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University Illinois - Prestressed PDF
University Illinois - Prestressed PDF
ILLINOI
PRODUCTION NOTE
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Library
Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007.
ABSTRACT
A GENERAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS AT ULTIMATE
IS
PRESENTED.
DETER-
The
for the
authors
comments and
suggestions of
ONLY
EXAM-
IN WHICH
COMPARISON OF THE
THREE EXAMPLES
SHOWS
THE
Illinois,
and
TILITY.
of
script.
AND TABULATED.
CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
INTRODUCTION
A.
Assumptions
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
12
l1
A.
l4
B.
C.
Illustrative Example 1
15
15
A.
B.
Illustrative
C.
Example 2
19
19
20
22
23
2h
FIGURES
1.
Idealized I-Section
2.
3.
Flanged
4.
Flanged
in the
5.
6.
Relationship
the Section
7.
8.
9.
between
Flange
Flange
below the
Flange
= 0.01
su
= 0.03) -
(e
su
10.
11.
End
12.
Elevation of Beam of
NOTATION
F(e
A's
=
=
sr
=
=
f(e)
ft
su
f - 0.85 f'
G(e'su )
==
kI
- A
s
sf
width of compression zone or top
flange
b'
web thickness
c2
d'
a compatibility factor
f
y
the ratio
p fsu/ft
the ratio
p' f*/fI
su
flange thickness
one half the theoretically required
length of non-prestressed compression bars
strain
required flexural
beam
Mu/bd2 f.
u
strength of the
A/bh
I. INTRODUCTION
design.
ultimate design.
allowable stresses.
tility.
Furthermore,
load design.
is to be equal
These are
design.
Moreover, ultimate
In addition it is intend-
deform sufficiently.
Ductility is measured
We will consider a simply supported bonded beam and assume that the strength of the
beam is measured by flexure.
We will assume
The
References.
A.
ASSUMPTIONS
For the sake of simplicity the determination of ultimate moment is discussed here
The
steel
crete.
steel.
B.
Non-prestressed
b,
as
shown in Figure 2.
We will take
f = f(e)
as the equation
follows:
2.
ef(e) de + Afsu(d - a)
Mu= ab
pression steel
where
top fiber
is not
u
fsu = stress in prestressed steel
(A' f(-6
(a - d'))
5
a
right side of the equation.
flange
to the
The strain in prestressed steel at failure can be expressed as the sum of the following quantities:
It may be included by
is neglected.
steel
at failure
1.
2.
steel
The above equation shows the sum of moment
steel
loads.
is equal to
ece,
effective prestress.
Hence the total strain in steel at the
This effect is
As f(-a
3.
fsu,
a,
the depth to
f' ,
This ad-
- a) F.
_u
a (d
f =
were known.
+ e.
ce
se
(a - d')) (a - de )
given section
is
Therefore, it is necessary to
The quantity
a compatibility factor.
ab
e j
u 0
in a particular
f(e) de + A'f'
s Su
= A f
S SU
(2)
condition of bond.
A detailed
esu,
e'
and f'
as well as
su
su
Equations 4 and 6, vanish and the problem is
no compression steel,
four unknowns.
su
= e
se
e ce + -a
(d - a)F.
C.
Since
e
ce
e
+ se
a
is small
e
su
and
M , a, f
in comparison with
(d - a)F
u ef(e) de
0
+ (b - b i)a 2
ef(e)
= e
e
+ ece +-u
a
se
(d - a).
where
+ A'f'
s su (a - dn)
b'
e'
= ~
su
a
de
e (a-t)/a
+ A f
(d - a)
s su
pression steel
is
Hence
the following:
it is often neglected.
(a - d')
(4)
and depth
b'
The
where
and depth
the flange.
