TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).

2010

VAI TR CA DIATOMITE PH YN TRONG SN XUT XI MNG

PORLAND TRN C S CLINKER LONG TH
THE ROLE OF PHU YENS DIATOMITE IN PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION
BASED ON THE LONGTHOS CLINKER
Phm Cm Nam

Trn Ngc Tuyn, Trn Thanh Tun

Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng

Trng i hc Khoa hc, i hc Hu

TM TT
Nhm mc ch a dng ha vic ng dng ngun diatomite ti Vit Nam, diatomite
Ph Yn c nghin cu s dng trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng thng qua vic nh
gi cc tnh cht quan trng ca n. Trong bi bo ny, diatomite Ph Yn c xem nh mt
ph gia puzzolan tim nng vi hot tnh tnh theo ht vi l 173 (mgCaO/1g diatomite).
nh hng ca nhit hot ho (n 800 0C) ln hot tnh ca diatomite l khng ng k. Hm
lng diatomite Ph Yn c th s dng n 30% (khi lng) trn nn clinker Long Th m
mu xi mng nhn c vn m bo cc tnh cht ca xi mng PCB30. Tuy nhin, cn i gia
yu t k thut v kinh t, c th s dng 5% diatomite nguyn khai phi trn vi ph gia vi
Long Th tng hm lng ph gia n 20% m vn m bo yu cu ca TCVN 6260:1997,
iu ny c ngha quan trng trong sn xut cng nh trong kinh doanh.
ABSTRACT
In order to disersify the use of diatomite in Vietnam, Phu-Yens diatomite has been
studied for the production of Porland cement industry by evaluating its important characterictics.
In this paper, Phu-Yens diatomite is defined as a potential pozzolana, whose activate property is
173 mgCaO/1g diatomite. The effect of activated temperature (up to 800 0C) on Phu-Yens
diatomite is proved to be insignificant. The quantitative amount of Phu-Yen diatomite can be used
up to 30% (in wt.) on the basis of the clinker at Long-Tho Company, but the obtained cement
samples are still being qualified as a criteria for PCB30 cement. However, based on the balance of
the technical and economical factors, we discover that the mixture of 5% of diatomite combined
with the calcarerous stone of Long Tho (up to 20% in wt.) can be used for this purpose.

1. Gii thiu
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic nghin cu s dng puzzolan trong cng nghip
sn xut xi mng v b tng cng tr nn cp thit bi nhu cu pht trin ca ngnh xy
dng v ngnh vt liu xy dng.[1-6] Puzzolan bao gm cc nguyn liu t nhin nh
tuffs, tro x ni la, zeolite, diatomite S dng puzzolan trong lnh vc sn xut xi
mng, l mt i hi k thut nhm cc mc ch [7] (i) Loi tr CaO lng t do (d
tha) sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut hoc thy ha ca xi mng, hn ch hin tng
ta nhit lm tng th tch gy nt v cng trnh, c bit l cc cng trnh thy. (ii)
thc y qu trnh thnh to cc cht kt dnh, lp y cc l rng v mao mch trong
60

