HNG DN VIT TIU LUN

Gii thiu
Tiu lun khng n gin ch l nhng bi tp trong hot ng nghin cu m cn
l nhng bi tp v cch thc giao tip. Tiu lun cho bn c hi chng t bn c th
lm c nhng g; rng bn hiu c cu hi t ra; hiu c cc vn lin quan; v
rng bn c kh y v cc vn . Tiu lun cng cho php bn th hin kh
nng suy ngh phn tch, v buc bn phi tun theo mt phng thc hc tp su sc v
hiu qu. Chnh bi nhng l do ny m cc bi tiu lun thng c chn nh mt
hnh thc nh gi cc trng i hc. Hnh thc nh gi ny thng c lng
ghp vo cc bi tp trong tng giai on ca mt mn hc v trong cc k thi. Hu ht
sinh vin s c yu cu th hin kh nng hc hi ca mnh thng qua hnh thc nh
gi ny trong sut chng trnh o to ca h.
Quy trnh vit tiu lun
C mt s bc m cc sinh vin cn nm vng:

1. Phn
tch cu
hi
5. Bin
tp

4. Vit

Cc bc
vit tiu
lun

2.
Nghin
cu

3. Ln
k
hoch

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Learning Skills @ CSU

Mi bc u quan trng. Tuy nhin mt s sinh vin khng c s chun b y

cho cc bc phn tch cu hi, ln k hoch v bin tp, c l mt phn do thi gian
dnh cho bi tp l khng . Vic phn tch cu hi mt cch s si vn c th to nn
mt bi lun vi cch vit rt chnh chu, tuy nhin khng tr li cu hi t ra hoc
khng bm st ch . Vic ln k hoch mt cch qua loa thng dn n mt bi lun
c cu trc khng cht ch v gy kh khn cho ngi c trong vic theo di. Tht bi
trong vic bin tp bi lun c th lm cho bi vit c nhiu li chnh t, ng php hoc
chm cu.
Cu trc c bn ca mt bi tiu lun
S
Tm tt tiu lun

Cc on vn

M u/gii thiu

nh hng ngi c
Nhn din trng tm/mc ch
Gii hn phm vi
Ch ra chnh ca ton bi

Ni dung (phn thn)

Cu ch 1
Thng tin nhm chng minh/h tr
Cu kt lun 1
Cu ch 2
Thng tin nhm chng minh/h tr
Cu kt lun 2
Cu ch 2
Thng tin nhm chng minh/h tr
Cu kt lun 2

Kt lun

Nhc li chnh ca ton bi

Tm tt nhng lun im

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Mi phn, mc gii thiu, phn ni dung v kt lun, u c mc ch c th. iu

ny cng c ngha l ngi c s tm kim nhng c im mong i trong mi phn
.
Mt bi tiu lun truyn thng khng gm cc mc. Ngc li n s gm
nhng on vn, v mi on s c hoc mc ch l lun ring m tc gi cn phi
lm r bng vic s dng nhng cu ch ch r quan im ca mnh. Cu ch
c t u on vn.
Tuy nhin, cc ging vin tr nn linh hot hn trong nhng tiu ch t ra cho
sinh vin v trong mt s trng hp cho php sinh vin s dng cc mc trong
nhng bi tiu lun ca mnh. Cc bi tiu lun kiu ny thng c gi l tiu lun
theo dng bo co. Tt nht hy lun lun hi ging vin ca bn v vic h c cho
php s dng cc tiu hay khng nu bn khng chc.
Nhiu sinh vin thy rng s dng tiu c th gip h cu trc bi tiu lun cho
r rng hn. Nu bn cng thy iu ny ng nhng ging vin khng cho php bn s
dng cc mc, hy s dng cc mc khi vit nhp, v sau chuyn chng thnh
nhng cu ch trong tng on vn trc khi bn np bi tiu lun cui cng ca
mnh.
Cch vit ti liu tham kho trong bi tiu lun
Bn c yu cu phi trch dn ti liu tham kho trong v cui bi tiu lun.
Bn phi ghi r ti liu tham kho mi khi s dng cng trnh ca ngi khc d bn c
dng chnh t ng ca mnh din t ca h (paraphrased) hay trch dn nguyn vn
(direct quoted).
Nu bn khng hiu r iu ny hy xem thm quy nh v ti liu tham kho
km v d trong phn hng dn v cch thc vit tiu lun trn mng ca trng.
Ti nn trnh by bi tiu lun th no?

