Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nurpudji A Taslim
Bagian Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Unhas
2006
Stroke
PENDAHULUAN
T
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N
D
A
K
A
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STROKE
M
E
D
I
K
A
A
M
E
N
T
O
S
A
F
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S
I
O
T
E
R
A
P
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KEMAMPUAN MAKAN
N
U
T
R
I
S
I
?
MASALAH :
- PENDERITA
- KELUARGA
HIPERKATABOLISME
IMMUNOSPPRESSAN
PEMBERIAN KALORI
BERDASARKAN
ANTROPOMETRI
TIMBANG BERAT BADAN
PEMERIKSAAN BIOKIMIA
LAB.
PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI
STROKE AKUT HIPERMETABOLIK
PASCA STROKE
PENILAIAN STATUS NUTRISI
DAN
CARA,
EVALUASI
DAN
FLOW PHASE
Acute response
Adaptive response
Catabolism
predominates
Anabolism
predominates
Glucocorticoid
Glucagon
Cathecolamine,
Release of cytokines,
lipid mediators,
Production of acute
phase protein
Excretion of nitrogen
Metabolic rate
Oxygen consumption
Impaired utilization of fuel
Hormone response
gradually diminish
Hypermetabolic rate
Associated with recovery
Potential for restoration
of body protein
Wound healing depends
in part on nutrient intake
180
150
Major burn
120
Peritonitis
NORMAL RANGE
90
Fracture
Partial
Starvation
60
Total
Starvation
30
0
0
10
20
30
40
Days
SOURCE:HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 1997
50
60
70
28
24
Major burn
20
Skeletal
trauma
Severe sepsis
16
Infection
12
Elective op
Partial
Starvation
NORMAL RANGE
Total
Starvation
4
0
0
10
20
Days
30
40
Stress Metabolik
Hipoksia,
Inflamasi,
Nekrosis,
Trauma
Infeksi
Respons:
Lokal
Sistemik
A. INDIRECT CALORIMETRI
B. HARRIS BENEDICT EQUATION
C. REE
HARRIS BENEDICT
EQUATION
LAKI-LAKI
PEREMPUAN
ACTIVITY FACTORS
1,2
for pt confined in bed
1,3
for ambulatory pt
1.2 1,75 most normally active person
2,0
extremely active person
INJURY FACTORS
1,2
1,35
1,44
1,6 1,9
1,88
2,1 2,5
minor surgery
skeletal trauma
elective surgery
mayor sepsis
trauma plus steroid
severe thermal burn
[UUN ][Vol.Urine]
100
A sup an Pr otein
[UUN 4]
6.25
Contoh:
Seorang penderita yang mempunyai asupan protein
62.5 g/hari sekresi urin 500 mg/dl UUN dalam 2000
ml urine
Maka:
UUN = 500 x 2000/100
= 10.000 mg atau 10 gr
N[g/hari] = [62.5/6.25] [10 + 4]
= 10 14
=-4
Kcal
Kcal : Nratio
Contoh:
Diasumsikan kebutuhan energi penderita sehari=2250
kcal, dan ratio kcal nitrogen 1:150, maka kebutuhan
nitrogen penderita tersebut adalah:
2250
N[ g ]
15gNitrogen
150
Dengan menggunakan hasil tersebut di atas dapat
ditentukan kebutuhan protein:
Pro[g] = Nitrogen [g] x 6.25
= 15 x 6.25
= 95.75 protein
Penilaian Nutrisi
INDIKASI NUTRISI
ENTERAL DAN
PARENTERAL
Tidak
Nutrisi Parenteral
Nutrisi Enteral
Jangka panjang
Gastrostomi
Jejunostomi
Jangka pendek
Nasogastrik
Nasoduodenall
Nasojejunal
Nutrisi
Parenteral Perifer
Nutrisi
Parenteral Total
Compromised
Nutrisi Lengkap
Mencukupi
Berlanjut ke
Makanan
Oral
Jangka pendek
Formula Khusus
Nutrients
Tolerance
Tidak mencukupi
Nutrisi parenteral
Sebagai suplemen
Dilanjutkan ke nutrisi
Enteral total
Mencukupi
Diet yg lebih
Kompleks dan
Makanan oral
Sesuai dengan
penerimaan
Fungsi saluran
cerna membaik
Ya
Tidak
Suplementasi oral
Memberikan makanan
tambahan untuk memperkaya
makanan yang biasa diperoleh
dalam proses penyembuhan.
