Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tobožnja Delminijska Biskupija
Tobožnja Delminijska Biskupija
Ante kegro
Hrvatski institut za povijest
Opatika 10
HR 10000 ZAGREB
askegro@isp.hr
The Christianisation of the deeper hinterland of Salona and Narona, which includes the Duvno region,
proceeded along the major communication routes
that linked these settlements to Pannonia. Christi
anity began to spread to the areas of Duvno, as well
as Livno and Glamo, from the direction of the lake
known as Buko Blato. Despite the discovery of a
number of Early Christian sacral structures, mainly
basilicas, there is no evidence of the existence of a
diocese in the Duvno area during Antiquity or the
Early Middle Ages, nor that this area was the seat
of a diocesan bishop. The controversial bishop Mal
chus ( 594), who is most often associated with the
alleged diocese of Delminium, was the administrator
of the papal estates in Dalmatia, and not a diocesan
bishop.
Kljune rijei: Rimska provincija Dalmacija, rano kranstvo, rimski Delminij, papinski posjedi u Dalmaciji
Key words: Roman Province of Dalmatia, Early Christianity, Roman Delminium, papal estates in Dalmatia
Uvod
Na temelju raspoloivih podataka moe se utvrditi
da je kristijanizacija duvanjskih prostora intenzivirana tijekom kasne antike. No ne moe se precizirati kad je zapoela i kako se odvijala. Institucio-
Introduction
The assertion that the Christianisation of the Duvno
area intensified during Late Antiquity is supported
283
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by currently available data. Even so, when it actually commenced and how it proceeded cannot be
specified. Nor are there any convincing arguments
to tie the institutionalisation of Christianity in the
Duvno area with St. Venantius, which is often done
(Buli & Bervaldi 19121913: 21; Buli 1928: 55;
1986: 42, 44, 140; Mandi 1935: 8; 1963: 8, 16; Lui
1960), due to the expression apud (inter) Dalma
tas recorded in medieval Spanish chronicles (Farlati
1751: 563564, 589). This expression doubtlessly refers to the Illyrian Delmatae, and they, as is known,
resided in the broad areas between the Neretva and
Krka Rivers and the sea and the karst fields of Western Bosnia (Fig. 1) (Zaninovi 1966: 2792; 1967:
5101; 1976: 118, fig. 55, 240267). Thus, St.
Venantius could have lost his life anywhere among
the Delmatae. Based on the results of previous research, one can conclude that Christianisation first
took hold in the Buko Blato area, which was also
traversed by the major road connecting Salona with
Argentaria and Sirmium (in Pannonia). It would
appear that Christianity gradually advanced toward
Buko Blato and Duvno, and then farther onward
to the Livno and Glamo areas, precisely along this
communication route and its branches. Four Early
Christian basilicas were registered at Buko Blato: at
Bare in Karlov Han near Prisoje (Fig. 2) (Pakvalin
& Zelenika 1964: 213; Bojanovski 1968: 162165;
1974: 157; 1988: 228, 230; Atanackovi-Sali 1986:
1516; Pakvalin 1988: 260; Basler 1993: 7172;
Chevalier 1995: 192195), at Ma(na)stirine in Bukova Gora (Mileti 1979: 176; 1983: 233; 1988: 271;
Chevalier 1995: 209) where the Ad Libros travel outpost was located (Mayer 1959: 208; Bojanovski 1974:
153155, 160163, 223; 1988: 227; opposing: Benac
1985: 7476, no. 2), at Crkvina in Podgradina, above
Kraljiin nasip in Reetarica (Fig. 3) (Mandi 1935:
15; Bojanovski 1988: 226, n. 57; Vrdoljak 1990: 121;
Petrinec et al. 1999: 1213 and n. 22, 30, 7478, no.
165182) and at Crkvina in Vinica (Radimsk 1894:
317318; Pakvalin 1981: 245248; Chevalier 1995:
212213). The rather advanced process of Christianisation in Buko Blato during Late Antiquity is also
indicated by the cross-shaped fibulae from the necropolis at Gradina in Korita near Ma(na)stirine in
Bukova Gora (Fig. 4) (Mari 1969: 239243; Mileti
1979: 141182; 1983: 231233; 1984: 380382).