The
and
G(e' )
respectively.
f(e),
is neglected.
the stress-strain
(5)
su= G(e' )
su
su
(6)
In order to obtain
it is necessary to
M , a, e
su
su
, e'
su'
and
su
In a special case in which the section has
beam.
a,
, f
su, su
determined by other relations.
f
bla
u
uf(,) de + (b
0
f(e) de
-b
Mu
e (a-t)/a
+ A'f'
= A f .
s su
s su
uef(e) de
0
+ (b - b')a
(8)
eu
ef(e) de
e (a-t)/a
+ Af
(d - a)
(a - d')
+ Asf'
(7)
eu f
0
f(e) de
f
e (a-t)/a
M , a, f , e , f' , and e .
u
su
su
su
su
unknowns
D.
+ A'f'
= A f
s su
s su
(8)
a < t,
su
e
M
u
+ A'f' (a - dl)
s su
ab
u
f(e) de + Af'
lul
= A c f
e
+ e
+ -- (d - a)
se
ce
a
(3)
= -u (a - d")
a
(4)
= F(e
(5)
= G(e" ) .
su
ef(e) de + A f
(d - a)
s su
2 j
u 0
= e
su
(6)
su
su
= e
+ e ce + a u (d - a)
se
(3)
I and 2 as well as 7 and 8 the area of concrete replaced by compression steel is not
e,
su
= -
(a
- d')
(4)
E.
fu = F(e u )
f'
su
= G(e' ).
(6)
su
t < a,
is obtained by the
These
the
The
is non-
i.e.,
the flange.
for all
the neutral
f(e)
diagram for the concrete in the beam by testing a beam is a lengthy procedure.
eu
Even if a
were es-
ab
f(e) de = k
fc ab
(9)
2b
a2b
u
f ef(e)
de = k,
k3 fc ab (a-ak 2 )(10)
tedious.
Since strain varies linearly with depth
where
stress
strain diagram for concrete, the stress distribution with depth will be defined.
From the
crete;
fiber.
is the distance of
stress block.
To simplify the problem for a practical
solution a somewhat different approach is introduced.
ak2
axis.
kl,
k3 , and k2
can be de-
If the ratios
If we can
Equation 2 we have
the actual distribution of stress in the compressed zone, there would be no need in having
k3 f
ab + Af'su = As su
(2a)
or
k =
S3
Equation 11
A f
- A'f'
s su
5s SU
f ab
()
indicates that
k I k3
(b - b')t
can be
(b - b')a
measured.
The quantity
kI k3
as
f(e) de = clfi
where
of 0.7.
In a similar fashion
k2
can be
The quantity
(b-b')t,
(a-t)/a
k2
cI
varies around
is undefined.
moment.(3)
c1
b a2
Cu
f(e)e de
0
u
Mu = kl k3 f' ab (a - ak)
+ Asfsu (d - a)
+ A'f'
(a - d').
S su
and
(b
) a2
ef() ) de
C (a-t)/a
= c I f' (b -
b')
t (a - c2t)
quantity
as Equation 2a.
For the
= k
k3 f
abl
(a - ak2
as
-a
u
C
+ cl f
uf(e) de =k
0
a b'
(b -
+ As su ssu
(d -
bi)
It is
Figure 5 shows
c2
The
t (a - c2 t)
a) + A'fs
S SU (a - d').
ce
se
su
= _- (a - d')
a
'
su
Mu = k
ab' (d - k2 a)
k3
+ c
f' (b - b')
su == F(e
F(su )
su = G(e su ).
fl
t (d - c2 t)
+ A'f'
(d - d').
(7a)
t < a,
+ cl f' (b - b')
Mu = Asfsu (d - k2a)
u
+ l f' (b - b)
t (k2a - c2t)
bl)
t (k2 a - c2 t)
c (b
+ A'f'
su
+ A'f'su (d - d')
s
k,
k3 f'
(ka
2 - d').
(k
kl k
1
ab' + c,
f'
(b - b')
+ A'f
= A f
s su
s su
t (d - c2 t)
su
= e
se
+ e
ce
+ _u (d - a)
a
Ce
su
+ A'f'
= A f
S su
s su
su
= F(e
f' = G(e'
u- (a - d')
a
t > a,
su
the
equations:
M u = Asfsu (d - ak2)
equations.
