia vang QmP ra thanh céc logi khde nhaw © Kabinett: 17°Brix © Spatlese: 19°Brix © Auslese: 21°Brix © Beerenauslese: 28°Brix © Trockenbecrenauslese: 39°Brix SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 5(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 1.4.4 Rugu vang Bo Dao Nha BB Dio Nha c6 ba ving trdng nho chinh: Douro, Vinhos Verdes, va Maderia, Ngodi ra con ¢6 m6t s6 viing trong nho khac, mai viing sin xuat céc loai vang khée nhau, + Douro: day la qué huong cia nrgu Port (vang dé ngot, c6 a6 cén cao), Port duge lam gia ting bing cin Brandy trade khi két thie qua trinh lén men, vi vay Port vin gitr duge d6 ngot, mae dit lnong aleohol cao. + Vinhos Verdes: nim ¢ phia Tay Bac Allantic cia Bé Dao Nha. Rugu vang ving nay 6 Ingng acid cao, it duimg tir nho cn xanh, 6 thoi gian trong ngin. Céc loai vang e6 thé 18 vang d6 hose vang tring, nhung déu 6 d6 edn thép va hoi sii bot + Maderia: vang sin xuét trén do Maderia la logi vang duge ting cuémg alcohol va duge xirl nhigt 15 1 nguyén ligu khac san xudt regu vang 15.1 Nho Nawii ta chon mho la nguén nguyén tigu truyén théng dé sin xudt reou vang tir hang ngan nam nay vi + Chit long t5t, huong vj dim da, vi ngot manh cing véi vi chat, vi chua tia acid, tanin, lai thém ede vi phong phi glycerin, acid amin, mudi khodng, mau se dep nhi c6 chat anthocyanin + Thanh phan héa hoe cia nho thich hp, dé dang cho qué trinh Ién men, 46 rugu cao, tre ché vi khuan €6 hai, regu bao quan duge lau. ~ Sain long trai trén m6t dom vi dign tich cao, mot hecta c6 thé dat t6i 2 ~ 3 van lit nude qua. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Tring 6(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor + Thanh phin héa hoe cia nho (tinh ten 100g thit qua) ;: Khodng chat ‘Thanh phan (2) Vitamin (mg) (me) Kali 210 Phospho | 18 | Vitamin C (Ascorbique) 3 Casi | 13. Vitamin BI (Thiamine) 0.05 Duong | 154 Magie | 7 | Vitamin B2(Riboflayine) 0.2 Protein | 04 Natri 2 | Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide) 0.2 Lipid (omnes a Sit 0.3. Vitamin BS (Panothenique) 0.5 Nurse ig |. Déng | 0.12 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 0.1 Chitxo | 07 Kem 0.1 Vitamin B9 (Folique) 0.002 Mangan | 0.1 | Carotene 0.017 Tod 0.001 éng nho + GiGi thigu mot s6 O Viet Nam c6 nl suit cao nhw: gidng nho &n twai NHOI — 93, NHOL ~ 48, NHOI ~ 96, giéng ing nho lim nguyén ligu cho ehé bién rugu NHO2—90 éu giéng nho duge nhan giéng thanh cGng va cho nang Cardinal (nho 46) va Y Gidng Cardinal (nho 46) la giéng quan trong cua Vigt Nam va cde nude quanh ving nh Philippines, Thdi Lan... c6 nhigu wu diém: ma dep, d& vin chuyén, sinh truéng nhanh, chdt lung kha. Giéng nho d6 Cardinal e6 mot wu diém hon cée gidng khie da durge nhip vio Vigt Nam, tir edt eanh dén chin chi khong 90 ngiy, véi 1 thang ngii nghi true khi lai cat dé cho ra trai vy sau, ting céng 4 thang cho I vy, mét nim c6 thé thu ba vy, lé tiéu chudn kinh 18 quan trong cia nguéi tréng nho hign nay, ¥ Gidng nho an twoi NHO1 ~ 93 66 thdi gian sinh trudng tir 110 — 125 ngiy ké te khi cit cin, dai hom so vi giéng Cardinal ca vé thoi gian sinh tnxémg SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 7(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ‘va thdi gian chin. Gidng c6 kha nang sinh trang trong duong gidng Cardinal, kha nang khang m6t sé di tugng sau bénh hai chinh tong duong hod cao hon so véi Cardinal va cao hon so v6i NHOI ~ 48. Giéng ¢6 khdi lugng tréi to hon hin so véi hai gidng Cardinal va NHOI — 48, 6 d6 Brix twong duong véi Cardinal, 6 mai huang dc trung, trai 6 mau tim den, hinh 6 van rat phii hop thi hiéu ngwoi tiéu ding, Y Gidng nho an twoi NHOI — 96 e6 thoi gian sinh trudmg cua tir 115 ~ 120 gay ké tir khi cét eink, dai hon so véi giéng déi ching Cardinal, Ging e6 kha ‘nang sinh tradng tét hon so véi giéng Cardinal, kha ning khang m6t sé déi tugng sdu bénh hai chinh tog duong so v6i Cardinal. Khdi long tréi bién déng tir 5.5, 7.2 g cao hon nhieu so voi giéng Cardinal va NHO1 ~ 48 , nang suat binh quan dat 12 tdnvhalvy, vot d6i chiing tir | ~ 2 tan, e6 46 Brix khé cao (16 ~ 17%), cao hon so v6i Cardinal, e6 mii huong de trung, trai e6 mau xanh ving Y Gidng nho lam nguyén ligu ché bién nrgu NHO2 ~ 90 ¢6 kha nang sinh truéng manh, chong chju tot doi voi sau bénh hai, nang suat thyc thu dat trén 10 tinha/vy, Dé Brix trén 17% va ede chi tigu chat Ingng phi hep cho sin xuat rrgu vang theo tiéu chudn chat lwong cia co sé sn xudt vang nho. Higu qua kinh té thu duge tir 15-35 trigu dng/ha/vu. ¥ Gidng nho NHO1 ~ 48 1a gidng nho an two, khi hat it (ir 1 dén 2 hatiqua), dé durdmg eao (46 Brix 17 — 19%, giéng Cardinal tir 13 ‘hin tréi c6 mau xan, ~ 14%), dé cho béng, nang suat cao va On dinh, Chat lugng cua giéng nay twong dong so véi san phim nhap khau cing logi, Thoi gian sinh trucng tir khi ct canh én tn thu 1a 115 ~ 120 ngiy. Tuy nhién, da s6 dign tich nho trén thye té thoi thu hoach triée 110 ngay, din tich tring nho NHOI ~ 48 da lén dén gin 400 ha (nién vy 2004/2005), 15.2 Dita Dita 1a mot loai tréi cay duge trong nhiéu 6 ving niet di va dita cing 1a mbt nguyén ligu tt 4 sin xudt rigu vang vi dita chia nhidu duéng, cellulose, protein, vitamin va cée chét khodng, ty If nude qua khé cao, lwgng tanin khong, dang ké lam vi Khun kh6 hoat dong, len men dé ding, 49 Brix cao do 6 Khi len men khéng can bd sung thém dudng, chat long ruvgu dita chi dat trung binh. Tuy SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 8(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor nhién raqu vang sin xuat tir dita cé mot nhuge diém lén la cde hyp chét thom trong dita khong bén vi nhigt va acid, do dé sau qua trinh lén men, mii thom cia vj dita mat di, Iugng dong cing gidm va rugu c6 vj chat, + Thanh phan héa hoc ciia dita (tinh trén 100g thit qua) ‘ Khoang chat ‘Thanh phiin Vitamin (mg) (mg) Duong ting sb | 11-15% Canxi_ | 16 | Vitamin A (Retinol) 130 Acid 0.6% —Phospho | 11 | Vitamin BI (Thiamine) 0.08 Protein 04g Sat 03 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavine) 0.02 Lipit 0.2g | Déng | 0.07 _| Vitamin C (Ascorbique) 4.2 Hidratearbon | 13.7g * GiGi thigu mét sO gidng dita ¥ Dita Vietoria (Queen) phia Nam tring edie ndng trudmg Pham Van Hai, ving Bén Lite... chat long 16t, thit vang rm, ¢6 vi thom hap din nhung nhge diém la trai nhd, trong long binh quan chi dat 500 — 700 g, lé e6 nhiéu gai o mép, tréi c6 dang hoi bau dye, mat tong ddi sau nén khé thao tac trong ché bién lam sgidm higu qua kinh Y Dita Cayenne Id dai, day va khong c6 gai hode cé mét it & du chép 1a, trai to, nhigu nue, méng v6, nang suit cao thich hgp cho viée ché bién 43 hop va rude dita e6 de, nhung phai bén phan, tr rép sép va ft con gidng nén kh mo rng dign tich nhanh va tham anh, Y Dita Spanish trong & mién Bac dudi rimg thu, la mém, mép la cong hoi nga vé phai lug, mit séu,thit ving hoi pha tring, 8 vj chua, Nhém dita Spanish tuy dé tréng, nhung vi phim chat kém nén 6 mién Nam chi tring 1é trong von, khong tp trung thanh ving ln. SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin Trang 9(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 15.3 Daw 6 muse ta, nghé tring dau 48 cé tir lu 40i. Tuy nhién, ngudi Viét Nam 6 thoi quen trong dau nudi tam ma khong trong dau dé ly trai, Ngay nay, do nhu cau tigu thu dau trén thi truong ngay cdng ting, gid ca loi cho ngudi trong dau, nén dign tich tring dau tay o Da Lat cling gia tang dang ké, vige thu hoach dau va sir dung né nhur mét logi nguyén ligu quy cho qué trin san xuat regu vang. Dau chita him Iugng dung kha cao (>10%), mau cua dau e6 dae diém rit riéng dé sin xudt mugu vang 46. Tat ca céc thinh phan gém nude ép, phan v6, phan thit va hat cia cic loai dau thudng duge sir dung dé lén men, Dau ép ldy nude d& dang, qué trinh, lén men eting thye hign d& dang cho mau sic hap din, nude dau e6 it pectin va cde chat keo khae nén ruqu mau trong. Rugu vang dau c6 huong vj tt, gid tri dinh duding cao, ¢6 Igi cho sire khée, Tuy nhién e mt nhuge diém 1a rat kh6 bao quan. + Thanh phan héa hoe cua dau (tinh trén 100g thit qua) : Khodng chat ‘Thanh phan (2) Vitamin (11g) (mg) Nang tugng | 46 Keal | Natri 0.7. | Vitamin A (Retinol) 5.0 Nude 84.0 |Canxi 22.0 | Vitamin E 0.58 Protein ting | 1.8 [Kali 190 | Vitarnin BI (Thiamine) 0.03 Lipid 04 ‘Vitamin B2 (Riboflavine) | 0.06 Glucid tong 17 ‘Vitamin PP (Nicotinamide) | 0.3 Tro 08 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | 0.06 Vitamin C (Ascorbique) | 60.0 Beta- caroten 30.0 + GiGi thigu mgt sé Qua két qua digu tra néng h6, két hgp theo doi thye té dong rudng thi mdi sidng déu tay c6 m6i hinh thé fc amg ring: SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 10(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Y Gidng Angelique cé cay Ién, than c6 nhiéu long, tan cay rng, cay sinh truomg va phat trén t8t, thai gian cho trai kéo dai, ning sudt cao va kh ning Khang bénh trung binh, cao hon gidng FA va giéng New Zealand, Y Giéng FA cay nho hon gidng Angelique, than it long, tin cy nhd, cho trai nhd, khang nang suat cao vao mita mua, mita nding ning suat thuémg thap, bbénh cao hon giéng Angelique va ging New Zealand Y Giéng New Zealand c6 cay rit thip, tin tuomg d6i rng, thich hop tring trong nha nilong va digu kign thim canh cao nhur phai cé hé théng cung dp nude ‘ui, phan bén nhd giot, khdng thich hop véi tréi phun mura. 154 Mo ‘Uw diém Ién nhat khi chon mo lim nguon nguyén ligu san xuat nrou vang la ede chat thom trong mo kha bén, do dé cée sin phim Ién men thutmg git due mii mo. Tuy nhién, mo 66 ép ldy nude va him lung dung thép + Thanh phan héa hoe cia mo (tinh trén 100g thit qua) Thanh phan (g) Vitamin Niing long 49 Keal__ | Vitamin A (Retinol) 360 pe Protein 0.9 | Vitamin €(Ascorbique) | 7mg Glusit 10.5 + Gigi thigu mgt sé g ing mo: ¥ Mo rimg: trai rét nho, khdi Iugng trung binh 3 — 4 g, khi chin mau vang rnhgt. Hat to it nude, ti Ie thit 80-82%. Y Mo vang: phé bién nhit, bao gém tit ca cde gidng mo thudng goi la mo aié, mo dao, .. tri nang tir 6 ~ 15 g. Ti Ig thit 85 ~ 89%, khi chin trai e6 mau vang dda cam va c6 mii thom dim ¥ Mo Déng Mf: tréng 6 phia Nam Ha Néi, ld loai mo to nhit cia ta hign nay. Trai nang trung binh 20 ~ 25 g, tréi to nhat 35 ~ 40 g, Cai day, nude nhiéu, Khi chin trai cé mau phét do. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 11(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 2. Gidi thigu vé cay sori 2.1 Nguén gée, sy phn b8 va dlc diém thye vat hge cia edy sori 2.1.1 Nguén géc cay sori Cy sori due trdng nhiéu 6 mién Nam Viet Nam khdng phai Ia cy sori cia mién 6n d6i (Prunus cerasus) thuge ho Hoa hong, ma la mot loai cay an trai mién higt déi thude ho Malpigl cae, @6 tén Khoa hoe li Malpighia glabra, ngués phuong Tay goi ld Barbados, Sori Barbados c6 nguén gée tir Chau Mj La tinh, Ching moe tr nhién tir St. Croix dén Trinidad, cling ¢6 & Curacao, Margarita va ving Kin cn phia Bac ciia Nam Mg va xa lén phia Nam nhur Brazil. Sori duge thuan héa tai Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico va duge trong pho bién tai cde trang trai @ Bahamas, Bermuda va mot vai khu vye 6 Trung vi Nam My, 6 mién Nam Vigt Nam, sor trng khong ahigu & Thanh phé HO Chi Minh va tréng twong d6i tp trung 6 Go Cong Dong. Trude dé it ai cha ¥ dén sori nhumg tir sau khi phat hign ham long vitamin ¢6 trong qua kha cao (dc bigt fa vitamin C), nguidi ta mai bat du dn vige nhan giéng. Ngoai ra, cin 6 hai logi cay sori khée 1a Eugenia uniflora va Eugenia jombeyi duge tim thay & Ha Noi va Tuyén Quang déu thude ho Sim (Murtaceae) dng khong cing loai véi sori mign Nam nue ta 2.1.2. Sy phan bé cay sori 6 duge trong thanh ting gidng theo kiéu trang trai cua Phap. Sori duge tring & Hd Chi Minh va khap céc tinh mién Tay Nam B@ nhu Tién Giang, Can Tho, Vinh gt Nam, sori duge nhép ti Phap, khi méi du nhgp vao Vigt Nam, sori Long, Séc Tring, Bac Ligu... Bae bigt hign nay tring niéu o khu vue Gd Céng ‘Deng (tinh Tién Giang) va tinh Bén Tre. Ngoai Tién Giang va Bén Tre, @ cac tinh c6n Iai, sori duge tréng khéng tap trung, chit yeu @ quy m6 ho gia dinh nho 1é. Dign tich sori hign nay khoang 950 ha véi sn Iugng hing nim 18,000 tén. Cé hai aiéng sori la giéng sori chua va gidng sori ngot. Gidng sori ngot thich hop véi ving dét Binh Thanh, tinh Bén Tre véi dign tich 180 ha, giéng sori neot ding 48 in tuoi va tiéu thy ngi dia. Trong 46, gidng sori chua duge tring & ving dat Go Cong Dong, tinh Tién Giang, la giéng sori dang duge va chudng vi c6 nang suit cao, c6 vj chua ngot thich hgp véi thj hiéu cua ngwai tiéu ding, duge tiéu thy ndi SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 12(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor dia va xudt khdu sang cae nuée nhur Singapore, Hong Kong... dui dang déng lanh Gidi = Plantae BO: Malpighiales Ho: Malpighiaceae Chi: Malpighia Loi: Malpighia glabra Sori la logi cay thin bui, ngoai lay trai, sori con trong lam cay kieng. Cay 6 thé cao én 3 — 5 m, 66 nhigu canh nho, tin 1d diy, thudng eb gai. La thudng xanh dang li don, ve bong khi trong thanh, Hoa don hoge moc thanh tan v6i tir 2 hoa tr6 lén trong mot mép li tron hode ¢6 ring cua, li dai 4 ~ 5 om, Ia tro nén cum, méi hoa 6 duéng kinh khong 1 ~2 em véi 5 canh hoa ¢6 mau tring, hdng, 46 hay tia, Hoa ng quanh nam, nhung dién hinh la chu ky né hoa gin Hién véi mia mua, Hoa né chi yéu trén cay dat trudng thank. Trai sori e6 dang hinh tron, cudng, ‘nh6 va ngéin, tron hoi lm e6 ba Khia ndng ba hat, dudig kinh Khosing 1.5 ~2.5 em ‘véi him lwgng vitamin cao, v6 trai hin bong, mong, mém va rat dB bj dap. Trai phat trién tir lie xanh dén lie chin la 25 ngay, tri cdn non mau xanh khi chin mau SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin Trang 13(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor do, c6 khi vang cam, thit trai cé mau vang nhat, hot mau tring nga, com it so voi hat. Phin &n duge khong 80% trong lugng trai, Trong lugng tri tir 3,8 ~ 5,5 g 2.1.4 Mot s6 giéng sori khdc trén thé gigi Nhu da dé iP & tren, sori Ia loai cay than bui, ngodi mue dich lay tri, trén thé gidi hign nay, xu thé chit yéu trong nhing gidng sori lai voi muc dich khac shaw nb Giing Dwarf Barbados cherry (sori lim): 18 dang cay phat trién tot trong chdu, 06 chiéu cao 0.6m, chiu durge lanh hon nhiing gidng cay khdc. Gidng Dwarf thich hop dé lim cay kiéng, bonsai Giing Florida sweet: 18 giéng sori dirge tring phd bién & California (Mj). Gidng sori nay cho trai lon hon, duong kinh tir 3~ 4 em, da day, nhigu nude, 6 huang thom gidng v6i tio, thude gidng sori ban ngot, ham Iugng vitamin C cao khoang 500 ~ 1500 mg/100g Giéng Manoa sweet; 1a giéng sori ngot, than cay thang, trai mau da cam, cho nang suat cao. Giéng Manoa sweet c6 ngudn géc tir Hawaii duge bit én vio nim 1963 Negoai 3 gidng sori trén, ngurdi ta cbn lai tao ra nhiéu gidng sori khde nota ‘hu: Hawaii queen, Maunawili, Haluy, Beaumont, 2.2 Tréng sori (Di 2.211. Dia diém kkign canh téc) Cay thich hop 6 nhiing viing trong ¢6 nhiéu anh sang mat trai, néu trong & hing ving khi héu lanh sé phat sinh nhigu vin d3 nghiém trong cho cay. Cay trong trong bong rim van cho tréi nhung nang suat giam, cay sé 6m yéu, manh hah, Do b@ ré cay can va nho nén cay sori co thé trong xen ké véi cae loai khae nhu xoai, 2.2.2. Dat Cay sori thich hgp véi ede logi dat: dat thit, dat thit pha cal dit c6 kha ning gilt mrdc trung binh, thoat nude 16t vi re cay s€ chét néu bj ting made, khdng bj phén chua, pH cla nude nén tir 6.5 — 7.5, vi dt phén Kim cay kém phat trién. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 14(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Nhung pH thich hop nhat dé ré phat trién tit 1a 5.5 — 6.5. néu dat canh tae bj chua thi phai b8 sung vi dé cung ofp canxi va dé tang ning sudt cho cay tng, 2.3 Cée phuong phap nhan giéng cay sori ‘han giéng bang phuong phap v6 tinh 14 phuong phap nhan giéng duge ap dung phé bién hign nay cho cdy an trai, gbm ede hinh thire: chiét cdnh, gidm eink, thdp cdnh va thap mit Co thé chiét trén khéng hode dudi dat, canh chiét nén cé dung 6mm tr len. Ghép diing gée ghép Ia sori hay la cée ey e6 ho hing d& tiép hop. 2.3.1, Phuong php chiét ean Li phwong phap diing digu kign ngoai canh thich hgp dé giép mot b6 phan ciia cay nut than, cdnh, cia cy sori 8 t0 ta 18, hinh thanh mot cé thé mi o6 thé séng doc lap véi edy me. Phuong phap chiét ean c6 nhang wu diém sau: Dé lim, cay gitt duge dac tinh cua edy me. Tho’ gian nhan giéng nhanh (1 —6 thang), cay mau cho trai, ¥ Thich hgp hon cho nhiing ving ¢é thip c muc thiy ep cao vi cay sori 6 he théng 1B moc can. Y Nhan gidng durge nhiing giéng khong hat. Tuy nhién phuong phap cling cé mot s6 khuyét diém: ¥ Cay mau o8i, dB dé nga hon. Y SO lugng gidng nhan ra thurong thap vi tir cy me c6 thé chiét duge mot 6 nhanh (khodng 10 nhénh mot lan), néu chiét nhigu sé lam giam sinh trong cia cay me. ¥ C6 thé mang theo mam bénh (nhat la bénh do virus, Mycoplasma, vi Khuan) tir eay me Nguyén tie chung ciia phuong phap chiét enh 1 Kim ngung sy di chuyén xudng ella cde chat hot co (trong d6 e6 auxin...), quang hop duge tir li va chdi ngon. Céc chit nay tich ly tai noi xi ly (thudng 1a khoang vO) va dui tée dong, cia im 46 va nhigt dé thich hop r& s€ moc ra ngay khi canh edn dinh trén cay me. Cé nhigu céch ehiét ean khée mhau tly theo cay eao hay thap, enh moe dug hay xién, mgc cao hay sat dat, c’inh dai chac hay khéng ... gom e6: SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 15(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Chiét canh bo bau (chiét trong khéng khi). Chiét canh trong dt. Chiét canh trong gid (chau) duéi dat hay trén cao, Chiét canh lip gée, dap m6... Hign nay, chiét canh b6 bau duge ép dung nhieu nhat trong nhan gidng cay sori. Thue hin ede thao téc nhur sau Chon vu chiét e&nh Mia chiét cinh 6 nhiét 46 va dm d6 khéng khi thich hop dé gidp ré dé moc ra, Nhiét 46 trung binh tir 20 — 30°C cn thiét cho vige ra r8. Nhiét 6 cang cao, khong khi c6 4m d6 cao r& moe ra cng nhanh. G déng bing s6ng Ciru Long th vy chiét thich hop khoang thang 12 ~ 3 durong lich hang nam dé tréng vao mita mura ke =p. Chon anh chiét Chon cénh tir nhiing cay me e6 nang suat cao, pham chat 161, On dinh tinh trang... Khéng chon cinh moc trong tan thiéu anh sing, cinh 6 gai, canh bénh, canh lay tir edy me cén non chua cho trii... Cin chon canh ¢6 tudi sinh trudng trung binh, khong non, khong gia. Canh chiét to qué lam cay me mat site va 18 moc ra 06 thé khéng du site nudi canh & giai doan dau. Chat don bau Tay theo vat ligu 6 ting noi, chat don biu phai bao dam mém, xép va git én la r8 Iue binh. C6 noi ding rom, ra (lia i chat don durge diing phd mia) trn dat, bo dau hay mat cura trOn dat, tro trau, xo dita... Truong hgp chi cinh gitta mia mua o6 thé ding v4t ligu d6n thost nude nhanh nhur tro trdu ten, v6i_ mot itxo dita. Khi ding chat don khong trdn dit thi r@ it phan nhanh hon. Ap dung chat kich thich ra ré Nhim gidp cinh chiét mau ra r& hon. C6 thé xir ly eanh chiét véi cae ha chat nhu: NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid), IBA (Indole Butyric Acid), [Nang d6 ede chat xit ly thay di ty theo loai cdy d ra ré hay kh ra 18, tu6i anh, céch xir ly... N6i chung ndng d6 thurimg dp dung tir $00 ~ 1000ppm, Boi dung dich kich thich ra r8 vio phlin da phia trén noi khoanh v6, dé réo 131 b6 bau. Néu ngam chat don bau thi phai pha dung dich loang hon (tir 5 ~10 Lan) SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 16Cong nghé sin xt regu vang tei sori ri b6. C6 thé ding 2,4 D nhur chit kich thich ra r8, ndng 49 tir 15 ~ 30 ppm. Nhung 2,4 D gay tin thuong dén canh Khi pha dung dich chat kich thich ra ré can phai pha trong con 50° dé lam tan hoan toan, Vi dy, mudn pha 100 ml dung dich NAA hay IBA cé ndng 46 1000ppm thi can 100 ml IBA hay NAA rai pha vio 100 ml can 0°. Thao tac chi canh ach