5.7 Challenges and Limitations of 4G Networks No echoogy compet in ise Sl hss aso the case with 4G. Upto now te discussion has heen abostihe ifs advanager oer the previous generations, but acaeul ook shows hat tals faces some serous limitations and challenges. Tere ae three mij imitationsichallenges in 4G networks: + Mote tation + Wicsless network * Quality ot service 5.7.1 Mobile Station For a large variety of services and wireless networks in 4G systems the multimode user terminals are essential for adapting tothe diferent viteest networks, thereby eliminating the nel or separate mlliple terminals. The most promising approach shat ofthe software aio. Unfortunately dhe eure software ratio technology is not completly fesibe for al witeless networks det the following problems + Icis impossible t have jas one antenna ad one LNA to serve the wide cage of Gequeney bands {eto cover al the bands ofall 4G networks. One soaton coud be wo use mile analog pats to workin different Fequeney bands. This certainly increases the design and complexity and physic size ofa erminal. + The existing analogue t-dgital converters (ADC) used in mobile stations are not fast enough. The (GA requires atleast 17-bl esoluton with very high simpli aes. To provide such bitte Une speed ofthe estes cumtent ADC still wo or hee orders oF magnitude slower than ea + none to allow real-time execution of softwae-iplemented rao intertace funtion. sucha fe quency cosversion, itl iltering, spreading and de-spreaing, parallel DSPs ve wo be wed, terehy Increasing the circuit complenty and high power consumption and dissipation 5.7.2 Wireless Nerwork hme em hein er isle so ot te i ae The proces ol bonding meses pail tomebie ations beomes complicated in 40 he cropeneous systems Beau othe differences nen acces tools. Oe fie tsb yolufonis ous coftware mio device tatcansoar the vias networks an alr scaing Sil id he egied softwar aad congue ences forte ected actor y dovnloing he required software models by scanning the available wireless networks. The software can be downloaded ffom media such asa PC server or ovr teat (OTA). OTA ithe mos challenging sat acon a ys discovery is alabliy ees se fom the median of Sovnloning ‘Wireless Network Selection ‘With the support of 46 user terminals, is possible wo choose any avaiable witless network for each pariculer communication Sesion. Te comet netvork sletion can ensure the QoS rere by eachTerminal Mobily “Thee are to esin fxs in trina moi Inston management al hand-off management. With location management te system tacks aad locates a mobile terminal for a posible connection. It invoives handling altho information shoot the roaming temas. sachs the original and current locate cll aithentcation information and QoS eapailities Or theo hind, anc management tmniains ongoing communications when the ternal ons. The bile IPv6 stds Phased nobility protocol fr TP wie syste, whet eh emia his an TPN6 howe ade. Whenever ‘th teminal moves outside he loca ctor, the home ses een mes nlc ai th erin Obs 2 IP aes (cle the eaeol-aes) in the visited neon. This hanof pracens eases a increase in system lod high bandoverleney ad pocket ose. IC very vial solve these ‘oblems in 4G necworks. The resin fori a ends orion bao, vena handover so esd Moreover, 4G netvorieare expected ta support ra-sise maimed services that are bil {ime-seositve Iti very hard calculate the handoff between different icles sytem itis very complicated, Network Infeastructure Existing wireless systems en be classified into two types: no P based an IP hase. The no Phased ‘toms are hasialy optimised fr voice delivery (e.g. GSM, CDMA an the TP based systems are tasiesly optimised for data services ( 802], HIDERLAN). In 46 eles network, the problen integrating these wo stems Decne apparent when ed end QoS services ae converted. Security lt Privaey The key concen in scary designs for 4G networks sei. Sine the extn secur stems TretoallySevgal er win sevice thse veel ilemea hem forheteogenont cavemen Morotr, they snes encryption td decry algortnsOexitg shee are aise. Thy bosom nee when apps wo diferent chologles and doves Fault Tolerance did Surriabiliy Therels preety an indent sty onthe survey Bt HELE aces neta though thy ae ire vole in wie ewer A clr wes peter spel dese ete opology. A major weakness of this wpology is that when one level fils, all the other levels below it are tle The stunton tems wee when uit opolgy neve wor ogate nH ye {Es The fuller! espns sos conser pone cosumon, wer moti, Gos management See, ystem capstan kerr sof ier eles nok. The tt lee was ‘Sachsen aires ost Qo nares The ts ase Mal eat ntwon stm: th scons io tse clad or ontaping hea penous wie 5) Multiple Operators and Billing Systems Prescaly on operator uetlly charges costmers with a snp ling Ail accounting scheme, where 2 lata base on suber services, call durations, and nsf data volume i sully enough Towever withthe inerease in service varies in 4 systems mor comprehensive iling ah oecountng systems are ceded. The custoers may no longer belong to aly one aperior, oan subscribe 0 fhany series fr aaumber of service providers athe sate time.Along with this, equalisation on diferent charging schemes is alo needed a result different ‘ilfingsciemes (es. charging based on data, tine or information), I is Basically very challenging to fiormalae one single ling motos that envers al he billing schemes involved, Furthormone, 4G net works support maimed communications, which consi fifeent media components with possibly ifferent charging units. In order w build suctral billing system for network, several raeworks Challenges an Litton Of 4G Networks 7 hae already been ted, The reuiremens on ese frameworks include salability, exbili eeuracy and usability. Personal Mobility Pers mobility concentrates om the movement Of wsers insted Of user terminals ad involves the provision of personal communications and personalised operating environments. A video message ad- “dressed to the mobile user, no matter where the user is loeated oF What type of terminalis heing used, wi be sent tthe wsercomtecty. A personalised operating envionment, on te other nd, is service that enables other adaptable service presentations. user also belongs (oa home network that has servers ‘with the updated user profi when the user moves from hither home network to Visiting network, hisher agents wil migrate to the mew network stably