Lauren Rebuth

ENG101
CH7 Outline
17 November 2014
Structuring Arguments
Intro: Two types of structure for logical arguments
Inductive reasoning- piles specific examples and draws conclusions from them
Deductive reasoning- general principal applied to a specific case, often omitting the
middle statement
A: Classical Oration
1. Consists of a classical pattern: Intro, background, lines of argument,
alternative argument, conclusion
B: Rogerian and Invitational Arguments
1. Nonconfrontational principles (which happens in legislature)
2. Scholars and teachers adopted them
3. Four parts: Intro, Contexts, Writers position, benefits to opponent
4. Think about opposing positions
C: Toulmin Argument

1. Describes the way ordinary people make reasonable arguments

2. Acknowledges the complications of life
3. Basic elements: Claim, Qualifiers, Reasons, Evidence, Warrants, Backing
D: Making Claims
1. Debatable and controversial statements you hope to prove
2. Answers what the point is
3. Often come from personal experiences
E: Offering Evidence and Good Reasons
1. Reasons to support evidence that backs up the claim
2. Primary reasons: personal experience, anecdotes, facts, authorities
3. Tells readers what your assumptions are
F: Offering Evidence: Backing
1. Place claims and warrants in context
2. Acquire background knowledge through research and reading
3. Evidence you offer to support a warrant
G: Determining warrants
1. Logical and persuasive between claim

H: Using Qualifiers
1. Acknowledge limitations to your argument
2. In order to know limitations, you have to research
3. Discuss with others how to limit your claim
I: Understanding Conditions of Rebuttal
1. Are potential objections to an argument
2. Ex: The federal government