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Learning Skills @ CSU

Mt s sinh vin ngh sai rng trnh by mt bi tiu lun c ngha l c nhng
mc mi l, s dng cc font ch phc tp v bi lun c trang tr mt cch kho lo.
Hon ton khng phi nh vy v thi gian dnh cho nhng vic ny s khng c
tnh thm im trong mt s trng hp cn mang n iu t hn. Bi vit c trnh
by chuyn nghip, r rng, v d c l cha kha gip sinh vin t im cao.
Hy lun lun xem li nhng tm tt ca mn hc c c nhng hng dn
c th t ging vin ca bn. Nu cha r, hy hi li ging vin, a cu hi ny ln
din n hoc hi ngi ph trch chm bi tiu lun. C th nhng sinh vin khc cng
c nhng cu hi tng t, hoc c l cu hi m bn sp t ra c tr li trn din
n ca lp.
Trong trng hp khng c hng dn c th, nhng im sau y s cho bn
mt hng dn chung khi trnh by bi tiu lun ca mnh:
Bi tiu lun nn c nh my
Gin dng c ch (1/2 spacing) (mt s ging vin mun sinh vin gin dng
gp i double spacing)
Canh l 2.5 cm u c hai bn hoc li vo thm 5 cm na ba tri. Ngi
chm cn c ch ghi nhn xt.
S dng font Times New Roman 12pt.
nh km thm mt trang tiu ghi r tn, MSSV, m mn hc v bi/cu
hi ca tiu lun.
nh s trang.
S dng tiu trn (heater) hoc tiu di (footer) ghi tn v MSSV ca
bn tng trang.
Lun lun gi mt bn copy cho nhng bi tiu lun ca bn. Gi c file v bn
in.

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Learning Skills @ CSU

 Quan trng nht l s dng cng c kim tra li chnh t v ng php nhng
hy nh rng cng c ny khng th gip bn trnh khi ton b cc li ny.
Bn vn phi t mnh bin tp li bi tiu lun mt cch cn thn.
Cc bc vit mt bi tiu lun
Bc 1: Phn tch cu hi
C mt s cu hi m bn thn n ch ra ni dung v cu trc ca mt bi tiu
lun. thng l mt cu hi di, v vy ng i ngi khi bn gp phi mt cu hi kh
di.
Tuy nhin, mt s cu hi khc i hi bn phi phn tch cu hi trc xc
nh hng yu cu v mc phn tch cn thit. Khi gp dng cu hi ny tm ra
nhng t kha trong cu hi s gip bn tr li tt.
1.

Tm nhng t c tnh ni dung (content words) gip ch ra bn cn phi nghin

cu ci g; c ngha l bn s c k vng vit v ci g. Ch n nhng t ch ra:

Ch chung General topic (thng ch ra cho bn mt cu m u tht c cho
phn gii thiu) v
Trng tm ca cu hi focus of the question (l iu m ging vin mun bn tr
li c th)
2.

Lu n nhng t ch ra cng vic phi lm, hay c tnh hng dn. Thng

qua bn s bit mnh phi tip cn cu hi nh th no.

Nhng t ch ra nhim v phi lm (task words) rt quan trng bi v chng xc
nh mc phn tch hoc suy ngh cn phi c. mc c bn nhng t ch ra nhim
v cn phi lm nh so snh, i chiu, phn tch v nh gi kh ph bin v i hi bn
phi trnh by nhng g mnh suy ngh v bi nghin cu ch khng ch m t li nhng
g bn tm c. Nhng t nh m t, gii thch, v tm tt thng i km vi nhng cu
hi ngn. Ph bin hn cp ny l vic trnh by quan im ca bn. Ni cch khc,

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Learning Skills @ CSU

bn s phi tranh lun, s dng nhng nhn nh ca mnh vi cc bng chng, tho lun
v l l hp l.
Bn c th tm thy mt danh sch m rng di y bao gm cc t ch ra nhim
v phi lm v ngha ca nhng t ny.
3.

Cui cng, hy lu bt k gii hn no m s gip bn c va vi

thi gian v s t cho php. V d, cu hi c th yu cu bn phi gii hn phn tr li

ca mnh trong cm t bi cnh nc c, ti c vng nng thn c hoc cc s
kin sau nm 1900.