+ A'f'
S SU (ak2 - d')
(la)
kI k3 f
ab + A'f'
= A f
1 3 c
s su
ssu
k,,
k3 , k2 , c,,
and c2
are specified.
k 1 k3 and
non-prestressed
compression steel-
A,
|
*__^______^____
"II t
prestressed steel -I
kb
FIGURE
FIGURE 2.
1.
IDEALIZED
IN THE FLANGE
I-SECTION
du
FIGURE
3.
FLANGED
Eu(a-t)/a
THE FLANGE
f;u
k i k 3 f c ob
A's
Asfsu =pbdfsu
FIGURE 4.
FIGURE
5.
IN THE FLANGE
FLANGE
t/h
FIGURE
6.
RELATIONSHIP
PARAMETERS OF
THE
SECTION
II
228
214 ,
/
150
10c
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain
FIGURE
7.
0.06
0.07
18s
r 15"
FIGURE
8.
SECTION OF A
LOW DUCTILITY
BEAM =
= 0.01
300
LB/FT
BEAM WITH
4"
- WEIGHT OF
36
17
^
*
16
16"
_32"
I_
4
I
56"
16
1/2" Strands
-- --- t_.m
. S.
..
jj
16"
FIGURE
9.
(eu =
0.03) -
WEIGHT OF
BEAM = 377
LB/FT
1/2" Strands
I___.
5
if
No. 9
2F
FIGURE
10.
HIGH
36"
IS
SECTION OF
REQUIRED
OBTAINED BY
REINFORCEMENT
BEAM
DUCTILITY
THE
- WEIGHT
USE
OF
IN
(E
WHICH
=
THE
0.03)
OF COMPRESSION
BEAM
300
LB/FT
78
7A-
o.5
Z 6A
16
FIGURE
11.
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
LU
-j
LU
L-
LU
LL
0
z
0
IULJ
-i
LU
0
LU
U-
z
to
0
z
~0
C,
IV
TABLE I
(All section properties are based upon the transformed section assuming n = 7)
(Negative stresses are tensile)
A
SA
Section
Illustrative
Example la
e
su
2
in
in
in
4
in
2
in
A'
As
.-2
in
A
s
Stress Before
Losses (transfer)
ksi
Stress
After Losses
ksi
Weight
lb/ft
top
(tens)
bottom
(comp)
top
(comp)
bottom
(tens)
302
18.14
17.86
52,190
2.44
300
-0.14
2.56
2.38
-0.29
376
15.90
20.10
65,360
2.29
377
-0.09
2.20
1.68
-0.36
330
16.62
19.38
59,150
2.15
5.00
300
-0.14
2.29
1.90
-0.41
-0.19
2.40
2.25
-0.42
= 0.01
Illustrative
Example lb
E su = 0.03
Illustrative
Example 2
S
su
= 0.03
Allowable Stresses
American Concrete Code (318-63)
(f' = 5 ksi; f'.
= 4 ksi)
A = transformed area, yt = distance from centroidal axis to top fiber; Yb = distance from
centroidal axis to bottom fiber; I = moment of inertia; As = area of prestressed steel;
A' = area of non-prestressed compressive steel; n = modular ratio for both types of steel;
fc = strength of concrete; f'. = strength of concrete at transfer; prestress at transfer
150 ksi; effective prestress after losses 128 ksi.
f
k2
c1 and c2
k I k3 e
1 3 u
su
-e
su
se
-e
ce
+ e
'su'
su
In spite
F.
f
[Afsu d (1 - 0.59 p-Sf)
c
Mu
where
taken as 0.9.
ficients of the stress-block are specified. 4)
The Code implies that when the stress
In the following paragraphs the expressions
strain diagram for steel
is available,
su
solution of Equations14 and 5; if not,
su
can be obtained by a simultaneous
su
in Equation 15 may be calculated by the follow-
su
= f'
(1 - 0.5 p f'/f),
Mu = Af su (d - ak 2 )
where
(2b )
k f' ab = A f
1 3 c
s su
e
= e
+ e
+-u
a
se
ce
su
f'
stressing steel.
