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    Matched Filter Acquisition for CDMA Systems in Multip

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    Matched Filter Acquisition for CDMA Systems in Multip

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    Matched Filter Acquisition for CDMA Systems in Multip

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views6 pages

    Matched Filter Acquisition For CDMA Systems in Multip

    Uploaded by

    Reda Bekhakhecha
    Matched Filter Acquisition for CDMA Systems in Multip

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    MATCHED FILTER ACQUI: 3449 SITION FOR CDMA SYSTEMS IN MULTIPATH CHANNELS Jari Finatti 8 Matti Latva-aho University of Oulu Centre for Wireless Coramunications Linnanmaa $1, P.O. Box 444, FIN-90571 OULU, FINLAND ‘Tel: 4358-8-553 2822, Fax: +3588. ABSTRACT ‘This paper introduces analytical results of 2 DSICDMA spread spectrum system in which code acquisition is performed using a code matched filter ina multipath channel The performance measure is the mean acquisition time, Tys- Constant false alarm rate criteria (CFAR) is used as threshold setting rule ‘for comparator. Due to increase in mean acquisition ‘time because of the multipath propagation, a method is proposed which takes into account the multipath components. The powers of all the multipath components are combined already in the uequistion process by using a chip level post detection Integration (CLPDD. The task of the method is to increase the probability of finding the burst of ‘multipath components, i¢., (0 decrease the mean acquisition time of finding the existence of multipath profile. The mumerical results indicate that the acquisition performance can be improved significantly, especially when large number of users are operated atthe same time in CDMA system. 1 INTRODUCTION Code synchronization of spread spectrum si consists of acquisition Gc. initial synchronization) and tracking (i.e. fine synchronization). Acquisition ‘of code synchronization, called as code acquisition, is the most challenging task in a spread spectrum receiver. Acquisition can be realized using active [1] ‘or passive [2] methods or a combination of the two. In the passive method, a filter matchod to the spreading code is used. The output of the matched filter is either ted to a threshold detector or the ‘maximum value during a given observation interval is selected, from which the decision of synchronization is made. In the former ease, the 0-7803-4984-9198/$10.00 ©1998 IEEE. -553 2845, E-mail: jai iinatiOee.oulu fi setting of the Ueshold plays an important role on the performance. Constant false alarm rate eriteria in threshold seting has been found to bea good rule Jn choosing the threshold [3]. In addin, to be able to offer @ good performance witen probability of false alarm is selected propery, it is quite simple to implement in a practical DS receiver which includes 4 wideband automatic gain control (AGC) before AND comersion. AGC takes care that the received wideband signal has some fixed level before the acquisition process begins which leads to a fixed probability of a false alarm just by using a fixed threshold. If the narrowband AGC changes the gain level during acquisition the threshold can be adjusted according to the narrowband AGC. In principle, the knowledge about the proper threshold can be determined cither from the broadband signal before despreading or from the narrowband signal ater despreading. Both multipath propagation and other users’ interference in CDMA. system cause problems to code acquisition. The former due to the reason that the paths have low powers which means that they are more difficult to detect. Orber users. cause mulipl-accessiterierence (MAI) which brakes the form of the nice autocorrelation function (ACF) of the spreading code. On the other hand, due to ‘multipath propagation there exist more correct cells in the uncertainty region forthe acquisition point of view. Conventionally, acquisition ends when the threshold ofthe comparator is exceeded. After that ‘an additional search should be performed over a short timing window to find the existence and location of diferent muipaths the acquisition gives only the information that onc of those paths has ‘been found. Intuitively, the performance could be improved if the mulipath power of several paths could be combined before acquisition, Le. by using multipath diversity a is usual inthe data detection, In this paper, @ code acquisition scheme, which integrates over a presumed multipath spread is studied. 