It is precisely at this site where the central Delmatae
settlement of the Buko Blato area is sought a settlement continually inhabited from the Iron Age to
the arrival of the Slavs (Benac 1985: 92.). Three Early
Christian structures were registered in the Duvno
area: at Crkvina under Gradina in Crvenice (Fig. 5)
(Patsch 1904: 211214; 1904a: 349352; Bojanovski
1965: 134140; Cambi 1978: 151; Chevalier 1995a:
138, 145, 210212; Basler 1993: 48, 85, 77, 88/D6),
284
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Slika 2. Ostaci ranokranske bazilike sa Bara Karlov Han kod Prisoja (Atanackovi-Sali 1986: iza str. 8).
Figure 2. Remains of an Early Christian basilica at Bare Karlov Han near Prisoje (Atanackovi-Sali 1986: after p. 8).
212213). O uznapredovalome procesu kristijanizacije u Bukome blatu u doba kasne antike svjedoe i kriolike fibule iz nekropole s Gradine u
285
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In contrast to the views of some authors (ii 1914: 162; Paali 1960: 37;
Bilogrivi 1998: 33; Bojanovski 1984:
413), Delminium was also not mentioned in the acts of the church synods
held in Salona in 530 and 533. The terms
montanorum and delminense, which can
be encountered in the acts of the second
Salona synod (Farlati 1753: 173; Batthyny 1785: 291; ii 1914: 162;
1967: 83; Gunjaa 1973: 54; Ivanievi
1994: 161), which have been subject to
attempts at identification with the Duv
no area (Pulji 1995: 107; 1996: 92), and
even with the supposed DelminianMontanian diocese (episcopia Delmin
ensis Montanorum; Tomaschek 1880:
10; Zaninovi 1996: 200201; 1998: 12),
or the Diocese of Delminium (Ani
1990; 2000: 15), actually refer to the Dalmatinska Zagora (the Dalmatian montane hinterland) and the central section
of Poljica. In 533, together with several
other coastal-insular territories between
Salona and Narona, were included in
the Diocese of Muccurum (Ecclesia
Muccuritana) established during that
period. Most recently, its seat has been
sought in Makarska (Tomasovi 2004:
4648; kegro 2008). The controversies
surrounding the alleged seat of a diocesian bishop
in the Duvno area during Antiquity actually have
their origin in superficial readings of the chronicle
by Archdeacon Thomas of Split (12001268), which
was supplemented with the acts of the Salona synods during the sixteenth century (Historia Saloni
tana Maior). The terms montanorum and delmin
ense (delmiense Batthyny 1785: 291) recorded in
these acts were regularly associated with each other
in older historiographic works (Farlati 1753: 173;
Batthyny 1785: 291, 292 (a); ii 1914: 162), so in
this context they can be linked to the Duvno area,
which some authors do to this day (
1986: 139142; Steindorff 1995: 150151; Pulji
1996: 92; 1999: 107). However, newer editions of
the acts of the second Salona synod separate the
term delminense from the term montanorum and
associate it with the word immediately following,
i.e. Onestium (Muccoritanus namque episcopus se
montanorum, delminense Onestium, salonitanum
quoque dumtaxat quicquid in insulis continetur vel
trans Oneum noscitur esse divisum, quod Contin
ens appellatur. Sed etiam Redditicum in diocesim
habiturum accipiat et, exceptis reliquis in territo
rio salonitano; 1967: 83; Gunjaa 1973: 54;
286
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287
Ante KEGRO TOBONJA DELMINIJSKA BISKUPIJA Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008].
288
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29). Daniele Farlati (16901773) interpreted the title of bishop Malchus as dalminiensis or delminien
sis (episcopus) (Farlati 1753: 231; 1769: 169) and
thus associated him with Roman Delminium. Based
on his example, Pius Boniface Gams (18161892)
interpreted it as an error and assumed that Malchus
was the bishop of Delminium (Gams 1873: 406).