chiét thong thudng la khoanh v6. Ding dao bén khoanh mot doan vo trén enh dai khodng 3 5 em, cdch ngon khodng 0,5 — 1 m. Lot hét phin v6 duro Khoanh, ego sach 16i dé tranh lién v6 tro lai. BO iu ngay sau Khi khoanh v6. Thay vi khoanh vé bing dao thi e6 thé ding day kém dé xiét dit canh hay bé gay cdnh sau d6 thi bé bau. Dang chat d6n bau bé chat lai noi khoanh vo tao thanh mot bau hinh thoi dai khong 8 ~ 10 em, dung kinh khoang 5 em, 6m déu xung quanh enh. Ding. bao nylon bao bén ngoai dé gitip gid nhigt d va dO am t6t, gidm cong tudi, dé quan sat khi r8 moc ra, néu ding cdc vat ligu khae nhw: li chuéi, mo cau, gié diva... thi phai tui thuomg xuyén nhat la trong mia khd. Lau y khong lim 16 (nhdt i chat don 6 dit) lam anh hudng dén 18, C6 thé ding la chudi ho che phia trén bau tao didu kign t6i dé r8 moe nhanh hon. Khoanh v6 cinh chiét. B6 bau Bude bau chiét, SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin Trang 17(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor Cat canh Quan sit thdy trong bau chiét c6 18 cdp 2 moc ra dai khoding 2 ~3 em thi edt anh, khong nén gitt cinh chiét qus lau trén cay me vi Lim canh mat site do khong, 6 dit dinh duong va nude. Diing cua hode kéo bén cat phia duai bau canh khoang | ~ 2 cm dé ha ba xung. Cé thé dem trdng ngay, nhung tét nhat 1 gidm cinh chiét vio mai truémg 2idm mt thoi gian dé ednh cho nhiéu r8 hon, gidip tang ty 16 séng sau khi tring, ‘Ngoai chiét canh bé bau cé thé ding cdc cach chiét canh khéc nhau nhu: + Chiét canh trong dat: di voi edy e6 canh dai va dai, 6 thé uén canh chén vio dat, canh duge khoanh vo dé ré dé moe ra. Cm coe bude gidt im einh canh trong dit. Uén, canh vao gid (chau) dé ra r8, sau d6 cit canh Khoi cay + Chiét canh vO gid (ch§u): ciing A hinh thite cl cong canh, chén mot pha mg, gid (chau) ¢6 thé dat duoi dat hay trén cao, + Chi inh lap géc, dip mé: Trén géc cay sau khi d6n tai sinh c6 nhii anh moe ra, Khi cinh moc ra tir 8 — 12 cm ding mat cua hay dat dap phi: lén goc choi tao digu kign kich thich moe , sau d6 edt ring tig chbi dem tring, 2.3.2. Phuong php gidm cinh La phuong phap cit ri mot b6 phén cua cay nhu: than, canh, ré hod 14, dat trong méi trudmg thich hop dé tao 1& va chdi méi, hinh thanh edy con séng doe lip va mang dae digm nhur edy me. Phuong phap giém enh 6 nhiing wu digm: Y Cay trang gidt due dac tinh cua cay me. Y Cho nhiéu cay con, nhanh (trung binh I ~ 4 thang), edy mau cho trai sau whi tring, ¥ Nhan gidng duge céc ging cay khong hat, Tuy nhién c6 nhing khuyét diém: Cay mau cdi va dé dé nga do hé théng r& moc can. ¥ Cé thé mang theo mim bénh tir cdy mg (nhdt 14 cde bénh do virus, Mycoplasma, vi khusin. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 18‘Céng nghé sin xuit requ vang tir tri sori Caich chon va chuan bj cinh giam Canh duge lay tir cay me khée manh da cho tréi én dink, tin moc & noi c6 dit anh sing, tudi tir 6 thang dén 2 nam, dvong kinh canh gidm tir 0,5 ~ 2,Sem. Tudi cia canh gidm chiu anh hung cia moi trudmg bén ngoai nén e6 anh huromg dén kha nang ra ré, Cé thé chia lam 3 loai nhw sau; = Canh gb mém (Softwood): 1 loai canh non nhét, mong nuge, man cd ‘vi mdi truéng nhung ra ré nhanh nat. = Canh g6 cling (Hardwoo cah c6 vo da phat 1a loai hoan toan, ra 18 cham, thuong khéng chiu anh buemg ita moi trudng, = Canh g6 nira cing (Semi-hardwood): la canh cé vo chua phat trién hoan toan, chiu nh huéng méi trudng cing nhu kha nang ra ré trung gian so voi hai logi trén. Cac loai canh gidm Cit canh gidm 6 chiéu 10 — 30 om, duéng kinh khong duéi 6mm, mang it nhat hai mam ngu. Ché cat 6 ngon cach mat trén tir | — 2 em, ché cit o day vira sit dudi mit cinh, Cit 1/2 6 mdi la trén cinh giam va Iuu ¥ phan biét day va ngon canh dé gidm cho ding. Dat 1/3 chiéu dai cdnh theo chiéu xién vao moi truong gid dé tranh dong nude 6 day enh. ‘Thai gian cm hom la diu vu mua khi chat dy trit cha duge huy dng dé sinh ra ede dot sinh trong. Mi tring gidm ‘Méi tnrdng gidm 6 anh hudng dén ty I, the dO ra r8 va chat lugng ré. Cac logi mdi tradng c6 thé sir dung gdm: SVTH: Hd Hou Quie Trin Trang 19(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor + MOi tnrémg dat: thong durge ding cho gidm canh, gidm 18, Dat c6 sa cu thjt pha cét thi thich hgp. Cé thé ding 2 phn cét thé tron véi 1 phin dit. Cha ¥ digt tuyén tring va mim bénh, + M@i trudng cat: c6 thé sir dung_rdng r8i vi dé kim, Ding cat xay dung, sach, khong lin tap chit hou eo va dat. Cat thudng khong gitt Am tt do d6 cin cung cp nude thong xuyén, RE moc ra trong mdi tradng cat thong dai, khong phan nhénh va thuring gion hon + MOi trang bin: thudng duge tron thém véi edt, 2 phan edt va 1 phan than bin + MOi trudmg trdu: duge sir dung phd bién nhat hign nay. Cin thay triu thurdng xuyén dé trinh mam bénh, 6 thé trOn thém v6i tro tréu, ‘Noi chung mét méi trudng gidm tét cn dim bao cae yéu cau sau: + Du chat dé gid duge canh giam, thé tich it thay doi trong di ode khd, nhat fa khdng bi co rit khi kh, + Gilt im tt, d2 thot nude, thong khi, Nude e6 thé duge cung cap thuong suyén qua hé théng voi phun svong 48 duy ti tét 40 dm. + Khéng cé h6t c@ dai, tuyén tring, mam bénh, c6 thé thanh tring véi hoi nude ma khong tao hoi doe. + Khéng bj man, phen. Can thay d&i mai trudng gidm méi sau vai vy dé tein tich ly mim bénh, ich sit dung chat kieh thich tgo 18: Mue dich 1a lam tang ty 18 cénh ra r8, tang s6 hong, chit long 18 va do ding du cita 8 tgo ra 6 eanh gidm, Nhitng chit kich thich tgo 18 duge sit dung phé bién li NAA, IBA va IAA. IBA va NAA thudng 6 anh hung xic tién tao 18 t6t hon TAA, do IAA khang bén trong cay, bi phan hiiy nhanh chéng trong dung dich khang khit tring. ‘va anh sing. Cac dung dich tgo ré khi pha xong phai sir dyng ngay. Mat khac két hop nbiéu dung dich véi nhau c6 tic dung cao hom so véi sit dung riéng Ie, Hign nay cé mét s6 phuong phap xir ly duge ap dung nhu: + Phuong phdp nhiing nhanh: nhing phan day canh giam trong dung dich kich thich khoding 3 ~ 5 gly, néng d@ chat kich thich thudng ding 14 1000 ppm. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 20‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor Phuong phap nay nhanh, don gian, sé Ivgng dung dich hap thu trén mdi don yi anh gidm 1a én dinh va it 1g thude vio digu kign mdi trudng, Dung dich ¢6 thé str dung nhiéu lin nhung cin bao quan dé tranh béc hoi, Phuong phap nay thuong. urge ap dung phd bién + Phuong phép ngém: dung dich xir ly durge pha loding hon, nding d6 thay 46i ti 20 ~ 200 ppm.Day cinh gidm duge ngdm trong dung dich 24 gid, dat noi mit, sau 46 dua ngay vao moi trudng gidm. Vige gitr cdnh gidm trong trong diéu chin hon, ign khéng khi mm hic nhiing tuy chim nhumg cho k&t qua chi + Phuong php lin bot: day cénh gidm duge xir ly véi chat kich thich durge ten véi chit mang (b6t tro thét min), nding 4} dung dich thay di tir 200- 62 1000 ppm cho canh gd 1, di canh gd ctmg thi ting ndng dé lén 5 1a min tinh thé chai cach chun bi: ng ich thich, tron déu véi bot, hose ngim trong dung dich alcohol cé chat xit ly durge ha tan truée, sau dé e6 dae dé alcohol bic hoi cd Iai bgt. Canh gidm sau khi cét duge xir ly ngay dé day cdnh cén tuo, ai fp thu chit xir If. Khoang 5 em chigu dai day canh durge kim dm véi nude va tan trén b6t ¢6 chita chét xit ly, phn bOt dur trén cdmh duge loai bo dé trinh anh Inning de, sau 46 gidm ngay vio trong méi truimg. Nén ding dao choe thanh rnh ‘rong mdi trudng gidm trde khi dat cinh vio dé trdnh co xét im mat lop bt bm, 6 cdnh, Thurimg phuong phdp nay khong éng dinh vi c6 sy thay d6i s6 Iwong bot bam vio cinh, N6i chung khi giam canh can chi ¥ ndng d6 héa chit xir ly, diéu kién moi truéng nhu cung cp anh sing vita di, dii am, gitt Id khong bj héo cho dén khi ré phat trién, Cin thoat nuée tét cho ven gidm, nhat bé lé rung, canh chiét va phing tir su bénh kip thoi Khi canh gidm ra r8, chuyén vdo cic bau dat toi xép 66 tron tro tréu, phan chudng hoai mue, Dat edy con trong bau cung cp dit am roi dua din ra ning, chim séc dén khi cay phat trién t6t mi dem tring, 2.3.3. Phuong phap ghép canh, ghép mit La dem canh hay mim ngu trén cinh cia edy me cd nbiéu wu dém nhur phim chat t6t, nang suat cao... ghép sang mét géc cay khde dé tao thanh mot cd thé théng nhit. Uu diém eva phuomg phép nay 1a SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 21(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ¥ Nhiin duge nhigu cay gidng. Y Loi dung duge nhiing dic tinh cia gée ghép nhur chiu duge nhiing bit Igi cia moi trumg nhu: han, ing, su bénh... han giéng duge nhiing cay khong het. Phye trang cho nhitng cay gia oi, qui Y Tao duge nhiéu loai dy khac nhu: déi hinh dang, cho nhiéu loai tréi, cayllin di. Y Thay déi tinh trang due khi ghép cay edi len cay duc Tiéu chun gbe ghép: Gée ghép phai cé site sing cao, thich hop véi digu kign dia phurong, e6 kha nang nuoi canh hay mat ghép tot. Géc ghép phai moc thing, khéng di dang, khéng su bénh Tigu chuin canh ghép hay mit ghép: hai chon tir eéy me ¢6 nang suat cao, phim chat tot léy enh hay mat trong giai doan cho ning suat dn dinh, khong léy tir nhimg cay gid c3i hay cay non chua cho trai + Déi véi ghép cdnh: canh ghép 06 tudi sinh trudng twong duong voi gée ghép hay c6 duéng kinh tueomg duong, doan gitta than cinh duge ding ghép tt ahi. + Déi véi ghép mit: dé lay mit ghép durge dé ding sau khi chon canh xong, tién hanh khoanh vé (giéng nhur chiét canh nhung khéng bé bau), khoang 7 — 10 ngay sau tin hanh ct cénh dé ly mat, mat ghép s@ dé tre va phat trién nhanh sau khi ghép, lay mat ghép hoi 16i én noi ¢6 vét lé rung. Khi lay mat ghép ra clin tich sau vio bén trong My ca gé dé tranh bi gidp, b& mit ghép, sau 46 loai bo 6 khi ghep. + Khi van chuyén xa edn bao quan cinh ghép trong digu kign mat va dm. Cie kiéu ghép mat + Kiéu ghép cita sé chit U xudi hay nguge. + Kiéu ghép chirT. aie kién ghép can SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 22‘Céng nghé sin xuit requ vang tir tri sori Ghép ludn vo. Ghép vat vo. Ghép dp Ghép yén newa Ghép bic ciu Phuong php ghép don gin nhit ta ghép mat dang manh nhung ding cde phuong phap ghép khéc ciing 06 két qua. Cay ghép chi 8 thang tring la da ra hoa, 1 thang sau 1a e6 tri chin, ‘Trong tit ca cde phong phép nhin giéng vé tinh ngudi ta cho ring phuong phép gidm canh la kinh té nhat mot s6 diém edn cha y: sori cho nhigu hom canh, ra ré cling khéng khé, SVTH: Hd Hou Quie Trin Trang 23(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor + Lay canh da ngimg sinh trudng nhung van con la lim hom, ty Ié ra re cao hon 1d hing ednh khOng 66 li, + Kich thie hom dai 15 ~ 20 cm, durimg kinh khong duéi 6 mm. Thoi gian cim hom 1a diu vy mua khi chat dy tri: chua duge huy dng dé sinh ra cée dot sinh trusmg + C6 chit kich thich nhit ta IBA ra x8 t6t hon nhumg néu chon giéng cén thn, ¢6 nhiing giéng hom ra ré khéng cin chat kich thich + C6 phun miu 1a li tuong nhung 6 mot s6 dong khong phun mii cing ra ne. Khi trOng e6 dinh phai chi ¥ ce diém sau: + Néu phai danh bau di tréng sori dé phat trién me di b6 ré kha phat trién, + Khodng cach hay trong 6 nude ngoai la 5 x Sm, + Sori chiu dn tia di di v6i bin phan sau khi dén tia s€ cho nang suit cao mifa la gidng du trdi tt + Su bénh sori dng chai y la: rép sap (tri bing thuéc) va tuyén tring (vé sinh chon ky cay dem tring, chon dit it tuyén tring, trong sau nhiing edy khong mang tuyén tring va chon nhimg cay chéng chiu tt). 