Nagogastric Feeding
Elemental Diet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Komplikasi ED / MLP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Monitoring pengukuran
yang harus dilakukan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
BB /hari
frekuensi b.a.b, konsistensi dan vol
vol urine
osmolalitas serumurine
glukosa darah
PCV, Hb
electrolit serum dan ureum darah
electrolit urine dan ureum urine
albumin serum, transferin dan
komplemen C3 serum
Cara Pemberian
Densitas Energi
Kadar Glukosa
CVA
25-35%
PVA
60% E sebagi lipid IV
10%
10%
Indikasi CVA
1. sal cerna tak berfungsi normal : reseksi
usus. Obstruksi, ileus, malabsorbsi hebat
2. antisipasi sal cerna tak berfungsi normal
(pertahankan keadaan anabolik mis; pre
kemoterapi, pre-op besar, pre radiasi)
3. memperkecila aktivitas usus : fistula ,
radang usus, pankreatitis akut.
4. pengganti enteral feeding
Komplikasi CVA
1. Tehnik
2. Septik
3. Metabolik: hiperglikemia,
hipoklikemia, as lemak,
keseimbangan vitamin, elektrolit
4. Enzim hati meningkat sementara
Komplikasi
1. kateter : trombosis, tromboplebitis ( larutan
glukosa terlalu pekat, pH rendah, unsur lain
larutan atau infeksi bakteri)
2. emboli trombus
3. septicemia
4. komplikasi metabolik sama CVA
EATING DISORDERS
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Objectives
To understand the differences between
various eating disorders e.g. anorexia and
bulimia nervosa.
To consider causative factor presenting
features, at risk groups, medical
complications, prevention and treatment.
Eating Behaviors
Why do we eat?
Internal hunger
Energy external pleasure, social,
personality, environment
What is abnormal eating behavior?
Abnormal eating behavior = eating
disorder?
Eating behaviors
Why do we stop eating ?
We stop eating when we are satisfied?
Eating is a behavior Not necessarily
related to hunger or fullness
Bulimia
Anorexia
Depression
Introduction
Mr. Dukes daughter in S. Mary Axe, in the year 1684
and the eighteenth year of her age, In the month of July
fell into a total suppression of her monthly courses from
a multitude of cares and passions of her mind but
without any symptoms of the green-sickness following
upon itI do not remember that I did ever in my practice
see one, that was conversant with the living so much
wasted with the greatest degree of consumption ( like a
skeleton clad only in skin ) yet there was no feveronly
her appetite was diminishedshe was after three month
taken with a fainting-fit, and died
Hill et al.
41% of 9 year old girls choose a preferred body
shape thinner than their current shape (18%
chose broader)
41% of boys choose a broader shape and 28%
choose a thinner ideal shape
In ranked studies, the overweight was below the
child in a wheelchair or with facial disfigurement
Girls are less accepting of overweight same sex
peers than are boys
Anorexia Nervosa
3rd most common chronic illness
in girls 15-19 yrs
Prevalence of 0.5%
Increasing number of young patients 8-14 yrs
Average duration of 4 years
Long term mortality of 20-25%
Suicide rate ~ 5%
50% relapse rate in 1 year
Bulimia
Patients can be underweight, normal weight or
overweight
Often keep binge eating + purging secret
Pre-occupied with weight, appearance, body
image
Misuse insulin or thyroid medication
Laxative of abuse more common
Occurs on a continuum from a few
times/month to several times a day
Definition of
Anorexia Nervosa
Criteria :
a. Refusal to maintain bodyweight at or above a
minimally normal weight for age and height
b. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
c. Undue influence of body weight on selfevaluation denial of seriousness of current low
body weight
d. Amenorrhea absence of consecutive
menstrual cycles
Types : Restricting, Binge eating
Definition of
Bulimia Nervosa
Criteria :
a. Eating in discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2-hr