Mt cu hi c th c phn tch nh th ny:

- Cu hi: Ch s lt sinh vin c nhn vo hc ti trng i hc (The UAI
University admissions index) l mt ch bo tin cy cho mc thnh cng ca mt
trng i hc. Tho lun nhn nh ny.
Ni dung: Ch : Thnh cng trng i hc
Trng tm: Liu UAI c phi l mt ch bo tin cy cho s thnh cng?
Ch khng phi l, v d Cc ch bo cho s thnh cng l ci g? mc d y c th
l mt phn trong cu tr li ca bn.
Nhim v: tho lun, cn iu tra v thm nh bng cc l l, cho bit cc l
do ng tnh hay khng ng tnh. Trnh by mt quan im iu ny s i hi c s
m t ln din gii. kin ca bn phi c h tr bng nhng bng chng xc ng
c la chn mt cch cn thn.
Nhng gii hn: Vic hc trng i hc. Lu l bn khng b gii hn v
thi gian hay ni chn. Bn c th gi nh rng ging vin mun bn tp trung vo bi
cnh hin ti ca nc c. Tuy nhin chc chn bn cng c th a cu hi ny ln
din n. S t (khng c ch ra y) tt nhin s nh hng n vic bn s vit
bao nhiu. V d, 1500 t s gii hn s t m bn phi vit rt nhiu. 5000 t s cho
bn nhiu khng gian hn tho lun v cu hi t mt s gc . Cm t UAI cng l

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Learning Skills @ CSU

mt hng dn thm cho bn bi n l mt thut ng mi c s dng gn y thay

th cho thut ng TER.

Nhng t ch r nhim v ph M t
bin
Phn tch

Tm nhng chnh v ch ra chng c

lin h vi nhau nh th no, chc nng
ca chng l g v ti sao chng quan
trng

Bnh lun

Tho lun, ph bnh, hoc din gii

ngha

So snh

Lu nhng im tng t hoc khc

nhau m bn c yu cu so snh

i chiu

So snh bng vic ch ra nhng khc

bit

Ph bnh

Nhn nh v u im ca cc l thuyt
v nhng kin hoc v s tht ca
nhng nhn nh ny. Chng minh
nhng iu ny bng vic tho lun v
cc bng chng. Khng cn thit phi
cng kch. Tho lun nhng u im v
khuyt im v km theo phn tch
ring ca bn

Xc nh

Cho bit ngha chnh thc ca mt t,

thut ng hay cm t.

M t

Gii thch c th, vit hoc dng hnh

nh theo mt cch thc logic. Nhn
mnh nhng im quan trng. Khng

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Learning Skills @ CSU

cn phi gii thch hoc din dch thm

V s

Xy dng mt s , biu hoc bn

v c ch thch v km theo gii thch
ngn gn

Tho lun

iu tra v thm nh bng nhng l l,

cho bit l do ng tnh hoc khng
ng tnh. Trnh by quan im iu
ny i hi c vic m t ln din gii.
kin ca bn c h tr bi nhng
bng chng xc c c la chn
mt cch cn thn.

Lit k

Lit k

nhng chnh s dng cc

chm u dng
nh gi

nh gi v gi tr ca mt yu t no
. Cho bit kin ca nhng nh
chuyn mn hng u hay tm quan
trng ca mt khi nim. Bao hm c
nhng u im v khuyt im. Bn
cng c th ch ra quan im ca mnh.

Gii thch

Lm sng t cc s kin. Bn nn t
trng tm chnh vo cu hi ti sao v
nh th no vi mc ch lm r l
do, nguyn nhn v hiu qu ca cc s
kin. Khng nn ch n thun m t
hoc tm tt

Minh ha

S dng mt con s, biu hay v d

(so snh hoc loi suy) gii thch
hoc lm r

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Learning Skills @ CSU

Din gii

Khm ph v lm r ngha s dng cc

v d v nhn xt ch quan

Chng minh

Cho mt nhn nh v vic ti sao bn

ngh nh vy. a ra nhng l do cho
nhn nh hoc kt lun ca bn.

Ln danh sch

Cho mt danh sch chnh xc bao gm

cc t, cu hoc nhn nh c nh
s. Ging nh lit k.