2.4 Chéd6 chim sée sori 24.1. Tudi teu Cay sori c6 dic tinh ua néng, chju duge han @ nhigu ving co lrgng mua 800 — 100mm, nung muén e6 san hugng cao thi trdng @ noi e hugng mua 1000 2000mm /nam. Nhiét 46 trung binh 27°C ~ 30°C. B6 am tuong déi 70 ~ 80 %. Vige tui made kich thch cay ra hoa va tao nén chu ky ra hoa thurimg xuyén. i ché 49 tuGi nude dn dink, e@y sori sé ra hoa quanh nam v6i 1 — 3 kY ra hoa cao diém. Sé gid ning trong ngay tir 5 — 7 gid. Cay sori phat trién tt nhdt v6i bign phép phun trén la va tuai nhé giot SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 24(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 2.4.2. Bon phan Cy sori 48i hoi dibu kign chi si chi yéu la vige bén phén, Bén them lan va Kali cho cay trong thai gian hinh thanh chdi hoa, tré hoa va két trai, Cung. dp thém phan dam traée giai doen phan héa mim hos, ‘Muén tang higu qua cita phan bon ta can x6i dat xung quanh ge cho phan vio d6 va lép dat Ia 24.3, Suong gid Hau hét cac cy sori déu nhay cam véi song do dé cay cin duge bao vé khi trSng 6 noi thurimg c6 suomg, cin e6 méi che cho edy hod tréng e@y canh nha 4 c6 thé bao ve cay khoi bi swong gid. Tuy nhién néu trong cay canh nha, cay cing cin phai duge che mai bang bat vai hay nhya, 2.4.4, Siu bénh Sori d8 bi tn thuong do tuyén trimg Meloidogyne.ssp gay ra 6 nét 18 nha la d6i voi cay con va giam dan nang suat tréi @ cay trrong thanh. Cay citing dé bi tn cong boi cac loai cén tring khéc nhu rép, roi duc qua va bg canh cing, Nam Cereoxpora ciing li nguyén nhén chinh gay bénh cho cay sori. 2.5 Thu hoach va bao quan sori 2.5.1 Thu hoach ‘Xe dinh thai gian thu hogch hop ly 1a bign phdp khéng chi anh huong dén nang sudt ma edn anh hudmg dén gid tri kinh té cua sin phim. Mia yu thu hoach chinh ciia sori vio khoang thang 4 dén thang 9 hang nam. Tuy nhién, néu cay duge cham sée t6t hoje néu 4p dung nhiing tién b9 khoa hye ky thuat vao canh tie thi céy s® cho trai quanh nam. ‘Trai sori chin phai duge hai nhe nhang va can than bang tay, hai timg trai cho vio x6 hode 18 nhya, Sori 1a mét logi trai mau chin, thudng thi tri duge thu hoach tir sau 3—4 twain ra hoa, sau 4 — 5 ngay sau d6 thi ti chin du, Sau Khi thu di tri vin tigp tue chin, sou 4 — 8 gid tréi chuyén sang gisi doan chin 6, Thu hhoach khéng kip thir, ho3e khong cin than trong qua trink thu hai thi sori d& bi dap nat, hur hai, Thi gian ti lée thu hoach dn khi thu mua nén nhé khong qué 15 SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 25(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor tiéng. Tuy nhién, néu thu hoach qué sém, ham lugng vitamin C thap, anh huéng khéng tét dn phim chat, lam gidm gid tr throng pham. 2.5.2. Bio quan + Bao quin 6 diéu kign khong khi binh thudng trong kho thuong nghia 1a khong ha nhigt d6 thap so voi nhigt 46 binh thuemg hoge khéng diing bat ett céch xir ly ndo khéc, ngoai hé théng thng gid. Déi véi cach bao quan nay thug, sit dung cho céc vurin trng sori Khi méi thu hoach sori ma chura thu hoach kip, khi béo quan 6 diéu kign binh thudng can thu hoach sori lic da gia nhung chua chin hoan todn, 26 dic diém 18 vin chin sau khi thu hoach va + Bao quiin lanh: tri s hi chin sori dé bj tham tim va hir hong. Nén trong qué trinh san xuat céng nghigp, sori duge bio quan & nhigt d6 khong 7°C va khéng qué 3 nga. Néu edn bio quan lau hon sori cé thé dirge bao quan trong digu kign lanh déng -12°C. + Bao quan trong digu kign 6 bao phii ming PVC, 6 nhigt d6 8°C, 46 Am tuong déi 85 — 90 %, 06 thé kéo dai thi gian béo quan lén dén 1 tuan ma khong lam tn that ham Itong vitamin C trong trai sori 2.6 ‘Thanh phin héa hoe va gid tri dinh duémg cia sori ‘Trong trai sori chua, 8 - Caroten tim thy cé khoang 0.3 ~ 10.6 ppm, Theo phan tich cua hoe vign KY thugt Massachusetts thi him Iugng vitamin C trong trai sori Barbados tinh trén 100g thit qua an durge la 4.500 mg khi tri con xan, 3.300 mg khi trdi vita chin va 2,000 mg khi trai chin rye, So v6i cam, sori e6 him Iugng vitamin C cao gap tir 4 — 18 lin, him hugng magnesium, aied pantothenic, potassium cao gap 2 lan. Trong sori, nguii ta cin phat hign céc thanh phan sau: vitamin A tir 408 ~ 1.000 1.U, vitamin BI tir 0.024 — 0.04 mg, vitamin B2 tir 0.038 0.079 mg, niacin tir 0.34 ~ 0.526 mg, acid ascorbie tir 2.000 ~ 4.500 mg (tinh thém vé thanh phan hoa trén 100g thit qua), Ngoai ra, qua phan tich 06 thé hid hoe cia tri SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 26(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Thanh phin héa hoe cit tri sori Gd Cong (tinh tn 100g thit qua an dug) Thanh phan THe (%) + Tro ting 6 +Nguyén tri OS + Phan thit 049 + Nude 87.50 + Duing ting 5.40 + Glucose 222 +Fructose 3.21 + BG Brix ciiadich qui 5.67 7.00 + Pectin 0.56 0.65 + Acid ting s6 (theo acid citric) | 1.03 + Protein thd (N x 6,25) 0.90 + Chat béo 045 Khodng +Canxi 24 mg% +Photpho 25 mg% 4+Sét 0.64 mg% + Vitamin C 1000 ~ 3000 mg + Vitamin A 50010 + Vitaimin BL 0.02 mg + Vitamin B2 0.03 mg 2.7 MOt s6 san phdm tir sori Trén thé gidi, @ nhimg noi c6 dign tich trong sori tap trung, sori ¢6 thé an tuoi hoac ché bién thanh nhiéu dang san pham khée nhau nhu: + Nude ép sori ty nhién: nue qui dye vi chira mét phan thit qua, sin phim durge ché bign bing cach ép ldy dich trai, e6 hodc khéng o6 b8 sung dung, SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin ‘Trang 27(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor r6t chai v8 dem thanh tring. San phim c6 gid tri dinh duong cao, mui vi thom ngon, hdp dln, mang huong vi ty nhign + Necta sori: san phim dang dye duge ché fing cich pha puree qua ‘Voi nude durong, san pham sanh dac hon dang nude qua ty nhién. + Mit sori dang qui: sin phdm cn hinh dang cia trai, chon nhang tri sori chin 48, bé cudng, sén phim duge ché bién bing céch chm nhiéw 18 nhé xung quanh trdi bing tim hay vat nhé nhon, udp during trong mot thei gian nhit dinh cho ngim dung nhung thudmg thi ti Ie qua : durdmg 1&3 : 1, dé yén cho dudng, thm vao tri. Dat lén bép dun nhe cho can bért made, din mong dé mau réo, e6 thé bbé sung mau thye phim + Mitt dong min sori: sin phim dang gel, ché bién bing céch b6 sung nat, 06 dae dén do khd 65 ~ 68%, dung, pectin vio dich qua duge nghik + Candy — keo sori: san phim dang 40 bt dudng, duge ché bién bing cach lim e6 dae dich qua duge nghién nét, da 66 sung dudng, huong sori, acid thye pham, pectin... 3. Gidi thigu vé ndm men 3.1 Tim hiéu chung vé nim men Nam men thudc loai vi sinh vat ¢6 «: tao don bao, khong di dong, da sé sinh san theo mhién nhat 1a trong dat, ¢6 thé néi dat 1a mdi trudng nr nhién dé gitt men va dc bigt trén bé mat cia rat nhiéu logi ld cy, cde loai qua hay cae loai lang thye, thye phim khéc. Bac bigt ching cé nhigu trong dat tréng nho, trong khong khf va cd noi sin xudt nuqu vang, Nhidu Jogi ndm men o6 kha nang lén men nagu, sinh khi COs, ¢6 kha nang sinh sén nhanh chéng, té bao chira nhiéu vitamin, acid amin khéng thay thé, ham lugng protein chiéa dén 50% trong lugng khd cia té bao, nén nhigu loai ném men ‘edn duge sir dung dé sin xudt protein va con ngudi cing sir dung nm men dé Lim nrgu, bia, lam banh mi, sin xudt nude chdm... Tuy nhién cing c6 mot sé loai nam ‘men gay bénh cho con ngucti va gia ste nhu Candida, Kam hur hong thye phim nh Mycoderma SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 28‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor 3.2 Dac diém cia nim men trong sin xuat rugu vang 3.2.1 Cau tao, thude té bao nam men nh dang va 3.2.1.1 Cau tao té bao nam men Nim men o6 edu tgo don bio gbm thinh té bdo, mang nguyén sinh chét, bao chat, nhan va cée co quan con kha, + Thanh 16 vio: duge edu tgo ti nhigu thanh phin khée nhau, gdm glucan, ‘manan, protein, lipit va mOt sé thanh phan nho khdc nhw kitin. Phire hop protein — rmanan rit bin ving do té bio nim men khé bi pha va, thuimg thi cée polysaccharide nim 6 phia ngoai va protit nim phia trong gan bao twong. Kitin thurang nim & phan nay chdi, rit bén ving khong bj enzyme pha hwy, tic dung bao -vé chdi trong khi chdi con non, + Mang nguyén sinh chat: bao g6m cée hop chat phite tap nhw protein, phospholipit, enzyme permease, Trong thoi ky té bao con non, mang nguyén sinh chit bm chic vio thanh t8 bio, wip cho kha nang trao di chit rit manh. Ngwrge lai o thdi ky té bio gid, mang nguyén sinh chit co Iai, kha nang trao déi chit cia tnd men gp khé khan, + Chat nguyén sinh chi yéu duge cu tgo tir nuée, protil, gluxit,lipit, cde mudi Khosing, enzyme, va ede co quan con, Té bao chat ludn chuyén dong theo ‘mét chiéu xung quanh thanh té bao, ching phy thuge vo trang thai sinh ly cia ndm men. fn, «8 bao nfm men c6 nhan that, Nhan hinh bau dye hay hinh cau, dige bao boc bai mét lop mang, bén trong la men chia dich nhan o6 chira mot thé rin goi fa hgch nan hay nha con, Nhin protein va acid nucleic, 6 trang thai Ién men nhan tng 20 ~ 30 lan so v6i trang thai ho hap. + Volutin: chi xudt hign 6 digu ign dgec bigt khi mudi cdy trén moi trang gidu hydrocarbon va phosphat v6 co. Vai trd cia volutin 1a chat dy trt ede chit inh dung cho té bao, tham gia vio vige sinh truéng va phat trién cia té bao, va la ngudn nang hrgng cho té bao. + Ribosome: khae vi vi khuan (giéng nam méc, téo, nguuyén sinh dong vat), ribosome ciia nfm men ton tai hai loai SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 29(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor = Logi 80S: t6n tai tr do. = Loai 70S: lién két véi cdu trie mang © mt s6 nm men, dic bigt 14 nim men ¢6 kha nang lén men nugu, vO 18 bao 6 kha ning két dinh véi nhau va ling xudng day. Cac ching nay duge siz dung trong céng nghé sin xudt bia va regu vi ling cin nhanh va cho dich lén men trong. 