Qualitative inorganic analysis

SCHEME FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE CATIONS

ORIGINAL SOLUTION
NaOH
heating

2+

Pb2+, Ag+, Hg 22+, Hg2+, Bi3+, Cu , Cd2+, As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+

1540 C

NH3
sharp smelling gas

Higher oxidation zone

(melting zone)

HCl (3 mol/L)

1550 C

FLAME COLORING

1560 C

Higher reduction zone

520 C

PRECIPITATE

SOLUTION

1450 C

Lower reduction zone

PbCl2

AgCl

Hg2Cl2

white ppt.

white ppt.

white ppt.

2+

2+

3+

2+

3+

5+

3+

5+

2+

4+

2+

white ppt.

white ppt.

K2Cr2O7

CuS

CdS

As2S3

As2S5

Sb2S3

Sb2S5

SnS

SnS2

black ppt.

brown ppt.

black ppt.

yelow ppt.

yelow ppt.

yelow ppt.

orange ppt.

orange ppt.

smei talog

yelow ppt.

Pb

Copyright 2005-2009 Eni Generalic, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Split, CROATIA

Bi2S3

CuS

CdS

black ppt.

brown ppt.

black ppt.

yelow ppt.

SbS43-,

Fe(OH)3

SbO2-

Cr(OH)3

HCl (6 mol/L)

As2S5

SnS

SnS2

Sb2S3

Sb2S5

yelow ppt.

yelow ppt.

smei talog

yelow ppt.

orange ppt.

orange ppt.

As2S3

As2S5

yelow ppt.

yelow ppt.

HAc +

Fe(CN)64-

Rb
Cs

Sb , Sn

CoS

NiS

MnS

ZnS

black ppt.

black ppt.

pink ppt.

white ppt.

PbCrO4

Al(OH)3

yelow precipitate

white precipitate

NiS

blood red solution

black ppt.

black ppt.

Cd
CdS

Sb-rhodamine

yelow precipitate

purple solution

HNO3 (conc.)

4+

Sn

Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+

(NH4)2PO4 (0.5 mol/L)

+ NH3 (conc.)

Mn2+, Zn2+

2+

white ppt.

white ppt.

white ppt.

chocolate brown p.

Zn(OH)3

brown ppt.

CH3COOH (conc.)
K2CrO4

NH4SCN

NH3 (3 mol/L)

+ amyl alcohol

+ dimethylglyoxime

2+

http://www.periodni.com/

3 IIIB 4 IVB 5
22

21

Sc

www.periodni.com

Pr

61

Nd

24

Cr

25

Mn

Mo

Tc

88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96

73
72
74
71

(98)
75

Y
60

23

26

Fe

11

27

29

Co

28

Ni

IB 12 IIB 26.982

Cu

30

Zn

44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38
43
39
40
45
46
47
48
44
41
42

Sr
59

Ti

VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8

Al

VIIIB
9
10

62

Pm Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

Lu

Zr
Hf

Nb
Ta

Re

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

Ba

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Fr

Ra

Ac

Th

Pa

Np

Pu Am Cm Bk

Cf

Es

Fm Md No

Lr

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

(223)

(226)

(227)

232.04

231.04

238.03

(237)

(244)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(262)

(267)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(277)

(276)

(281)

(280)

(285)

(247)

(247)

(258)

(259)

Ga

18 VIIIA
2

Co(SCN)42-

H2S

deep blue solution

Ni-dimethylglyoxime

MnO4-

ZnS

red precipitate

purple solution

white precipitate

Ge
Sn

As

O
S
Se

74.922 78.96
51
52

Sb

pale yelow precipitate

2+

NH3 (conc.)

white ppt.

He

Te

white ppt.

white ppt.

CH3COOH (conc.)
(NH4)2SO4

10

Ne

Cl

Test tubes

Br

Ca2+, Mg2+

SrSO4

Ar

white precipitate

28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948

32
33
34
35
36

69.723 72.64
49
50

In

K3Co(NO2)6
yelow precipitate

yelow precipitate

HNO3 + NaBiO3

(NH4)2C2O4

Kr

79.904 83.798
53
54

Xe

CaC2O4

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

204.38

207.2

208.98

(209)

(210)

(222)

Mg2+

white precipitate

NaOH + quinalizarine

Separate the clear liquid from the precipitate

Mg-quinalizarine
blue solution

Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 81, No. 11, (2009) 2131-2156)

Heating in the water bath

Na-uranyl acetate
Sr , Ca , Mg

BaCrO4

101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
83
86
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85

150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59
110
111
112
104
107
106
109
105
103
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
108
(243)

31

Si

2+

Na3Co(NO2)6

Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4

white ppt.

2+

MnO2

Na+, K+, NH4+

Zn - uranyl acetate

NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %)

Co , Ni

Ag3AsO4

SOLUTION

Ba3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4

grey ppt. Hg2Cl2

10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180

13
15
16
17
18
14

Ce

apple green

PRECIPITATE
CoS

La

crimson red

NH4Cl

Fe(SCN)2+

Ba

brick red

SOLUTION

13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

58

Barium

HCl (0.5 mol/L)

Cr

2+

IIA

57

Strontium

H2S (in basic medium)

CrO42-, Al(OH)4-

P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S

Ca

violet

white ppt.

HNO3 (conc.)
NaAc + AgNO3

brown precipitate

3+

NaNO2 + rhodamine B HCl + HgCl2

KCN + H2S

Bi0

Mg

yellow

Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+

HAc + Pb(Ac)2

white ppt.

reddish brown ppt.

Na

Potassium

SOLUTION

HNO3 (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %)

NH4SCN

Cu2Fe(CN)6

9.0122
12

Sodium

Calcium

PRECIPITATE
Fe(OH)3

SnO22-

6.941
11

300 C

NH4+

NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %)

As2S3

Cu(NH3)42+ , Cd(NH3)42+

Bi(OH)3

grey precipitate

Be

Al(OH)3

brown ppt. grey-green p.

NH3 (conc.)

Hg2Cl2 + Hg

Li

brown ppt.

132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145)

87
88
89
93
90
91
92

SnO32-,

Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+

HNO3 + HCl (1:3)

SnCl2

85.468 87.62
55
56

SnS32-,

HCl (conc.)

39.098 40.078
37
38

AsO2- ,

black ppt.

22.990 24.305
19
20

AsS43-,

HNO3 (3 mol/L)

Hg(NO3)22HgS

1.0079 2
4
3

2+

PRECIPITATE

II b subgroup

HgS

white precipitate

2+

NH4Cl + NH4OH

AgCl

2+

Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+

Bi2S3

II a subgroup

IA

2+

KOH (3 mol/L)

HNO3 (conc.)

2+

SOLUTION

HgS

black precipitate

2+

yelow precipitate

Ag(NH3)2+

HgNH2Cl + Hg

2+

PRECIPITATE

PbCrO4

2+

H2S (in acidic medium)

Pb2+

NH3 (conc.)

3+

Determined in the original solution

Hg2Cl2

3+

Hg , Bi , Cu , Cd , As , As , Sb , Sb , Sn , Sn , Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K ,

H2O (100 C)

AgCl

3+

Lower oxidation zone