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

b tng, hn ch cc qu trnh xm nhp v n mn ct thp ca cc ion Cl , SO42,

lm tng bn nc, bn sulfat ca sn phm. (iii) V c bit, song song vi cc
mc ch k thut, s dng puzzolan trong sn xut xi mng cn cho php nng cao
hiu qu kinh t ca nh my sn xut xi mng nh vo vic pha trn trc tip vo
clinker vi hm lng t 15- 40% m khng cn tri qua qu trnh nung luyn.
M qung diatomite ti huyn Tuy An, Ph Yn vi tr lng d bo hn 60
triu tn l loi qung c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip trong
c ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng. Diatomite l mt cht cch nhit hiu qu bi v c
th lm vic nhit cao (n 10000C) v c tnh dn nhit thp, khi lng ring
nh, xp cao[3] Bn cnh vic sn xut cc loi gch nh cch nhit chu nhit,
diatomite cn c nghin cu s dng sn xut cc sn phm vt liu nh cch m,
cch nhit dng trong xy dng nh gch block nh, panel nh, cc loi vt liu chng
nng. Kh nng ng dng ca diatomite Ph Yn vo sn xut vt liu nh, xi mng
c ra nhng vn cha c mt cch h thng. Nhm khai thc v ng dng hiu
qu ngun nguyn liu ny trong cc lnh vc khc nhau, trong bi bo ny chng ti s
tp trung cp vai tr lm ph gia hot tnh ca diatomite Ph Yn cho sn xut xi
mng PCB trn c s ngun clinker sn xut ti Nh my Xi mng Long Th.
2. Nguyn liu v phng php nghin cu
2.1. Nguyn liu
Cc mu clinker c ly ngu nhin trn 05 l clinker ca Nh my Xi mng
Long Th (mi l 200 tn). Thch cao c ly 28 v tr khc nhau t l thch cao
d tr ca nh my xi mng Long Th. Clinker v thch cao ln lt c cho qua kp
hm ri nghin mn bng my nghin bi th nghim cho n khi mn t yu cu, sau
ng bao bo qun s dng trong sut qu trnh nghin cu. Mu diatomite c
t mua ti Cng ty C phn Khong sn Ph Yn vi s lng 60 kg.
2.2. Phng php nghin cu
Thnh phn ha hc ca clinker v diatomite c xc nh theo cc phng
php trong TCVN 141:1998 [8,9] v phng php XRF.[6] Xc nh hot tnh ca
diatomite theo TCVN 3753-82 [8,9]. Qu trnh phn tch ha hc c thc hin ti
phng th nghim ca nh my xi mng Long Th; phng th nghim thuc Khoa ha
Trng i hc Khoa hc Hu v Trung tm PTPLHHXKNK min Trung.
Thnh phn khong ca clinker, diatomite c xc nh bng XRD v DTA ti
Khoa Ha, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni.
Vic xc nh cc tnh cht c l ca clinker, xi mng c tin hnh ti phng
th nghim ca nh my xi mng Long Th, bao gm cng nn xi mng, thi gian
ng kt v n nh th tch, nghin mn (R008) xc nh theo cc TCVN.
x l s liu thc nghim, phng php thng k bao gm phn tch phng
sai (ANOVA) v xt tng quan gia cc yu t kho st c p dng.[10]
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun

3.1. Kho st cht lng clinker Long Th
Bng 1 cho thy hm lng bn oxide quan trng nht bao gm CaO, Al 2O3,
SiO2 v Fe2O3 trong clinker Long Th u nm trong gii hn cho php ca TCVN
7024:2002.Error: Reference source not found[6] Tuy nhin hm lng CaOtd trong
clinker dao ng trong khong 4.7% 5.0%, vt qu gii hn cho php ca TCVN
7024:2002 [8], iu ny hon ton t nhin khi nung luyn clinker theo cng ngh l
ng vi qu trnh kim sot cha hon ton t ng ha kt qu l cc phn ng to
khong khng th xy ra trit .
p dng phng php ANOVA mt chiu,[10] kt qu thu c cho thy mc
ngha P = 0. 05 cc kt qu trung bnh i vi CaO, SiO 2, MgO v CaOtd u ging
nhau v mt thng k. Do F tnh< F (P=0.05; fA=4; fPP=10) = 3.48 [10] c ngha l cht
lng ca cc mu clinker ly ti thi im khc nhau l nh nhau.
Bng 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mu clinker Long Th

Thnh
phn (%)

TCVN
7024:2002

CaO

58 67

SiO2

18 26

Al2O3

3-8

Fe2O3

2-5

MgO

SO3

CaOtd

1,5

MKN

1,5

Mu clinker

i lng
(a)

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

TB

61. 9

62. 9

63. 3

62. 8

61. 6

0.5

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.3

TB

21.5

20.5

20.7

20.5

21.0

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.5

TB

5.9

5.1

5.3

5.4

5.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

TB

4.7

4.9

4.8

4.6

4.7

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

TB

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.6

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

TB

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

TB

4.8

4.7

5.0

4.9

4.8

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

TB

1.6

1.3

1.5

1.5

1.4

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

Trong : TB, s l gi tr trung bnh (n=3) v lch chun ca cc mu clinker

62

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

Faculty of Chemistry, VNU, D8 ADVANCE-Bruker - Cl-1 (Clinker)

100

90

80

L in (C o u n ts )

