t

MATERIALS

DATA

HANDBOOK

_-I_ _,

__ _ t.c_
'_,_

Lr: I

c4",.-*Lq I',..
H

Stainless Steel

Alloy A-Z86

" _ ,_:
._
=

G',

. -_
_'C
t-*--_t
-_ :_
_-0>

I H

-._ _. (YJt-"

Prepared
R.

F.

by

-_ w

Muraca

=.
.D

June

197Z

Prepared

for

_" i

"_
.,.&
-4

\
::

_-r

National
Aerona_ic_
and Space
Administration
George
C. Marshall
Space
Flight
Center
Mar_hall
Space
Flight
Center,
Alabama
3581Z

_ _
o_
_

z
_,
o

Contract

WESTERN

APPLIED

NAS8-26644

RESEARCH

tu

& DEVELOPMENT,

INC.

D
IL

_:-,

1403-07

Industrial

Road

San

Carlos,

California

94070

PREFACE

This Materials
Data Handbook
on stainless
steel alloy A_Z86 was
prepared
by Western
Applied
Research
_ Development,
Inc. under contract
_'ith the National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration,
George
C. Marshall Space Flight
Center,
Marshall
Space Flight Center,
Alabama.
It is intended
that this Handbook
document,
a summary
of the materials
available
on alloy A-286.

present,
property

in the form
information

of a single
presently

The Handbook
is divided
into twelve
(12) chapters.
The scope of
the information
presented
includes
physical
and mechanical
property
data
at cryogenic,
ambient,
and elevated
temperatures,
supplemented
with
useful information
in such areas
as material
procurement,
metallurgy
of the alloy,
corrosion,
environmental
effects,
fabrication
and joining
techniques.
Design data are presented,
as available,
and these data are
complemented
with information
on the typical
behavior
of the alloy.
The
major
source used for the design data is the Department
of Defense
document,
Military
Handbook-5A.
Information
on the alloy is given in the form of tables and figures,
supplemented
with descriptive
text as appropriate.
Source references
for the information
presented
are listed at the end of each chapter.

(with

Throughout
the text,
which measurements

tables,
and figures,
common
were made) are accompanied

engineering
units
by conversions
to

International
(SI) Units,
except in the instances
where double units would
over-complicate
presentation,In these
or "vhere
SI units
are impractical
(e.
machine
tools anddata
machining).
instances,
conversion
factors
are g.,
noted. A primary
exception
to the use of SI units is the conversion
of 1000
pounds per square inch to kilograms
per square millimeter
rather than
newtons,
in agreement
with the ASTM that this unit is of a more practical
nature for worldwide
use.

ACNOWLEDGMENTS

This "Materials Data Handbook: Stainless Steel A]_loyA-286 I_was

prepared by Western Applied Research & Development, Inc. under Contract No. NAS8-26644 for the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center of
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The work was administered under the technicaldirection of the Astronautics Laboratory,
Materials Division of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center with
Mr. Wayne R. Morgan acting as Project Manager.
Sincere appreciation istendered to the many commercial organizationsand Government agencies who have assisted in the preparation
of this document.

IL

TABLE

Preface

CONTENTS

..........................................

Acknowledgments
Table

OF

of Contents

.........

ii

...........................................

iii

.......................

iv

Tabular

Abstract

Symbols
Conversion

-Factor

v
viii

Chapter

General

Information

Chapter

Procurement

Chapter

Metallurgy

Chapter

Production

Chapter

Manu.'acturing

Chapter

Space

Environment

Chapter

Static

Mechanical

Chapter

Dynamic

and Time

Chapter

Physical

Properties

Chapter

10

Corrosion

Chapter

II

Surface

Treatments

Chapter

IZ

Joining

Technique_

..................

Informat_.on

.......

3
.............

Practices

...........

Practices

Z3

.......................

Z9

5.

_
4-

,,.

Effects
Properties
Dependent

................

"''''

...................
Properties

41
........

................

l%esistance

and Protection
...........................
- .......................
---

35

............

61
75
79
83
87

llt

TABULAR
Stainless

ABSTRACT

Steel

Alloy A-286

TYPE:
Precipitation
NOMINAL

hardenS,

g, heat

treatable,

austenitic

_tainless

steel

COMPOSITION:

Fe-15Cr-Z5Ni-Z.

ITi-I. ZMo-0. ZA/

AVAILABILITY:
Sheet, plate, bar, tubing, forgings, cast, .gs, wire, rivets, bolts,
and screws
TYPICAL

PH_/SICAL

PROPERTIES:

Density
Thermal
Conductivity
Av. Coeff.
of Thermal
Specific
Heat
Electrical
Resistivity
TYPICAL

MECHANICAL

Exapnsion

_
_

1800F (98ZC) plus ages

1650F
(899vC) plus age
Ft,,, 1800F plus age
1650F plus a_e ............
e(Z in or 4D), 1800 F plus age
1650F plus age
E (tension)
--FABRICATION
Weldability

.............

_,
,

Formability

....................

_
_/
_:
i

....
.....

....
....

More difficult
than austenitic
et_Inles
steels;
easiest
of PH stainless
steels
(fusion and resistance
methods)
Similar
to austenltic
steels,
but
slightly as more
resistant
Same
for 300
series
of stalniess
steels,
but at slower
rates

..................

COMMENTS:
A superaL1oy,
with high strength,
good resistance
to corrosion
ation,
and low relaxation,
for service
at temperatm'es
as high
OF (704 o C); also excellent
properties
mt cryogenic
temperatures.
,1,1325F

(718C)
iv

145 ksi (10Z ks/turn _)

157 ksi (110 kg/mm _)
95 ksi (67 kg/rnn_ z)
10Z ksi (7Z kg/mm s)
Z4 percent
25 percent
Z9.1 x l0 s ksi (ZO. 5 x I0 s kglmrn a)

CHARACTERISTICS:

MachlnabLlity

?
_"

PROPERTIES:

Ftu,

--

7.94 g/cm s at room temperature

0. 057 cal/cm _/sec/cm/
C at 6000 C
17.0 _cm/cm/C
at 600C
0.II
callcm _ C (Z0--700C)
91.0 microhm-cm
at 30.6C

and oxldas 1300

SYMBOLS

a
A

AC
AIVIS
Ann
ASTM
A_, or Avg
B

One-half
notch section
dimension
Area of cross
section;
"A" basis for mechanical
property
values
(MIL-HDBK-5A)
Angstrom
unit
Air cool
Aerospace
M_terial
Specifications
Annealed
American
Society for Testing
Methods
Average

'

b
bcc
BHN
br
Btu

"B" basis for mechanical

HDBK-SA)
Subscript
"bending"
Body centered cubic
Br inell hardne s s number
Subscript
"bearing"
British thermal unit(s)

_,._:
:_'
ll
i
:

C
c
CD
CF
cm

Degree(s)
Celsius
Subscript
"compression"
Cold drawn
Cold finished
Centimeter

CW
CVM

Specific
Cold rolled
heat
Cold worked
Consumable
vacuum

D or Dis
DPH

Diameter
Diamond

E
Ec
e/D
Es
Et
eV

Elongation
in percent
Modulus of elasticity,
Modulus of elasticity,
Ratio of edge distance
Sccant modulus
Tangent modulus
Electron
volt(s)

0F

_egree(s)

_ru
Fb_y

Subscript
Bearing ultimate
"ffatigue" strength
Bearing
yield strength

_"

pyramid

property

values

(MIL-

melted

hardnes

tension
compression
tc hole diameter

Fahrenheit

fcc
FC

Face centered cubic

Furnace cool

FFcy
su
Ftu
Fty

Compressive yield strength

Shear stress; shear strength
Ultimate
tensile
strength
O. 2% tensile
yield strength
(unless

g
G

Gram
Modulus of rigidity

HAZ
hcp
hr
HT

Heat affectedzone in weldments

Hexagonal close pack
Hour(s)
Heat treat

IACS
in
iprn

International
annealed
Inch
Inches per minute

oK
K
Kc
kg
Klc
ksi

Degree(s)
Kelvin
Stress
intensity
factor;
thermal
conductivity
Measure
of fracture
toughness
(plane stress)
crack growth instability
Kilogram
Plane strain fracture
toughness
value
Thousand pounds per square inch

Kt

Theoretical

L
lb
LT

Longitudinal
Pound
Long transverse

M
m
M

Bending moment
Meter
Subscript
"mean"
Maximum
Milliliter
Military
Minimum
Millimeter

ml
MIL
Min
mm

elastic

indicated)
t

copper

stress

(same

otherwise

standard

concentration

at point

of

factor

as transverse)

@
N
NSR
NTS

Cycles to _ailure
Notch strength
ratio
Notch tensile
strength

OG

Oil quench

ppm

Parts

per

pt

Point;

part

million

vt
I

'_;

r
RA
RB
RC
rpm
RT

Radius
Reduction in area; Rockwell hardness A scale
Rockwell hardness B scale
Rockwell hardiless C scale
Revolutions
per minute
Room temperature

SA
sec
S-N
Spec
ST
STA

Solution anneal
Second
S = stress; N = number of cycles
Specifications;specimen
Solution treat;short trans .'erse
Solution treated and aged

T
t
Temp
typ

Transverse
Thickness; time
Temperature
Typical

Var
VHN

Variable
Vickers

W
WG

Width
Water quench

hardness

number

_p

CONVERSION

To Convert
angstrom

Btu/ftZ

F
/sec/F-inch

circular

rail

'

Multiply

millimeters

I x 10-7

cal/g/o

cal/g/cm_

/sec/C-cm

square

By
l

1.2404

centimeters

5.0_,7

meters

075 x I0 -s

cubic

feet

cubic

cubic

feet/minute

liters/second

0. 4720

cubic

inches

cubic

16. 387 162

0. 028 317

centimeters

feet

meters

0. 304 800 609

foot-pounds

kilogram-meters

0.138

gallons
inches

liters
millimeters

_. 785 411
25.4

(U.S.)

ksi (thousand
per square

'

To

units

Btu/lb/

FACTORS

pounds
inch

kilograms/square

microns

millimeters

mils

millimeter

ounces

(avoir.)

ounces

(U.S.

pounds

(avoir.)

fluid)

pounds/foot
pounds/cubic
square

feet

square

inches

Temperature
Temperature

foot
(U. S. )
(U. S. )

millimeter

255
784

0. 70307
0. 001

0. 0254

grams

28. 349 527

rnLUiliters

29. 5729

kilograms

0. 453 592 37

kilograms/meter

I. 488 16

grams/cubic

centimeter

0. 016 018 463

square

met ers

0. 092 903 41

square

centimeters

6.451

in C = (o F- 32) (5/9)
in OK - C + 273.15

viii

625 8
@

Chapter
GENERAL

1.1

INFORMATION

Alloy A-Z86 is a precipitation-hardening,

heat-treatable,
austenitic
stainless
steel developed
as an improvement
on the German
alloy
"Tinidur."
As a "superalloy"
or "heat-resistant
alloy,"
it has been
designed
for service
at temperatures
as high as 1300 F (704C) for
applications
requiring
high strength
and good resistance
tc corrosion
at operating
temperatures,
and for service
at higher temperatures
where applications
are at lower stresses.

l.Z

Hot-working characte_iotics resemble those of other stainless steels

rather than other superalloys. Machinability of .A-286 is similar to
that of other austeniticsteels, including"gumrning," in the soft solutiontre-_tedcondition. The alloy is welded readily by shielded-arc and
inert-gas-arc techniques; however, itis recommended
that the material be in an essentiallystress-free solution-treatedconditionprior
to welding.

1.3

Good resistance has been shown against all atmospheres

encountered

in jet engines and turbo supercharger service up to at least 1300F

(104C).
Excellent
performance
is shown in Z0-percent
salt spray
corrosion tests. The high nickel content affords more resistance to
dilute,
q

I. 4

_
_

1.5

cool

sulfuric

acid

solutions

than

18-8

stainless

steels.

Typical areas of application

include structures
for jet engines
and
superchargers,
turbine
wheels
and blades,
frames,
castings,
and
afterburner
parts.
Alloy A-286 is particularly
attractive
for applications as fasteners
and springs
for elevated-temperature
service
because
of relatively
low stress-relaxation
or loss of load in
operations

and c_tre must be used in pickling

with HNO3--HF solutions
after
aging.
Resistance
to
corrosion
is
_ot
good
in
strong,
selective
enPrecautions.
Intergranular
corrosion
may occur in the aged condition,
vironments
such as in HNOs--HF
mixtures
and boiling 65 percent
sulfuric
acid.

.P. "ll

Chapter

1 - References

1.1

American Iron and Steel Institute,"High-Temperature

Alloys," AISI, February 1963.

I.Z

Alloy Digest, "Allegheny A-Z8_." (FilingCode SS-4), Engineering

A/loys Digest, Inc., New Jersey, D_cember
1952.

1.3

ASTMSTP-160,

I.4

Allegheny Ludlum

I.5

Carpenter Tl_chnology Corporation, B_Carpenter A-286," Technical

Data, June 1970.

I.6

Univera1-Cyclops/Speciadty Steel Division, "Unitemp

3020, 1971.

1 7

Superior Tube, "Super Alloy Tubing," Bulletin71, Jtme I%8.

I. 8

J.G. Sessler
and H.G. Weiss,
Handbook,"
AFML TR 68-115,

I. 9

DMIC Memorandum
Z45, "Current
in Aircraft
Gas Tu._bine Engines,"

"A-286 Alloy," A_gusL 1954,

High-Strength

p. 70.

Steel Corporation, t_A-Z86,'vProd-tctBulletin.

Eds.,
"Aerospace
1971 Edition,
Vol.

A-286, 'tHT-

Structural
I.

Metals

and Future Usage of Niaterials

Febcuary
I, 1970.

o ._ib

Chapter

PROCUREMENT

2. i

General
Alloy
strip,

AZ86 is available
as billets,
bars,
forgings,
shapes,
and tubing (refs.
_.. 1 through
2.5).

2.11

Alternate

2.2

Procurement

designation.

Iron

and Steel

Institute,

plate,
AISI 660.

that apply specifically

are no specific
Military

to A-286 are listed

in
or ASTM specifications.

Ma_or Producers of the Alloy (United States only) include:

Altemp

_
....

American

sheet,

Specifications

AMS specifications
table 2.2.
There
Z.3

INFORMATION

c
A- __.Su

Carpenter A-280

Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation

Oliver
Building
Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
Carpenter
Technology
150 W. Bern Street

Corporation

Reading, Pennsylvania

Z.4

A Z86

Republic Steel Corpor ation

Special Metals Division
Mas silon, Ohio

A-286

Superior Tube
1938 Germantown
Avenue
Norristown, Pennsylvania

Uniternp A-286

Universa_Z.yclops Specialty Steel Division

650 Washington Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Available

Forms,

Sizes_

and Conditions

See table Z. 2 for information

Consult producers
for details
information.

on available
on available

forms
size8

and conditions.
and purchase

-._

TABLE

2.2.

--AhiS

Specifications

Source

Ref.

Alloy
Spec.

for Various

Forms

of Alloy

2.6

A-Z86
No.