1 CDMA SYSTEM MODEL ‘A standard model for the downlink of a DS-CDMA system with K users and L propagation paths will be considered. The received signal can be written by r= SES AV” alos, G-m, em, where Ms the number of received symbols, Kis the number of users, Ls the number of propagation paths, Ar is the amplitude of user kd" isthe mth transmitted data symbol of user k, o(t) = 4 (e/% is the complex attenuation factor of the th path, tis the propagation delay, () is the Ath user signature sequence, T, denotes the symbol interval and n(t) is complex zero mean additive white Gaussian noise with variance o” The received signal can be presented also in discrete-time domain r=SAb+nc cM, o where SER" RM ig the matrix of user spreading codes, Ae C8 is the channel ratrx (contains also user amplitudes), be @*™ is the data vector with symbol alphabet ©, ne C™**" {is the noise vector, N, isthe number of samples per chip, and N is the number of chips in symbol ierval (processing gain) which i the same as code Jeng inthis stad. In this paper, the acquisition in 4 CDMA system is studied at a mobile terminal. Due to the fact, that the downlink is synchronous and usually nearfar problem is not severe in downlink direction, a Gaussian approximation [4] will be used to model the mulipl-access imerference at the output of matched filers (MF), ‘The MF output forall user signals, ie, the output of some matched filter bank is given by Sr, where ( denotes the transpose of the matrix. The signal-10- noise and interference rato atthe output of the ME? forthe Ith path of the ih user in a channel with L paths of equal power ean be approximated as 3450 at sive, wu .@) eS Rit ERiy to? ua tie where S™S=ReR™™*M is the spreading sequence cross-correlation matrix and Rijep noes the squared cress-corelation berween the signal components AI and R'T, Rij =1,¥k,t. The approximation takes into account the user powers and their cross-correlatons. The denominator is approximately Gaussian and will be used in the ‘mean acquisition time analysis as the nose variance at the output of the ME. I ACQUISITION METHODS ‘The matched filter acquisition with all necessary blocks is presented in Fig. 1. The MF is matched to the whole spreading code. The output signal of the filter (MF) is proportional to the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the code. It is assumed that the ACF has zero value except in the case when the cade is inside the filter The sampling at the output of the matched fier (inthe noncoherent case, an envelope detector (ED) is used after the MF) is ‘made atleast atthe chip rate. The first comparator tases the threshold 7) in a way that the output is “1” (bit, if x() > 7, and “0” otherwise, where x() is the input signal tothe comparator. Ifthe threshold is crossed by the autocorrelation value at the zero delay, the result is « detection, which occurs atthe probability of detection Py. IF the threshold is crossed with some other delay, a false alarm occurs, and happens with e probability of false alarm Pp. In the case of short search interval without any vetifcation mode, the false alarm is catastrophic, and causes a total miss of the correct code phase. comaratr| [PDT] 2. comparace)> Tasad ]_|7 ee >|_caleulaon — ig. 1. MF acquisition. ‘The first threshold comparison may be followed by a post detection integration (PDD and a second threshold comparison. PDI is optional and itis used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the decision variable, When PDI is used, the first threshold comparison is optional but may help to achieve better performance in some jamming. situation, especially in frequeney hopping systems. The PDI can be partitioned and part of it, or all, be performed before the envelope detection. ‘Then itis called coherent PDI [5]. Frequency error and data modulation limits the coherent PDI intrval Coincidence detector (CD) [6], which is used for verification of the decision, and stagger filtering (7] are forms of post detection integration. When PDI is used, P; and Py, are measured afer the PDI. In & twodwell acquisition, the threshold crossing. is verified either by a CD, or by using longer integration interval with the same code phase. In the ‘conventional mode, PDI is carried out at the bit level (or integration level) which means that the correlation results combined in the PDI are from the same code phase. Because the matched filter gives its peak when the code is inside the filer, a mulkipath channel leads to several peaks (depending on the mumber of paths), Fig. 2 presents an idealized example of the ‘matched filter output in one-path and two-path channel. In the latter case, within one code period which has length NT. where N is code length and T is chip period, there exist two cells in time ‘uncertainty region which can be accepted as correct code phase, i.e, hypothesis Zh. They lead to acquisition stage in the acquisition state diagram. e.pth wo path fet) \ A \

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