The Code controls the ductility of the
(d-
a)
(3)
(5)
which
p fsu /f
p fsu/f'
In cases in
between Equationslb
15 provided that
-- ,
We will
su
, and e
introduce
su
lb and 2b we have:
p fsu/f
the
mA =
d (
s su
(17)
p =
From Equations
as percentage of steel.
k 1uk 3
fsu
p
)
c
(13)
Pf
su
c
su
3 - e
se
< 0.3.
+
ce
--
esu,
a b'
calculation of
section.
is concerned.
sf
su
= c
f' (b - b')
c
following equations:
compression zone.
Since
= A
+ A
sr
in the
we have
sf
f' ab' (d - k a)
= k
(b - b')
Af
- c f' (b - b') t = A
f .
s su
1 c
sr su
+ cl f' (b - b')
ab'
t (d - c2 t)
f' (b-b')
+ c,
t = Asf
ssu
(8b)
Equation 18 we have
e
= e
su
ece
se
(d - a)
M
f
= F(e
su
su
= A
d (1
f
sr su
).
Elimination of
Scf
between Equations 7b
k
2
kI k3
1 3
(b - b')
sr
b'd
t (d
f
su
f
C
c2 t).
k2 /k I k3 = 0.59, cl =
fsu,
We have
su
Mu
s su
f'
b')
t]
(b - b')t
Af
- c f'
s su
c
k k fP bid
[l-
fj (b - b')
+ c,
f
13
(b-
1 c
k I k3
(d - c,t)
1 3 eu
fr
c
su
+ c
(l
- e
se
-_
b
(su
e
+ e (1
u
ce
f
A
d (1 - 0. 5 9 -- u)
[Asr f
b'd f
sr su
t (d - 0.5t)].
c I = 0.85 and
is very
for
b'/b
the assumption of
sr
The Code implies that when the stress-
sr
su
= k
f'
ab'
available
can be obtained by a
su
by
esu,
which as
Equation 16.
/f'd f'
is taken as 0.3.
This results
The distinction
following inequalities:
+ 0.85 f
(b
- b')
t (d
- 0.5t)]
(21)
If
t> a = p f
su
d/kl k
since we have
sr
f su/b
su
d f
su
-e
se
kl k3 = 0.7
c
1
the neutral
f'
I 3 c
3 u
< 0.3.
-e
+e
ce
u
t < 1.4 p
d
su
is
esA
in the preceding
> N
(M
+ M ) + N
on the basis of moment depends upon the limiting strain e , i.e., a value for e
is
U
U
required for an unambiguous definition of
(22)
failure.
There are many ways that ductility of the
and
(23)
In Chapter II,
where
Nd
of the beam
M
g
kl k3 eu
su
-e
se
- e
ce
+ e
beam
M
M.
dead load
follows:
e
u
a
su
es9 = limiting strain in steel
where
to
Nd(M
+ Ms) + NMA,
which is
su
se
d
ce
+ e
cp
which is the
esu
gives
= 1.8.
Hence
which defines
u
flexural failure, and we have a minimum limitthat we have a value for
quantity for
esu,
designated as
es5.
In
A.
f
P fc
su
0.7 e
e - e
+ e (b)
se
ce
u
+ 0.85 (1 - -)
The
(19a)
b~-
fsu
(5)
F(e su).
Equations 15,
Equation 15 is
k I k3 = 0.70.
c
(15)
f
su
P f
c
(14a)
fsu
su
0.7 e
u
- e
+e
se
ce
u
(5)
Introducing
Equation
When
When
M = $
[A
f
t < 1.4 p
fs
sr *su
d (I
M
2----- = q (1 - 0.59q)
f cbd
When
we have:
f
fsu)
b'd f
Se - e
- e
+
su
se
ce
t (d - 0.5 t)]
(20)
(14a)
u
I +
*bd2f
.085t
(t
d k
) - 0.59 -
q]
)
(20a)
q =
0.7 e (b'/b)
u-+
su
se
ce
(15a)
V.,
where
where
A
- 0.59 b
d
--c
the above
c2 = 0.5.