Tm tt

Cho mt tm tt chung/m t bao gm

nhng chnh h tr bi nhng nh
hn. B qua nhng chi tit nh

Chng t

Ch ra bng l l hoc logic rng iu

no l ng. Khng nh bng vic
nh gi hoc trch dn nhng bng
chng thc nghim hoc a ra nhng
l l logic.

Lin h

Ch ra nhng s lin kt v ch ra rng

mt lin kt c th dn n, hoc ging
nhng lin kt khc nh th no

Ph bnh

Thm nh mt ch no mt cch
c ph phn. Phn tch v nhn xt ngn
gn trong nhng im chnh theo mt
trnh t r rng, nht nh

Pht biu

Th hin nhng chnh bng mt cch

thc ngn gn v theo li tng thut.
B qua nhng chi tit hoc v d.

Tm tt

Miu t ngn gn nhng im chnh.

B qua cc chi tit v v d.

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Learning Skills @ CSU

Pht trin

Th hin s pht trin, mt qu trnh

hay lch s ca mt s kin hoc
tng.

Bc 2. Nghin cu
Sau khi bn phn tch v hiu c cu hi nm trong bi tp, bn c th ln k
hoch bng cch ng no, c ngha l, ghi li nhng tng m bn c. Vic phn tch
khi nim s tr nn d dng hn khi bn ng no. Mt k hoch s khi s h tr bn
trong vic c v ghi li nhng im chnh. Tuy nhin, bn vn cn phi nghin cu cu
hi c th hn trc khi bn c th i xa hn.
Bn c yu cu phi c nhiu hn. Mt s tm tt ca mn hc s cho bn bit
bn phi c bao nhiu v c ci g. Yu cu c cng khc nhau i vi cc ch v
mn hc khc nhau. Mt s ch c th yu cu phn tch mt s bi vit c tht c
th, nhng him khi ch yu cu bn c mt hay hai cun sch v mt ch c th no
. Nguyn tc cho cc mn hc trong nm nht, trong hc k u tin l lit k t nht
nm ti liu tham kho trong tiu lun. Mt nguyn tc khc na l hy chn nhng ti
liu tham kho no c cng b trong t 5 n 10 nm tr li y. Mt s tiu lun yu
cu phi s dng nhiu ngun tham kho khc nhau, chng hn nh sch, cc bi bo
khoa hc, tin tc, hay/v cc websites. Mt nguyn tc khc na dnh cho sinh vin nm
nht l hy bt u vi vic c nhng cun sch m gip bn c c kin thc tng
quan trc, sau c n nhng phn c th hn.
Nhng bn sinh vin mi c th thy rng vic tm ti liu trong th vin v c s
d liu l mt cng vic kh mt mi. Thng cc th vin s cung cp mt s hng
dn gip bn. Ngoi ra, hy lin h mt th th v nh t vn. ng mt thi gian vt
ln vi n v cui cng chng i n u.

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Learning Skills @ CSU

Sau khi tm c thng tin m bn cn, nhim v ca bn l ghi ch li mt cch

hiu qu. ng sao chp y nguyn nhng phn cn thit, hy c gng vit bng chnh t
ng ca bn, v hy nh lun lun ghi li ti liu tham kho km s trang. Bn s cn
n nhng thng tin ny nu bn quyt nh s dng n trong tiu lun ca mnh.
Mt s sinh vin gp kh khn bc nghin cu ny. H tm cch nghin cu
tht nhiu v cui cng thy rng mnh c qu nhiu ghi ch lm cho h d b nhm ln
v nn lng. Nu bn trong s , hy bt u ngay vic ln k hoch sau chuyn
qua bc tip theo. Khi bn c ci g trn giy bn s cm thy mnh kim sot
c cng vic, c th nhn thy c nhng tin b trong n lc ca mnh, v tr nn
tp trung v lm vic c hiu qu hn.
Bc 3. Ln k hoch
By gi bn sn sng vi vic ln k hoch cho tiu lun ca mnh. Nu bn
c k hoch s khi, hy xem li v thm nhng im mi hoc b bt i nhng g m
bn tm thy hoc ngh l khng ph hp.
Tuy nhin ln k hoch khng c ngha l thu thp thng tin mt cch ngu nhin
h tr cho nhng l l ca bn. Ln k hoch lin quan n vic nhm hoc phn loi
thng tin thnh mt lot cc quan im v xc nh mt trnh t tht khoa hc trnh
by nhng quan im ca bn. Bn hy hng vo vic xy dng mt cu trc bi lun
khoa hc, c tnh lin mch v r rng. Nhng bc sau s gip bn lm iu :
- Xc nh chnh: C phi bn bt u nghin cu vi mt chnh? C phi by
gi chnh thay i khi bn nghin cu su hn ri khng? Hay bn ang tm ra
mt quan im ch o nghin cu? Ci g l lun im hay quan im ch o ca
bn? Nu bn khng c quan im trc khi bt u nghin cu ti liu th hy bn hy
c gng c n gip cho bn tr li cu hi. Hy nh rng, chnh s gip bn cu trc
bi vit ca mnh.