3.2.1.2 Hinh dang nim men ‘Hinh dang té bao ndm men khdng dn dinh, phu thude vao tudi nfm men va digu kién nudi cdy ... Té bao ndm men e6 hinh ellip, hinh cdu, hinh trimg, hinh oval, hinh Iye gide va mét s6 hinh dang khde. Trong 46, Saccharomyces thug e& hinh bau duc trong méi trudng nudi cay gidu dinh dudng, hinh tron va hinh oval trong digu kign kj khi, 3.2.1.3 Kieh thude té ao nam men Kich thuge trung binh ota té bio nm men tr (3 ~ 5) x (5 ~ 10) jm. Ngodi ra nhiing nang bao tir cia nam men ¢6, dang hinh cdu véi kich thuée tir 2—4 um, Kich thu ‘bio nim men thay déi theo diu ki theo tudi sinh ty. 3.2.2 Sinh san otia té bao nam men Cée ching ndm men sinh san chit yéu bing cdch nay chdi. Té bao me nay ra ‘mt hay nhiéu chdi non xung quanh than, khi chdi non Ién gan bing chdi me thi ching téch ra khoi té bao me thanh cdc té bao rigng Ié. G noi chdi con da duge tach khdité bio me s® khdng bao gid tg0 mot chdi mai man s& to thanh mot vét go, Thai gian cn thigt ké tir Kic choi méi hinh thanh t6i hic té bao phat trién va bat dau tao 16 bao méi goi la chu ky phat trién cua t& bao nam men, Mat khoang. hai giér dé thy hign qua trinh nay. 3.3 Yeu clu 461 voi nd men negu vang Huong vi dac trung cita timg logi nrgu khéng nhimg phy thuge chit yeu vao 3c tinh nguyén ligu, quy trinh cng nghé ma edn phy thude vio ching nim men sir dung, Cae ching nm men duge phan lép va sit dung trong sin xuat cin dat mot sé yéu edu nhur saws SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 30(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor — Cé kha ning lén men tét trong méi traving ¢6 him Luong durimg cao. — Cé kha nang lén men due nhiéu loai duémg khée nhau. — Chiu duge d6 cén va dé acid cao 10 - 20%. — Thich nghi v6i diéu kign khéng thudn Igi cla méi trudng, dic biét 1a chat sat trimg = Chiu duge nhigt 46 thap 4 ~ 10°C hoae >35°C. — Toc 46 phat trién nhanh, chu ky én men ngin, ~ Cé tinh két Ling tt, = Tao durge rzgu eé huong vi thom ngon 3.4 Ném men ding trong sin xudt regu vang Hign nay trén thé gidi ngudi ta sin xuat rugu vang bing hai phuong phap: + Phuong php lén men biing he vi sink vat ty nhién + Phuong phap Ién men bing hé vi sinh vat thudn khiét 3.4.1 Lén men rugu vang bing vi sinh vét ty nhién Lén men tu nhién tong déi phire tap va khong déng nhdt trong cdc giai dogn ca qua trinh Ién men. Nhting nghién ethu khoa hoc cho thay trong hé vi sinh vt ty nhién ding trong sin xuit theo phuong phap lén men ty nhién cé 76 — 90% 1a nm méc, 9— 22% la ndim men, cdn lai ld xa khudn va vi Khudin ¥ Nim men nhen diu: Kloeckera apiculata 1 loai men dai lem gidm chdt luong cia vang. Cé kich thude trong d6i nhd, e6 hinh oval — elip hoe hinh qua chanh, 1é bio c6 mot diu nho ngudi te goi dé 1a nim men hinh chy, nm men dau ahon. Ching sinh sin biing cach nay chdi, rat phé bién & vo qua va nhiém vao nude qua 161 90% t6ng s6 men khi bat déu én men, N6 c6 thé lén men tgo thanh 6 ~ 7° cin, nnhung tao ra mot acid bay hoi ciing nhur ester cia chiing kam cho rugu e6 mii tap. Né con kim him cc logi nim men chinh trong qua trinh én men. Trong qué trinh lén men regu vang, ngudi ta khong mong mudn sy phit trién cua Jogi ném men nay. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 31(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor = Pichia: Wa mot trong nhimg tae nhan lam héng vang, lam vang bj due én tren va cde thanh phan trong ragu vang bi bién di. Ching phat t mat vang lam thay d6i thanh phan va hwong vj cia vang. Lam cho vang ¢6 huong vj khé chiu va giam chat lugng 1 rét, = Zygopichia: way due vang sau Khi chit chai, chai khOng diy 66 khoang trong l6n dé bi nhiém Zygopichia, = Hansenula: la téc nhan manh mé tgo cho vang c6 cae ester bay hoi (tyl acetat Lam cho vang c6 mai thom rigng bigt), né eding lam due vang, ¥ Vikhuan va ném mée: Khong chi ¢6 trong dich qua ma cén ¢6 trong khéng khi roi vao nude qua va phat trién trong dich lén men, Vi khuan nay tham gia vao qua trinh lim chin vang hay hoan thign rugu vang, lé tring hop duy nhét 66 loi cho rou vang, Nguoi ta thuimg sir dung hé vi sinh vat ty nhién 6 sn trén nguyén ligu la trai dé sin xuat regu vang ¢6 uu diém: + Khéng can gidng vi sinh vét thudn khiét + Khong di hoi ky thugt cao, khéng cin diu tr nbigu cho qui trinh sin xudt. + San phim khé die bigt vi qua trinh tich ly huong cho sin phim khng chi ldy ti ngudn trai cay te nhién ma cdn durge tao ra bat vi sinh vat tw nhién. C6 a noi ngudi ta khéng bao gid rita nguyén ligu trade khi lam nat dé tan dung t6i da ligng vi sinh vat cé trén v6. Ho ding gan nh 100% hong nguyén, ligu khdng cn rita dé lén men, Nhigu noi khéc ho chi Hy 1/2 ho&e 1/3 lugng nguyén ligu dé san xudt nhu mét chat mang vi sinh vat ty nhién vao qué trinh lén ‘men, cin 1/2 hay 2/3 khéi Iugng can Iai ho dem riza sach, lam nat cing khéi lugng tren, Tuy nhién vie sir dung vi sinh vat ty nhién d@ sn xudt regu vang ¢6 nhurge diém 1a chat lung san pham thuong khéng On dinh vi khéng kiém soat durge chat lugng giéng ban dau khi dua vao dé lén men, mat khéc rurgu dé bj tap nhiém do. cde gidng men dai, vi khudn tap nhiém. Do vay, vige si dung gidng vi sinh vat thudn khiét la diéu cén thiét. Co rat nhidéu loai ndm men tham gia vao qua trinh Ién men rqu. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 32(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 3.4.2. Visinh vét thudn khiét trong san xuat regu vang Giai dogn quan trong nhdt trong qué trinh sén xudt regu vang 1a qué trinh Jen men, Qué trinh lén men dutge chia fam hai giai doan: Ién men chinh va lén men phy. 6 cd hai giai doon vi sinh vét ddu dong vai trd quan trong, nhét la ndm men, nam men tham gia trong qué trinh chuyén héa dong thanh cdn, Trong san xuat rugu vang, ngudi ta sir dung cae chiing nam men sau: 3.4.2.1 Saccharomyces vini Saccharomyces vini con ggi li Saccharomyces ellipsoideus (Loder), phan nhigu la hinh edu, hoe oval, c6 kha nding lén men nhiéu logi duémg khée nhaw nhur saccharose, glucose, galactose, maltose, fructose vi 1/3 rafinose tir nhigu loai nguyén ligu khae nhu gao, ngé, khoai sin... Bi voi acid hitu co, nim men loai na 6 thé sir dung bing céch oxy héa acid acetic va acid lactic, khéng sit dung duge acid succinic, acid malic, acid tatrie va acid citric... Ching e6 thé 1én men Iugng durimg trong dich len men 1a 10 ~ 14 %, 66 khi li 16 ~ 18 %, Rugu tao ra trong. dich én men dat 10 ~ 12°. Nhigt 46 thich hop 1a 28 -30°. Saccharomyces vini rat phé bién trong nude qua chiém ti 80% trong tong sb Saccharomyces ¢6 trong dich lén men. Ba s6 chting o8 hinh oval e6 kich thue (3 ~ 8) x (5 ~ 12) ym. giai oan cuéi qua trinh lén men, S. vini dé két ling va lam trong dich qua. O giai doan nay, chiing thug bi gid, khong chuyén during thanh cn ma chét rit nhanb. 44.2.2 Saccharomyces oviformis Cé nhigt dO In men thich hop tir 18 ~ 25°C. G 35°C, sinh san bi tte ché, & 40°C sinh sin bi ngimg hoan toan, 6 abit d9 thap hon 16°C sinh sin va lén men bi kéo dai, Giéng thuan cing c6 kha nang phat trién tt trong moi truimg murde nho va cde logi qua khac, 06 kha nang chju duge con cao, dug cao, lén men can kigt durimg va tao d6 edn 18°. 5. oviformis lén men durge saccharose, glucose, maltose, fructose va 1/3 rafinose nhung khéng lén men durge galactose va men ndi trén be ‘mat dich lén men tgo than mang, 3.4.2.3 Saccharomyces uvarum ‘Duge tich ra tir nue nho. Vé hinh thai S. urairum khong khée véi cdc loai khde nhung kha nang sinh bao tir kh manh trén mdi trang thach ~ malt cao hon SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 33(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor nhigu so véi cae loai hac, MGt s6 chung cia logi nay ¢6 kha nang lén men dat 12 - 13° cn trong dich nho lén men, ‘Tuy nhign theo dai qué trinh én men ty nhién nhiéu noi, ngudi ta nhgn thy ring khdng chi c6 mét gidng nam men hoat dong ma cé nhiéu gidng phdi hyp véi hau trong sudt qua trinh lén men, H@ nim men trong qua trinh lén men rugu vang hhoat dong nur sau: Hé ném men trong giai doan dau lén men nurée nho la Kloeckera apiculata. Nim men o6 dang hinh chiy chiém wu thé va hoat dong tich ty duge 2 6° ebn ri ngimg hot dong va chét din, Sau 46, cée ndm men nagu vang cha yeu Je Saccharomyces vini vi Saccharomyces oviformis phit tién d6ng vai tr chit yu ich qua khéc, dc bigt 1a ‘rong qué trinh lén men chinh va lén men phu. Trong cde nurée téo thudng thiy nim men thude loai Schizosacchromyces acidodevoratus Loai nay phan hiiy acid malic, lam gidm d6 acid cho ede dich qua trong qua trinh lén men, Vi vay nhiing nghién ew niy 48 ggi ma vige ding nim men thudn ching é Ién men nude qua nén phdi hop nhimg ching ndm men chiu due d6 cin cao dé Jén men tigp theo, Nhu vay mai lén men tri¢t dé lrgng dung c6 trong dich lén men va cho rugu vang c6 dé edn cao. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 34CHUONG IT CAC PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 35(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor 1. Phuong phip do 49 duimg LL Nauyén tic Khi di tir méi trong (khong khi) vao trong mét moi truong khéc (chat long) tia sing sé bi Iéch (khiic xa). Néu chét long ld mot dung dich chét hda tan (dung dich dudng, muéi...), dya trén d@ Igch tia sang, ta ¢6 thé tinh duge néng 46 cia chat hoa tan. Phuong phap nay ding dé xéc din ham lugng chat ein hia tan Sit dung Brix ké dé do chi tigu nay 12 Cau two Khic xa ké gom chi yéu mot hé théng Laing kinh, kinh quan sat va doc, mot thiét bj digu chinh nhigt 46 (chi s6 khiie xq thay 46i rat nhanh v6i nhigt 46). Phin lim edie khiic xa ké déu dat trén mot dé hoge trén mot gid do, mot s6 logi cém tay. 1.3 Phuong phip do C6 thé sit dung hydrometer (do ty trong cita dung dich ) hofe refractometer {do 4p phin xq cis dnh séng ki di qua dung dich) d& do chi tigu ndy. Bon giin nhit la ding refactometer mac divin o6 sr Khic biétvé gi tr do gita hai dung ou. Cae thiét bi do chi tigu theo tinh chat vat ly edn do & 20°C SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 36(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 13.1 Thiétbj va dung ey + Hydrometer vi Reffactometer (0— 35° Brix). + Ong dong 250 ml. + Nhigt ké. + Pheu loc. + Beaker. 1.3.2. Héa chat ft nhat 14 300 ml mau (duge ly tir ede vi tri khde nhau r9i trén Iai, dudi hét CO; ra khoi mau), Con 70% viv (ding dé lam sach va khé dung cu). Dung dich sucrose 20% (dung dich chuan cho refractometer, tuomg duong 20°Brix), Gidy lau kinh, 1.33. Phuong php tiga hanh + Hydrometer Cho miu (48 lim lgnh dén 20°C) vio dng dong sach va kho. + Dat nhe nhang hydrometer vao, khong dé cho hydrometer cham vio thanh va day ciia dng dong. 1Bé yén vai phit cho dyng oy do én dinh. Doe két qua Ding nhiét ké do lai nhigt 6 cia méu, Tinh két qua : lam sach dung cu sau khi sit dung. SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin ‘Trang 37(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor + Refeactometer Lam sgch ling kinh bing on 70° truée khi sir dung, + Lau khé bing Bi lin thay dung dich kiém tra, 4du phai lam sech va kh ling kinh dy lau kin. Chinh refractometer vio vj tri 6 thé quan sat duige tot nhat. Nho nud ft vao Ling kinh (twong duong 0°Brix), Nho dung dich sucrose vio King kinh (trong dong 20°Brix). ho dung dich edn do vio ling kinh. Doc két qua. Chit J: khong duge dé lin bot khi vao dich do trong qué trinh chink dung cu va qué trinh do. 13.4 Don vido MGi ving str dung mét don vj khée nhau dé do lugng duémg. Dire, Ao, ‘Thuy Si ding Oechslé, Phap, Y, Tay Ban Nha, B Dio Nha, ding Baumé. Dé Brix (hodc Balling) duge sir dyng tai phan lon cde nude con Iai. Can chi ¥ , New Zealand 1g d6 chinh xac cia phép do phy thudc rat nhiéu vo nhigt d ciia miu chat lang, Do vay can chinh ly két qua do néu nhigt 46 do khic v6i 20°C. Luong én tiém ting la long c6n ¢6 thé chuyén héa tir Ivong dung twong, img 66 trong qua. Due tinh theo kha nang chuyén héa durimg thinh edn: dudimg/L trong dong v6i 1% alcohol (Cae céng thire chuyén © Oechslé = (D ~ 1) x 1000 1 Baumé = 145,0 (I= 4) 0 (1-5) véi mdi a6 thép hon 20°C can phai tir di 0,05 Baumé tir két qua do; voi mai 46 cao hon 20°C edn phai cOng vao 0,05 Baumé cho két qua do. © Brix = 2613 ~ (2618 D 1° Brix= 1g duimg / 100g dung dich ‘Gi mdi 46 thép hom 20°C cdn phai trit di 0,06? Brix tir két qua do; voi mdi d6 cao hon 20°C ean phai eng vao 0,06° Brix cho két qua do, © Brix = Baumé x 1 SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 38‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor 2. Phuong phap do d@ cin 2.1 Nguyén tie Nhigt dé s6i ciia c6n thap hon so véi nhigt d6 s6i eita nue. Chinh vi vay ¢6 thé xde dinh duge % v/v con trong mau bang phwong phap chimg cat tai nhiét dd s6i ciia c6n, 2.2. Phuong phap Chung edt Ty trong. 2.2.1 Thiétbj va dung ev 9 chung et cdn. + Cink + Tasty + Bép dign + Can phan tich, h dinh mite 250 ml. Ong dong, 100 ml, 250 mi. Binh hat dm, Erlen 500ml 1 binh do ty trong Om! 2.2.2 Hida chit Miu regu vang, + abot. 2.2.3 Phuong php tign hanh 2.2.3.1 Xde djnh ham lwgng cbn bing phwong phap ty trong ké Cho khoang 300m] mau vao erlen 500ml, dudi hét CO2 bang thiét bi suc hi. Léy 250 ml vang (ding binh dinh mite do) va mét it dé bot (ho¥e s6i nho, sach) vio binh ei dun eva 66 chung cét edn, Dang nude ct tring lai binh dinh mite, cho ludn nude tring binh vao binh cdu dun, Lp rip b6 chung edt. Chi ¥ ding vaselin b6i cée kh6p nd. un dung dich vang, SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 39(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ‘Trong binh hig cé chita 20 ml nude cét. Diu éng ngung ty phai nhing najip trong nude. Binh hiimg can 48 trong nude dé, hofe muse musi dé Kiém tra d6 kin cia hé chung cat, Dé lwdi amiang dudi binh cu, ft cho dén khi hét edn (thé tich dich trong binh hig khoang 200 Chung ml), Lay dung dich trong binh hing ra, Ding nude eat ria dau dng sinh han mite dung dich dén vach dinh Chuyén dich cét vao binh dink mite 250 mi. mite. Binh ty trong dugc chudn bj true: sach va khé. Can binh bing can phan tich Cho mude eft vio binh ty trong vita mdi edn cho day migng binh. Day nip lai Naim trong nude da dé dung dich dat 20°C. Ding vai mém tau binh cho that khd, Can trén edn phan tic. Lay dung dich trong binh dinh mite 250 ml, trang binh ty trong vai Lin bing dung dich ean do, cho dung dich vio binh ty trong vira méi cén, cho dy migng, binh. Day np lai ngdm trong nude da dé dung dich dat khoang 20°C. Ding vai ‘mém lau binh cho that kh6. Can trén cn phan tich. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 40(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ‘Tinh két qua: Khéi lugng rigng cita dich sau khi chung edt § 20°C ‘m): khdi lugng binh ty trong c6 chita nude cat (g) ‘mg khdi lugmg binh ty trong e6 chua dung dich (g) 223.2 Xée 1h ham leyng cdn bing phurong phap edn ké +* Xac dinh ham lugng cén trong rugu vang tit dich chung cat Dich chung cat sau khi do bing phuong phap ty trong ké lai duge dua vio tit tanh dé e6 nhigt d6 20°C. Lay ra dé vao éng dong 100 ml, chér | phitt, tha nhe nhang cén ké vao gitta khdi dung dich, cho cdn ké dimg yén doc két qua, Xée dinh ham Iuong edn trong vang true tiép: Lay vang cho vao erlen 500ml. Ding may suc khi dudi hét CO, ¢6 trong vang, ‘ura vao ta lanh dé 6 nhigt d6 20°C. Lay ra, dé vao éng dong 250 ml, chéy mét phiit, tha nhe cn ké vio gitta khdi dung dich, cho cdn ké dimg yen, doc két qua. 3. Phuong phap giir gidng trong éng thach nghiéng Git ging trong éng thach nghigng m6i truémg Hansen 4+ Cong thite: Saccharose hoe Maltose: 50g Pepton: 10g KHPOx 3g MgS0¥ 3-58 Agar: 208 Nuée eit: 1000m! + Cach pha ché mi trréng Hansen: + Can chinh xée va cho cdc thanh phan cua mdi trudng vio trong ede chita sin mot it mvée. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 41(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor + Khudy cho tan hét va thém luvong nuée theo yéu edu + Dun lén cho tan hodn ton + Dé ngudi va Hing dung dich vita dun + Loc bing vii hay gidy loc + Phan phéi mdi truéng vao éng nghigm dem Khir tring Phuong phap git giéng: + Nguyen the + Dam bao tét cde diéu kign trong qué trinh bao quan dé khong lam thay 40i ban chat ban dau cua giéng. + Lam cham qué trinh trao ddi chat va hé hap 6 vi sinh vat déng thoi nga cn qua trinh sinh san cia ching + Sir dung phuong phép cay chuyén dinh ky trén moi trang Hansen méi = Phurong php ap dung dé bao quan tit ca cac logi vi sinh vat + Ciy chuyén sau 1 —2 thing + ‘Thoi gian gitta hai lin cdy e6 thé kéo dai hon néu sau khi edy vi sinh vt ta bao quan 6 nhigt 6 thap (3 ~ 5°C). = Ui diém: phuong phip nay don gidn, d& lam, thoi gian bao quan khéng lau, = Nhuge diém: tén méi trong, céng site va thai gian, Pham chat ban dau cita img o6 th bi thay di do nhidu nguyén nhin kh6 xée dinh cu thé trong qué tinh dy chuyén 4. Phuong phép nhan gidng nim men Cin b8 sung Zn vi N. M6i tutng gidng kidi dOng cing ging moi trvtng Ién men chinh cang tt. Syc khi hode lic déng vai trd quan trong. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 42(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ‘Ong thach nghiéng (rita bing mdi truéng v6 tring) 10ml moi trumg YEPG ~ 24h, 20°C 100m! mdi trudmg YEPG — 3 ngay Kc, 25°C 21 mdi truvng YEPG — 3 ngay sue khi, 25°C 201 dich dudmg ~ 3 ngiy sye khi, 25°C ‘MGi trudng YEPG: yeast extract Sg/l; pepton 10g/l; glucose 20g/1 5. Dinh gid cm quan 5.1 Cée chi tiéu eam quan rugu vang "Tén chi tig Yeu cau T. Miu sie | Chit ong trong sudt, die trang cho timg Tosi nigu vang 2. Mai Thom dic trung ciia nguyén ligu, va san pham lén men khong ¢6 mii la 3.Vi Vi hoa hop, thom diu, hoan toan die trumg cho sin phim 4. Trang thai | Trong, khong van duc, khong 6 vat the la SVTH: H Hou Quée Trin Trang 43(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 5.2 Cée chi tiéu héa hoe cia rugu vang, ‘Tén chi tiéw Mite 1. Ham lugng etanol (cn) & 20°C, % (WIV) 6-18 2, Ham lgng metanol trong Ilit etanol 100°, g/l, 3 khong Ién hon 3. Ham lngng axit bay hoi, tinh theo axit axetie, g/l, - king Ién hon 4 Hla Tong SO; , mg/l, khong fin hon 350 5. Cyanua vi ede phire eyanua, mg/l, khong Kin hon oO. Theo tiéu chuin di duge 61m ng COs cong bé ca nha sin xudt 5.3 Gigi han ham Iwgng kim loi nang SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Ten chi tigw Gigi han 181 da (mall) 1. Asen (As) ou 2. Chi Pb) 02 3. Thuy ngan (Hg) 0.05 4, Cadimi (Ca) 10 3. Bong (Ca) 30 6. Kém (Zn) 20 Trang 44(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 5.4 Cée chi tigu vi sinh vat ae Gigi han ti da (cfm) T. Tong sé vi sinh vat higu Khi, sé khudn Ige tong I ml san pham 10) 2. E.Coli, 6 vi kuin trong 1 ml sin phim 0 3. Coliforms, s6 vi khuan trong T ml san phim 10 4. CI. perfringens, s6 