70

60

50

10

d = 1 .6 3 3

d = 1 .7 7 0

20

d = 2 .1 8 2

d = 3 .0 4 1

d = 2 .7 8 4

30

d = 2 .6 1 4

40

0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2-Theta - Scale
File: TuyenHue CL-1(Clinker).raw - Start: 4.905 - End: 69.932 - Step: 0.030 - Step time: 0.3 s - Anode: Cu - WL1: 1.5406 - Creation: 3/11/2008 1:11:37 PM
00-049-0442 (*) - Calcium Silicate - Ca3SiO5 - Monoclinic - a 12.20850 - b 7.09430 - c 9.30710 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.158 - gamma 90.000 - Base-centered

Hnh 1. Gin XRD ca mu clinker C3 xi mng Long Th

Kt qu phn tch bng phng php XRD cho mu clinker Long Th c

(mu C3) c ghi trn Hnh 1. R rng rng thnh phn pha tinh th ch yu ca
clinker Long Th l khong 3CaO.SiO2 (C3S), khong c vai tr quan trng nht trong
clinker, quyt nh ch yu n cng v thi gian ng kt ca xi mng. S hin
din ch yu ca khong ny chng nhn cht lng ca clinker Long Th. Ngoi ra
cn xut hin v s cc peak nhiu x c cng rt b (< 5 cps) trn XRD chng t
c mt lng kh ln pha v nh hnh trong clinker Long Th. Cc peak c trng cho
cc khong C2S, C3A, C4AF khng xut hin trn gin , iu ny c th khng nh
cc khong C2S, C3A, C4AF tn ti di dng v nh hnh hoc dng vi tinh th.
3.2. Cc tnh cht c l ca clinker xi mng Long Th gc
Hn hp clinker v thch cao, cha c mt ph gia c gi l xi mng gc hay
xi mng Porland (PC). Cc mu clinker C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 c nghin v trn chung vi
3% thch cao trong my nghin th nghim, mn c khng ch vo khong 4 6%
to ra 5 mu xi mng gc c k hiu t PC 1 n PC5. Tin hnh xc nh cc ch
tiu c l ca cc mu xi mng gc bao gm: cng chu nn R 3 v R28 theo TCVN
6016:1995; v thi gian ng kt cng nh n nh th tch c xc nh theo
TCVN 6017:1995. Kt qu c trnh by Bng 2.
- Ch tiu thi gian bt u ng kt ca mu xi mng gc dao ng trong
khong 102120 pht, thi gian kt thc ng kt trong khong 167 177 pht v gi
tr R28 trong khong 39.1 41. 6 N/mm2 t yu cu i vi PC30 theo TCVN
6260:1997.
- n nh th tch ca cc mu xi mng gc dao ng trong khong 23.8
27.0 mm, vt qu gii hn cho php ca TCVN 6260:1997 nguyn nhn c gii
thch l do nh hng hm lng vi t do cao trong clinker Long Th.
63

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

Bng 2. Kt qu xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca mu xi mng gc