Item

Condition

5525C

Sheet,

strip,

and plate

Sol HT

5731D

Bars,forgings,
and rings

tubing,

573ZC

Bars,forgings, tubing
and rings

Cons elec melted, 1800F(982C)

sol and prec treated

5734C

Bars, forgings,and
tubing

Cons elec melted, 1650 F(899C)

sol HT

5735G

Bars,forgings, tubing,
and rings

1800F(98ZC)

sol and prec HT

5736F

Bars, forgings,tubing,
and rings

1800F(982C)

sol treated

5737E

Bars, forgings,and
tubing

Cons elec melted, 1650 F(899C)

sol HT and prec HT

5804B

Welding wire

Cold drawn,

5805B

Welding wire

Vac melted, cold drawn, as drawn

7235A

Rivets

1650F(899C)

7477B

Bolts and screws

Upset headed, HT,

sol and prec HT

roll-threaded,

7478G

Bolts

HT,

roll-threaded,

sol and prec

7479C

Bolts and screws

HT,

roll-threaded, 1650 F(899 C) HT

7481A

Studs

HT,

roll-threaded

74903

Rings,

Cons elec
sol treated

and screws

flash-welded

melted,

1800F(982C)

as drawn

sol and partialprec HT

-l

Note:

Specifications

as of May 1971.

HT

Chapter

2 - References

Z. I

Alloy Diges___t,
"Allegheny A-Z86,"
Alloys Digest, Inc., New Jersey,

2.2

Allegheny

2.3

Superior

2.4

Carpenter Technology
June 1970.

2.5

Universal-Cyclops
3020, 1971.

2.6

Aerospace
Inc., New

Ludlum
Tube,

Steel Corp.,

"Super

Alloy
Corp.,

(Filing Code SS-4),

December
1952.

"A-Z86,"

Tubing,"

Product

Engineering

Bulletin.

Bulletin 71, June 1968.

"Unitemp

Specialty Steel Div.,

A-Z86,"

"Unitemp

Technical

A-286,"

Material Specifications, Society Automotive

York; late=L Index, May 1971.

Data,

HT-

Engineers,

Chapter

3
C
,,R_C_[;!NG PA,E

METALLURGY

BI,ANK NOT FU,MYV_'

3.I

Chemical

Composition

3.11

Nominal chemical
composition.
Published
values
for "ty%_cal chemical composition"
(refs.
3. Z-3.13)
have been averaged
and rQunded
to province the nominal
chemical
composition
in percent
listed below:
C
IVm
S_.
Cr
Ni

0.05
I.33
0.55
15.0
25.4
Fe

Mo
1. ?.0
Ti
2.14
B
0.0005
V
0.26
A1
0.21
Balance

-,
.....
-__

\
3.12

Chemicai
composition range. The ranges of element concentration
in peruent listed below have been d_ rived from the highest
and lowest
values
reported
as typical
chemical
compositions
or ranges
(refs.
3. ?.-3.16):
C
Mn
Si
P
S
Cr

_"

'

0.05
1 00
0.40
0.02
0.01
13.5

0.08
Ni
2.00
Mo
1.00
Ti
0.04
B
0.02
V
16.0
A1
Fe Balance

24.0
1.0 1.75 0.00Z0.I00.16 -

_,_
_.

27.0
1.75
2.60
0.015
0.50
0.36

3.13

Chemical
composition
limits.
A/viS specified
for A-286 are given in table 3.13 according
for various
forms.

composition
limits
to the requirements

3.14

Alloying
elements.
The principal
alloying
elements
are nickel and
chromium.
Phase diagrams
for the iron-chromium-nickel
system
at room and elevated
temperatures
are given in figure 3.14.
The nickel provides
strenghtening,
stabilizes
the fcc matrix,
forms
y' and inhibits formation
of deleterious
phases;
it is present
in sufflcient quantity to favor the austenitic
structure
and to reduce the
temperature
at which austenite
transforms
to martensite
so that the
austenite
is re_ained on cooling
to room temperature
and even to
cryogenic
temperat'ares.
Chromium
provides
resistance
to oxidation
as we]/as
solid-_ulution
strengthening
(refs.
3.8,
3.17).
Aluminum
and titanium
are the primary
hardener
elements.
By
suitable
heat treatment,
they precipitate
lntermetallic
phases
such
as ordered
fcc y' _is(Ti,
A1)] from the matrix
to provide
high proofstress
at elevated
temperatures
(refs.
3.4, 3.8, 3.18).
7
_,---,

:_

s"

Stren_thenin$

Mechanisms

3.21

General.
Optimum
properties
of A-286 are obtained
by heat treating
and aging (precipitation
hardening).
Thus,
it is not necessary
to work
it in the temperature
range of 10O0 to 1500F
(538 to 816C) to
produce
high yield strengths
as is required
for other high-temperature
alloys.
(However,
cold working
affects
some properties
after aging
so that modified
heat treatments
may be required.
) Solution
treatment at 1800F
(98ZC)provides
optimum
stress-rupture
properties
after aging; solution
treatment
at 1650F
(899C) provides
maximum
room temperature
yield strength
or short-time
properties.
After
solution
treating,
A-Z86 is soft (about 150--160 BHN) and is in its
most ductile
condition.
Aging at 1300--1400F
(704--760C)
results
in an increase
of hardness
to 260--340 BHN. The high strength
of the
alloy is developed
during the aging treatment
by the random
formation of a fine precipitate
of [Ni 3 (Ti, A.I)] in the austenitic
matrix
(Refs.
3.3,
3.5,
3.6,
3.9,
3.15,
3.19).

3.22

Precipitation
Hardenin$.
A great number of investigations
have been
made on the strengthening
mechanisms
and microstructure
of ironbase superalloys
such as A-286.
In one of these _tudies
(ref. 3.20),
it was shown that (a)A small A1 content (up to 1 percent)
increases
the amount of age hardening
of a Ti-bearing
steel,
but further
additions decrease
the amount;
(b) Increase
of Ti content at any A1 content increases
age hardening;
(c) The amount of aging in a Ni-A1-Ti
steel is greater
thin can be obtained
with the single addition of similar amounts
of A1 and Ti; (d) The optimum
composition
for a 25Ni15Cr steel would contain 1 percent
A1 and 2.5 percent
Ti. The
precipitating
phase for this cc._. position
was identified
as Niq(A1, Ti).
In a study of the mechanical
properties
of austenitic
steels
containing y' precipitate
[Ni3(Ti , A1)] , it was determined
that a large increase
in proof-stress
occurs
during aging as a result of particle
growth at almost
constant volume fraction
of precipitate.
Up to the
peak proof-stress,
dislocations
are paired because
of the high antiphase-domain
boundary
energy,
and this accounts
satisfactorily
for the increasing
proof-stress.
The value of the antiphase
domain
boundary energy
is higher at higher Ti/AI ratios.
Misfits
between
0 and 0.4 percent
have no effect on yield strength.
During an Orswan looping process,
which bypasses
large particle,%
a transition
occurs from paired to single
dislocations
that reduces
the fall in
stress
with increasing
particle
size. A back stress
detectable
at
low strains
arises
from stable Orowan loops and causes
workhardening..t/.ore
marked work-hardening
associated
with debris
in the slip planes is shown by alloys with high TI/AI ratios (e. g.,
A-286), apparently
a result of bypassing
of particles
by cross-slip
which gives rise to con_plex slip interactions
(ref.
3.4).
Aging at about 700C causes
the formation
of the desirable
strengthenlng _' phase _fqla (Ti, A1)]. However,
aging at higher temperatures,
for example.
800uC., or overaging,
can cause the formation
of a

cellular
precipitate,
hexagonal
1] Ni3 Ti. A large
amount
of the 1]
phase is considered
undesirable
because
it leads to low ductility,
particularly
creep ductility
(refs.
3.8,
3.20).
In overaged
alloys,
deformation
has caused
the loss of coherency
between
the y' and
the austenite;
slip was observed
primarily
in the _,'-austenite
regions,
but fracture
of the cellular
colonies
was observed
at large
deformations
(ref.
3.21).
On the other hand,
cellular
precipitation
can be
considered
a fairly
stable form of dispersion
hardening
and thus show
resistance
to overaging,
which can be useful _n maintaining
highstrength
levels
after aging or during testing
at elevated
temperatures
(ref.
3.20).
It has been suggested
that the _ Ni 3Tiphase
be used to
advantage
to control
the microstructure
and properties
of superalloys
(ref.
B. 11).
3.23

Solid- Solut ..on Stren_then_.n_.

It has been shown that solid-solution
hardening
is slight with respect
to room-temperature
properties
of
A-286.
However,
the presence
of certain
elements
in the alloy can
promote
the strengthening
of properties
at elevated
temperatures.
These
elements,
generally
interstitial
in nature,
also alter the lattice
parameter
of the fcc matrix,
and thus the degree
of hardening
produced by a precipitate
can be affected
by means
of the magnitude
of
developed
coherency
strains.
For example,
boron retards
formation
of _) and markedly
improves
stress-rupture
properties.
Molybdenum
and chromium
are also solid-solution
strengtheners
(refs.
3.8,
3.18,

3.zo).
3. Z4

Heat Treatment.
The strength
of alloy A-286 is obtained
by a solution
heat treatment
(annealing)
followed
by an aging (precipitation
hardening) treatment.
Recor_nended
treatments
are given in the following
subsections
(refs.
3.1,
3.6,
3.15,
3.19).

3. 241

Solution treatment
Bars and forgings:

3. 242

Solution treatment
for optimum
short-time
Heat to 1650F
(899C),
hold I to 2 hours

3. Z43

Aging treatment.
Heat to 13000 to 1400F
(7040 to 760C),
hold 12 to 16 hours at heat
and cool rapidly.
A temperature
of 1325F
(718C) is generally
used.

3. Z44

The effect of age-hardening

on the properties
of A-286
genic temper;_tures
is illustrated
in figure 3. 244.

"

"
t_
::

'

for optimum
stress-rupture
properties.
heat to 1800F
(982C),
hold 1 hr at heat,
cool rapidly.
Sheet and strip:
heat to 1800F (98ZC),
hold for 1 hr per inch
(25.4 ram) of thickness,
cool rapidly.
Large sections
are oil- or water-quenched
from the solution
temperature.
Sheet and strip may be water quenched or fan cooled
if distortion
must be held to a minimum.
tensile
at heat,

properties.
cc_ol rapidly.

sheet

at cryo-

9
f,

....

3.25

Cold _Norking. Alloy A-286 may also be strengthened by cold working

prior to aglng; for example, tensile strengths of 150 to about 220 ksi
{105 to 155 kg/mm _) are developed by cold reducing in amounts up to
60 percent and then aging in the range lZ00 to 1300F (6470to 704C).
As a general rule, as the amount of cold work is increased, the aging
temperature should be lowered for ma_.imum hardness and short-time
tensile strength. Cold working affectsmechanical properties because
of its influence
on grain-size
growth and the reaction
kinetics
of aging.
The critical
amount of cold work must exceed
1 to 6 percent
to avoid
the growth of abnormally
large grains.
As far as the rate of hardening is concerned,
A-286 may be redt_ced as much as 90 percent
before a _oftening
treatment
is required
(refs.
3.6,
3.19).
The effect
of cold working on room-ten.perature
tensile
strength
of A-286 compared with stainless
steel Type 302 is shown in figure
3.25.

3. 251

The effect of aging temperatare

and cold-reduction
on the hardness
of
A-286 i_ illustrated
in figure
3. 251. The effect of cold reduction
and
aging temperature
on the tensile
properties
of A-286 is presented
in
table 3.Z51.

3. 252

A double-aging
treatment,
that is, aging temperatures
higher than
normal
followed
by a second aging cycle at temperatures
lower than
normal,
is somtimes
used to obtain uniformity
of properties
in parts
that have been cold-worked
nonuniformly.
In these instances,
for
A-286 parts with varying
amounts
of cold work,
double-aging
at
1400 F (760 C) and 1300 oF (704 C), respectively,
provides
more
uniform
short-time
tensile
properties,
hardness,
and creep rupture
properties
than the usual single aging treatment
at 1325uF (718C);
structural
stability
of the part in service
is also improved
(ref. 3.19).
An ex_.mple of the effect of double aging is given in table 3. 252.

3.26

Stress
Relief.
Heat-resistant
alloys,
such as A-286,
cannot be stressrelieved
because
the intermediate
temperatures
result
in aging.
Hence,
in order to restore
ductility
and reduce
stresses
in cold-formed
parts
and weldments,
the alloy is heated rapidly to the annealing
(solutiontreating)
temperate.
In forgings,
finishing
temperat_tre
is usually
above 1700_F (926uC) so that stress-relieving
is not required
for asforged parts (ref. 3.19).

3.3

Critical

i
i

Tempers.tures

Intermetallic
750 _ to 800C
Melting
range, precipitation
1371--1426C reaction,
(2500-q.bO0F)
(refs. (1382--1472F)
3.6.
3.9).
(ref. 3.20).

i
3.4

,_

:_
>_

Crystal

Str .uc.ture

Alloy A-286 has a face-centered-cubic

(fcc) matrix
(austenite)
strengthened by gamma prime precipitation,
with a tendency
to form topologically close packed phases
such as sigma,
mu, Laves,
and chl (refs.
3.8,
3.13).
.The properties
of precipitated
tntermetallic
phases
are
given in talfle 3.4.

10

!_
_

3.5

Microstructure
General.
The structure
of the austenitic
solid solution
in A-Z86 is
modified
by most of the elements
added for precipitation
hardening,
and there is some correlation
of lattice
parameter
with atomic
size
of the substitutional
element.
The size effect is _mportant
to solid
solution
strengthening
and affords control by d_iiberate
mismatch
of alloying
_lements
over the coherency
strains
resulting
irom precipitation
hardening.
Aluminum
and titanium are potent substitutional
elements.
There is a propensity
for stacking
faults in A-Z86,
although
dislocation
content is low. Stacking fault energy is lowered
by chromium, molybdenum,
and titanium,
and increased
by nicI_el.
The effects
of stacking fault changes
will be seen in the nucleation
and growth of
precipitates
as well as in the resistance
t_ deform_ttion
by the austenite
(ref.
3.13).

3.51

Gamma
Prime
I_(') Phase.
The importance
of the 7' phase is unique
because
it is only a titanium
transition
phase,
based on ordered
fcc
[Nis(Ti,
A1)];the
equilibrium
phase is _ (Ni3Ti).
The 7t is the major
hardening
phase in A-286,
and is the most important
intermetallic
compound
because
of its natural
morphology
with small interparticle
distance,
preference
for general
precipitatzon
and large volume
percent. Other favorable
factors
include the high ductility
of the phase
compared
with minor precipitates
and the coherency
with the austenitlc matrix
because
of close lattice
matching.
It forms
as spherical
precipitates
(see figure 3.51) that have a low surface
energy
(refs.
3.8,
3.13,
3.ZO, 3.21).

3.52

Eta (_I Phase.