vi khuan trong 1 mi sin phim 0 5. S. aureus, s6 vi khuan trong 1 ml san phim 0 6. Tong s6 nim men — nim mde, sO Khun Tae trong 1 mi sin pham 10 SVTH: Hd Hou Quie Trin Trang 45CHUONG III CONG NGHE SAN XUAT RUQU VANG TU TRAI SORI SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 461. Quy trinh san xudt rugu vang tir trai sori SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin (Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Tigp nhin, phan losi Rita so bd bp Dich ép Sulit hoa ‘Thanh tring Loe Dich lén men Baép Trang 47(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor Lén men chinh v6 tring, Vo chai Nut chai SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Gan can Lén men phu Lge tho Loe tinh Chidt 164, déng nie Dan nhan, déng thing can Can tho, Ném men st Trang 48‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor 2. Thuyét minh quy trinh Rugu vang duge lam tir nguyén ligu la trai sori va duge lén men mét cach tu nhién, 2 Nguyen tigu ‘Nguyén ligu sir dung trong sin xuat ragu vang sori Ia trai sori 2.2. Tiép nbn va phan logi nguyén ligu Chit luong san phdm rigu vang e6 thé néi 1a 60% nguyén ligu quyét dinh, 40% la do céng nghé vi vay nguyén ligu t6t sé cho san pham t6t, vi vay qué trinh tiép nhan va phan loai phai duge tién hanh ky. (Qué trinh tira chon va phan loai ed thé duoc tién hinh tnede khi bio quan nguyén ligu hay trong khi ché bién trong phan xuéng sin xuét. Lya chon nguyén Tigu 18 yéu t6 quyét dinh dén chét lugng sin phim. Trdi sori duge chon Iya ding, bu vb 49) chin tri st, ri dp nit, hb hay ti cn qué xan Sau dé, trai phai doe van chuyén nhanh chong vé cde nha may san xuat rugu vang. Tai d6, trai dusge phan loai theo ting gidng, logi (trai chin ky thuat, t chura chin va qua chin), Vige phan logi rit quan trong la yéu 5 quyét dinh dén chat lugng sin phim vi muén sin phim ¢6 chat luong cao thi cin phai e6 nhitng giéng sori cho nding sudt cao, phim chat tt 23. Rita sob9 Qué trinh ita e6 thé duge tién hanh tnede hose sau khi phan logi nguyen ligu, Rita [a dé loai bo bui ban, dat cat va phan I6n vi sinh vat bam ben ngoai vo tdi, BEng thoi con ty sach mot s6 chat bio vé thye vat gy dc con hu lai trén tr Rira nhe nhang tranh lam dap, khong nén ngam qué lau trong nurée sé kam tin that chit kh6 hos tan, 24 Ep Ep nguyén qué véi thiét bi thép khéng gi, thép inox khéng bi acid an man, khang ¢6 vét sit hod dang. ‘Thu duge dich ép cia qua chudn bj cho qué trinh lén men, SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 49(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 2.5. Sulfit héa ‘Sau khi c6 dich ép, ngudi ta khong tién hanh dun s6i dich ép. Bé tiéu digt vi sinh vat ngudi ta thing ding SO2. Lugng SO, trong dich Ién men néu qué nhiéu 88 gay tte ché su phat trién va hoat déng chuyén héa dudmg thanh ruou, Luong SO: sir dung khong 30 ~ 120 mg/l Mue dich cia vige sir dung SO, li Kam gidm hoje tigu digt sy phat tién cia vi sinh vat, dae biét 1 vi khudn va nim men dai gay bat loi cho rugu vang. Ching. ‘oxy héa la bao vé rgu vang khoi sy oxy hoa manh ligt ca céc hyp chat phenol va cde chat thom cia ching, Ding thai ciing ¢6 tac déng dén mét phan qua trinh oxy hhéa — khir trong théi gian ting tro: rugu vang. Gitip cho vige gitt mau va 6n dinh, mau vang duge t6t hon, Tuy nhién néu ding SO, khong diing liéu hrong c6 thé ccho rugu cé mi khé chiu, tiéu digt vi khudn e6 Igi, dng thoi cing 1a tic nhan way ngo doe rugu vang. 2.6 Thanh tring Thanh tring & nhigt 49 60 ~ 70°C trong I gié 30 phiit 6 giai doan tigu dit nim men cd hai dén khi ndm men dé khdng cOn gay téc hai. 2.7 Loe tim trong Logi bé tgp chil, & giai dogn niy thutng xay ra qua trinh lén men tyr phat Mot s6 ky thudt dé ngan ngita hign twong trén 14 xtr ly nude sori v6i SO», Sau khi loc ta thu durge dich lén men, 28 Lénmen chinh ay Id giai dogn hinh thanh rugu non. Giai dogn nay bit du xay ra Khi sori duge dé nguyen tréi dé ép ldy dich, e6 hoe Khong bé sung duimg. Trong giai doan iéu thy cdc chit dinh dudng (duéng, dam, nay, nm men hoat déng manh nhat, vitamin) rit manh dé chéing chuyén héa dudng thanh ethanol, ding tho CO; Lim ting nhigt do lén men, ii phéng ‘Trong quy m6 céng nghigp, ngudi ta sir dung gidng nm men thuan chung. ‘Ty I¢ ging cho vio qué trinhKén men thumg la 2 ~ 39 so véi khdi huomg di Nam men duge nhan giéng 6 mot phan xuéng riéng, mét sb truimg hgp kh ngudi ta sir dung mot phan dung dich dang lén men eiia mé nay dé lén men me & SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 50(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor tiép theo. Cach lam nay cé wu diém La: giéng nm men trong qué trinh lén men da quen véi didu kign sin xudt. Tuy nhién, chi c6 thé sit dyng tir $— 7 Th Khi nhan giéng nam men trong qua trinh lén men lign tue, can chit ¥ tao diéu kign cho nim men quen dan véi diéu kign 1én men ¢6 SO> bing céch thdi tir tir $02 vao dich nhin giéng véi liéu lwgng tir thap dén cao. Uu diém ciia phuong phap nay 1a nm men sé chju duge SO; trong dich lén men, trong khi dé cée vi sinh vt khdc khong chiu duroe SO; s@ bi tigu digt, qua trink 1én men xay ra thudin loi hon. ‘Thdi gian eiia qua trink lén men chinh vai ngay Ién dén vai twin thy thude vio nhiéu yéu t6 e6 lien quan nhur nhigt 49, 40 durong, s6 tong nim men... O giai doan nay duy tri nhigt 46 thich hap tir 20 ~ 22°C trong khoang tir 10 dén 20 ngay, tir6 dén 7 ngay néu lén men 6 nhigt dé cao khong 25 ~ 28°C. giai doan nay co nhigu sy bign déi trong dich lén men, can chit ¥ dén sy. hinh thanh edn, Két thie qua trinh kin men chinh thuomg dat khoding 8 ~ 10 % edn, 2.9 Gan can Khi két thie qué trinh lén men chinh, nguai ta tién hanh gan cn. Day la gan can thir nhat, Ta duge rugu non, 2.10 Len men phy Mue dich eta qua trinh 1én men phy 1a lam én dink chat Iuong nvgu, Lam trong va ting huong vi cho rug. Giai doan nay duge tinh tir khi én men rugu xong va gan can Kin dau. Lén ‘men phy thing duge tién hinh & nhiét 46 thap hon nhiét 46 Ién men trong giai hen. men phy & nhigt do 10 ~ 15°C Trong qué trinh Ién men phu, su tao thanh cdn cham lai rit nhidu do chi cn sét lai doan én men chinh, Ngudi ta thudng tién ha ‘mt it ném men phan hiy long dung cin Iai, thay vio d6 i mot loat cae qué trinh chuyén héa phu dé tao thanh chat thom, Béng thoi, 6 giai doan nay vi Khudn lactic bat dau hoat dong lén men malolactic, két qua [a acid malic duge chuyén thanh acid lactic lim cho nagu tir vi chua gét chuyén sang vi chua nhe, dé chiu, CO, edn Iai tue duge gidi phéng nhung it din. Trudng hop sau khi én men, lugng cdn duge to thinh qué thip s8 xay ra hign tugng chua regu do qua trinh Ién men acetic, ngudi ta phai b6 sung thém SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang St‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor dé trigt tigu qua trinh 1én men acetic va tang thém Iugng edn vao nagu dé dim bao chit lugng nigu duge ding Abu. Sir dyng obn thye phim aé didu chinh lugng cbn 66 trong nou. 2 U0 Day la giai doan dn dinh san xuat, 6 giai dogn nay rugu dat duge sy hai hoa va én dinh mai, vj va chat long thi rugu phai duge ii nhim cho khi oxy tie déng, that cham, Sau khi thanh phin negu tré da én dink, ngdi ta dp dung mot sé bign phap ky thuat tang chat Iugng trude khi cho nrgu chin vao trong bé, chai, chum. U 6 mhigt d6 4 — 10°C dé nou vang hoan thign huong vi die trmg. Thei agian i 06 thé li vai thing, vai nim hode nhigu hon. 2.12 Loe tho CChuyéa rag vio phing lonh du6i 10°C sau thi didu chinh lngng obn trong rnrgu xong li diu cin thiét. © nhigt d@ nay tit ea cde thanh phin khéng tan sé ling xudng day, ngudi ta gan can King ra mét Lin niza, Ruou sau khi da Lim trong s€ tue tn tr eang lau cang, 2.13 Loe tinh Xe men ling xudng day phai gan loc. Qua trinh Ling, lam trong rugu cfing xay ra rat nhanh, 2.14 Chiét rét, déng chai, din nha Sau khi Ige bo cin va nim men cdn sét thi ta chigt it vao vio chai, dong mit va dan nhan san phim. Thuong ngudi ta ding gd sdi dé dong nit va déng thing hau tr 3. Cae yéu té anh hung dén qué trinh [én men rugu (Qué trinh len men rugu la qua trinh chuyén ha dong thénh ethanol nha vao sit hoat déng cia nim men. Vi vay, ede yéu té anh hung dén host déng cia dm men cling It cée yéu 6 anh hong dén qué trnh Ién men rugu, 3.1 Anh huong ciia néng 46 duéng trong dich 1én men Néng 46 during trong dich lén men c6 anh huéng dén higu sudt, hoat dng, cia nim men va qué trinh ném men. Bung la nguén cung ep carbon va cing la SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 52(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor ngudn cung cap thire an cho nam men hoat d6ng. Méi trrong c6 néng dé dung tir 10 ~ 25 % thuan Igi cho qué trinh Ién men. G nng dé dung cao > 25% thi mang nguyén sinh chat cia ném men co Iai, ting ap suat tham thau va mat cin bang trang thai sinh ly. Thoi gian lén men kéo dai, lung dung khdng duge sit dung trigt dé, Iwgng cdn sinh ra nhiéu ite ché hoat déng cia nm men, Nong d6 duéng. thép, khéng dii co chat cho nfm men hoat dong, qué trinh len men chm va tgo digu kign cho vi khudn phat tién 3.2 Anh huong cia pH ‘Sy sinh trang cia ndm men phy thude nhiéu vio pH vi ban ehét sinh hoa cia qua trinh Ién men 1a chuyén H’ va electron nhi vi sinh vat tgo enzyme oxy hoa Khir va anh hong dén mite do phan hy duréng trong qué trinh duémg héa. pH ‘61 un cho sw phat trién cia men la 3.2 ~ 4, 6 pH nay han ehé sur phat trign etta vi sinh vat gay hu hong rugu. pH thép te ché sy phat trién cita vi khudn nhung 6 pH qua thap cling s@ wre ché hoat dong iia nam men. Khi pH qué cao san phim chinh tao thanh la glycerin. Trong qué trinh lén men pH giam dan do ¢6 st hinh thanh acid vi khi COp 3.3 Anh hudng cua nhigt 46 Nhigt 46 c6 anh huéng Ién dén sy hoat dng cua vi sinh vat, qua trinh len men va chat Iugng san pham. Nhigt 46 thich hgp dé ném men Saccharosemyces cerevisiae sinh trudng, va phat trién ki 28 ~ 32°C, tbe dO len men ty 18 thudn véi nhigt d9, 6 36°C hoge cao hom thi sy len men khéng trigt 48, long dudng cdn s6t lai nhiéu sé tao diéu kign cho vi khuan lactic phat trién sinh ra acid lactic lam chua vang. 6 nhiét 46 thap, nam men sinh trung, phat trién kém dan dén thoi gian len. ‘men kéo dai, qua trinh Ién men xay ra cham. TSt nhat trong qua trinh lén men nén, itt 6 nhigt 46 én dinh Sy Ién men 6 nhigt dé thép tt hom sy lén men 6 mhigt 46 cao, vi negu vang s& trong hon, gitip qua trinh tgo hurong. 