/f',
q = pf
F(e su).
This condition
form as follows:
f
M =
[Afsu d (1 - 0.59 p -)]
fo
su
us
- e
> e6
17 and 21.
(19a)
B.
Let us write
BEAM
Expression
following form:
Qebd2ft
= Nd
(M
+ Ms) + NMM.
Q'
and Equation
25,
k.
Q'
decreases with
A/hi for b
where
is the
placing of steel,
is
is a dimensionless
definitely.
The quantity
2
A
*
==,
= yAL
8
fc c N
Nd
M - M
Ms +-
increases with
q
it is de-
as large as possible;
h*N d
y
Q'
sirable to make
d2 f'Q
where
Since
Nd
A=d
should be made as
Ne
or
d/h
N
N1
possible.
M
m
for
q.
Since Expression 23 sets the required
steel equal to
be used for
4:
(25)
qmax
max
Equation 25 is plotted in
or
A study of
only.
Q
depends upon
t.
and
(14b)
0.7 e
- e
- e
e+ e
sse
ce
u
+ 0.85 (1 -
si
0.7 e
u
- e
se - ece + e u
) (-)
bs()
(19b)
Q
whichever applies.
decreases with
In order to decrease
crease
Cse,
and decrease
Since both
and
*.
*
are functions of
prestress.
be more convenient
The quantities
limit for
decrease with
se
it should be taken as
The practical upper
as large as possible.
qmax
large as practicable.
Q' = - Q with A.
h *
In order to obtain the least area it is
Q'
increases with
necessary to make
C.
Q'
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE
I.
in this case
max
N d = 1.5
The
and
= 0.9.
ductility corresponding to
1. a minimum
= e
= 0.01,
M
--- u<bd fl
c
su
= e
s2
= 0.03.
= 0.170.
se
is taken as 0.85.
prestress is
The area
= 0.0044,
and
may be
e
ce
approximated as 0.0006.
M =x 54
s
8o
M = I x 54
1
-9
4
This approximation
d2f' Q
_
h*N d
-- = 1.2
Nd
crease with
A,
t/h, b'/b,
x 5 x 0.170 x 0.90
36 x 0.467 x 1.5
in-
15 x 54
= 4.6 k-in.
as small as possible.
as
and
= 31.8 k-in
(32
(32.4)
_c
Therefore
is
276 in
4370 + 1.2 x 2620
- 31.8 - 4.6
=276 in
=-1- (1 + 0.8) +1
) = 0.467.
values of
and Q
q
max
b = A =
276
= 16.4 in
b-h
0.467 x 36
kb = 0.8 x 16.4 = 13.1
Assuming
obtain
(1 - 2
The
b'
=-
x 16.4 = 4.1
in.
in
value of
shown in Figure 7.
k = 0.5
is selected.
From Equations
su
= 214 ksi.
the definition of
to be
In
b'/b = 1/6.
in.
De-
The value of
needed.
3 as follows:
Both top
from which
a = 4.47 inches.
Use of
t>
4.47 inches
construction.
ultimate.
2.
= 0.125
in the steel
t = 4.5 inches
is
Then
t/h
as follows
required
The value of
It has been
= 0.312.
The values of
and
can be obtained
and
k,
=0 0965
= (0.7)(0.004)
0
q = 0.03 - 0.0044 - 0.0006 + 0.004
necessary to select
d2f'QO/htNd
beam.
Therefore,
If
kb
kb
360 in
in
(2620)
4370 + (1.2)
25.5 - 4.6
It
360
b =
A
h
360
-32 in
= (0.32)(36)
= 32 in
(0.312) (36)-
The proper-
= 5.34 in.
may be obtained
su
= 228 ksi
.96
= 0.00212
= 2.20 in .
steel.