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Learning Skills @ CSU

- Quyt nh nhng im no m bn cn h tr cho quan im hay chnh ca

bn.
- Kim tra chc rng y l mt nhm nhng tng hoc cc lun im khoa
hc.
- Xc nh trnh t trnh by. Trnh t trnh by c th c xc nh bi mc
quan trng, thi gian, cu hi, mc u tin v a l hay c nhn, nhng bn nn tun
theo trnh t m bn ch ra trong phn gii thiu ca mnh.
- Ghi li nhng im tri ngc vi quan im ca bn.
- Hy b i nhng im no m bn ngh l khng ph hp.
Bng di y l v d cho thy bn s dng cc tiu nh th no. Di cc
tiu bn hy ghi km theo cc nh. By gi hy lit k cc ny theo mt trnh t
m bn s trnh by ng nh trong bi tiu lun ca bn. C phi trnh t ny thch hp
khng?
V d: qu trnh nghin cu s dn bn n nhng quan im di y. K hoch
cho bi lun c th l nh th ny:
Cu trc tiu lun

S lng cc on vn

Gii thiu

Ni dung
Hng

ngi

vo ch chung
Nhn din mc tiu
hoc mc ch ca
bi tiu lun
Tm tt phm vi,
nhng im cn gii
quyt

trong

phn

thn/ni dung ca bi

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Learning Skills @ CSU

lun.
chnh/quan im
chung: UAI l mt
d bo tin cy cho
thnh

cng

ca

trng i hc
Phn thn/Ni dung

C th t 6 8 on trong
mt bi lun n gin

Thnh cng l g?
(Thnh

tu

hc

thut)
Cn ci g c
c mt UAI tt?
UAI c lin h n
thnh cng v mt
hc thut nh th
no?
Cc nghin cu cho
bit g v mi lin h
gia UAI v thnh
cng? Cc ti
nghin cu?
C

ngoi

khng?

no

nhng

quan im tri ngc

nhng hp l khng?
Kt lun

Tm tt cc im
chnh
Cng c li quan
im/ chnh
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Bc 4. Vit
Tham kho phn cu trc bi tiu lun
Tun theo k hoch ca bn
Hy s dng cc mc nu bn thy c ch. Thnh thong chuyn mt mc
thnh cu hi trong bn nhp bi lun c th gip bn gi c nhng quan im
ca mnh. Hy b nhng phn t hi ny i trong bi tiu lun chnh thc ca bn
nu gio vin yu cu mt hnh thc vit lun truyn thng.
Hy ch khi bn thay i nhng thut ng s dng trong cu hi. V d, nu
trong cu hi gio vin yu cu vit v s thnh cng v bn thay th cm t
ny bng thnh tu th ngha c th s khc i.
Nh nhng cu ch . Hy lm cho ngi c nm r quan im m bn
a ra trong tng on v l do ti sao. Bn bit iu m bn vit, nhng bn c
ni iu y cho ngi c bit khng?
Lm r mi lin h ca nhng quan im m bn ang trnh by i vi cu
hi/lun vn ca bn.
ng s dng cch xng h ngi th nht, v d ti ngh rng, ti tin rng,
theo kin ca ti tr phi bn c php hoc c yu cu phi lm iu .
ng s dng nhng cm t thng thng, ngn ng khng chnh thc hoc cch
ni so rng v d nh: ng A l con chim u n trong ngnh vn ha.
S dng nhng cu hon chnh din t tng ca bn.
Lun lun ghi r ngun trch dn d bn ch trch dn tng ca ngi khc
bng cch vit li hoc trch dn trc tip t cng trnh ca h.
Hy nh rng y ch l bn nhp. Hy quay li mt ln na v sa li cc li d
nh nht ca bn.
Bc 5. Bin tp

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Learning Skills @ CSU

y l bc cui cng trong qu trnh vit mt bi lun v l bc quan trng.