Gamss interpretation was accepted by Jacques
Zeiller (18781962), who also associated bishop
Malchus with Delminium, and identified his diocese with the phrase Delminensis ecclesia from the
acts of the second synod of Split in 928 (Zeiller
1906: 171172).3 Based on the correspondence of
pope Gregory I the Great, wherein the controversial
bishop Malchus is also mentioned several times, it
certainly follows that during the last decades of the
sixth century he was not a diocesan bishop in Dalmatia but rather the administrator of the papal estates (rector patrimonii Sanctae ecclesiae, rector
patrimonii in Dalmatia).4 Pope Gregory I the Great
reorganized the entire administration of the papal
estates (Jedin 1995: 607608), so in this regard,
bishop Malchus also became a direct papal official.
It is thus apparent that the misunderstanding surrounding Delminium as the alleged seat of a diocesan bishop ensues from Malchus post as bishop,
which is the basis for his identification with the di-
289
Ante KEGRO TOBONJA DELMINIJSKA BISKUPIJA Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008].
ocesan bishop of Delminium. However, an overlooked fact is that during the papacy of the controversial pope Vigilius (537555), this same post of
administrator of the papal estates in Dalmatia was
held by his deacon, Sebastianus (Vigilius episcopus
Rustico et Sebastiano. Diu vobis, Rustice et Sebas
tiane, canonibus et decessorum nostrorum congru
entem ultionem inferre pro apostolica moderatione
distulimus <>. Postea vero ut a nobis ad Dalmati
arum patrimonium mittereris, summis precibus
postulasti. Quod nos securi, quia talem feceras cau
tionem, animo libenti concessimus. Qui dum in Sa
lonitanam urbem pro ordinatione patrimonii adve
nisses, quantum ad nos postea est plurimorum rela
tione perductum, illicitis te et a sede apostolica pro
hibitis ordinationibus miscuisti, et quos Honorius,
tunc praedicatae civitatis episcopus, contra consue
tudinem Romanae vel suae ecclesiae, sedis apostoli
cae constituta sacris ordinibus applicaverat, non
solum prohibere penitus noluisti, sed nec nobis ex
hac causa vel scripto referre, vel quando Thessaloni
cae nobis occurreras, memor conscientiae tuae, ne
verbo quidem suggerere voluisti, et cum illis, tanq
uam cum legitimo et rationabili ordine factis, cu
piditatis spiritu acquievisti procedere, et eorum so
cius es communionis venalitate repertus. Iterum
Thessalonica ad Dalmatias patrimonii regendi cau
sa remissus es, ex qua provincia frequenti te auctori
tate monuimus, ut non ante discederes, nisi omnes
secundum pollicitationem tuam tam de Dalmati
arum patrimonio quam de Praevalitano colligeres
pensiones. Sed tu, omnia pratermittens, ad Con
stantinopolitanam urbem pro solo faciendo venire
scandalo festinasti, quantum et sequens exitus de
claravit <>. Praesentem autem sententiam per
Joannem Marsicanum, Zacchaeum Syllacenum, Ju
lianum Cingulanum, fratres et coepiscopos nostros,
sed et Sapatum atque Petrum filios nostros diaconos,
nec non et filium nostrum Surgentium primicerium
notariorum, atque Servumdei subdiaconum regionis
secundae, nostrae cui praesidemus ecclesiae, vobis
noscimur transmisisse; Migne 1848: epist. XIV, 43
51; Kukuljevi-Sakcinski 1875: 45, no. VII;
Ivanievi 1994: 162). After the dismissal of Malchus in 591/592, his post was assumed by the Roman churchs sub-deacon, Antoninus (De his autem
capitulis de quibus conquestut es, Antonino subdi
acono, et rectori illic patrimonii sancatae, cui, Deo
auctore, praesidemus, Ecclesiae instanter iniunx