In the approach
to equilibrium,
the y' transition
phase is replaced
by _ phase,
hexagonal
Ni s Ti (see figure 3.5Z).
As a cellular
precipitate,
forming
in the range of 750--1800F
(399--982C),
it is nucleated
at grain boundaries
and can be detrimental
to notched stress-rupture
strength.
Precipitation
may also
occur as Windmanstatten
intergranular
1] which reduces
hardness,
strength,
and physical
properties,
but not ductility.
The presence
of boron and aluminum
retards both modes of formation
(refs.
3.8,
3.13,
3.18,
3.21).

3.53

Beta (B1 Phase.

For best mechanical
properties,
B phase
[Ni(AI,
Ti)] should be avoided.
It precipitates
in a few hours at 1100 1500F
(593--816C),
but rapid17 overages
to massive
plates
(see
figure 3.53) with large spacing values because
of lattice
disregistry.

3.54

Laves Phase.
Austenitic
steels
are embrittled
by the Laves phase
at room temperature,
but there is little effect at elevated
temperatures; for example,
Laves phase was found in the grain boundaries
of A-286 with no influence
on properties
at ll00F
(593C).
The
phase is precipitated
from IZ000-_000OF
(649--10950C}
in a morphology that varies
from general
intergranular
precipitation
to grain
boundary forms.
It has been shown that nlckel-containing
plmses
II

(V', 17,G) in A-286 can deplete the matrix composition in nickel and
pave the way for Laves phase precipitation(ref. B.I3).
3.55

_)
Phase. The Y phase appears in the temperature region of
_il
i750_
(6490 _ 954OC) with aging times longer than I0 hours;
the unit cell structure is (Fe_TNieCr13)(Mos._Ti4._).
The massive,
blocky morphology of the X phase at grain boundaries is not expected
to contribute to hardening (refs. 3.13, 3.23).

3.56

Sigma (a) Phase. The _ phase is a most well-known phase in ironbased austenites. Pormation of a, after prolonged times at 9000 -1700F (482 --9g6C), is minimized by nickel, promoted by chromium, and stabilizedby silicon.The a phase can cause embrittlement
at room or elevated temperatures to an extent influenced by the
amount and distributionof the phase. A continuous grain boundary a
can be detrimental, but blocky morphology in fine-grained austenite
can increase creep ductility(ref, 3.13).

3.57

G Phase. A common
elemental composition for the G-phase, based
on work with A-286, involves nickel, titanium, and silicon. G phase
may be found after solutiontreatment; ifnot, aging more than I00
hours at 1200o --1550F (649 --843C) is required for formation.
The morphology is generally globular at grain boundaries (see figure
3.57). This phase has littleeffecton room-temperature
w
0 impact
energy or short-time tensileproperties at 1200 F (649 C); however,
microcracking has been found in A-286 at the G phase--grain boundary
interfaces in stress-rupture at 1200F (refs. 3.8_ 3.13).

3.6

Metallo_raphic Procedures

3.61

General.
The techniques
for preparing
A-286 specimens
for cxamination of structura
by optical microscopy
are essentially
those used
for other austenitic
stainless
steels.
For example,
specimens
may
be polished
mechanically
by grinding
to an 80- or 120-grlt
finish on
a grinding belt or wheel _nd then polishing
with succeively
finer
en_iery papers
(ref. 3.24).
Alternatively,
specimens
may be electropolished,
which elim;nates
difficulties
of distortion
and the collection
of chips or particles
o_ the metal surface
that might arise from mechanical polishing,
but m&y lead to unsatisfactory
relief effect
when
large particles
are preseut
(ref. 3.25).
Etching of specimens
may
also be performed
as for stainless
steels,
by framerion
or by electrolytic
techniques.
Detail
of etchant solutions
are provided
in reference
3 26 and the Marshall
Space Flight Center "Materials
Data
Handbook: Stainles
Steel Type 301."
The techniques
and agentsdescribed
in the following
subsections
are those that have been used
for recent,
specific
examination
of A-286.

3.6Z

O tical Microco
. In a study of cyclic-strain-induced
oxldation
of
an

ar alloys,
s macroetch
of concentrated
aqua regia
was used first to reveal
grain boundaries.
For subsequent
microscopic _n_flon
to reveal
localized
oxidation,
a mlcroetchant
w_s
used that corisisted
of I0 l_rts
nitric acid, 10 parts acetic
acid, and
5 parts hydrochloric
acid (ref, 3.27).

_-

_:
_
_.
_
_

_.

3.63

Electron
Microscopy.
Intergranular
precipitation
of intermetallic
compounds
was studied
by electron
microscopy
and x-ray
diffrac=
tion (ref.
3.23).
Specimens
for electron
microscopy
were mechanically
polished
and then etched in a freshly=mixed
solution
of
92 percent
hydrochloric
acid,
5 percent
sulfuric
acid,
and 3 per=
cent nU.ric acid.
Parlodion
replicas
were chromium-shadowed
in
high vacuum
at a glancing
angle of 20 degrees.
For a study of the interaction
betweew dislocations
and intermetallic
precipitates,
tensile
strip specimens
were electropolished
and then
etched electrolytically
in a 10 percent
oxalic acid solution
to reveal
the structure
of the steel (ref.
3.21).
(The procedure
for electro=
1ytic etching with oxalic acid is given in reference
3.24. ) A two=
stage replication
procedure
was used for electron
microscopic
examination
of slip markings
at different
stages
during deform=
ation,
the procedure
involved
a formvar
replica
of the specimen
shadovCed by a gold-palladium
alloy and _-ubsequent
preparation
of
a carbon
replica
_ronn the shaOowed formvar
replica.
For transmission
e!cctron
microscopy,
specimen
strips
were chemically
thinned
to about 0. 005 inch (0. 127 ram) thickness
and then electropolished
with a standard
acetic acid--perchloric
acid solution.
Tensile
strip specimens
and aged sheet were examined
in a study
of the strengthening
mechanisms
in y'=precipitating
alloys
(ref. 3.4).
The tensile
specimens
were chemically
thinned
to 0.5=mm
slices.
Foils were prepared
by dishing
in 20 percent
sulfuric
acid at 50V
and finally polishing
in 10 percent
perchloric
acid in methanol
at
12V.

TABLE

3.1 3. --Variation

in AMS Specifications

Source

Ref.

for

Composition

L_.mits

3.1

_lov

A-286
5525C
5731C, 5734D
Spec. No.(a)
5736F
57_SG. 5737E
Element (b)
rain
max
rain
max
Carbon
0.08
0.08
Manganese
Z. O0
X.O0
Silicon
I.00
i.00
Phosphorus*
0.0Z5
0.0Z5
Sulfur*
0.025
0.025
Chromium
13.50
Z7.00 13.50
16.00
Nickel
24.00
27.00 Z4.00
Z7.00
Molybdenum
I.00
I.50
I.00
I.50
Titanium*
I.90
Z.30
I.90
Z.35
Boron
0.0030
0.010 0.0030
0.010
Vanadium
0.10
0.50
0.10
0.50
Aluminum
0.35
0.35
Oxygen*
.......
Hydrogen*
.......
*

Indicates

(a)See

table

element

5804B
.
..5805B
rain"
max
rain
max
0.08
0.08
Z.00
Z.00
I.00
I.00
0.0Z0
0.010
0.015
0.010
13.50
16.00 13.50
16.00
24.00
27.00 24.00
27.00
I.00
1.50
I.00
I.50
Z.00
2.45
Z.00
Z.45
0.0030
0.010 0.0030
0.010
0. I0
0.50
0.I0
0.50
0.35
0.35
0.005
0.0005

variations

Z. I for description

(b) Specifications

]
]

that apply

of specifications.

to chemical

analysis

are:

AMS 2248, Chemic-../ Check Analysis

Limits,
Wrought
and Corrosion
R sistant
Steels and Alloys.
ASTM

Heat

E353, Chemical
Analysis
of Stainless,
Heac Resisting,
/v[araging,
and Other S_mi/ar Chromium
NickelIron Alloys.

14

IS

A
,,,....
,.-,

<30

<

16

17

-250

-200

-150

-I00

-50

zoo- _'_

.......

- 15o

- 50
:
L

!
z

..,

....

, ,__8
-----_

">. 1000"

"13

O Aged 1350F(732C).
16 hrs. AC
Annealed

0
200

""

- 50

2.0

'
*

,,,i

,, ,

T
L

_.o
o ,_

Kt=

10

1.o.
1

80

,_,k

"_
"

wL

-':':_

,
-400

. _

i
-300

'.

i , ,' ,, ,I ,i,.I

FIGURE
sheet

at

-200
Test

-100

'

._.

,
I00 OF

Temperature

3. Z44. -- Effect
of age-hardenin_
on properties
cryogenic
temperatures"
0. 095-inch
(2.41-ram)

_ii

(_

"

"_N

_,

i ._.! _ ;

(Ref.

is

of A-286
thick.

7.12)

160

120

./

""

100

- 75

.....

_-

----'_-

_-___-286

"_

.-_ 8o

/
...

Typ

- 50

o
>, 40

25

4_

0
0

ZO
Amount

40
60
of Cold Work, percent

" _
/"

FIGURE 3. Z5. --Effect

temperature
tensile
pared with stainless

0
500

"

450

400
I'

Amount
of
Cold Work

600
_

_.

..,_ _'_

"_

_o

.,S

50%

800
' ' 't

/-\,,_

_
_

S,

350

I-_ _:_
0

200
'

of cold-working
on room
strength
of A-286 comsteel Type 302.
(Ref. 3.19)

....

250

_/
150 -----------0

400
800
Aging Temperature
(16 hrs

FIGURE

3. 251. -- Effect of cold

temperature
on hardness

1200
1600 F
at temperature)
reduction
of A-Z86.

and aging
(Ref.

19

3.19;

"_

Chapter

3.1

Aerospace
Material
Specifications,
Society
Inc.,
;qew York; latest
Index,
May 1971.

3.Z

ASTMSTP-187,

page 80.

3.3

ASTMSTP-160,

August 1954, p. 70.

3.4

D. Raynor and J.M, Silcock, "Strengthening Mechanisms

PrecipitatingAlloys," Metal Scl. J., 4, 121 (1970).

3.5

Allegheny Ludlum

3.6

Universal-Cyclops Specialty Steel Division, "Unitemp-A-286,"

HT3020, 1971.

3.7

1971 SAE

3. Q

C.P. Sullivanand M.J. Donachie, Jr., "Microstructures

anical Properties
of Iron- Base (-Containing}
Superalloys,"
En_.
Qtr.,
1._11
(4}, 1 (1971}.

3.9

American
Alloys,"

3.10

R.H.
Raring,
et a!.,
on Material
Research
May 1963.

3.11

D.R.
Muzyka,
"Controlling
Microstructures
Superallvys
via Use of Precipitated
Phases,"
11 (4), 12 {1971}.

3.12

G.P.
Sabol and R. Stickler,
alloys,"
phys. star. solid.,

3.13

R.F.
Decker and S. Floreen,
"Precipitation
from Substitutional
Iron-Base
Austenitic
and Martensitic
Solid Solutions,"
in Precipitation from Iron-Base
Alloys,
Metallurg.
Soc. Conf.,
Cleveland,
1963, Gordon & B1-each, N'ew York, 1965

3.14

Carpenter
June 1970.

3.15

Superior

3.16

J.H.G.
Monypenny,
Stainless
Iron and Steel,
Chapman
& Hall, Ltd.",London, 1954.

',

3 - References

Engineers,

in y'-

Steel Corp., "A-286," Product Literature.

Handbook,

Society Automotive Engineers, Inc., New

Iron and Steel

February
1963.

Technology

Tube,

Automotive

"Super

Institute,

"High

Temperature

High

York.

and MechMetals

Strength

"Progress
Report of NASA Special
Committee
for Supersonic
Transports,"
NASA TN D-1798,

Corp.,

Alloy

21

and Properties
Metals
Eng.

"Microstructure
35, 11 {1969).

"Carpenter

Tubing,"

of
Qtr.,

of Nickel-Ba_ed

A-286,"

Bulletin

71,
Vol.

Technical

June
2,

Super-

Data,

1968.

"Microstructures,"

3.17

C.J.
Slunder,
Treatment
for
5O89,
1968.

A.F.
Hoenie,
and
Precipitation-Hardening

3.18

C.P.
Sullivan
and M.J.
Donachie,
ture
on the Mechanical
Properties
En_. Qtr., 7 (I), 36 (1967).

3.19

Metals Handbook,
8th Ed., Vol. 2, "Heat
Finishing," American
Society for Metals,

3.20

K.J. Irvine, D.T. Llewellyn, and F.B. Pickering, "High-strength

austenitic stainless steels," J.I.S.I., 199, 153 (1961).

3.21.

F.G. Wil._on and F.B. Picketing, "Some Aspects of the Deformation

of an Age-Hardened
Austenitic Stee. ," J.I.S.I., 207, 490 (1969).

3.22

Marshall Space Flight Center, "Effects of Low

Structural Metals," NASA
SP-501Z,
December

3._3

H.J. Beattie, Jr., and W.C.

Hagel,
Intermetallic Compounds
in Complex
Metall. Soc. AIME,
ZZ..__I,
28 (1961).

3.Z4

ASTM
Standards, AZ62-64T,
and Ma6"erials, 1968.

3.Z5

J.M. Camp
and C.B. Francis, "The Making, Shaping,
of Steel," 6th Edition, United States Steel Co., 1951.

3. Z6

J.P. Vidosic, "Study of Phase Identifications in Steel and Aluminum

Alloys," Georgia Institute of Technology,
Final Project Report A641
for NASA., September
1963.

3.Z7

L.F.

Coffin, Jr.,

Trans.

A.M.

Hall,
"Thermal
Stainless
Steels,"

Jr.,
"Some
of Nickel-Base

Effects
of MicrostrucSuperalloys,"
Metal

Treating, Cleaning,
Metals Park, Ohio,

Temperatures
1964.

ZZ

and
1964.

on

"Intergranular Precipitation of
Austenitic Alloys," Trans.

Part 3, American

ASM,

and Mechanical
NASA SP-

56, 339 (1963).

Society for Testing

and Treating

Chapter
PRODUCTION

4.1

,
I
.
r

PRACTICES

General.
The production
of superalloy
steels
such as A-286 involves
a two-stage
refining
process.
The steel is first melted
and refined
in an electric
arc furnace
to produce
an ingot for remelting.
This
ingot is made the consumable
electrode
in a remelt
process
conducts
in vacuum
to ensure
a high-purity
alloy that will have the uesii'ed
._u-_ltles
of high strength,
resistance
to temperature,
and resistance
to corrosion
(ref. 4.1).
Production
less steels.

"

of mill

products

of Wrought

is similar

to practices

for

other

stain-

4.2

Manufacture

Products

4.21

Air Melting.
Alloy A-Z86 is first produced
by the double-slag
process (as for other stainless
steels)
that ensures
a fully deoxidized
or "killed"
ingot for additional
processing.
Production
of this air
melt must be carefully
controlled
to ensure
the highest
possible
quality
in the final vacuum-melted
product
(refs.
4.1,
4.2).