A.
STEEL
8a we will take
and E.
and
Sections D
k I k3 = 0.7
In Equation
and
cI = 0.85.
b')t
+ A' f* = A f
s su
s y
(d - a)
Mu =
cI = 0.85, c2 = 0.5,
[A f
Elimination of
between Equations 8b
t.
(d - 0.42a)
su
su
ese -
+ e
ce
fl
+ 0.85 f' (b - b')
c
+ 0.85
t (0.42a - 0.5t)
A'
(1 - b-) b
s.
(27)
yA
where
f* = f - 0.85 f',
and f
is the
y
y
c
y
yield point of non-prestressed compression
inequality:
steel.
e
= u
su
a
(a - d') > e .
- y
from Equation
arrive at:
The stress
d'
< (1 - -1)
e
u
which is an approximation.
- 1.21
F. Asf
s su
0.7 fS b'
c
- 1)t .
A' f*
s Y
0.7 f' b1
c
Mu,
and 27.
This
1 + (1 - -)
(---
1)
c
C
-
-)
2
0.85 () 2b
-q d' 1
where
d.
2d
f
= p -
(26a)
1)
-*bd 2f
, 2
= Q = q [I - 0.59q
(1 -
-)
q
, = bs f
bd fl
c
0.7 e
e
(b'/b)
- ese
su
+ 0.85 (1 -
ce
-L)
(26b)
0.7 e
C
u
e
- e
- e
+ e
su
se
ce
u
0.7 e
q max = q' +
e -u
s
se
ce
q = q
and
c
A' f*
b' = b
(27c)
(27d)
u
(27a)
(28b)
< d (1 -
)[(q-
q')
1.21 -
1)].
it is possible to increase
b
0.7 b'
(28a )
ductility corresponding to
= es
is
+ o.85 (1 -
se
ce
.)
(-
+-
-6e
-6
si
0.7 e
e
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
max
when
= 0.03,
q' = 0,
q'.
q,
B.
value of
>
su
ss
hence to de-
su
= 0.01.
The yield point stress of the compressive
reinforcement may be assumed as f = 50 ksi.
Thedesigned
section
in part 1 of
The section designed in part 1 of
ultimate.
sponding to
Expression 28b:
= 0.01.
The problem is to
0.00167
= 0.03.
as being
In this case
a < t = 6 in.
and the
Q = 0.170
d' = 2 in.
a =
Using
as in
If
d'
are obtained:
Theo-
(0.7)(0.004)
q = q1 + q0.03
- 0.0044 - 0.0006 + 0.004
- q'
.2
Assumq
to be
and
q1 = 0.084.
the distance
S= q
= 0.03
follows:
corresponds approxi-
su
XI
We have
(0.18)(5) = 0.00397
54
=-2-
0.084
18
,
.
18.4 ft.
Further economy can be achieved if the nonprestressed compression bars are separated in
two groups.
= (0.00397)(32.4)(16.3)
= 2.10 sq.
in.
presenting a
14.2 feet
Also
X2 =
Taking into
= 50-(0.85)(5)
= 0.0093
or
2 # 9 x 40'
and
3 # 9 x 32'.
= 4.9 in.
e' > e ,
if yielding of
y
s
the compressive reinforcement is to occur at
In addition to
For
Code (318-63).
to 228 ksi.
q'
is related to
q'/q
would fix
The
by Equation
27b.
q'
or
This,
by Equation 26b.
If
were
t/h, b'/b,
and
The in-
Also
This solution
C.
Five #9 bars
This
The de-
strands
(from 17 to 15),
= 0.01
corresponding to
= 0.03.
For the stress-strain diagram of prestressed steel adopted in these examples, any
handling operations.
However, neglect-
beams.
design.
beam.
4.
The stresses
5.
is provided.
in a dimensionless form.
2.
pression steel.
compression steel.
pression steel
VII. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.