Nu khng bin tp k th im s ca bn c th b nh hng d bn lm vic rt
tch cc. Hy nh rng, trnh by mt cch chuyn nghip, r rng v d hiu trong vic
vit lun l cha kha a n thnh cng. Hy dnh cho bn thi gian hon chnh
bc ny. N c ngha l mt s khc bit gia im s u v rt v im s u v u
cao.
McLaren (1997) cp n hai bc bin tp: Bin tp tng th v bin tp chi
tit. Bin tp chi tit lin quan n vic kim tra:
Chnh t, ng php v du chm cu. Lun lun s dng cng c kim tra ng
php v chnh t, nhng hy lu rng cng c ny c th khng gip bn tm ht
c cc li mc phi.
Trch dn cc ti liu tham kho ng v thng nht. Vic trch dn ti liu tham
kho khng ng nht c th lm ngi c ngh rng bn khng cn thn
trong vic trnh by. Bin tp tng th cp n vic kim tra ton b bi lun.
Hy kim tra s thng nht v logic. Ni cch khc, bi vit ca bn c ngha
khng? Ngi c c thy d c hay khng?
Hy bi lun ca bn sang mt bn trong khong t mt n hai ngy trc khi
bn bin tp. Nu khng bn s c khuynh hng c nhng g m bn mong i hn l
nhng g m bn vit. Thng thng cch tt nht bin tp cng trnh ca bn l
c tht ln hoc c n cho ai nghe. a bi vit ca bn cho mt ai c.
Cui cng, tham kho tiu ch chm bi trong phn tm tt yu cu ca mn hc v
bi nh gi. Tham kho hng dn chung trong ch trnh by bi lun ca bn trn
website hng dn cc k nng hc thut nu bn vn cn cha r v cch thc lm th
no trnh by bi vit ca bn. t nht bn s bit c nhng cu hi no cn c
lm r bi gio vin ca bn.
Cu trc c bn ca mt bi lun
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1. Gii thiu/m u
Phn Gii thiu (M u) bi tiu lun l mt phn quan trng. N l phn u
tin m ngi c s c. Phn m u nn
1. Dn dt ngi c n ch chung
2. Nhn din trng tm hay mc ch ca bi lun.
3. Tm tt phm vi, c ngha l, nhng im cn khai thc, lu bt k s gii hn
no v
4. Kt thc bng vic nhn din ch o/quan im chnh (thesis)
Phn gii thiu/ m u thng l mt on vn, mc d khng phi lc no cng
vy, c bit vi nhng bi lun di. Mt s sinh vin cng xc nh nhng thut ng
chnh trong phn m u. Mt s bn khc th bo hiu cho ngi c bit v phm vi
m nhng thut ng ny s c xc nh trong bi tiu lun. Nu y l trng hp, hy
lm iu ny on u tin ca phn thn/phn ni dung. Quyt nh v vic xc nh
nhng thut ng chnh ny c l c hng dn bi di ca vic tho lun v nh
ngha. Mt nh ngha n gin c th c a vo phn m u. Mt nh ngha ko
di hn c th khin ngi c mt tp trung v nn c a vo on u tin trong
phn thn/phn ni dung ca bi tiu lun.
Yu cu 1 v 2 c xc nh trong cu hi dnh cho bi tiu lun.
Yu cu 3 c hng dn bi cu hi, nghin cu v ch ca bn.
Yu cu 4 rt quan trng. N xc nh nhng ci g m bn hc, l l v quan
im ca bn. ch o/quan im chung s l kim ch nam cho bi tiu lun ca bn.
chnh/quan im chung l:
ch o/quan im chung (thesis) l mt dng lun im, hay l l ca bn. Bn
c th ng , khng ng hoc c th lm cho l l ca bn c cht lng bng cch
no n minh chng cho mt phn cu hi t ra.