3.4 Anh hudng cia oxy trong moi trudmg dich 1én men Hau hét cdc nm men trong qué trinh lén men nou vang thudc gidng Saccharosemyces, li nhim vi sinh vat hd hap ky khi tiy y. Trong moi trudng dit luong oxy, nam men phan hiy dudmg ding kim ngudn nang hugng va tao sinh khéi SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 53(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor nam men, Néu thigu oxy, nm men sir dung oxy hoa tan trong méi trudmg dé sinh truémg va chi yu 1d 1én men tao rrgu va sinh khi CO;, Muén qué trinh 1én men 16t 6 giai doan dau can suc khi cho nam men tang sinh khdi, giai doan sau ky khi 4 len men regu. 3.3. Anh hudng ciia ethanol Ethanol la thinh phin quan trong cia qué trinh Ién men rugu vang, néng 4 ethanol trong nrgu vang tir 10 — 14°, BO rugu e6 anh hung én dén hoat dong ela nam men, Rugu tgo thinh sé ite ché hoat déng ciia nm men va kiém him qué trinh 1én men, Mdi chiing ndm men chiu duge a nigu khiéc nhau, Kha ning séng s6t va lén men duge trong mdi trudg c6 d0 neou cao 1a tidu chudn cn e6 ea ching ném men ding trong san xudt rugu vang. Nhiing ching nam men dai chi chiu duge d6 edn thép, do nhang ching nim men ndy chi sng st trong gia dogn du cia qué tinh Ién men, Kh lugng cbn ting, th ching nim men chiu duge 46 c&n cao sé chiém wu thé, n php kf thugt thang ding trong sin xudt rugu vang, 4.1 Chéng oxy héa nude qua ‘Tréi sau khi bi dp nét giai phng cdc enzyme polyphenol — oxydase lim cho nude qui bi oxy héa nhanh chéng, déng thoi phd hiy nhiing hep chat thom, chat tg0 vi trong trai, lam oxy héa polyphenol san sinh ra tanin e6 vi chat, nrou chuyén mau, Dé trinh oxy héa nude qua, ngudi ta thudng ding ede phuong phap: ‘ir ly nhigt dé pha huy cae enzyme oxy héa khit, sau khi ép thi cho lén men ngay, hign ché tigp xie véi oxy trong qua trinh ép. 4.2. Sir dung nm men thuan chang ‘Sir dung hé vi sinh vat ty nhién d2 gay tap nhigm, gép kh6 khan trong vige theo doi qua trinh lén men. Vi vay, nguti ta thurdmg két hop céc giéng nim men thudn ching v6i muc dich Ia ting chét fuong rou. 4.3. Lén men 6 nhigt d6 thich hop Lén men rugu thich hop 6 nbigt 46 28 — 32°C. Trong qué trinh Ién men, nam men sir dung dudng dé tao thanh cén, CO>, giai phong nhiét d6 nén lam tang. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 54‘Cong nghé sin xuit neou vang tir tri sor nhigt d6 cua dich lén men. Vi vay can diéu chinh nhigt d6 thich hgp dé cho hoat 46ng cba ndm men duege tht ‘bi v6i mita nang, cin chon noi thoang mat cho lén men, ¢6 diéu kign tan higt, theo doi nhigt d6 dich 1én men dé tim bign phép ha nhigt nhw Lim thodng, lim lanh... di véi mia lanh thi cd nang nhigt d6 thich hop lén trén 20°C. 44° Xirly nhigt rude khi lén men ‘rong sin xuit, dBi véi dich qua cho lén men, nude qua due news ta phai dem thanh tring nude qua. Tuy nhién, khi thanh tring née qua thi mai thom rugu mat di vj tuoi, tigu digt tt cd nhing vi sinh vat 66 loi trong qua trinh lén men ... Do s@ bi pha hy do nl ki that cin thige newdi ta moi sit dung bign phip thanh tring meée qua tru khi lén men 5. Che phuung phdp Bim trong va én ain rugu vang Rugu vang la loai rrgu lén men khéng qua chung cét nhung lai dai hoi dd. trong. Trong rugu, ngoai céc thinh phan nh rugu, duéng, mudi khoang cdn cé cée phan tir khde nhur: glycerin, pectin, protein... c6 thé e6 ca xée qua lam mat eam quan cia rugu vang. Cé thé sir dung cdc phwong phap sau dé Lim trong va én dinh rugu vang. 5.1 BE King va gan Ine ‘é ling ty nhién thi chi c6 nhing tap chat tho ling xudng déy, cdm nhing hat keo (10 — 10cm) lam cho rugu dye khéng thé ling xuéng day duge, nhat la nhiing hat keo con e6 Iye hit lye dy do ching tich dign khée nhau... Tuy nhién, yeu cdu ciia ling trong [a loai bé tap chat thé va cdc tinh thé keo két hop voi nhau nén phuong phap nay vin cé higu qua thiét thyc. Mudn ling c&n nhanh thi phai dé © mhigt d6 th , Khong e6 sy chénh Igch nhigt dO trong vat chita, khong 6 sy chuyén déng noi chita... Dé King ty nhién di d6i vei gan loc. Trong thoi gian dau, vai thang gan loc mot lan, nhung thoi gian vé sau thi thura dan, 525 dung protein ty nhién Day la bign phap lim trong rugu c6 truyén. Néu nguyén ligu tot, sir dung. ligu Iugng thich hgp thi khong bj anh huang, c6 khi lai kim tang thén hong vi. SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 55(Cong nahé sin xuit regu vang titi sor Néu trong rugu 6 tanin, rugu gid, nhigt d6 thdp thi dé két bong, rugu trong nhanh 53 Loc Ngoai tie dung tam trong edn e6 tée dung 6n dinh rug 5.4 Ding cae bign phap vat ly Phé bign la diing nhigt néng hode nhigt lanh. Tuy hin, ding ede bign phap vat IY ¢6 te dung én dink rugu hon 1a Lim trong nhung dong thdi gidn tiép lam trong rugu vi nim men va vi khudn gay ra nhiing bién d3i lam dye rugu, 6. Bao quan rugu vang ‘M6t sé loai nugu vang cé thé duge uéng ngay sau khi thu hoach vy mba va lam thanh rugu sau vai thing, Nguge lai, m@t sé loai edn phai duge hu git nhigu D6 la su khae bi va hap dan ciia timg (ang dit, ki 46 chua,...), nam dé 6 thé dat duge 46 chin can thi Jogi nrgu vang, dugc quyét dinh boi céc yéu 15 nhu ngudn goc dia hu, gidng, ..), cf chat céu thanh cia rou (néng 49 cbn, chit tani phuong php thu hoach va ky thudt sin xudt rug. ‘Va mot digu quan trong khdc 1a rugu vang 1a thire uGng theo théi gian. Vi vy, ngubi ta phil tot n6 trong mot thd gion abt dink nung db qué liu so véi thai gian cho phép thi sé anh huromg dén chat luong cia rugu nhu: tanin trong nrgu sé gidm di, nou tro nén nhat. Ham ngu la noi bao quan logi rrgu vang o6 thé cat gitt atu nam, mye dich 48 rugu dat dén 46 chin hodn hio, Hm ragu ly twong 4gt nhing tiéu chudn sau Lun git durge nhigt a6 9 ~ 15°C 70%. BO Am ly tung 60 Him ruou t6i sé taothudn Joi cho qua trinh chin nou, nén trénh dn sing mat troi chiéu tryc tiép vdo rugu, Thanh phan héa hoc va mui vi cla rug c6 thé bi bi A461 Kh dé rugu ngodi tri tong tho gian da. Cac chai rugu khi bao quan phai dat nm nghiéng dé nit chai khéng bj khé. Digu nay tao cho chai rugu hoan toan duge kin, khéng khi khéng thé lot vao gi SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 56(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor oxy héa nigu. Nguge lai, d6i véi nhimg loai rugu manh, khi béo quan nguiti ta phai dat diing trénh vige cén trong rqu lam héng nit chai Néu khéng 6 ham rugu thyc thu, ¢6 thé tao ede him negu gia dinh véi diéu kkign la tudn thi theo nhing yéu cau trén. Ngoai ra, nrgu c6 thé béo quan trong ‘thoi gian ngan vai ba thang bing cach dat ching nim nghiéng trong cdc hdc tung. iia mét phing mat khéng 6 nh sang, SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 57CHUONG IV KET LUAN-KIEN NGHI SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin Trang 58(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor 1. Két lun Tir nhing théng tin chiing t6i tim higu va 44 duge trinh bay & trén, ching 104 c6 thé nit ra mot s6 két Iugn sau: + Thanh phin héa hoe ciia sori thay d6i theo d6 chin cua tréi, ham Iwong chat kh, vitamin C, ham Ingng duong dat cao nhat 6 46 chin ky thuat + Thinh phan céu tgo cia sori cé ty Ig thit tréi kha cao chiém 85.3%, ty Ig logi thai thép 14.7% ‘San phim rugu vang tir trai sori dé ¢6 duoc két cdu déng nhdt, mau sic ur nhién, huong vj hai hia, chiing ta edn hou: + Lua chon nguyén ligu: phan logi tréi o6 d6 chin ddng déu, trén b& mat tr hhoan toan 6 mau do. + Dac bigt chi ih lén men chinh va én § thai gian lén men, theo doi qué t ‘men phy in nghj Vi thai gian cé han, nén ching t6i chi dua ra duvge mét quy trinh céng nghi san xudt rugu vang sori phé bién hign nay. Vi vay, edn nghién eu b6 sung va cai thign quy trinh vé nhimg mat con han ché nhim gidp quy trink ngay duge hoan thign hon, va tim hiéu thém nhimg quy trinh san xudt t6t hon dé san phdm nrgu vang sori c6 chat Iugng t6t hon dé dap img duge thj hiéu cia nguii tiéu ding. ‘Sori 1a nguén nguyén ligu gidu vitamin C nhung van chura duge quan tam ding mie nhug qua nhiing théng tin chiing t6i da néu trén ching t6i mong mudn cée nha sin xudt quan tém nhiéu hon nita dén ngudn nguyen ligu nay, 48 da dang héa cae san phim tir trai sori SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 59(Cong ng sin xuit regu vang tir ri sor TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1]. Cay aia rai mién Nam. Va Cong Hau. Nxb Nong Nghigp Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh. |, Lé Thanh Phong, Duong Minh, Trin Van Hoa, Nguyén Bao Ve, So khoa hoc Cong nghé vi Méi trugng An Giang. ]. Cong nghé len men img dung trong céng nghé thue phim. Bui Ai, Dai hoe Quée gia Thanh phé Hé Chi Minh, ruimg Dai hoe Quée gia 4). Cémg nghé sin xudt neow vang. TS Bim Sao Mai, TS Nguyén Khanh Hoang, BO Cong Thuong truémg Dai hoc Céng nghigp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Vign Céng nghé sinh hoe va thye phim. [5]. Céng nghé vi sinh tap 1, Co sé vi sinh var cong nghiép. Nguyén Dite Lugng. Nxb Dai hoc Quée gia Thanh phd Hé Chi Minh, [6]. Cong nghé vi sinh tip 2, Vi sinh vat hoc edng nghigp. Nguyen Bite Luang, Nxb Dai hoc Quéc gia Thanh phé Ho Chi Minh. [7]. KV thudt nhan gidng cdy an tréi & mién Nam, Va Cong Hau. Nxb Nong Nghigp Thanh phé Hé Chi Minh (1990). [8]. KV shuds tring dita bio quan vi ché bién. TS NgO Hing Binh, Nxb Nong nghigp, [9]. Ky thudt trong mOt s6 cay rau qua gidu vitamin. GS.TSKH Tran Thé Thue, GS.TS Nguyén Ngoc Kinh, Nxb Nong Nghigp. [10]. Tréng cay an qué 6 Vier Nam, Vo Cong Hau, Nxb Néng Nehiép Thanh phd HO Chi Minh (1996). SVTH: Hi Him Quée Trin ‘Trang 60