TI 3:

VAI TR CA VI SINH
VT TRONG QU TRNH
PHN HY K KH

LI M U:
Hin nay, Nc ta ang thi k Cng Nghip Ha - Hin
i Ha t nc.
Song song vi vic pht trin nn cng nghip ca t nc l
nguy c nhim mi trng rt cao.
Bn cnh l s thiu ht nng lng v sinh khi. Nu
chng ta tm ra c nhng ngun nng lng mi, th va
chi ph tn km, va lp c l trng v s thiu ht nng
lng v sinh khi hin nay.
Nghin cu cho thy rng c rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt nh b
vi cc qu trnh phn hy ca chng, s ng dng c trong
rt nhiu lnh vc. C 2 qu trnh chnh trong qu trnh phn
hy l: qu trnh phn hy k kh v qu trnh hiu kh.

NI DUNG:
I/Tng quan v Vi Sinh Vt K Kh Qu trnh phn hy k kh:
-Vi sinh vt k kh l nhng vi sinh vt (VSV) sinh trng, pht trin v
hot ng trong mi trng khng c Oxy.
-Qu trnh phn hy k kh l qu trnh s l sinh hc xy ra khi vng
mt Oxy.
-u im:
S dng CO2 lm cht nhn in t, khng cn Oxy.
Nhu cu nng lng cho qu trnh c gim thiu.
Sn sinh kh c ch l Mtan.
Thch hp cho cc loi nc thi nhim nng.
B phn ng k kh c th hot ng ch trng ti cao.
H thng k kh c th phn hy sinh hc cc hp cht tng hp nh
hydrocacbon bo c Clo v mt s hp cht thin nhin kh phn hy.
-Nhc im:
Qu trnh k kh din ra chm.
Nhy cm hn trong vic phn hy cc cht c.
Qu trnh khi ng cn nhiu thi gian
Qu trnh k kh i hi nng c cht ban u tng i cao.

II/ Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh:

II.1/Phng php ln men k kh:
-Phng php ny ch yu dng cho lai nc thi c nng cht
hu c cao, c nhiu cn.
-Quy trnh lm sch cht thi c tin hnh trong mt b kn ln,
k kh, c cnh khuy. Ngi ta cho vo cc cht cn b hu c.
-Quy trnh phn hy cht hu c s xy ra trong b vi iu kin k
kh do vi sinh vt k kh tin hnh
-Qu trnh phn hy k kh cht hu c rt phc tp, lin h n
hng trm phn ng v sn phm trung gian.Tuy nhin, ngi ta
thng n gin ha chng bng phng trnh sau y:
Ln men

Cht hu c

CH4 + CO2+ H2 + NH3 + H2S

K kh

-Hn hp kh sinh ra thng c gi l kh sinh

hc hay Biogas. Thnh phn ca Biogas nh
sau:
Methane (CH4) 55 65%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35 45%
Nitrogen (N2) 0 3%
Hydrogen (H2) 0 1%
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 0 1%
-H vi sinh vt trong nhin liu ph thi gm mt
s lai c trng l:Methannocoseus van
niellii, Baccereus.

II.2/Cc giai on phn hy k kh:

-Qu trnh phn hy k kh c chia lm 3 giai on
sau:
1. Phn hy cc cht hu c phn t:
Giai on thy phn:
-Giai an phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp nh
:protein, cellulose,lignin,lipids thnh nhng n phn t
ha tan nh axit amin, glucozo, axit bo v glyxerol
-Qu trnh ny xy ra chm v c th gii hn kh nng
phn hy k kh ca mt s cht thi ngun gc xelulo,c
cha lignin.
-C cc vi sinh vt nh:Hydrolitic bacteria,
Clostriclicum, Thermocellem

 Giai on ln men axit:

-Giai dan ny c cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc sn phm ca giai
an thy phn to ra axit hu c nh:axetic, propionic, butyric,
lactic; cc alcol v ketol nh etanol, metanol, glyxerol, axetol;
axetat,CO2 v H2.
-Axetat l l sn phn chnh ca qu trnh ln men cacbonhydrat
cc sn phm to thnh khc nhau ty theo lai vi khun v cc iu
khin nui cy(nhit ,pH, th oxy ha kh)
-C s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt :
Bacteroides,Suminicola,Bifidobacterium

vi khun: Bifidobacterium

2. To nn cc axit.
-Giai an chuyn ha cc axit hu c, cc ancol, xeton t giai an 2 to
thnh axetic.
- Phng trnh phn ng:
CH3CH2OH+H2O=>CH3COOH+2H2
CH3CH2COOH+2H2O=>CH3CH3COOH+CO2+2H2
CH3CH2CH2COOH+H2O=>2CH3COOH+2H2
-Vi sinh vt tham gia qu trnh ny c:syntrobacter, wolini,
syntrophowalfei

3. To Mtan:
-L giai an quan trng nht, di tc dng ca vi sinh vt
axetic c chuyn thnh Metan
nhm vi khun metan chia thnh 2 nhm ph:
+ Nhm vi khun Metan hydrogenotrophic, s dng
hydrogen t dng chuyn hydro v ccbon thnh metan:
CO2+4H2=>CH4+2H2O
+ Nhm vi khun Metan acetotrophic: cn gi l vi khun
phn gii axetat, chng chuyn axetat thnh metan v
ccbon.
CH3COOH=>CH4+CO2

Giai on 1:

Giai on 2:

Giai on 3:

Thy phn v ln men

To axit acetic,H2

To CH4

MT S HNH NH CA CC NHM VI SINH VT THAM GIA

VO QU TRNH PHN HY K KH

NHM 1:

Thermoleophilum

Ruminococcus

NHM 2:

Peptostreptococcus

Staphylococcus

Lactobacillus

Chromobacterium

Escherichia

NHM 3:

Methylococcus

Methylobacterium

III/Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh k

kh:
1. Nhit
2. Thi gian lu
3. pH
4. Cnh tranh gia vi khun Mtan v vi
khun kh Sulfate.
5. Cc yu t gy c

IV/ng dng ca qu trnh phn hy k kh:

Phng php phn hy k kh c c p dng
nhiuttrong
sng
caphn
con ngi
nh:
M
cui
trc
ca
t ATP?

X
nc
Nulvai
tr thi:
ca phn t ATP?
1. H
k kh:
Nng
lng
l g?
-Dng lng v phn hy cn lng bng phng php
sinh ha t nhin. Da trn c s sng v hat ng
Enzim
l vt
g?bn
ca vi sinh
k kh.cht ca enzim?
-Lai h ny thng c dng s l nc thi cng
nghip c nhim bn ln, cn t dng s l nc
thi sinh hat

2. B t hoi:

B t hoi ci tin, gii php ci thin cht lng nc thi

"B t hoi ci tin (BASTAF) hay cn gi l B phn ng k kh

vi cc vch ngn mng v ngn lc k kh.

Nguyn tc vn hnh ca BASTAF: Nc thi c a vo

ngn th nht ca b,c lng - ln men k kh. Nh cc vch
ngn hng dng, ngn tip theo, nc thi chuyn ng theo
chiu t di ln trn, tip xc vi cc vi sinh vt k kh trong
lp bn y b. Cc cht bn hu c c cc VSV hp th v
chuyn ho, lm ngun dinh dng cho s pht trin ca chng.
Cng nh cc ngn ny, cng trnh tr thnh mt dy b phn
ng k kh c b tr ni tip, cho php tch ring 2 pha (ln
men axt-ln men kim). nhng ngn u, cc vi khun to
axt s chim u th, trong khi nhng ngn sau, cc vi khun
to metal s l ch yu.