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V d, bn c th c hi tho lun v nhn nh sau:

UAI (ch s sinh vin u vo trng i hc) l mt ch bo tin cy cho thnh
cng ti trng i hc.
Mt s sinh vin c th cho rng ng nh vy. Nhng bn khc c th tranh lun
rng UAI l mt ch s c ch nhng khng phi l mt ch bo tin cy. Mt ngi c
suy ngh thu o c th t ra nhng cht vn i vi khi nim thnh cng v l lun
rng UAI lin h rt t vi s thnh cng theo ngha rng nht ca n.
Ni cch khc, c th c mt s nhng ch o hoc quan im chung lin quan
n mt cu hi. iu quan trng l bn phi chng minh quan im ca mnh vi
nhng bng chng da trn nghin cu ca bn. ch o/quan im chung ca bn l
s th hin nhng g m bn hc.
Nhng cu th hin ch ao/quan im chung (thesis statements) thng xut
pht t s xem xt nhiu quan im trong nghin cu ca bn. Nhng cu th hin ny
c th c pht trin bt k mt im no trong qu trnh nghin cu, ln k hoch v
vit bi tiu lun ca bn. Nu bn xc nh mt ch o/quan im chung trc khi
bt u nghin cu, hy cn thn lu rng bn vn cn ang trong giai on m
tip nhn rt nhiu quan im khc nhau m bn sp sa c. C l hu ht cc sinh vin
u pht trin nhng cu th hin ch o/quan im chung vo cui giai on nghin
cu ca mnh.
Cu th hin ch o/quan im chung (thesis statement) v cu ch (topic
sentence - cu m u ca tng on) s cung cp mt khung sn cho bi tiu lun.
i vi ngi vit bi ny, cu th hin ch o/quan im chung:
C vai tr nh mt cng c hoch nh.
Gip tc gi xc nh c trng tm thc ca bi vit v lm r mi quan h gia
cc tng.

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 Tr thnh mt ci mc m ngi c c th treo nhng nh hn hoc nhng

cu ch cung cp cc bng chng h tr cho cc l l.
D on nhng cu hi lin quan n ch v cung cp si ch kt ni cc mnh
thng tin.

( Ref: http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ThesisStatements.html )
ch o/quan im chung l mt nh, khng phi l mt cu hi v ny nm trong
phn gii thiu.
V d v phn m u minh ha cho nhng trao i ni trn c th l nh th ny:

nh hng cho cu hi (ton b phn in m l phn nh hng cho cu

hi)
Thnh cng trng i hc l mc tiu ca hu ht cc sinh vin. Hiu c
nhng nhn t vn gip d on mt cch tin cy v thnh cng l mt mi quan
tm i vi nhiu nh nghin cu v qun l gio dc. UAI l mt ch bo d
on tin cy nh th. Tiu lun ny s tp trung vo vic tm hiu nhn nh
cho rng UAI l mt ch bo tin cy v s thnh cng trng i hc (cu
ny l trng tm m cu hi t ra). Nhng vn nh: ci g to nn
thnh cng, nhng nhn t no dn n thnh cng, nhng nhm sinh vin
khc nhau, v s thay i v mi trng hc tp s c xem xt (y l
phn gii hn phm vi nhng vn s phn tch). Quan im chung ca bi
vit l nu ch s dng duy nht mt ch bo, trong trng hp ny l UAI, s
khng th gip d on mt cch chc chn v thnh cng trng i hc.
(y l ch o/quan im chung ca ton bi)