period) and amount of food that is definitely larger than
most people would eat OR a sense of lack of control
over eating during the episode (feeling one cant stop
eating)
b. To prevent weight gain : self induced vomiting, misuse
of laxative, diuretics, enemas, fasting
c. binge eating or vomiting/laxatives etc at least twice a
week for three months
d. Self evaluation unduly influenced by body shape
Differential Diagnosis
IDDM
Thyrotoxicosis
Malignancy
Mal-absorption
HIV
depression
At Risk
Female adolescent
Young children
Children with mother who have eating
disorders
Athletes dancers, gymnastics
Older women
Patients with a history of sexual abuse
Victims of rape
Male Anorexia
One in ten patients with an eating
disorders is male
Increasing incidence of eating disorders in
male homosexuals
High incidence of substance abuse
Part of impulse control problem where
alcohol, drugs and food are misused
Increasing in sports such as wrestling,
body building, jockeys
Emaciation
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Pallor
Acrocyanosis
Ankle edema
Breast atrophy
Growth stunting ( pre-pubertal )
Etiology
Genetic monozygotic twins, 55% concordance
dizygotic twins, 7% concordance
But may be mediated by :
- growth rate in childhood
- Predisposition to obesity
- Personality type
- Predisposition to psychiatric illness
Etiology
1694 Morton : destruction of tone of nerves
Early 1900s : pituitary dysfunction
Mid 1980s : peptides i.e. CCK, NPY, substance
P
1990s :
1. imbalance in serotonin mechanisms
2. common end-point of stress, depression
and anxiety
Serotonin
Serotonin (5HT) is responsible for
suppression of food intake
Serotonin acts to induce satiety
Serotonin regulates body weight via
thermo genesis and nutrient selection
Serotonin function is different in men &
women BUT may be a secondary
condition related to starvation
SEVERITY TEATMENT
CARE PROVIDER
Key Points
The aims of treatment of anorexia nervosa
is to establish healthy eating habits and
normal weight through the consumption of
regular meals and snacks building up to
2000 kcal/day, and to address factors to
result in relapse
AUTIS
Pengertian/batasan Autis
Gangguan perkembangan neurologis
pada anak, mencakup:
kemampuan berkomunikasi, bersosialisasi
dan perilaku
terjadi pada usia 3 tahun pertama
kehidupan
berlanjut semasa hidupnya bila tidak
dilakukan intervensi
Etiologi
Belum jelas
Multifaktor:
Psikologis
Fisiologi: Gangguan sistem Pencerna (enzim)
peradangan dinding usus
Sosial
Kelainan bawaan sejak lahir
Genetik
Dugaan pengaruh imunisasi
Faktor lingkungan
Keracunan logam berat spt: As, Cd, Hg, Pb
Etiologi
Imunisasi
MMR ------dibantah oleh DepKes
DPT,
Hept.B ----dicurigai mengandung Thimerosal (ethylmercuri).
Bayi usia 4 6 bln tidak dapat mengeluarkan Hg dalam tubuh
sehingga merusak jaringan otak dan mengganggu fungsi otak
Dipacu oleh infeksi:
Rubella
Bahan kimia:
Pengawet
Perasa
Polutan
Pewarna
Food additive lain
Reichelt 1981
Membuktikan adanya peptida
dalam urine anak autis
Peptida tersebut berasal dari
gluten dan casein
Patofisiologi
Gejala:
Komunikasi verbal terganggu
Sulit berkomunikasi dengan orang
lain
Berprilaku aneh
Perubahan sensitivitas indra
Daya tahan tubuh lemah
Berprilaku aneh
Stimulasi diri sendiri: berputar putar, bergoyang
goyang, bertepuk tangan sendiri
Tertawa/marah tanpa sebab yang jelas
Mengulang permainan aneh dalam waktu
tertentu
Melakukan sesuatu yang sama/rutin terus
menerus, sulit untuk merubah/menginterupsi
sesuatu yang rutin dilakukan
Perilaku menyakiti diri sendiri (agresif)
Gluten:
Protein yang ditemukan dalam tanaman
subkelas monocotyledonae (kelg.
Rumput): terigu, gandum, jewawut
Casein:
Fosfoprotein dalam susu yang mempunyai
struktur molekul (susunan asam amino)
yang sangat mirip gluten
Terapi
It isnt curable but treatable dengan
terapi dini, terpadu & intensif
o Terapi medikamentosa
o Terapi biomedis
o Terapi wicara
o Terapi perilaku
o Terapi okupasi