3.B UASB:
Kh thot ra

Nc thi ra
Phu thu kh

Vch chn

Dng nc thi vo

 Hm gm 3 phn chnh: (a) phn bn c di y

hm , (b) mt lp thm bn gia hm, (c) dung dch

lng pha trn.
Nc thi c np vo hm t y hm,i xuyn qua
lp thm bn ri i ln trn v ra ngoi. Cc cht rn
trong nc thi c tch ra bi thit b tch cht kh v
cht rn trong hm. Cc cht rn s lng xung lp thm
bn.
Lc hm mi bt u hot ng kh nng lng ca cc
cht rn rt thp nhng khi n c tch tr nhiu v to
thnh cc ht bn th kh nng lng tng ln v s gp
phn gi li cc cht b. Thm bn l ni VSV hot ng.
Lp bn ny chim 30% th tch ca hm UASB.

Sn xut phn vi sinh:

Ch phm sinh hc BioVAC l tp on cc chng vi
sinh vt hu c c ch tc dng chnh trong vic phn
gii cc loi ph thi nng nghip thnh phn hu c
vi sinh. BioVAC bao gm cc chng vi sinh vt chnh
sau:
- Vi sinh vt phn gii ln
-Vi sinh vt phn gii cellulose
- Vi sinh vt c nh m
- Vi sinh vt sinh axitlactic

Sn xut kh sinh hc:

Hm BIOGAS:

 Chn nui nc ta d nh l hay quy m ln u gy

nhim mi trng.Nhng ngi dn khng nhn ra l
tc nhn gy bnh truyn nhim v ung th...
Cc nh chuyn mn cho rng cn tng cng gii php
k thut thn thin vi mi trng, trong mi nhn l
ng dng hm kh bigas v lng ghp chn nui vo cc

trang tri theo m hnh sinh thi VAC...

 Vn hnh theo m
Trong cch vn hnh ny, hm c np y nguyn
liu trong mt ln, cho thm cht mi v y kn
li.Qu trnh sinh kh s din ra trong mt thi gian di
cho ti khi lng kh sinh ra gim thp ti mt mc
no . Sau ton b cc cht thi ca hm c
ly ra ch cha li 10 % lm cht mi, nguyn liu mi
li c np y cho hm v qu trnh c tip tc.

 Vn hnh bn lin tc

Nguyn liu c np vo cho hm 1 hoc 2

ln/ngy v cng mt lng cht thi ca hm
s c ly ra ngay cc thi im . Kiu vn
hnh ny thch hp khi ta c mt lng cht thi
thng xuyn. Th tch ca hm phi ln
lm 2 nhim v: phn v cha gas. Theo
kiu vn hnh ny th tng th tch gas sn xut
c trn mt n v trng lng cht hu c
thng cao.

 Vn hnh lin tc
cch vn hnh ny vic np nguyn liu v ly cht
thi ca hm ra c tin hnh lin tc. Lng
nguyn liu np c gi n nh bng cch cho chy
trn vo hm hoc dng bm nh lng.
Nu khng c cht thi hm lm cht mi, th
phn gia sc cng c th s dng lm cht mi (trong
trng hp nguyn liu np khng phi l phn ngi
hay phn gia sc).
Hm s hot ng n nh 30 ngy k t lc bt
u vn hnh (ph thuc vo nhit , th tch hm ,
nguyn liu v lng cht mi).

MT S HNH NH CA HM BIOGAS

KT LUN
-Qua nhng ni dung nghin cu trn, chng ta thy

c vi tr v cng to ln ca vi sinh vt. Cc ng dng

quan trng nht ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh k kh l
x l nc thi v biogas.
-Cng nghip ngy cng pht trin ln mnh, lng nc
thi ngy cng gy nhim mi trng, nh cc vi sinh
vt ny chng s dng cht thi lm ngun dinh dng v
to nng lng.
Cn rt rt nhiu nhng ng dng khc ca vi sinh vt
trong qu trnh k kh m chng ti cha tm hiu c.
Nhng bn cnh nhng ng dng tch cc,chng cng c
nhiu mt tiu cc. V d: Cm cn nng m y kn
vung qua m s b thiu.