Ch tiu

n v

R3

N/mm2

R28

N/mm2

Thi gian bt u
ng kt

Pht

Thi gian kt thc

ng kt

Pht

n nh th tch

mm

mn

SO3

Mu XM gc

i
lng

PC1

PC2

PC3

PC4

PC5

TBa

21.4

22.2

21.5

21.7

20.6

sa

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.2

TB

39.1

41.4

40.4

41.6

40.1

1.0

0.9

1.1

1.0

1.0

TB

116

114

110

106

105

TB

174

172

172

175

167

TB

25.1

25.6

25.5

25.9

26.1

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.5

TB

5.0

4.5

4.5

5.5

5.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

TB

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

TB, s l gi tr trung bnh (n=3) v lch chun ca cc ch tiu c l

Mt khc, xem cc mu xi mng gc c to ra t cc mu clinker c tnh

cht c l n nh hay khng, chng ti p dng phng php phn tch phng sai
ANOVA mt chiu [10] kt qu tnh ghi trong Bng 3 (ch tnh ton vi ch tiu R 28,
thi gian kt thc ng kt v n nh th tch), thu c t s F tnh (ch tiu R28, thi
gian kt thc ng kt v n nh th tch) u b hn gi tr F(P=0.05; f A=4; fPP=10)
= 3.48 [8] nn mc ngha P=0.05, ch tiu R28, thi gian kt thc ng kt v n
nh th tch ca cc mu xi mng gc khng khc nhau.
3.3. Diatomite Ph Yn
Gn y cng trnh nghin cu ca chng ti xc nh nh gi ngun
nguyn liu Ph Yn bng cc phng php FT-IR, XRD v DTA v SEM [4] xc nhn
rng thnh phn khong ca diatomite Ph Yn l SiO 2.nH2O vi cu trc xp hnh ng
tr. Thnh phn ha hc ch yu l SiO2, dao ng trong khong 72.9 73.2%, chng
t rng hot tnh ca diatomite c quyt nh bi lng SiO 2 v nh hnh. Mt
khc, hm lng cc thnh phn c hi trong diatomite nh MgO, SO3 rt thp ph hp
vi yu cu k thut ph gia puzzolan (<1%). hot tnh ca diatomite thuc loi rt
mnh, trung bnh 173 mgCaO/g (theo TCVN 3735-82). Ch tiu ny cho thy diatomite
ph hp lm ph gia hot tnh trong xi mng.
3.4. nh hng ca nhit nung v thi gian nung n hot tnh ca diatomite
64

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

T kt qu nghin cu XRD[4] cho diatomite Ph Yn cho thy thnh phn ch

yu ca diatomite nguyn khai l SiO2 v nh hnh vi hot tnh cao. Tuy nhin kt
qu t gin DTA[4] cho thy qu trnh nung diatomite c xy ra cc bin i ha hc
cc nhit 103 v 536oC ng vi cc peak thu nhit. xc nh s nh hng ca
nhit n hot tnh ca diatomite chng ti tin hnh nghin cu xc nh hot
tnh ca diatomite Ph Yn ti cc nhit 500, 600, 700 v 800 oC vi thi gian nung
1, 2 v 3 gi, kt qu c ghi trn Bng 3.
Bng 3. hot tnh trung bnh ca cc mu diatomite c x l nhit

Thi gian nung

(gi)
1
2
3

i lng

hot tnh (mg CaO/g diatomite)

D5

D6

D7

D8

TB

179

184

157

144

TB

175

192

178

123

TB

178

185

179

119

3
o

D5, D6, D7 v D8 k hiu cc mu nung cc nhit 500, 600, 700, v 800 C.

p dng phng php phn tch phng sai ANOVA hai chiu trn cc s liu
Bng 3 cho thy rng vic x l nhit khng nh hng ln n hot tnh ca
diatomite Ph Yn; V d mu diatomite nguyn khai D1 c hot tnh l 173
mgCaO/g diatomite v mu D6 khong 187 mg CaO/g diatomite. Nh vy trong sn
xut chng ta c th a trc tip diatomite vo qu trnh nghin xi mng. Mt khc
mu D6 c hot tnh tng cao nht, nguyn nhn theo chng ti l do nhit
600oC xy ra qu trnh mt nc ha hc hon ton ca SiO 2.nH2O v s mt nc
cu trc ca khong kaolinite c trong diatomite to thnh metakaolinite. Mu D8 c
hot tnh thp nht l do bt u xut hin cc mm tinh th mulite s cp, lm gim
hm lng SiO2 v Al2O3 hot tnh kt qu l hot tnh ca n gim ng k.
3.5. nh hng ca hm lng diatomite nguyn khai n cht lng xi mng PCB
Cc kt qu kho st cho thy diatomite nguyn khai c hot tnh mnh (173
mgCaO/g) t yu cu lm ph gia hot tnh cho xi mng PCB. Kt qu nh gi nh
hng ca t l diatomite n cht lng xi mng PCB bng cch phi trn clinker v
3% thch cao vi ln lt 10, 15, 20, 25 v 30% diatomite tng ng vi cc k hiu
mu D1-10, D1-20, D1-30, D1-40 v D1-50 ghi trn Bng 4.
- Khi a hm lng diatomite t 10 30% khi lng th tt c cc ch tiu c
l ca xi mng PCB c s thay i. Khi a diatomite vo tuy c s suy gim cng
nn khi so vi mu PC5 nhng khng ng k ti mu 28 ngy tui. c bit khi hm
lng diatomite t 10 20%, cng chu nn R28 ch gim 2 N/mm2. iu ny
65