4. ZZ

Remeltin_.
The demands
of advancing
aerospace
technology
for supe
strong and super-re_istant
materials
have been highly instrumental
in encouraging
the development
of remelting
processes
that at least
mini_nize
the concentration
of elements
in alloy compositions
that
have deleterious
effects
on physical
and mechanical
properties
(refs.
4._,
4.3).
For example,
purity of the steel is one of many factors
which determines
the notch strength
of a steel in a given alloy systen
Also,
the tolerance
for embrittling
factors
is affected
by changes
in
the alloying
content,
l_Iore specifically,
it has been shown that the
gas content
of the consumable-electrode
vacuum
melt is far less tha:
that of the air melt,
for example,
Z9 percent
less hydrogen,
6Z percent less oxygen,
and 93 percent
less nitrogen.
Additionally,
impro,
ment in workability
has resulted
from improved
microstructure
and
minimization
of segregation
(ref. 4.4).
It. the remclt
process,
the ingot from the air melt is placed as the
electrode
in a vacuum-melting
furnace.
After the furnace
is sealed
off, it is evacuated
and then current
is al:plied to the electrode.
As
the electrode
melts,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and hydrogen
are removed
from the melt because
of the high vacuum
(ref. 4. I). By 1956, consumable
electrode
- vacuum melted
ingots were produced
up to Z6inch (66-cm)
diameter
(ref. 4.4),
and by 1969, up to 45-inch
(144cm) diameter
(ref. 4.3).
A comparison
of the transverse
ductility
of A-_86 from an air-melte
and a vacuum-melted
heat is given in figure 4. _-21. A comparison
of
the fatigue
strength
of air-melted
vs consumable
electrode-vacuum
rr,elted A-286 is given in figure 4. _.
23

4.23

Rolled Products (ref.4.5). Except for coils of thin strips or rods for
subsequent wire fabrication, rolled preducts are usually produced in
straightor flatsections. After solidification,cast ingots weighing
ur to I0,000 pounds (4,350 kg) are removed from the mold and heated
in a furnace in a sulfur-free atmosphere. {Even small amounts of
sulfur wi]l cause the material to be hot short and, possibly, to crack
during rollingat elevated temperatures. ) Ingots may be forged before rolling, or may go directly to the blooming mill for rollingintc
rectangular slabs; the hot-working range is n_rrow, which necessitates frequent reheating during the operations of ingot breakdown.
If the finalproduct is to be bar stock, ingots are forged to squares.
(Round shapes may also be forged in diameters of 3-I/Z inches to 6
inches (8.9 to 15.Z cm). After rollingor forging in the blooming mill,
billetsare surface-conditioned and the hot top end is removed. Usually,
ultrasonic inspection is made at this time, particularly since it is
difficultto heal defects in stainless steels during hot rolling.
The billetsare hot rolled on 3-high mills down to 3/8 inch {9.5 rnm)
plate. Billetsmay be cross rolled to minimize directionalvariatimas.
Frequent heating may be required as well as surface conditioning.
At this time,
the alloy is pickled
and ma 7 be shot-blasted
before further rolling.
Rolling is generally
performed
on a Z-high mill for
thicknesses
of 0. 045 to 3/8 inch (1.14 to 9.5 mm).
The sheet may be
finished
hot or cold. Rolling to thinner sheet is usually
done cold on
a cluster
mill.
Typical
fabrication
schedules
for bar involve hot rolling of the forged bars down to 2-1/4
inches (63.5 ram)on
a _4-inch
(61-cm)
mill,
followed
by surface
conditioning
and reheating
for rolling on a 10-in:h
(Z5.4-crn)
mill down to 5/16 inch (0.79 cm) diameter
rod. For wire production,
rod is coiled at this stage by cold drawing
into wire as small as 0. 001 inch (C. 0Z5 ram) in diameter.
Hot rolled sheet and plate are generally
annealed
after rolling,
and
descaled
by acid pickling
or vapor blasting.
Then, the alloy may be
rolled,
leveled,
and sheared
to length; sheet products
rnay be stretch
straightened
and cut to size.
Cold rolled products
may be given a
temper
treatment
for deliver 7 in the cold-reduced
and tempered
condition (CRT).
Mechanical
properties
depend on the amount of cold
reduction
and the tempering
temperature.
Bar products
over Z-l/4
inches (63.5 ram) diameter
generally
are straightened,
annealed
or tempered,
and ground to finished
size.
Bars of smaller
diameter
are straightened,
ground,
heat treated,
descaled,
and pickled prior
to cooling.
Most rolled products
are shipped from the mill in the
solution
treated
(annealed)
condition.

4.24

Extrusions
(refs.
4.9,
4.6).
Tubing and structural
shapes have been
p'roduced by the hot extrusion
process.
Extruded
shapes
such as tees
and angles
can be cold drawn to improve
tolerances
and achieve
thinner
gages. For example,
tee sections
with 0.06Z-inch
(1.57 ram)
webs have been extruded from A-286.
Techniques
for extrusion
are
similar
to practices
for stainless
steel.
By use of the Ugine-Sejournet
glass-lubrication
process,
extrusions
have been made at rat_.4 up
24

97:1 for A-286.

in this process,
billets
are transferred
from the
heating farnace
to the charging
table of the extrusion
press.
As
a billet rolls _nto position
before the container,
it passes
over
a sheet of glass fiber or a layer of glass
powder that fuses to the
surface
of the bille_.
Also,
a glass-fiber
pad is placed in front of
the die face during extrusion.
Billets
are heated in either gas- or
oil-fired
furnaces
by induction
or by salt-bath
heatirg;
long induction
times
are required.
Successful
extruding
of A-286 requires
accurate
teml_erature
control,
working
within a narrow temperature
range,
minimized
transfer
time from furnace
to extrusion
press,
and controlled
speed of extrusion
so that overheating
does not result from
the heat of deformation.
Products,
where possible,
are quenched
after extrusion
to remove
any adhering
glass.
In some instances,
air cooling is required
if
the extrusion
cross-sectional
area is large or if the alloy is sensitive to quench cracking.
Detwisting
on hydraulic
torsional
stretchers
or straightening
on roll straighteners
is usually
required
for extrusion
products.

_
_
i

4.3

Forging

(refs.

4.31

Billets,
ingots,
and bars for forging generally
are produced
by practices used for conventional
stainless
steels.
Requirements
for forging billets
are relatively
small;
thus,
suppliers
stock a few standard
sizes and either cog or roll them to the sizes specified
by the customer.
Forging billets
are usually
supplied
in the overaged
condition,
0
O
developed
by holding solution-treated
material
at 1150 F (621 C) for
several
hours.
Overaged
material
must be solu_.ion-treated
prior to
precipitation
hardening.
If billets
are supplied in the solution-treated
condition,
they may be precipitation
hardened
directly
after forging.

4.32

Wire,
Rod, and Tube. Alloy A-286 is readily
drawn into tube, rod,
and wire.
The tubing is used extensively
for both hydraulic
and deicing
systems
in aircraft.
Rod and wire are us,ed for f_.steners
and springs
where resistance
to corrosion
is ._mportant.

4.4

Castings

4.41

Alloy A-286 is cast in investment

molds.
For consistent
properties
at a higher level,
particularly
ductility,
it muBt be cast under vacuum
from certified
vacuum-melted
master
heats.
Alumina,
magnesia,
or
zirconia
crucibles
are satisfactory
after they have been cured by

(ref.

4.5,

4.6)

4.8)

several
wash heats.
Alumina or zirconia
facing
material
is preferable to a silica
facing
in investment
molds,
poured at a preheat
of
o
0
up to 1900 F (1038 C), because
silica may react to form surface
defects
in the casting.
The production
cycle for casting
a I P-pound
(5.2-kg)
charge is 6 minutes.

25

Alloy A-Z86 castings

are solution
annealed
at 2000F
(1094C)
for
1-1/Z hours per inch {per 7-5.4 ram} of section
thickness,
followed
by rapid cooling
in air to room temperature.

4O
Vacuum
Melted
o

"

30

'rj

Vacuum
Melted
20

......
Melted

_<
o "'_

10

Pl
_

Air

Melted

_/i
I

,,
Elongation

Reduction
in Area

FIGURE
7.4221. --Transverse ductilityof air-melted
vs. consumable-electrode vacuum melted A-28_.
(Re r 4.4)

_5
60 I_ _--

Vacuum

Melted

40
Air

Melted

i
_

30 ___ l

1
'

i:

- 25

Cycle,_

10
to Faiiure

I
100
x l0 s

FIGURE 7.4222.
--Fatigue
strength
at 1200OF
and consumable-electrdoe
vacuum-melted

27

(649C)of
air-melted
A-286.
(Ref. 4.4)

Chapter

4 - References

4.1

Republic
Steel Corp./Special
High Performance
Alloys,"

4.Z

S.J.
Matas,
"Influence
of Impurities
and Related
Effects
on Strength
and Toughness
cf High Strel.gth
Steels,"
paper presented
at American
Society
for Metals,
Golden Gate Metals
Conference,
February
13,
1964, San Francisco,
California.

4.3

R. Schlatter,
33 (1970).

4.4

R.K.
Pitier,
E.E.B.eynolds,
and W.W.
Dyrkacz,
"Consumable
Electrode
Vacuum
Remelting
of High-Temperature
Alloys,"
Conf.
of Metall.
Soc. of AIME on High Temperature
Materials,
Cleveland,
Ohio, April 16-17,
1957, Ch. 25.

4.5

D.E.
Strohecker,
A.F.
Gerds,
and
Processing
of Precipitation-Hardening
5088, 1968.

4.6

L.M.
Christensen,
and Techniques
for
July 1964.

"Vacuum

Metals Div.,
,Tune 1969.

Melting

of Specialty

"Now

and Tomorrow

Steels,"

J.

Metals,

with

2.Z_(4),

F.W.
Boulger,
"Deformation
Stainless
Steels,"
NASA SP-

"Development
of Improved
Producing
Steel Extrusions,"

Methods,
Processes,
ML-TDR
64-231,

4.7

A.M. Sabrof',
et al.,
"A Manual on the Fundamentals
Practice,
AFML TDR 64-95 Suppl.,
December
1964.

of Forging

4.8

J.G. Kura,
V.D.
Barth,
and H.D.
McIntire,
"Shaping
of Precipitation-Hardening
Stainless Steels by Casting and Powder Metallurgy,"
NASA SP-5086, 1968.

i
!
:,

Z8

&

Chapter
MANUFACTURING

.:

5
PRACTICES

5. i

General.
Techniques
for fabricating
precipitation-hardenable
(PH)
1_or,,
sta._,-2ess steels
are not very much different
_....
those used for
other
stainless
steels.
Alloy A-Z86 is slightly
more
resistant
to
deformation
than the austenitic
stainless
steels
during hot working.
It is t,.. most forgeable
of heat-resisting
alloys
In the solutiontreated
condition,
it is somewhat
stiffer
than stainless
steels
such
as Types 316 ahd 310; however,
it can be sat_.sfactorily
cold drawn
and formed.
Machining
can be performed
with the same techniques
and equipment
as used for the 300 series
of stainless
steels,
but at
slower
rates
(refs.
5.1 through
5.5).

5.11

Blanks for secondary

deformation
processes
may be produced
by
the cutting,
preforming,
or welding
of material
in the annealed
or
solution-treated
condition
to the desired
shapes
and sizes.
Shearing
is the most economical
and most widely used method.
Blanking,
normally
performed
on a punch press
to produce
the desired
shape
in one operation,
may be used for materials
of less than 0.1ZS-inch
(3. 175-ram)
thickness;
dies should be rigid and guide pins must be
used.
Low- or high-speed
bands may be used for sawing.
Slitting,
hand-shearing,
routing,
and nibbling
are also used.
Thermal
cutting
is often more efficient
for PH steel
material
thicker
than 1/4 inch
(6.35 mm).
PH steel blanks must be deburred
to minimize
damage
to forming
tools and assure
safety in handling.
Deburring
may be
accomplished
by draw filing or grinding
on materials
of less than
0. 040 inch (1. 016 mm) thick; for greater
thicknesses,
grinding
wheels
or machining
operations
(milling)
are suggested
{ref. 5.6).
Surfaces
should be free of imperfections,
soluble
substances
(oil, grease),
and
contaminants, such as iron, thatwill reduce resistance to corrosion.

5.2

Formin_

5.21

Alloy A-286 is normally cold worked in the annealed (solution-treated)

condition. As annealed, Rockwell B hardness is 75--85 and formability
is good. It is one of the most po'_ular high-temperature
alloys for
cold heading applications. For this purpose, dead softannealed wire
is sometimes
used,
but more often the wire is given a slight cold
draw to provide
better
shearability
and resistance
to flattening
(ref.
5.1).
Forming
processes
include:
Brake bending
Deep drawing
Spinning
Shear forming
Drop hammer
forming
Trapped-rubber
forming
Stretch forming

29

Tube forming
Roli forming
Roll bending
Dimpling
Joggling
Sizing
Explosive
forming.

5.22

in brake forming, A-Z86 is more easily bent at room temperature

than other IDI-I
steels such as 17-7 PH, IDH 15-7 Mo, AM
350, and
AM 355 (ref. 5.7); lowest springback among
the aged alloys is shown
by A-Z86 (ref. 5.8). in deep-drawing
processes,
A-286 can probably
be formed at a higher speed than most PH steels (ref. 5.6), that is,
greater than I0--20 feet per minute (3--6 m/min).
Shear forming,
generally used to reduce machining time on parts with shapes that
cannot be made by conventional forming methods,
has been used
successfully for A-Z86 jet-engine shafts (ref. 5.9). The derivation
of limits for drop-hammer-forming
of A-Z86 are discussed in reference 5.7. From
the standpoint of buckling in compression-flange
forn-ing (by trapped-rl,bber forn_ing), A-286 has the best formability
co_ipared with other PH steels (ref. 5.10). Alloy A-286 can be
stretched (stretch forming) more without splitting than other PH
steels !ref. 5.7), but can withstand less stretching strain in tube
forming (ref. 5. II). It is more easily formed by linear roll binding
and joggling than other PH steels (ref. 5.1Z).

5.3

Forging

5.31

The narrow
range of temperature
permissible
for forgin_ A-286 is
generally limited on the low side by a drop in forgeability due to
carbide precipitation. For most PH alloys, this reaction starts at
about 1750F (954C)
(ref. 5.6). Alloy A-Z86 forged at a temperature of Z I50F (i177C) displays low decarburization,
low scale,
fair grain size control, fair forgeability, and no thermal cracking
(ref. 5.13). Temperatures
recommended
for A-Z86 forgings receiving given nominal amounts
of reduction are as follows:
Maximun%
forging temperature
Light reduction, up to 15 percent
Moderate
reduction, 15--50 percent
Severe reduction, >50 percent
Variable reduction
Heating

in a reduced

atmosphere

2150 F
1800 F
ZI00F
ZI50F
Z 100 F

should be avoided

(I177 C)
(98Z C)
(I149C)
(I177C)
(I177 C).

t,,prevent

pick

up of nitrogen or carbon; neutral or slightly oxidizing atmospheres

are recommended
for forging A-Z86 (refs. 5. I, 5.6). Subsequent
scale can be removed
by pickling in HF--HNOs
mixture or by grit
blasting (see Chapter II). Lubrication practices are the same as for
austenitic steels. Specific cooling procedures
are rarely needed
after forging for heat-resisting alloys; if forging temperatures
are
correctly maintained,
the forgings can be cooled in stillair and
w_11 be in suitable condition for heat treating (ref. 5.5).