imus, ut si quidem in his ecclesiasticas invenerit im
mixtas esse personas, cum summa causas ipsas dis
trictione atque auctoritate definiat; Buli 1904: 27
28). The seat of the administrator of the papal estates in Dalmatia was somewhere in Salona or its
vicinity. One cannot exclude the possibility that it
290
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Velikog, gdje se nekoliko puta spominje i kontroverzni biskup Malho, nedvojbeno proizlazi da tijekom
posljednjih desetljea 6. st. on nije u Dalmaciji bio
dijecezanski biskup nego upravitelj papinskih posjeda (rector patrimonii Sanctae ecclesiae, rector
patrimonii in Dalmatia).4 Papa Grgur I. Veliki reorganizirao je cjelokupnu administraciju papinskih
posjeda (Jedin 1995: 607608), pa je u skladu s tim i
biskup Malho postao neposredan papinski slubenik. Kao to je vidljivo, nesporazum oko Delminija
kao tobonjega sjedita dijecezanskoga biskupa
proizlazi iz Malhova biskupskoga naslova, na osnovi kojega se on poistovjeuje s dijecezanskim biskupom Delminija. Meutim previa se injenica da je
u vrijeme kontroverznoga pape Vigilija (537555)
istu slubu upravitelja papinskih posjeda u Dalmaciji obavljao njegov akon Sebastijan (Vigilius epis
copus Rustico et Sebastiano. Diu vobis, Rustice et
Sebastiane, canonibus et decessorum nostrorum
congruentem ultionem inferre pro apostolica mode
ratione distulimus <>. Postea vero ut a nobis ad
Dalmatiarum patrimonium mittereris, summis pre
cibus postulasti. Quod nos securi, quia talem feceras
cautionem, animo libenti concessimus. Qui dum in
Salonitanam urbem pro ordinatione patrimonii ad
venisses, quantum ad nos postea est plurimorum
relatione perductum, illicitis te et a sede apostolica
prohibitis ordinationibus miscuisti, et quos Honori
us, tunc praedicatae civitatis episcopus, contra con
suetudinem Romanae vel suae ecclesiae, sedis apo
stolicae constituta sacris ordinibus applicaverat,
non solum prohibere penitus noluisti, sed nec nobis
ex hac causa vel scripto referre, vel quando Thessa
lonicae nobis occurreras, memor conscientiae tuae,
ne verbo quidem suggerere voluisti, et cum illis, tan
quam cum legitimo et rationabili ordine factis, cupi
ditatis spiritu acquievisti procedere, et eorum socius
es communionis venalitate repertus. Iterum Thessa
lonica ad Dalmatias patrimonii regendi causa re
missus es, ex qua provincia frequenti te auctoritate
monuimus, ut non ante discederes, nisi omnes se
cundum pollicitationem tuam tam de Dalmatiarum
patrimonio quam de Praevalitano colligeres pensio
nes. Sed tu, omnia pratermittens, ad Constantino
291
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Conclusion
Neither political nor any other circumstances during Late Antiquity favoured the establishment of a
diocese in the Duvno area. As known, the second
Salona synod was soon followed by Iustinianus
reconquest of Dalmatia and the expulsion of the
Ostrogoths (534/535). Under such circumstances,
Salona was also devastated, as crucial battles for the
control of Dalmatia were held in its vicinity (Uglei
1992: 7172). Under the leadership of the run
away Byzantine army leader Indulf, the Ostrogoths
surged into Dalmatia in 549 and in the process the
territory from Salona to Muccur was once more
ravaged. Muccur and Laureate were destroyed, and
their peoples slain (Procopius, Bellum gothicum, III,
35, 26; IV, 35, 25; , o 1: 41,
n. 74, 75; Uglei 1992: 74). The principal Byzantine
military base in the military campaign in 544 against
the Ostrogoths was Salona, which functioned as