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

chng t vi lng diatomite trong khong ny l lng va c th phn ng vi

lng Ca(OH)2 do cc khong c trong clinker to ra khi hydrate ha.
- Mt iu c bit l khi c mt diatomite trong xi mng PCB Long Th s lm
tng tnh n nh th tch ca xi mng. i vi mu PC5 n nh th tch khng t
nhng cc mu xi mng c cha diatomite u c n nh th tch t yu cu khi so
vi TCVN 6260:1997. y l mt ch tiu rt quan trng i vi xi mng PCB Long
Th v n khng nhng nh hng n cht lng xi mng m cn nh hng n thi
gian lu kho ca xi mng.
Nh vy cc mu xi mng PCB c cha diatomite mu u tha mn cc yu
cu cn thit, tuy nhin mu D1-30 c R3 khng t mc d R28 cho kt qu ph hp.
Bng 4. nh hng ca hm lng diatomite nguyn khai n cht lng xi mng PCB

n v

TCVN
6260:97

R3

N/mm2

14

R28

N/mm2

30

Ch tiu

Thi gian
bt
u
ng kt

Pht

PC5

D1-10

D115

D120

D125

D1-30

TB

20.6

17.5

17.2

16.1

14.2

12.9

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

TB

40.1

38.2

38.6

38.7

36.3

33.9

1.0

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.2

TB

105

110

113

116

126

138

TB

167

180

184

187

186

193

TB

26.1

4.2

2.4

1.6

1.2

1.4

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

khng

45

Thi gian
kt
thc
ng kt

Pht

600

n nh
th tch

mm

10

Mu xi mng PCB

i
lng

nh gi so TCVN 6260:1997

TB, s l gi tr trung bnh (n=3) v lch chun; D1 c ngha l mu sy ti 100 C

3.6. nh hng ca hm lng diatomite hot ha n cht lng xi mng PCB

Phn tch phng sai ANOVA hai chiu khi nh gi nh hng ca nhit
nung v thi gian nung n hot tnh ca diatomite cho kt lun l i vi diatomite
th khng cn hot ha. So snh vi mu diatomite hot ha nhit 600 oC lu 2 gi c
ht vi 192 mgCaO/g vi mu diatomite nguyn khai (173 mgCaO/g) theo lch
nh nht 1 = 22 mgCaO/g th 2 mu ny tng ng nhau, nhng xt v gc cng
ngh th hai mu ny c th khc nhau. kim chng li, chng ti kho st nh hng
ca t l diatomite hot ha n cht lng xi mng PCB. Mu diatomite hot ha c
chn l mu nung nhit 600oC lu 2 gi c hot tnh cao nht c phi trn vi
66

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

clinker v 3% thch cao vi cc hm lng t 10 n 15 n 30% diatomite hot ha vi

bc nhy 5%. Kt qu cc ch tiu c l ca xi mng PCB c trnh by Bng 5.
nh gi kt qu ghi trn Bng 5 vi TCVN 6260:1997 cc mu xi mng cha
t 10 30% diatomite hot ha u cho kt qu ph hp vi tiu chun ny.
Hnh 2 l biu so snh nh hng ca hm lng diatomite hot ha ti
600 C v diatomite nguyn khai n cng chu nn ti mu 28 ngy tui ca mu
xi mng thu c.
0

Bng 5. nh hng ca hm lng diatomite hot ha n cht lng xi mng PCB

n v

TCVN
6260:97

R3

N/mm2

14

R28

N/mm2

30

Ch tiu

Thi
gian
bt u ng
kt

Pht

45

Thi
gian
kt
thc
ng kt

Pht

600

n nh
th tch

mm

10

nh gi so TCVN 6260:1997

Mu xi mng PCB

i
lng

PC5

D610

D615

D620

D625

D630

TB

20.6

18.1

16.8

16.2

15.2

14.3

0.2

0.8

0.5

0.3

0.6

0.4

TB

40.1

38.6

39.6

39. 4

37. 2

34.9

1.0

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

TB

105

110

115

121

129

142

TB

167

182

184

188

186

194

TB

26.1

3.9

2.3

1.5

1.2

1.2

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

TB, s l gi tr trung bnh v lch chun; D6 c ngha l gia nhit n 600 C

Hnh 2. nh hng ca hm lng diatomite hot ha v diatomite nguyn

khai

Khi hot ha nhit diatomite Ph Yn s c nh hng tt n xi mng PCB, v

d R28 ca mu cha 20% diatomite l 39.5 N/mm 2. Tuy nhin s tng cng chu
nn gia diatomite hot ha v nguyn khai khng ng k (trung bnh 1.0 N/mm 2). Mt
khc, vic hot ha diatomite nhit 600oC trong 2 gi s lm cho chi ph gi thnh
67

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(38).2010

xi mng tng ln do tiu tn nhit cho qu trnh hot ha.