/
_

i_

5.4

Machinin_

5.41

Alloy A=286
is slower
to n.achine
than the 300 series
of stainless
steels,
and exhibits
the s_xne
gumminess
and work-hardening
characteristics
so that rigid :nachlne
setups
and sharp
tools
are required.
(_ hour at 13Z5F,
overaged
To overcome (several
the

718C)
or fully aged (16 hours
at 13ZSUF),
hours
at
15000
F,
816C)prior
to
gumming
condition,
the alloy
is oftenmachining.
partially

or
After
aged

overaging
to develop

and machining,
re-solution
optimum
propertles
(ref.

treating
5.1).

and aging

are

required

Other suggestions
for successful
machining
include
the use of
relatively
low cutting
speeds
with recommended
cutting
fluids to
reduce
buildup,
friction,
and tool-chip
temperatures.
By using
sharp tools of recommended
geometries,
work hardening
is minimized.
Also,
tools should cut, not push,
metal and they should
never rub or dwell in the cut (ref.
5.14).
Machine
tools for cutting A-286 need the following
characteristics
insure
rigid,
vibration-free
operation
(ref.
5.14):
(a) Dynamic
ba;.a,_ce of rotating
elements;
(b) True runi.ing
spindle;
(c) Snug
bearings;
(d) Rigid frames;
(e) Wide speed/feed
ranges;
(f) Ample
power to n_aintain
speed;
(g) Easy accessibility
for maintenance.
Milling machines
and lathes
also shou!d have backlash
elimination
devices
as well as snug, clean,
correctly-lubricated
gibs and slides.
Typical
parameters
for machining
A-286 are given in table 5.41.
Extensive
detail on machining
practice
is given in reference
5.14.

_:
/
_
,

5.5

Electrochemical

Machining

5.51

Most of the r pecific

data and information
on electrolyte
composition
and operating
conditions
for electrochemical
machining
(ECM) of
A-286 are proprietary
{ref. 5.14).
However,
some available
data on
representative
operating
conditions
are summarized
in table 5.51.
As indicate3
in the table,
good surface
smoothne
_ was obtained
for
cavity-sinking
with a sodium
nitrate
_lectrolyte
(ref.
5.16),
and
good cutting
results
with a sodium
chloride--boric
acid electrolyte
(ref.
5.17).
When the electrolytes
for cutting
contained
either
sulfuric or tartaric
acid, or hydrochloric
acid and tartaric
acid, poorer
cutting
performance
{maximum
feed rate of 0.27 in/rain
(6.86 ram)
was observed.
Data published
on the effects
of ECM on the properties
c A-Z86 indicate
thatno intergranular corrrosion occurs, and fatiguestrength
is essentiallyidenticalto that of the parent metal (ref. 5.18). In a
study of the susceptibilityof various steels to hydrogen embrittlement as a result of ECM,
an aqueous etchant was used that included
IS volume-percent HCf, 17 volume-percent HNO s and 31 volumepercent
H s PO 4 . No evidence
of hydrogen
embrittlement
was observed
in subsequent
constant-strain-rate
bend tests
(ref. 5.ZO}.

31

TABLE

5.41.

--Typical

Source

Machining

Refs.

i|

Alloy
Operation

Cond.
(a)

Turning

ST

Face
milling

Tool (b)
Grade

ST
STA

End
milling

ST
STA

Slab
milling

ST
STA

Drilling

ST
STA

Depth
of
Cut, in (c)

Fluid

Speed,
fpm (c)

none
none
none

0. 025
0. Z5
0. 187

150
40
80

0. 008 ipr
0. 010
0.01 3

T-_5
C-2
T-15
C-Z

non e
i
I
I

0. _5
0.25
0.25
0. Z5

45
120
55
IZ0

0.01
0. 004 ipt
0. 003
0. 004

T-_5
C-2
T-15
C-Z

I
I
I
I

0, Z5
0. 050
0. 050
0. Z5

55
I00
40
150

0. 003
0. 0035 ipt
!0.0035
0. 005

T-15
C-Z
T-5
C-Z

I
il
il
II

0. Z5
0. Z5
0. Z5
0.Z5

40
140
50
II0

0.00Z5
i0.006 ipt
0. 005
0.006

T-15

0._

50

T-15

10-Z0

10-Z0

M- 10

30

Broaching

ST,
STA

T-15

[
[

Burface
grinding

ST

downfeed,

rough,

0. 001

downfeed,

finish,

0. 0005

180-220

Bhn hardness;

STA,

280-320

(b) C-2,
carbide
tool;
for tool geometries

M- and T-,
high
and alternatives

(c)

I ft = 30.5

I inch

= Z5.4

sullurized

If, chlorinated

ram;

Feed

C-Z
T-5
C-Z

S TA

I,

5.15

Tapping

(a) ST,

5.14,

A-286

STA

=,_

Parameters

speed

0.005
0. 0005 ipr, I/8-in drill
0. 007 ipr, l-in drill
0.001 ipr, I/8-in drill;
0. 010 iprf 1-in drill
chip

load,

0. 002

ipp;

ipt

table
speed,
Z0 fpm;
wheel
speed,
6000 fpm
ipp; table
speed,
Z0 fpm;
wheel
speed,
3000 fpm

see

reference

:_

5:

..
.:

Bhn hardness.
steel;

._

5.14

cm.

oil

_
oil

3Z

TABLE

5.51.--Representative

Source

Chemical

Refs.

5.14,

5.16,

Parameter
Cavity

5.19

NaNOa,
5.0
(600 g/l)

Temperature

100F

pressure

Flow

range

rate

Current
Applied

voltage
rate

Depth (or length

of cut)
Cathode

wheel

speed

Surface

roughness

Operation
Cutting

Sinking

Electrolyte

Feed

5.17,

Conditions

A- 286

Alloy

Inlet

Machin.in_

lb/gal

NaC1, 200-227
g/1
H3BO3,
25 g/1

(38C)

70F

Gr inding
"Anocut
#90"
(a)

(ZlC)

3.9 gal/min
(14.8 I/rain)

741 A

240/240
psi
(0.17/0.17
kg/mm

_)

80-130

1Z. 0

10- lZ

0. 040 in/min
(i. 0Z mm/min)

0. 071 in/min
{I.80 mm/min)

3.7 in/min
(94 mm/min)

0. 510 inch
(13.0 ram)

0.0 to 1. Z in
O. 0 to 30.5 mm)

0. 005 inch
(0. lZ7 mm)

7200 surf ft/min

(Z196 surf rn/n_in)

lZ- 20 _in (av)

(0.3--0.5 _m)

(a) Anocut Engineering Company,

33

Chicago, Illinois

Satisfactory

Chapter 5 - References

5.1

Carpenter
Technology
Data, June 1970.

Corporation,

5.2

Univeral-Cyclops/Specialt7

Steel

5.3

i
:

A-286,"

Technical

Div.,

"Unitemp

A-286,"

Metals
Metals

Handbook,
Vc1.3,
"Machining,"
Park,
Ohio, 8th Edition,
1967.

American

Society

5.4

Metals
Metals

Handbook,
Vol.4, "Forming,"
American
Park,
Ohio, 8th Edition,
1969.

5.5

Metals
Metals,

Handbook,
Vol. 5, "Forging
and Ca3ting,"
l_'etals
Park,
Ohio, 8th Edition,
1970.

5.6

D.E.
Strohecker,
A.F.
Gerds,
cessing
of Precipitation-Hardening
1968.

5.7

W.W.
Vols.

5.8

Allegheny
Ludlum
Steel Corp.,
Drawn Wire,"
Tech.
Data Sheet

5.9

F. Jacobs,
"Effects
of Shear Forming
Upon the
Temco
Aircraft
Corp.,
ASD TR 62-380,
August

5.10

J.M.
Raymer
et al.,
"Metastable
Pressure
Vessels,"
AVCO Corp.,

5.11

W.W.
turing

5.12

W.W.
Wood, et al.,
"Theoretical
TR 61-191,
August 1961.

5.13

A.M.
tice,"

5.14

C.T.
Olofson,
J.A.
Gurklis,
and F.W.
Boulger,
"Machining
and Grinding of Ultrahigh-Strength
Steels
and Stainless
Steel All( lCs," NASA SP5084, 1968.

5.15

Metal

5.16

J. Bayer,
M.A. Cummings,
and A.U.
Jollis,
"Final
trolytic
Machining
Development,"
AFML TDR 64-313,

5.17

3.E.
C1ilford,
D.E.
Semons,
A/toy Cutting Program," AMC

5.18

R. 3. Favor and H.G.

Part I. Hastello7
X,"

5.19

H.W.
AZ43,
from

"Carpenter

5. Z0

R.L.
port

"Tensile
_
;,_rties
126-71659-3_0.

Databook:

Milling

1971.

Metals,

Metals,
Society

for

"Deformation
Pro" NASA SP-5088,
Technology,"
1963.
of AM-350

Properties
1962.

Cold-

of Materials,"

Austenitic
Forming
of High Strength
ML TDR64-174,
July 1964.

"Final
Report
on Advanced
Theoretical
Vols.
I and I1, AFML TR 64-411,
June
Formability,"

Vol_,.

of the Fundamentals
December
1964.

1968, pp.

Manufac1965.

I and II,

ASD

of Forging

Prac-

111-113.
Report on ElecSeptember
1964.

and J. McCallum,
"High-Temperature
TR 59-7-617, January 18, 1959.

PoplJ, "Materials
Property
Data Compi/ation.
5th Qtr. Rept.,
Cont. AF 33(657)-8017,
,N_ay 1961.

Jacobus,
'Surface
Effects
Cont. AF 33(657)-IIZ15,
Chemical

for

American

arid F.W.
Boulger,
Stainless
Steels,

Sabroff,
et al.,
"A Manual
AFML TDR 64-95,
Suppl.,

Progress

for

Society

Wood, et al.,
"Final
Re::. t on Sheet Forming
I and I.I, Report
No. ASD DR. 6?-7-871,
July

Wood, et al.,
Technology,"

HT3020,

of Electrolytic
December
II,

Operations,"

Jones,
"Suscept_,dity
No. MRG-219,
March

MAchining,"
1963.

Cnovalr/General

of MAterials
16, 1961.
34

to Hydrogen

Report

Dynamics,
Embrittlement

Re-

No.

Chapter
SPACE

ENVIRONMENT

EFFECTS

6.1

General.
Stainless
steels
are used successfully
in both structural
and
nonstructural
applications
for aerospace
vehicles.
In general,
these
alloys are relatively
insensitive
to degradation
under typical
space
environment
conditions.

6.7.

The low pressure

encountered
in space is conducive
to the loss of materials
of construction
by sublimation
(or evaporation)
because
molecules
which leave the surface
of materials
are not returned
by collisions
with
ambient
gas molecules.
Thus,
above altitudes
of about 160 kin, the
mean free path of a molecule
at ambient
temperatures
is so long in comparison
with the size of the spacecraft
that any molecule
which leaves
the surface
will not return.
Loss of material
by sublimation
in the
vacuum
of space is intuitively
obvious,
but the effect of very high
vacuum
on the rupture
._nd fatigue
properties
of materials
is unexpected;
however,
experiments
have indicated
that the density
of the gas surrounding
a material
is an important
parameter
defining
its bel _ .riot
under
stress.
Apparently,
the character
of the gas layer
adsorbed
on
materials
influences
certain
m_chanical
properties.
Thus,
prolonged
exposure
of materials
to a space environment
will alter
or remove
adsorbed
gas layers
and some of the physical
properties
of the materials
in space will be different
than on ear_n.
The removal
of material
from a spacecraft
structure
will obviously
lead
to an overall
weakening
of members.
The weakening
of a member
can
be simply
computed
by knowledge
of the mass-strength
relationship.
Where gross sublimation
of a matelial
is involved,
tests made before
and after exposure
of specimens
to a vacuum
will furnish
experimental
values.
Ideally,
the tests
should be performed
in an atmosphere
closely
resembling
the space environn_ent;
however,
for practical
evaluation
of the effects
of sublimation,
the most important
condition
to be met is
that a molecule
leaving
the surface
of the test piece has a negligible
chance
of returning.

"_
_

The rate of evaporation

muir ws equation:

of an ideal,

E_
i

where
ecular
tort,

pure

substance

is given

P
17.14

E is the rate in g-sec'l-cm

=a of exposed
surface,
weight of the material.
P is the equilibrium
vapor
and T is the absolute

by Lang-

temperature,

Ivl is the molpressure

in

WK.

Comparison
of predictions
from the above equation with experimental
data indicate
that the Langmuir
equation is conservative;
thus, the
equation must be employed
cautiously.
Further,
it is necessary
to
recognize
that its use to predict
vacuum volatility
is limited
by:
35

a.

The vapor pressure,

P, in the equation
is the equilibrium
pressure.
h_ the space environment,
molecules
which leave the surface
of the
liquic! or solid phase do not return,
and thus equilibrium
is not
establ'_,hc d.

b.

The molecular
weight of the evaporating
molecules
known; for most materials,
this molecular
weight
different
than assumed
(association).

c.

Oxide films
of molecules.

d.

In practice,
polymers)
molecular

e.

The process
of ev_-poration
for systems
of practical
interest
is
very different
from the purely random process
assigned
to ideal
systems.
For example,
evaporation
from loc_.lized
planes of
high surface
energy is much greater
than from planes of low
energy; this leads to uneven evaporation,
and etching of the surface becomes
evident.

or thin coatings

may

act as barriers

must be
is frequently

to the escape

most materials
are complex
mixtures
(alloys
or
which defy simple
treatment.
The average
assumed
weight of a system
can not be used in the equation.

As is evident from the above discussion,

the Langmuir
equation is limited to approximations
of evaporation
rates in a space environment;
it
is useful
in that it assists
in the selection
of appropriate
materials
of
construction
for spacecraft.
For example,
the equation
indicates
that
every substance
has a rate of evaporation
in free space as long as the
absolute
temperature
is not zero.
Thus, at a given temperature,
say,
ZSC, one should select materials
which exhibit very low vapor pressures; obviously,
the usual metals
of construction
(iron, copper,
etc. )
can qualify,
but there is some question
about the lighter
metals
such
as cadmium,
magnesium,
aluminum,
etc. Table 6.1 illustrates
the
estimated
sublimation
losses
suffered
by metals
in a space environment over a moderate
range of temperatures;
it is anticipated
that at
lower temperatures,
the rate of evaporation
will be infinitesimal.
It
is evident that zinc does not appear to be a ueeul rre tal for the cons_.ruction of spacecrafts
or components
which are exposed
to the high
vacuum of space.
Pure magnesium
metal barely qualHies
for the construction
of spacecrafts;
however,
the alloys of magnesium
which are
currently
used show conslderably
lower losses
because
the surface
presented
to the space environment
acts as a barrier
for sublimation
(oxide-chromate
c_nversion
coatings,
etc.).
Thin film0 of lead (as
in soldered
joints) may be weakened
by prolonged
exposure
to the
space environment.
On the other hand, a thin coating of pure tin will
act as an efficient
barrier
for sublimation
of other rnaterials.
(l_ef. 6.5).

ix

6.3

The effects
of nuclear
and indigenous
space radiation
on the rr.echanical properties
of A-286 are not expected
to be very elgnl/Icant.
The
results
of some studies
of irradiation
of the alloy are dlsculeed
in
Chapter 9.

