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    Neurostiinte

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    Neurostiinte

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    18 views26 pages

    The Anatomy of The Nervous System

    Uploaded by

    IoanaPurrr
    Neurostiinte

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 26
    The Anatomy of the Nervous System The Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System EME Ceneral Layout of the Nervous System [EER celts ofthe Nervous =" chapter 3. ~ The Anatomy of the Nervous System You are responsible for material in the appendices.) All sympathetic and parasympathetic lees are twosstage neural paths: The sympatheticand parasympathetic neu ‘ons project from the CNS and go only part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons (second-stage neurons) that carry the signals the rest of the way. However, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems differ in that the sympathetic neurons that proj ect from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons at 4 substantial distance from their t the parasympathetic t organs, whereas ‘urons that project from the CNS se near their target organs on very short second stage neurons (see Appendix I), The conventional view of the respective functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems stresses three important principles: (1) that sympathetic nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations, whereas parasympathetic nerves act to conserve energy; (2) that each autonomic target or- {gan receives opposing sympathetic and parasymp.thetic input, and its activity is thus controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; and (3) that sympathetic changes are indicative of psychological arous I, whereas parasympathetic changes are indicative of psy- chological relaxation, Although these principles are gener TY (Am Bain f Genial ) aoe. system \ | ee Spinal | 2018 : | Nervous / system - : | Somatic Peripheral i [system ‘uname >) The major divisions of the nervous system, ally corte theze ne significant exeptonstacachof them (see Blessing 1997; Hugh 1996) sce Append I Most ofthe nerves ofthe peripheral nervous system project from the spinal cord, but there are 12 pats of exceptions: the 12 pats of eranial nerve, which prot from the brain. They ate numbered in sequence fom front to back, The cranial nerves include purely senso fy nerves such a the olfactory nerves (I) and the optic nerves (ID), but most contain both sensory and motor fibers, The longest eranial nerves are the vagus nerves (X), which contain motor and sensory fibers traveling. to and from the gut. The 12 prs of canal nerves and their targetsaellusteated in Appendix Mth functions of these nerves ar listed in Appendix V. The autonomic motor fibers of the cranial nerves are parasympathetic. The functions of the various cranial nerves ae com- monly assessed by neurologists a bass for diagnosis Because the functions and Tocaions 1 of the cranial nerves ate specifics: ( (RSE ruptions of portcular cranial nerve functions provide excellent clues about the location and extent of tumors and other kinds of bran pathology Figure 32 summatizes the major divisions ofthe nervous system, Notice that the nervous ster sa sys tem of twos" ‘tierent. | 1) nerves Etforent ‘Atierent 3 | (~ nerves 4 d Parasympathetic || 4 nervous sysiom A etlerent a Sympathetic nervous system ecessary 10 understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they wre connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, | want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by carly neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures—but, j: order 10 understand what the brain does, itis first Divisions of the Nervous System The vertebrate nervous system is composed of two di Visions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see Figure 3.1). Roughly speaking, the central nervous system (CNS) isthe division of the ner: vous system that is located within the skull and spine; the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division that is located outside the skull and spine. The central nervous system is composed of two die Visions: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the patt of the CNS that is located in the skull the spinal ord is the part that is located in the spine The peripheral nervous system is also composed of wo divisions: the somatic nervous system and the aus tonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the part of the PNS that inter- ats wih ie exetal enitvonrtenn It ao composed of afferent nerves that carry | You sensory signa from the skin, skeletal | {Sica er ‘muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to | the etecn the central nervous system,and efferent branches ofthe Rerves that carry motor signals from somatic and au the central nervous system to the skel- om dv eral muscles. The autonomic nervous Shs Pisin system (ANS) is the part of the periph: | jhenemaes eral nervous system that regulates the | tem tnporiuar Body's internal environment tis com- | nee the der posed of afferent nerves that carry sen- |

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