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2. Phn thn/ni dung

Phn ni dung ca tiu lun l ni m bn s pht trin bi vit ca mnh. Phn ny
din ra trong phm vi nhiu on vn v mi on c s lin kt tri chy vi on tip
theo. V vy
Vic s dng tt nhng cu ch u cc on v
Cu trc on vn chnh xc l quan trng.
Cu u tin ca mi on, thng c nhc n nh l cu ch , gii thiu v
on vn bng cch ch ra v tm tt nhng im chnh trong on vn. Nhng cu ch
thng bao gm nhng tn hiu chuyn on nhm gip to ra s chuyn i mt cch
trn tru t on vn ny sang on k tip. Cu u tin ny nn chuyn ti n ngi
c quan im m bn ang mun lm r v on vn ny c lin h n cu hi nh th
no. Thc cht, nu ngi c lt qua nhng cu ch , h nn bit c mt phc ha
tng th v ton b bi lun. Bc phc ha ny s cho thy s tin trin logic ca nhng
quan im m bn ang lm r. S thiu vng nhng cu ch s lm cho ngi c t
hi l bn ang c gng din t iu g v ti sao li nh vy, cui cng s lm cho
ngi c cm thy hoang mang.
Vic cm mc ch ng khng ch gii hn i vi nhng cu ch . Vic cm
mc trong tng on vn cng s gip h tr ngi c. V d sau y s minh ha tnh
hu dng ca nhng cng c ch ng ny (phn in m)
Cui cng, cng nh tt c nhng m hnh hc tp khc, quy trnh dung np thng
tin cng c nhng gii hn. Chng hn, m hnh ny cho thy rng vic suy ngh v lnh
hi din ra trong mt hnh thc tin trin mang tnh tuyn tnh, trong khi chng ta bit
rng vic suy ngh v lnh hi phc tp hn qu trnh ny. Hn na, m hnh ny khng
gii thch c ng lc, nhng cm xc v s tng tc v mt x hi nh l nhng
nhn t tc ng n qu trnh hc hi. D sao i na, m hnh ny cho cc gio vin
nhiu im xut pht xem xt liu thng tin c th c cu trc nh th no vo qu
trnh ny to iu kin thun li cho vic hc.
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Ref: The University of New England http://www.une.edu.au/tlc/alo/paragraph7.htm

Nhng on vn hiu qu s c ba tnh cht quan trng
Tnh thng nht: khi chng tp trung vo mt chnh
Th hin s pht trin: din ra trong cc tng c t m ha trong mt on
vn. S t m ny thng bao gm nhng bng chng m bn phi thu thp t nghin cu
ca mnh h tr cho quan im m bn ang lm r trong on vn v
Tnh cht ch: khi tt c cc thng tin trong on vn c lin h v vn ti
nhng lun im m bn ang mun lm r.
Thm vo mt cu ch v nhng cu b tr, minh chng cho cu ch ,
hay l tp hp cc cu trong mt on vn, thng i km vi mt cu kt lun. Cu ch
gii thiu v on vn, v cu kt lun tm tt n. Tuy nhin, cu kt ny khng qu
cn thit. iu quan trng l s chuyn t mt on vn sang on tip theo phi c tnh
logic v c nh du bng nhng tn hiu chuyn on.
3. Kt lun
Phn kt lun l mt on quan trng trong tiu lun ca bn. N thng l mt
on di v nn phn nh li nhng g m bn ni l s phn tch trong phn gii
thiu. Kt lun
Tm tt nhng g bn ni trong tiu lun
Khng nh li chnh ca bn.
ng gii thiu thm ch hay mi. Hu ht cc sinh vin bt u on kt
lun vi mt tn hiu chuyn on, chng hn nh Kt lun li hay Ni tm li.

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Ti liu tham kho

Cottrell, S. (2008). The study skills handbook (3rd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Crme, P. & Lea, M. R. (1997). Writing at university: a guide for students. Buckingham:
Open University Press.
Germov, J. (2000). Get great marks for your essays (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen
& Unwin
Levin, P. (2004). Write great essays: Reading and essay writing for undergraduates and
taught postgraduates.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
McLaren, S. (1997). Easy writer. Glebe, NSW: Pascal Press
Additional web resources
You can google for other sites by typing, for example, essay writing as the search term,
but try to ensure the
sites you use are reliable sites.
The University of New England website http://www.une.edu.au/tlc/alo/index.htm is an
excellent interactive site. It
includes a number of examples, which further illustrate the points you have just read.
The University of New South Wales http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/olib.html has another
good site and also includes
some useful alternative expressions when trying to integrate references into your work.
How else might you say:
Smith (2004) said ? Look in Writing: Elements of style.
OWL
at
Purdue
University
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/gl_transition.html provides another
good summary of transition signals. Stylistic variation will enhance your work.
The University of Toronto site http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/essay.html includes some
very interesting writing
tips including practices of good writers and links to other universities for various topics
including overcoming
writers block at OWL, Purdue University
The University of South Australia
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/students/lrnsvcs/ass.asp#writ
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James Cook University http://www.jcu.edu.au/studying/services/studyskills/essay/ are

two more good sites.

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