36

Sputtering
of the surface
by atomic
or molecular
particles
can deteriorate
surface
finishes
in a relatively
short period.
The sputtering
process
is associated
with a minimum
threshold
energy value for
atomic
or molecular
particles
striking
a material
surface.
Typical
values
which have been obtained
for this threshold
energy are 6, 11,
and 12 eV for O, N_, and Om particles,
respectively,
to remove
one
or more atoms from the materials'
surface
upon which they impinge
(re. 6,1).
Loss of metal by this mechanism
can vary over a ,,vide
range and the greatest
loss may be expected
during solar storms
(rcf. 6.1).
However,
loss of metal by sputtering
has litt_.e structural
significance,
although it may seriously
affect optical and emissive
properties
of the material
surface.
The surface
erosion
of metals
and alloys
due to corpuscu_'a_
radiation
is probably
insignificant,
amotmtir,g
to something
of the order o _.254
nanometers
per year.
Indigenous
space radiation,
howew;r,
,.vA1 tend
co accelerate
the removal
of surfa.=e films on A-286 which might result
in _he loss of lubricity
and an incre,_sed
prr, pensity
to ",ohl weld. "
The interaction
of indigenous
radiation
with 0esorption
gases naight
cause some spurious,
transient
el3ctrical
_u_ d_ions
if the alloy is
used for electrical
applications.
6.4

Micrometeoroids
can produce
surface
erosion
sim{lar
to sputtering
but on a more macroscopic
scale,
and may also produce
punctures.
They vary widely in mass,
composition,
velocity,
and flux; generalizations
about rates of erosion
and penetration,
therefore,
must
be used with care.
The predicted
frequency
of impact as a function
of meteoroid
mass
is given in figure 6.1.
Calculat;ons
of armor
thickness
required for meteoroid
protection
are given in reference
6.11.

TABLE

6.1. --Evaporation Rates in Vacuum

Used in Aerospace

of Typical Elements

Alloys (a, b)

J.

Source

Ref.
,. m

6.14

.m

Evaporation
Element
Aluminum

--100 C
1.2x10

Rate,

0C

"el

1.1

xl0

g/crn

100 C
"4e

2.0x

lf} -s

4.1

250 C

500C

10"as

1.7x10

"_1

6.5x10

"la

x 10 -4a

7.4x10

-_s

2.0x10

"le

Titanium

<10 "g

2.5x

Iron

<10 .99

6.SxlG

Nickel

<I0 "9

5.7 x I0-v 1.3 x I0-4a 6.7x

"_

|,

_/sec

,4x10 -44 4.3xI0

-_g 9.1x10
I0-as 1.7x

1,2 x 10-94 1 -_x 10-66 6._ x I0-s9 4.0x

I0=ss 4.7 x 10=14

Chromium

9,5 x I0"ga 1.0x

I0-a" Z.2x

Manganese
Silicon

<.I0 "99
2._

l.gx10

x I0 "v_ 1.1

,:10 "s9

5.3

-sv

x I0 -e=

1.9xI0

x 10 -as

10=54 1.4x

"ea

x 10 -a

2.1x10
6.5

"dl

x I0 "as

3.6xI0
1.8

I0-3v 3.8x

Magnesilu_n

2.9

Zinc

3.5 x I0"a 5.I x I0"Is 1.8x

5.0x10
3.8x

-4z
I0 "Is

"4a 4.3xl0"ae

x I0 -Is
I0"9

1.3

x 10 -6

2.3x

I0""

1.2x10

rate

of each

5.5xI0
6.6

in combination

"_4

The actual
evapor&tion
others wi!l be lower.

(b)

The values may be in error by Jeveral

orderB of rr_gnitude
as
they have been extrapolated
from btgh-ternperature
datlt. The
rates at low tempeatures
will be consider&bly
less than the
valueb given in the table.

-Is

x I0 .8

2.80

(a)

38

element

I0-Is

1.6 x I0 -g

I0-Is

Copper

Vanadium

"Iv

with

\
3

e._McCRACKEN , ALEXANDER, DUBIN

1961

o
_-,

..---W

EXPLORER-

-2 maz_
i
"3
---4

HI PPLE

1963

PEGASUS
ELIrORO (RAOAR)---"/

"_\_VAN

DE HULST
,--.t_AUMANN
1966

NTATIVE

-6

1948
NASA

\ \

"7

WATSON

1941 _

\
"8

"9
-IO

MAGNITUDE

-II
L

-II -:b -9

FIGURE

6.1.

I,

-O -7 -6 -S -4 -3
LOBM (Ore)
-- Various

estirru_tes

-2

-I

of meteoroid

mass
(Ref.

39

_..

influx.
6.3)

Chapter

6 - References

6.1

C.G. Goetzel, J.B. R[ttenhousc

and J.B.
Space Materials Handbook,
Addison-Wesley
California, 1965.

6. Z

J.R. Redus,
ment," NASA

6.3

SAMPE,
Western

6.4

L.E.

"Sputtering of a Vehicle Surface

TN D-Ill3, June 1962.

in a Space

Environ-

The Effects of the Space Environment

on Materials_,
Periodicals Co., North Hollywood,
California, 1967.

Kaechele

for the Design

May 1960.

and A.E.

Olshaker,

"Meteoroids

of Space Structures,"

Aerospace

- Implications
Engineering,

Muraca,
et al., "Design Data for Pressurized
Contract NAS7-105,
November
!963.

R.F.
NASA

6.6

F.L. Whipple,
"On Meteoroids
Res., 68, 49Z9 (1963).

6.7

H.C. van de Hulst, "Zodiacal

phy__: J., 105, 471 (1947).

6.8

F.G. Watson, Between the Planets,

revised, Harvard University Press,

6.9

C.W.
McCracken
et al. "Direct Measurements
of Interplanetary
Dust Particles in the Vicinity of the Earth," Nature, 192, 441 (1961).

6. I0

R. J Naumann,
"The
TN D-3717, November

_. II

C.D.._4iller, "Meteoroid
Hazard
with Various Orientationp," NASA

Evaluation for Simple Struc.ures

TN D-6056, October 1970.

6. IZ

K.S. Clifton and P.J. Natwnann,

of Meteoroid Penetration," NASA

"Pegasus
Satellite Measurements
TM X-1316,
1966.

6.13

W.M.
Alexander
eta].,
IV," Science,
106, 1240

6.14

S. Dushma_,,
1949.

6, 15

M. Kangil_skl,
tural
Alloys,"

Vacuum

and Penetration,"

Gas

I__9,

6.5

Systems,"

I. Geophys.

Light in the Solar Corona,"

Near-Earth
1966.

Techniques,

Astro-

The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia;

Cambridge,
Mass.,
1956.

Meteoroid

Environment,"

"Zodia_.al Dust: Measurement

(1965).
John

Wiley

NASA

by Mariner

& So_ J,

"Radiation
Effects
Design
Handbook:
NASA C11-1873,
October
1971.

4O

Singletary, Eds.,
Press, Palo Alto,

New

Sec.

York,

7,

Struc-

Chapter
STATIC

MECHANICAL

Specified

7.11
7.12
7.12!
7.13
7.14
7.15

NASA Specified
Properties
AM$ Specified
Properties
AMS specific_properties
for
Military
Specified
Properties
Federal
Specified
Properties
ASTM Specified
Properties

7.2

Ela.stic

7.21
7.22
7.221
7.222
7.23
7.231
7. Z4
7.241
7.242
7.25
7.251

Poisson _s ratio at various

temperatures,
figure
7.21.
Young's
modulus
of elasticity,
E
Design value of E, 29.1 xl0 a ksi (20.5x10
s kg/mm 2) (ref.
7.4).
Values
of E at room and elevated
temperatures,
see figure
7.21.
Compression
modulus,
Ec
Design value of E c, 29.1 x 103ksi (20.5 x 103 kg/mm s) (ref. 7.4).
Modulus
of rigidity
(shear
modulus),
G
Design value of G, 10.4x10
a ksi(7.31
xl0 s kg/mm 2) (ref.
7.4).
Values
of G at room and elevated
temFeratures,
see figure
7.Zl.
Tangent
m.'.dulus
Tangent
modulus
in compression
at various
temperatures,
figure
7.251.

7.3
7.31
7.32

Hardness
(see also Chapter
3)
AMS specified
hardness
for various
Typical hardness
values
(refs.
7.2,

7.4
7.41
7.411

Properties

Properties

products,

table

7. 121.

and Moduli

products,
see
7.5,
7.6):

table

:_"

- Rc = 26--32
- Rb = 9Z--95
- Bhn = 302

7.4132

temperatures,
Stress-strain

7.4133

Typical stress-strain
temperatures,
figure

7. 4123

figure
curves

7.4131.
to
failure
curves
7.4132.
41

temperatures,

figure

7.4133.

for sheet
for

sheet

at room
at room

--

7. 121.

7.413
7.4131

7.4122

various

Strength
properties
(see also Ghapters
3 and 12)
Tension
Design
mechanical
properties
for STA sheet,
strip,
plate, bars,
forgings,
and mechanical
tubing,
table 7.4111.
Typical tensile
properties
of various
products
Tensile
test data for vacuum-melt
heats from two different
parent
melt heats,
table 7. 4121.
Typical tensile
properties
at room temperature
of various
mill
products,
table 7.4122.
Effect of cold reduction
on tensile
properties
of aged bar and wi, e,
figure 7.4123.
Stress-strain
diagrams
Stress-_train
curves
in tension
for sheet at room and elevated

7.412
7.4121

PROPERTIES

7.1

ST 1800F (982C) + aging

ST 1800F (982C) + aging
ST 1650F (899UC) + aging

!
,_

and elevated
and cryogenic

7. 414
7. 4141
7.4142
7. 4143

Effect of temperature
on tensile properties
Effect of temperature
on ultimate tensile strength, figure 7. 4141.
Effect of temperature
on tensile yield strength, figure 7. 4142.
Effect of elevated temperatures
on tensile properties of bar stock,
figure 7. 4143.
7. 4144 Effect of elevated temperatures
on tensile properties of STA tubing,
figure 7. 4144.
7. "145 Effect of elevated temperatures
on tensil properties of 15-percent
cold drawn and aged wire, figure 7. 4145.
7.4146 Effect of elevated temperatures
on tensile properties of 40-percent
cold drawn and aged wire, figure 7. 4146.
7.4147 Effect of cryogenic temperatures
on tensile properties of bar stock
and cold-worked-and-aged
bar, figure 7. 4147.
7. 4148 Effect of cryogenic temperatures
on tensile properties of STA sheet,
figure 7. 4148.
7.42
Compression
(see also table 7.411)
7.4ZI
Stress-strain curves in compression
for sheet at various temperatures, figure 7.421.
7.4ZZ
Effect of ten_perature on compressive
yield strength, figure 7.42Z.
7 43
Bending
7.431
Annealed
(1800F, 982C) sheet shall withstand, without cracking,
bending at room temperature
through the angle indicated below,around
a diameter
equal to the nominal thickness of the nuaterial with axis
of bend parallel to the direction of rolling (ref. 7.15):
Nominal
inch
to 0. 249
0.249 - 0.'149
7.44
7. 441
7.442
7.45
7.46
:
;

7. 461
7.4611
7.462
7.4621

_i
J

thickne s s
rnrn
6.32
6.32 - 19.0

Angle,
de_, min
180
90

Shear and torsion (see also table 7. 411 )

Effect
of temperature
on the ultimate
shear
strength,
figure
7. 441.
Effects
of cryogenic
temperature
on double-shear
strength
of colddrawn
and aged bar,
figure
7. 442.
Bearing
(see also table
7. 411)
Fracture
Notch
properties
Effect
of temperature
sheet,
figure
7. 4611.
Fracture
toughness

on notch

strength

of cold-reduced

and

aged

KIC = 181 ksi-bF_o_,

(641 kg/[_m al') for forging, cold worked and aged
at 1250--1300
F (687 --704 C); specimen
3.0 in (76.2 ram) thick by
3.4 in (_,6.4 ram) wide,
with crack
length
of 0.65
in (16.5
turn);
(ref. 7.16).

:}
_

TABLE

7. 121.

-- AMS Specified

Properties

Source
--,

Ref.

Alloy

, ,

m,

Ft.,

Product
'-'

for

,.........

min

A- 28 6
e(4D),

Redn.

Hardness

10
12
20
25

Rc,24-35
Z4- 35
24- 35
24- 35

18

BHN,
248 - 351

ksi kg/mm . in,

Products

7.1

F t , rain

ksi g/m

Various

Sheet, strip, and plate

(air melt);
1800F
(982C) ST
0.001-0.0015
in (a)
>0.0015-0.002
>0,002-0. 004
>0.004

105
105
105
105

73.8
73.8
73.8
73.8

1800F (982C) ST
plus aging {b)
0.001-0. 0015 in
>0.0015-0.002
>0.002-0.004
>0.004

!25
130
135
140

87.9
91.4
94.9
98.4

95
95
95
95

66.8
66.8
66.8
66.8

4
8
[0
[5

Bars, forgings,
tubing,
and rings
(air melt);
1800F
(982C) ST
plus aging (b)

130

91.4

85

59.8

15

Area,

Bars, forgings,
and
tubing (cons elec melt)l
1650-F (899C) ST
plus aging (b)

140

88.4

95

66.8

IZ

15

BHN,
Z77 - 363

Bars, forgings,
tubing,
and rings (cons elec);
1800F (98ZC) ST
plas aging (b)

130

91.4

85

59.8

15

20

BHN,
Z48 - 341

_
_%

(a)

1 inch = Z5.4 mm

(b)

1325F (718C)for 16 hr, AC.

43

TABLE

7.411.

-- D_esi_n

Mechanical

Source

Properties
Ref.

Alloy

for

STA

Material

7.4

A- Z 86

Form

Sheet,
strip,
and plate
Thickness

>0.004

(>0.102
Basis

Bars,
forgings,
and
mechanical
Lubing
in

Cu_Asumable

ram)

trode

Ftu, ksi (kg/mm

140

(98.4)

130

(91.4)

140

(98.4)

Fry , ksi

95

(66.8)

85

(59.8)

95

(66.8)

Fcy,

ksi

95

(66.8)

85

(59.8)

95

(66.8)

Fsu,

ksi

91

(64.0)

85

(59.8)

91

(64.0)

Fbru,

Fbry,

_)

elec-

melted

ksi
(e/D = 1.5)
(e/D = 2.0)

Zl0
Z66

(147)
(187)

195
247

(137)
(173)

ZI0
266

(148)
(187)

ksi
(e/D = 1.5)
(e/D = Z.0)

14Z
171

(99.8)
(IZ0)

IZ7
153

(89.3)
(107)

14Z
171

(99.8)
(IZ0)

e, percent

(a) Elongation

in 2 inches

(b) Elongation

in 4D.