staging point for the destruction of the Ostrogo
thic state from the autumn of 550 to the end of 551
(Uglei 1992: 73, 7475). Religious disputes (the
so-called Tria capitula) also followed, and these
were directly reflected in the status of the Dalmatian church. An active participant in these religious
controversies was the Byzantine Emperor Iustinianus himself, as he presided over the fifth church
synod held in Constantinople in 553 (
1983: 96; Brandt 1980: 103). The Tria capitula disputes were upheld, among others, by the Salona
archbishop Frontinianus (547554), which is why
Emperor Iustinianus had him expelled from Salo
na to Antinoie in the province of Tebaida Prima,
and then in 562 to Ancyra in Galatia in Asia Minor
(Ivanievi 1994: 239). He installed one of his own
adherents, Peter (554562) to this post, and then
a certain Probinus (Buli & Bervaldi 19121913:
227230; Ivanievi 1993: 239240). However, the
supporters of orthodoxy and archbishop Frontinianus managed to persist in Salona until the pope
Gregory I the Great (Farlati 1753: 194207; Buli &
Bervaldi 19121913: 5658). Due to their pressure,
Probinus himself had to flee to Aquileia (Margeti
1993: 43; Goldstein 1995: 72). During these political and religious conflicts, the bishops of existing
diocese also suffered, so it is difficult to believe that
new diocese were established. An indirect confirmation of this assumption can be found in the acts
of the second Salona synod, in which the division
of the Diocese of Bestoe bishop Andreas (Andreas
episcopus Bestoensis ecclesiae, Andreas episcopus
Bestuensis) was postponed. The establishment of
new diocese was also not favoured by other circumstances, such as the plagues in the Eastern Adriatic
regions in 543, 561, ca 565, 591 and 599600 (Gold-
293
Ante KEGRO TOBONJA DELMINIJSKA BISKUPIJA Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008].
Zakljuak
Utemeljenju biskupije na
duvanjskim
prostorima
nisu u kasnoantiko doba
pogodovale ni politike ni
bilo koje druge okolnosti.
Kao to je poznato, ubrzo
nakon drugoga salonitanskog sabora uslijedila je
Justinijanova rekonkvista
Dalmacije, odnosno izgon
Ostrogota (534/535. g.). U
tim je okolnostima postradala i Salona oko koje su
voene presudne bitke za
kontrolu nad Dalmacijom
(Uglei 1992: 7172). Pod
vodstvom odmetnutoga bizantskog vojskovoe Indulfa Ostrogoti su 549. g. provalili u Dalmaciju i pritom
je iznova poharano podruje od Salone do Muccura.
Muccur i Laureate bili su razoreni, a njihovo puanstvo
poklano (Procopius, Bellum
gothicum, III, 35, 26; IV, 35,
25; : Slika 9. Ranokranski objekt iz Gata u Poljicima (Jelii-Radoni 1994: plan iza str. 240).
41, n. 74, 75; Uglei 1992: Figure 9. Early Christian building from Gata in Poljica (Jelii-Radoni 1994: layout after p. 240).
74). Glavna bizantska vojna baza u ratnome pohodu 544. g. protiv Ostrogota
bila je Salona koja je od jeseni 550. do konca 551.
g. imala funkciju polazita u konanome unitenju
ostrogotske drave (Uglei 1992: 73, 7475). Uslijedili su i vjerski sporovi (tzv. Tria capitula) koji su
se neposredno odrazili i na stanje u dalmatinskoj crkvi. Aktivni sudionik tih vjerskih kontroverzija bio
294
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je i sam bizantski car Justinijan pod ijim je predsjedanjem 553. g. u Carigradu odran peti crkveni
sabor ( 1983: 96; Brandt 1980: 103).
Sporove Tria capitula podrao je meu ostalima i
salonitanski nadbiskup Frontinijan (547554), zbog
ega ga je car Justinijan dao protjerati iz Salone u
Antinoie u provinciji Tebaida Prima, a potom 562.