Mt khc trong qu trnh nghin cu thc t, kt hp vi ph gia hot tnh
diatomite vi ph gia vi Long Th chng ti thu c hm lng kt hp s
dng 5% diatomite vi cc t l khc nhau ca vi Long Th v thu c cc phi
liu hp l tha mn cc yu cu ca xi mng.[5] Vn ny s c trnh by trong
cc cng trnh tip theo.
4. Kt lun
T cc kt qu kho st thnh phn ha hc, thnh phn khong ca clinker v
diatomite, nh hng ca diatomite (nguyn khai v hot ha) n cht lng xi mng
PCB, chng ti nu ra mt s kt lun sau:
(i) Clinker Long Th c thnh phn khong ch yu l C 3S, hm lng CaOtd
trong clinker rt cao. Vic s dng ph gia hot tnh i vi xi mng PCB Long Th l
mt vn tt yu nhm n nh v cht lng c bit l tnh n nh th tch ca xi
mng.
(ii) Diatomite Ph Yn l loi ph gia c hot tnh rt mnh, ph hp lm ph
gia hot tnh cho xi mng. Khng cn phi hot ha v hot tnh ca diatomite
nguyn khai tng ng vi khi hot ha nhit.
(iii) C th tng hm lng diatomite n 30% m cht lng xi mng PCB
Long Th vn tha mn yu cu ca TCVN 6260:1997. Mt khc, khi s dng 5%
diatomite nguyn khai phi trn vi ph gia Long Th c tng hm lng ph gia
n 20% m vn m bo yu cu ca TCVN 6260:1997, iu ny c ngha trong sn
xut kinh doanh.
(iv) Cui cng, cn thy rng cht lng ca xi mng ni chung khng ch c
nh gi qua cc ch tiu cht lng nh R3, R28, n nh th tch, m cn c
nh gi qua bn ca cc cng trnh theo thi gian. V vy, vic nghin cu a ph
gia hot tnh vo xi mng PCB l cn thit gp phn lm tng cht lng xi mng t
lm tng tui th cc cng trnh.
TI LIU THAM KHO
4.1. H. F. W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Academic Press, London, 1990.
4.2. D. Kastis, G. Kakali, S. Tsivilis, M.G. Stamatakis, Properties and hydration of
blended cements with calcareous diatomite, Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 2006,
18211826.
4.3. Phm Cm Nam, Nghin cu vt liu nh cch nhit diatomite, Tp san khoa
hc- i hc Nng; s 05, 1998, 296-300.
4.4. Phm Cm Nam,Kt qu ban u v nguyn liu diatomite Ph yn v cc hng
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p dng trong cng nghip sn xut, Tp san khoa hc- i hc Nng; s 03;
1998; 49-55.
4.5. Trn Thanh Tun, Lun vn cao hc, ngnh ha v c, i hc Hu, 2008.
4.6. Trn Thanh Tun, Lm i T, V nh V, Phm Cm Nam,Xc nh cc c
tnh ca nguyn liu diatomite Ph Yn bng FT-IR, XRF, XRD kt hp vi phng
php tnh ton l thuyt DFT, Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng Ngh, H Nng,
4.7. Kiu Qu Nam, Puzlan Vit Nam tim nng v kh nng s dng, Vin a cht
hc, H Ni, 2000.
4.8. B Khoa Hc Cng Ngh, Trung tm thng tin tiu chun o lng cht lng,
Tuyn tp cc tiu chun v xi mng, Tp 1, H Ni. 2005.
4.9. B Xy Dng, Ch dn k thut chn thnh phn b tng cc loi, Nxb Xy Dng,
H Ni, 2000.
4.10. Miller J.C, J.N Miller, Statstics for Analytical Chemistry, 2nd Ed, Ellis Horwood
Ltd, Great Britain. 1988.

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