15

(a)

15 (b)

(50.8 n'Ln%)

IZ

(b)

._

:,

o:
;'

44

TABLE

7.4121.
Heats

--A__verages
from

for

Tensile

Two Different

Parent

Source

P.ef.

Alloy

A-Z86,

i-3/4x

Parent Air Melt

ComDosition,

Test

Data for Vacuum

Melt Heats

(a)

7.7

3-i/2 in (4.4x 8.9 cm) bar

"A," 1.9-2.3 Ti

70

Melt

Vacuum

Carbon
Manganese
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Silicon
Nickel
Cb romium
Molybdenum
i'anadium
Titanium
Aluminum
Boron

"B," 1.9-Z.3 Ti

melts

Vacuum

0.03
i.19
0.005
0.019
0.78
Z5.48
14.28
I. 20
0. Z7
2.23
0.Z2
0.009

melts

0.04
i.29
0.007
0.013
0.59
Z4.77
15.02
I. 21
0. Z9
Z.22
0.Z2
0.008

Mechanical Prope rties

1800F (982C), I hr, C_,
1325F
(718UC),
It, hr, AC
0.01% Ftv, ksi (kg/rnm 2)
0.1%0 Fry ;ksi
Ftu, ksf
Redn of Area, %0
Elongation, %0
1800F

;
_

i"

-"
90.7
168.Z
153.9
45
2Z

(63.8)
(76.1)
(108.2)

97.5
I13.Z
16Z. I
45
Z4

._
:

(98ZC), 1 hr, OQ,

1650F (899C), Z hr, OQ,

13Z5OF (718C), 16 hr, AC
0.02%o Ftv, ksi
0.2.% Fty_ ksi
Ftu, ks[
Redn of Area, %
Elongation,
%

89.7
106.0
153.7
44
ZZ

(63.I)
(74.5)
(108.0)

1800F (981C), 1 hr, OQ,

1650F 1899vC), Z hr, OQ,
1300F i704C), 16 hr, AC
0.02% Ft_, ksi
0. Z%Ftv . ksi
Ftu, ksr
Redn of Area,
%
Elonsation,
%0

87.7
103.0
154.5
43
......Z3.

161.7)
(71.4)
(108.6)

i
99.Z
(69.7)
114.6
(80.6)
161.4 (113.5)
46
13 ....

97.0
111 0
16Z.5
48
7-4

of 3 vacuum melt heats from each parent l:eat;

were given for top and bottom of bar.
Because
ment of values,
averages
are pr-.sented.
(a)

(68.5)
(79.6)
(114.0)

Chemica/analyses

45
and tensile

properties

were

(68.2)
(78 0)
(I14.Z)

_:
l
,

"

additionally,
results
of the excellent
agree-

reported

for each

TABLE

7.4122.

--Typical
Tensile
properties
of Various
Mill Products

Source

at Room

Temperature

Refs. 7.2, 7.8, 7.9, 7.13

Alloy
Product/Treatment

t'ty.,
_Sl

0.2% offset
[kg/mm
_

A- Z86
_
Ftu
[ ksi
[kg/mm

Elong,
%

Redn
Area,

Extrusions
1800F
(982C),
WQ
+ 13250F
(718Oc),
AC

-L
-T

119.5
105.0

84.0
73.8

162.0
130.7

113.9
91.9

Z9.0
27.3

45.Z
51.0

1650_F
(899C),
+ 1325 o (718C),

-L
-T

85.6
88.8

60.2
6Z.4

148.5
147.4

104.4
103.6

25.4
24.0

4Z.4
33.7

-L
-T

85.0
8Z.9

59.8
58.3

150.0
131.0

105.4
9Z.1

Z6.0
15.0

37.0
2-0.0

96.0

67.5

146.

102.6

24.5

41.

85.4

60.0

106.0

74.5

10.5

17.

_-5-42

110.

WQ
AC

1750F
(954Oc),
WQ
+ 1300UF (704UG), AC
.m

Bar Stock
1800OF (98ZUC), OQ
+ 13Z5F
(718C),
AC
Vacuum
Casting_
X000F (1093C, _ OQ
+ 1650F
(8990C)
+ 13Z5F
(718Oc),
AC

.m

Tubing
Annealed

35-60

,!

46
2

77.

50-25

in
%

2.40 -

[.....

220

"

-_

,.oo

J
160

""

120
60

b,O

CR + aging 8 to 16 hours
at IZ00--1250F

E_

--

110

(6490 --676 C)

- -- ----I-_._e_i

20

._

__

_
..L..
m_mm_

--

i'

ZO

30
Percent

i!

r"

..............

"_

_._

40

__

. t//

--

150

._/

_
140

._.._

.._t

,g 18o --

propertiee
FIGURE 7.4123.

of aged
--Effect

40
Cold

50

60

70

Reduction

A-Z86 bar and wire.

of cold reduction
on tensile

(Xef. 7.z)

1800F(_82C),
4. 1325F(?18C),

100

1 hr (argon),_
16 h.rs, AC

Tension

70

60
80

50
_z

"

40

60

3O
40

2O

20
I0

0
Strain,

length/length

FIGURE 7.4131.
--Stress-strain
curves
at room and elevated
temperatures;

in tension for A-286 sheet

0. 062 in (I. 57 ms).
(Refs.
8.10, 7.11)

200
t600 F(98ZC|,
1 hr {argon), C_
+ 1325F_ 718C), 16 hrs,
&C
120
16o

_....

';
r

_,

----- -'_6oo
_o-'ci
"I
_ ' ; I
_ ' ' _
""

80

120

1000OF1538

..

+l
ioo! .100F(_93
....

_;
'C) _

L _

__

60

Tension

....

0.15

Strain,
FIGURE

7.413Z.
-- Stress
at room _

30
0.30

lensth/lemlth

strsin r ryes to fs_dm'e to A- Z_

elevat_
temperMures.

(t_fs.

49

sheet

7.10, 7.11)

160

...........
i.........

-423 _ F (-253 'c,)

J

1O0

lZ0
320OF
-_

(.196C)

80

70OF (ZiC)

60 _
80

.......................

....

40

"--

40

1
20
Tension

0
0

6
Strain,

I0

O. 001 length/length

FIGURE 7.4133.
-- Typical
stress-strain
curves
for A-236 shee_.
at r,_,orn and cryogenic
ternpe:atures;
0.050 in (1.27 rnm).
[180005 ` (98Z-C), AC, 1325F (718C},
16 hrs]
(Ref. 7.17)

A
'i

50

tO0 200

300 400

700 EO0 C

500 600

90

u
o_ ,-o

40 __,

<,

xi_.,:
: '. Strength

'_ ....... '"I

.U_
at temperatuce

, Exposure
l

_TI,

400

,I,

_..

000

" '

_ It ......

li.,i

800

'

: L::... _4--:; :t;!:" 'i_l I_'::

up to 1000 . s .,.

'1,,

200

'

._ijmL_
_:'_!

......

I000

I+ ,.I ..,

1200

1400

1600 F

Temperature
FIGURE

7.4141.

-- Effect
of temperature
tensile
strength
of A-Z86.

on the
(Ref.

loo

zoo

+I.+L+.._.LL_.
_

_"

i_L';ft-',:IlIHIIU

- _
I__i

._00 4oo

,{X!$1_ :'i'f.

_'

I_

.lrI

5o0

C_o

"r.:,i;I,;l[:

r_lfr
fl _ t

t.lf_f ,,it !
!_,_1_!,

, ,tr. !t!

i_t Str_'ngth at temperature

i_"f

ultimate
7.4)

7oo

8oo

,,!!h_

ti'l,lir,,

_,!'.!l!fitlill!lt,_:
;.;,

i'

il_ :;,_",
t

....

40 I{[-Hi_',xposure
up to 1000 hrs 11:11
_i 7ii{
HT!IifT!ltffll_Hi
..... i 1-!I, _ ,i

20 _h+,
0

ZOO

t,,,

400

600

:::..:,!_t!,,.I,t!iI!t_l!;

800
1000 17.00 1400
Temperstur

FIG rile 7. 414Z. -- Effect of temperature

yield strength of A-Z86.

o_

on the tensile
(Ref

7.4)

}
i

"

_1
r,,"
-_

0
0_

i_:>I
o
_

_ "_<x>
_N

o
_

'lile

_r'q

o0

i'1
-,O 1:'-i':

" :' _

.-i

: _-0;_._

-:

.,, ;.

,..4

'

":.,.'_'__L__' '_'" i', _,' : :Z_L.

=':''
-,

_0

CO

,,0

t'
i......

.t

i %t
I :1

_ ,_
lI.<...

_I'

II

_0

'

, ,,
.

'

<;
,,

--:::
, ,

"_

.,
....
i..i
_" "!

"

-'"

..

"'

::3::";t

!- -_.... !!

1-I-.'

_i--I ..................

-tt

.........
.....

7!.

"

IIl=,,i

"-:"

'

_ ,.,=

'......
ill-:---!_:! .....
"

,,,

0
eel

18_ 'qlllluo,ilti

0
,,.i

0
,,,O

0
_

luolllod 'uol_l|UOl_

5Z

0
N

@ ,..I

_,
i_.....T_
".el:IN
+

tt44-4-;
i_i,, ! [i : i._iI:

O0
NU'I

"

II ;.,'U
_ _-'-<><,

"

.I

.....
F......
i.....................

":''_.'---_'
j" _
_
lml

!/_

-_

I _

:. r_1._,
i I
_I
_

-----

..........

o ;il

,_

/_

'-N

.7__

IP--,E

.... o
0

==:_

.'
i
I

il
lit

I
I

.:.:.<+ =

_ ! -_--_. _
_ :,,
_--!---l-_.,_'-i--.-_--_--.
_- :,
_ ,.,,,
.
,

.I ! _
!_-"_-_._
_i
,
,
,

._

,.,'-'_
_ "0 ......,

]....
...I,
I_[..
_, _ _,_-

-.- ,

,,or,-

, ,-<

,
_

: Ioo

_ --,

I;)

---

_.I-!_=')--+
I-;
....
!_.

,:
-..-

_.,..,_V-!
[ : : _'_

-)'_:
0

C_

>)'(_.,,c
_
I

_I! _._---I
'_I! '.=
,j).,-

"-

II

Ii-!I
i I :
'....
I

Iii"i

_ I I i

.,

C_

_.e_ 'q_3uo_IS

0.3,_

Bg]
C,

'uoF_3uol_I

e'r..u',.u
/ 8_I
(,_

0
0_

0
_,-

0
m

O
_
I

--I--I-4
4-i_ i..L...,.,
_"
'
_-_-_ _i-__
......-_._
J_"_'_

,,'_-- _ '

'

...._-_

''
I

",
'

_s_
0
0

._

"

o
" _- . _..

" l _!--

'

-..
_-5--:__
....
I-.-':?-:-:-,-_..M
__i _.
i_
_'_i

Ii I

, ,::
o
o

'I
o
Tsq

)I;

': /..
o

o
0

'q31_oz_S

I''_"_

'

,--I i !._+_.___,_li_..
__.
Ir,

1 '
o
_0

I
o

=
_

o
'_

o
_

'uoII1UluoII]

o
N

' o
o

i'

-250

-200

o
260 -

-100

-150

-50

I .......

7- .........

'

'

_Ftu

'
220

"
-

180

160

1.40

-_

_' 180 -

_-'_
- lZO _

_'"_0.250-in
(6.35-ram)
1800F(982G}, 2
+ 1200F(649C},
----5/8..in(15.9-ram)
1800F(982G}, ]
+ 13Z5F(718G},
--

140

100

T -

l I

bar;
hr, CW40%,
16 hrs, AG
bar stock;
hr, OQ,
i6 hrs, AC

"_
Ftu

,_
_%

II

Fry
"--i --" --..- .,,..,. _

100

80

50i

"_

(,l

_4

30-

i._I,

,
,

30

i i

, _-_.

.....

,,

,,,,

....

zo10
-400

-300

-200
Test

-100

Temperature

FIGURE 7.4147.
-- Effect of cryogenic
temperature
tenmile properties
o A-286 bar stock and coldworked-and-aged
bar.
(Refs.
7.Z,

;:

100 OF

54

on
7.14)

i
t

55

,a_r[

100
ZOO 300 400
500
600 700 C
::'" ,:": r:::':: ":'": ........ :'':::'": ::::": ....... :" .... ;
wmg

100

mmm

am

mmliem

mmw

mR

mmwwew

ww_w

u ._
i:..":".:':.:
::.::'::":::-:'..".:,'_
_!_H_ _!__!_ !_
f] _
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
.....,:::::,:-::::::;
!
Strenb:h
at
temperature
:iii:ii_.::_ii"iii:.".'!:||!
"_
_ so :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
f_
_

IIlll

lllll

Illll

IIIll

Ill._

="III

I fill

II

I!_

IIIII

m eewew

: Exooeure

ZOO

IIIllll

Ill

m.w.,.wwmw

Illllll

I_

_m_

up to _,000 hre ::::::::::::::::::::::::::

400

600

800

I000

1_-00

Tempe r_ture
FIGUI_E

7.4_2.

-. Effect of temperature
yield strensth
of A-_86.

56

on compressive
(.Ref. 7.4)

100

Z00

i00

400

500

600

700

I-_

,_

f_

14fll
"

| l

.........
_
o

60

Strength
LExposure

i_'i

7ii!Trl

200

FIGURE

-Z00

4.i

iI__

,i t ril

400

ii

_'"

_'

filTi_
iZ00

-I00

--_-

-__ 100

.-Fsu
--

t.....

'

90

-400

90

80

--

70

.............

"
.i::

!-It! ...T

T_, ,,,_;_:,_: ,:_

":11:-+.

600
800 I000
Temperature

t..,

at temperature
up to 1000 hrs

_!

7.441. --Effect of temperature on the

ultimate shear strength of A-Z86.
(Ref. 7.,I)

$
150
130

/,_ t,l,.

_---"
F_y

--4-- ............
_

'o

"_
_' "_ ,,It'3

-200
Temperature

200 _F

FIGURE 7.44Z.
--Results
of double-shear
tests on
0.312-in
(7.92--mm)
bar; cold drawn m_d aged
at 1200_F (649_C),
16 hrs.
(Ref. 7.14)

57

58

Chapter

7 - References

7.1

AMS Material
Specifications,
Inc.,
New York; latest Index,

7.Z

Universal Cyclops-Specialty Steel Division, "Uni_emp

}IT 3020, 1971.

A-Z86,"

7.3

American
Strength

Iron and Steel Institute,

'_Iigh Ten, perature
Alloys,"
New York, February
1963.

High-

7.4

Military
Materials
February

Handbook 5-A, Dept. of Defense,

FSC 1500, "Metallic
and Elements
for Aerospace
Vehicle
Structures,"
.]966; latest change order January
1970.

7.5

1971 SAE Handbook,

7.6

Superior

7.7

Republic
Steel/Special
Metals Division,
"Data on Some Republic
Steel Consumable
Electrode
Vacuum Arc Remelt
Steels,"
June

Tube,

Society

"Super

Society Automotive
May 1971.