g. u Ancyru u Galaciji u Maloj Aziji (Ivanievi
1994: 239). Na njegovo je mjesto dao postaviti svoga
pristalicu Petra (554562), a potom nekog Probina
(Buli & Bervaldi 19121913: 227230; Ivanievi
1993: 239240). Meutim pristalice pravovjerja i
nadbiskupa Frontinijana uspjeli su se u Saloni odrati do Grgura I. Velikog (Farlati 1753: 194207;
Buli & Bervaldi 19121913: 5658). Zbog njihovih
je pritisaka i sam Probin morao pobjei u Akvileju
(Margeti 1993: 43; Goldstein 1995: 72). Tijekom
ovih politiko-vjerskih sukobljavanja stradavali su
i biskupi postojeih biskupija, pa je teko povjerovati da su se osnivale nove biskupije. Neizravnu
potvrdu toj pretpostavci pronalazimo u aktima drugoga salonitanskog sabora u kojima je zabiljeeno
odgaanje razdiobe biskupije bistuenskoga biskupa
Andreasa. Osnivanju novih biskupija nisu pogodovale ni druge okolnosti, primjerice haranja kuge na
istonojadranskim prostorima 543, 561, oko 565,
591. te 599600. g. (Goldstein 1992: 6467; 1995:
74). Posljednja desetljea 6. st. obiljeili su sukobi
salonitanskih nadbiskup Natalisa (oko 580592) i
Maksima (592599) s papom Grgurom I. Velikim.
irenje crkvene organizacije spreavale su i avarsko-slavenske provale este upravo u ovo vrijeme,
a jedna od najteih bila je ona 597. g. tijekom koje
je avarski kagan Bajan uz cestu Servitium Salona
poharao vie desetaka naselja i utvrda (
121, n. 74; Goldstein 1992: 77). U skladu s
reenim opravdano je zakljuiti da ne postoje uvjerljivi argumenti koji bi potvrdili tezu da je Delminij
bio sjedite dijecezanskoga biskupa, odnosno da je
Duvanjska biskupija postojala prije splitskoga nadbiskupa Petra (12971324; Rupi 1981: 110) koji je
vrlo zasluan za uspostavu Duvanjske i Makarske
biskupije (Kovai 1999: 116).
295
Ante KEGRO TOBONJA DELMINIJSKA BISKUPIJA Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008].
Kratice / Abbreviations
CIL 3
CCSL
GZM
ILIug
MGH
Nova et vetera
PL
VAHD
WMBH
Basler 1993
296
Ante KEGRO THE ALLEGED DIOCESE OF DELMINIUM Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008]
Batthyny 1785
Benac 1985
Benkovi 1966
Bilogrivi 1998
1955
Bojanovski 1965
Bojanovski 1968
Bojanovski 1974
Bojanovski 1984
Bojanovski 1988
Brandt 1980
Brato 1993
Buli 1904
Buli 1922
Buli 1928
Buli 1984
Buli 1986
Buli & Bervaldi 19121913
Cambi 1976
Cambi 1978
Cambi 1994
Chevalier 1995
Chevalier 1995a
297
Ante KEGRO TOBONJA DELMINIJSKA BISKUPIJA Opusc.archaeol. 31, 283302, 2007 [2008].
1976
Draganovi 1934
Draganovi 1939
Fabianich 1874
Farlati 1751
Farlati 1753
Farlati 1769
Gams 1873
Goldstein 1992
Goldstein 1995
Golua 1998
Gunjaa 1973
Hefele 1907
Ivanievi 1993
Ivanievi 1994
Jedin 1995
Jeleni 1925
Jelii-Radoni 1994
Joli 1998
Joli 2002
Jones 1960
Kati 1993
Katii 1998
1967
Kolari 1993
Kolari 1998
Kovai 1999
Kukuljevi-Sakcinski 1875
. : , , 1976.
K. Draganovi: Katolika Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini nekad i danas (Prilog
uz istoimenu historijsko-statistiku kartu), Zagreb, 1934.
K. Draganovi: Opi ematizam Katolike Crkve u Jugoslaviji, Sarajevo,
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D. Fabianich: La Dalmazia nei primi cinque secoli del cristianesimo, Zara,
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usque ad saeculum quartum aerae Christianae, Venetiis, 1751.
D. Farlati: Illyrici sacri tomus secundus. Ecclesia Salonitana. A quarto sae
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(analiza i kritika), Zagreb, 1973.
K. J. Hefele: Histoire des Conciles: daaprees les documents originaux I/2,
Paris, 1907.
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