Automotive

Alloy

Tubing,"

Engineers,

Engineers,
Bulletin

Inc.,

71,

New York.

Jm:e 1968.

1969.
7.8

R.J.
Fiorentino
and A.M.
Properties
of High-Strength
October Z6, 1960.

7.9

Precision
Metal Molding,
ZZ, 57 (September
TVlelte_ investment
Casting-'_lloy_."

7.10

J.R.
Kattus,
J.B.
Preston,
and H.L.
Lessley,
"Determination
of Tensile,
Compressive,
Bearing,
and Shear Properties
at
Elev_ted
Temperatures,"
WADC TR 58-365,
November
1958.

7.11

J.G.
Sessler
and V. Weiss,
Eds.,
"Aerospace
Handbook,"
AF,_L TR 68-115,
1971 Edition.

7. lZ

R.H.
Raring,
et al.,
"Progress
Report of the NASA Special
Committee
on Materials
Research
for Supersonic
Transports,"
NASA TN D-1798, May 1963.

7.13

Carpenter
Technology
Data, June 1970.

7.14

J.W.
Montano,
"An Evaluation
of the Mechanical
rosion Properties
of Cold Worked A-Z86 Alloy,"
February
12, 1971.

'

Sabroff,
"Availability
Steel Extrusions,"

Corporation,

59

and Mechanical
DMIC Report 138,

1964),

"Carpen_-Jr

"Vacuum-

Structural

Metals

A-286," Technical

and Stress
CorNASA TM X-&4569,

7. !5

AMS

Specification 5525C,

as revised

7.16

K.E. Fritz and D.R. deforest, "High Strength Turbo Generator

Retalning Ring Forgings of an Age-Hardenable
Austenitic Alloy,"
J. Materials,
3 i_), 629 (1968).

7.17

E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne
Engineering Report R-7564 under Contract NASS-18734,
30 August
1968; see also NASA
Tech Brief 70-10199.

6O

II-I-68.

. TL_,'

Chapter
DYNAMIC

AND TIME

DEPENDENT

PROPERTIES

8.1

General.
Alloy A-286 has excellent
dynamic
and time-dependent
propOSes
at elevated
temperatures;
for example,
the relatively
low stress-relaxation
makes
it particularly
attractive
for hightemperature
bolt and spring
applications
(ref.
8.1).
Additionally,
experience
has shown that for good design,
A-286 has suffered
practically
no failures
at cryogenic
temperatures.
On the basis of
similar
strength
level and grain size,
i_. has better
fatigue
strength
than K-Monel
(ref.
8.Z).

8. Z

Specified

8. Zl

AMS spe ified

8.3

Impact

8.31

V-Notch
Charpy
figure 8.31.
V-Notch
Charpy
figure 8.32.

8.32

Properties
stress-rupture

requirements,

table

8.21.

Strength
impact

data

for bar stock

at cryogenic

impact

data

for bar stock

at elevated

temperatures,
temperatures,

8.4
8.41
8.411
8.41Z
8.413

"i

8.432

8.433

Creep and creep rupture data

Creep strength
of A-Z86 bar at elevated
temperatures,
figure 8.411.
Stress
to rupture at elevated
temperatures
of tubing,
figure 4.1Z.
Stress
rupture properties
for annealed
and aged A-Z86 at elevated
tempera**ures,
figure 8.413.
Linear parameter
master
curves
Parameter
plot of ,_y,pical stress-rupture
life for bar, figure 8.4ZI.
Stress
relaxation
data
Relaxation
of A-Z86 helical
compression
springs
at constant
deflection.
figure 8. 431.
Relaxation
of springs
with various
stresses
at 1000F (538C),
table 8.43Z.
Producers'
design data for boits at elevated
temperatures,
table 8.433.

8.5

Stability

8.51

Effect of exposure
sheet, table 8.51.
Effect of exposure
tab13 8.5Z.
Effect of exposure

8.42
8.4ZI
8,43
8,431

'

8.52
8.53

(see also Chapter

7)

on tensile

properties

on notch strength

of old rolled

of cold rolled

and test temperabare

on shear

and aged

and aged sheet,

strength

of sheet

and bar, flsure 8. S3.

8.54

Effect
sheet,

of exposure
figure 8.54.

and test

temperature

61

m bearing

properties

of

8.6

Fati[_ue

8.61

Reversed-bending
and cryogenic

flexura/
temperatures,

fatigue
data for
figure
8.61.

A-Z86

sheet

at room

.. gq,'

TAB,,E

'_2.

--Relaxation

of Sprin_s

at 1000F

(538C)

Source

Ref.

8.11

A-286

Temper

15% RA

Stress
kg/mm

I0
ZO
i40
60
80

_-

7
14
28
42
56

5.0
5.0
5.8
4.7
6.0

TABLE

5.0
5.1
6.3
5.5
6.8

8. 433.

5.0
5.5
6.4
6.0
8.Z

- Producers'

at Elevated

140 }lr_

5.0
6.0
7.5
7.2
I0.0

Data for

5.0
6.0
7.5
7.5
I0.0

Bolts

Temperatures
Ref.

Alloy

8. lZ

A-286

Temperature

InitialTensile Stress

OF

ksi

700
850
I000
1000
lZO0
1350
1400

371
455
538
538
649
732
760

40
90
70
30
40
20
40

I kg/rnm=

Min Relaxed Stress

(a),

Z8
63
49
21
Z8
14
28

ksi
40
Z6
10

.....

(a)

Loss
100 hr

5.0
5.5
6.8
6.4
9.0

Design

Source

_,

.....

Relaxation
t ,_oLoad
10 hr
20 hr
50 hr

5 hr

Stre.oses

(a)

Alloy

ksi

with Various

Minimum

relaxed

stress

after

1000

64

hours.

Ikg/mm_
i
Z8
18
7

Design Life,
hours.
35,000
I0,000
10,000
10,000
-

"_

6S

-200

-150

:_:;',l
__ _t-+
50

'_

;,'._I_,','
":._

".'," .LL._

-100

_",
::
'*!'

I 'I'1'_!

'!.l':'.*.l]'l

"_,

:,._
":.t

--.--

t ,'',''_,'

!!'.::',I

..!_--;:----?/8-_.n

to
u

,;

-50

',, ', f" ;_

_]'_L!:.::I

(22.2

_ ."7"I79-,.*-,,.;.,,.L'_.L,;I
_,
..'r
,!
_
_'*"_[!]
,,

,.,

_**.t

;':l!:itt.]if

_'

_ I

':!:!!'.l

_ ;_:',iI_

mm)_r:

GW 40% {from
diff. suppliers)

., ;',i
,;,.

P'I_f!

'

_:: :--tL'
!-::._ --]i-:'.
:_ /'
ti:'/:' ';:';:t:i:;t'"
::"_li'_
'_

"_
4

i:;I;:
I:;I
!:

:iI"' .I
L _.__
:I:_'
i

-300

-200
Test

-100
Temperature

100

8.31.
-- V-Notch
Charpy
impact
data at cryogenic
temperatures
for A-286 bar stock.
[518-in and 7/8-in: ST 1800F98ZC), I hr, OO +
1325I;(718uC),16 hrs, AC.
CW 40%: aged IZ00F(649'C , 16 hrs, AC_
(Refs.8.1, 8.4, 8.6

OF

FIGURE

.,,

150

_:,1_',
60 "

"

30

600

750

:1,,_T_., ._ '.-1.'
'_

;"

t'_: '.H,;!'_.,_L2_Uk
!
,;

T[-- -- 5/8-in
ii--7/8-in

(15.9-ram)
bar_ ,,
(Z2.Z-mm)bar

'"!1
-t:.. _........
;l'l'";:::l"_J.'-:'.......

450

v v :.v.,-r'r,.,._'n,,"v'Plltl+l
, I!!i:I]I i: ,i ', _.;;
..t.:_' : , ._ ',_ ,; _ '.: _:' :..

""o
40 _':
d
_
_

300

I":'1

400

' :1 ."1":'

800
Test

__

.,::'1'.,.,]_,i.1.,..:1
; q'

IZ00

i I:
5
,:I;_
1600 F

Temperature

FIGUR_ 8.3Z. --V-Notch

elevated
temperatures

67

Charpy impact data at

for A-Z86 bar stock.
(Refs. 8.1, 8.4)

8.7)

g50

600

650

700 C
70

90
60
I00 hrs

._
m

70

50

lO00 hrs

40

50

\
\

---,-1% creep
----0.5%
creep

30
\ \

30
1000

1100
1Z00
1300 OF
Test Temperature
FIGURE 8. 411. -- Creep strength
of A-Z86 bar at
elevated
temperatures.
(Refs. 8.1, 8.3)
600

650

700

750

800 C

80
50

60

40

.,'4

,;

_4
4a

u_

3O

40

20

zo
10
0
1100

_.
FIGURE

0
1200

1300

1400

1500 OF

F.acpoour Temperature
8. 412. --Stress
to rupture
at elevated
temperatures
of A-286 tubing; 0. 250 in (6.35 ram) O.D. by
0. 028 in (0.711 nun) wall.
(Ref. 8.8)
68

550

600

650

700

:!'_i

80

El

60 _.2:;'_;; '"_':' "

':l:l:
'"! .......
1 !-;'%,
_i

:!l!

,:, ':::
.......

40

'i:t
:.ii :.: _:
"l :,,;_

"

.......

o,)

::It

tT,!l', _ t;'i, :Jl!|_::'. i

:, l,lt til!,,

t_i_

'

:!!:

:_:l

"ll

'

OC

'1 "

- so

............................ Ii,,t, ,

_:i._,:;

4ll

I'.T'.

800

i::I iI_.
.... :i:__,._,, ,.::I,I_:..:,:!_:I.::I,..I_
:I I.:.I._I I.

z.

"4

1:'!

750

,x

". /:'::

hrs

'.

": ': ":.:"

"
40

.','

'

l:.

....

30

l'..

' '_ .'_

. '

............

/,

.,:

'"

: : '

:IN
'
' !I :
; 1000 hrs

. : ..........
: i i:, _',. il
I, .H,

'

" t

i:

:i_,..l

,,,_

60
_'-

I_

_';:'_

:_;'i+,
"";'_'_'

40

,!_,
_,,,

.......
:_ .......

,I
' ':4:

. _".......
......
!"'

.,
'

_'

' "

'

,+,.
!'

_+;
,, I , I

I
i.

,'
,'l

.,_.,
,:
!_ '

, _.....................
I..
IIH.,,I .... I .... I , .I,I:II!;I_
: t_,'l'_'

' ' l :'' .l,

vvv

II.LO

. ..

,.

_)I,I" ,' ,'_

H:'
;.._

.....
'_i,'_":l
.'ll

I00

:l,:
l'

,',I;.,_,

hrs
,

_I

ZO
0

!_!
....

lt'"l""l

1000

....

I"

1100

lZ00

1300

1400

1500

Temperature
i

FIGURE
'

'

', ': '.'

::'" .... I

-::.
......................
',_ : : '-.
.................

Z0

100

8. 413.
--Stress
rupture
aged A-Z86
at elevated

properties
temperatures.

of annealed
(Refs.

69

and
8. I,

8.9)

OF

. ._,r

_cucu/ _
c_

8 _ o_2._

_O

N "0

,_ oo ,
M_-'Vo
o

!s_

'ss_18

_.._,,_,.,;._
...................
_,__.,,__ _,, , ,

t,_llllllh_llll._llllllllllllh_ll,_llllllUlll-'.1
"llllllIllllllllllllllllllll
IIIIIt11111111111_1

i'_r_-t_l',lllll',;',l',ll
..........
_'_'
.,='
"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
/H+H-I-_
II[lilllllll
11 rll
[I
] Ill.
Ill["
Ill
I I
_bFt-Ft+)-Prl.-H-t--_,
;IIII I II1 IIIIIiiiii

._

' 'I _
z

_O0o

_o0

_,-,
mlIT'IITT_IlTT,Ii
"

l_l:

I T TI

r'.............

alllelmiiimi_lmllimllllllmlmli_mmmmml

' ............

HI

''''I

'''I

''===

Ill
IIII

*====

IIIII
IIIII

=i_l

....

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
............. ,.I.I_ ........
...,.... ............
l--._
I|ai

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anus

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line

]
)

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lille

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a mill,

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nine

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elmira

IIl_

t ilalolooelllllollmmmwlmu_mmllllllllllllllllmlimi_a_i
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mare
alllmmimmaoommmlm mmmm
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mlmmllml
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lilli/m

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,Iml|mill*iml,limammmloilmHl mmummm
hill IN
nm II mmlelHlina|
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oil
,all

enroll

II0 |

Ilmllmll

lllll!lllllll

lili

.eRrata limll

|llllllm

I
NIIII
lill_lllglill
_==_'.,,l,,.l._l...u,
........

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,0mati,_

_',

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Iiiii
lllllllll
,I............
I .... I [i_
_III

N_.

::"""""""'==':::":='::==== a
I Tr

'_I .,_I,_III
IIIII
I.=III
_
-'I II._1113111111==I
IIII!
IIIII
IIIII
IIIII
I II
IIII
IIII
I1_111
IIIII
,1111 IIIII

mm

_o

'mme_r_ls
?0

IIii.0_

_,

100
I

120'1

200
v

300
i

400
i

500
I

600
I

C
- 80

_m
._

7 / 8- ;.n .(22-ram)

100 -

b_r;
- 70

60 _

o_

800.06Z-in (I.57-rnnl)sheet;
O 30 rain
0 1000 hrs

'

|
200

60
0

I
400

50

I
I
600
800
Temperature

Test

I
i000

1200F

FIGURE
8.53. --Effec_ of exposure and test temperat_ure on shear
strength of A-Z86 sheet and bar. [1800F (98ZC), I hr, OQ,
13ZSF (718C), AC]
(Refs. 8.14, 8.15)
0

300

I00
i

Z00
I

300
i

O
qD
_

_,.
_
__

400
500
600 C
l
I
I
30 min, e/E - 1.5
- 2Z0
1000 hrs,
e/D=
1,5
30rain, e/D= 2.0
I000 hrs, e/D= Z.0
Z00

Z60

180

160 ..

.&J

zzo
140

r_

180

_
Fbry

.o0

ZOO

0
Q

400

600
Test

800

1000

)20

lZO0

0 F

Temperature

FIGURE 8.54.
-- Effect of exposure
and test temperature
on bearing
properties
of A-286 sheet,
0.062 in (1.57 turn). [1800F
(982C),
1 hr, OQ, 13ZSF (718C),
16 h_s]
(B.efs. 8.14,
8.15)

71

fJ,_

Chapter

8 - References

8.1

Universal-Cyclops
I-IT 30?-0, 1971.

Specialty

8. Z

E.H. Schlr_dt,
"Fatigue
Properties
of Sheet,
Bar, and Cast
Mo-tallic Materials
for Cryogenic
Applications,"
Kocketdyne
Report K-7564 under Contrvct
NAS8-18734,
30 August 1968;
see also NASA Tech Brief 70-10199.

8.3

Carpenter
Tecimology
Data, June 1970.

8.4

American
Iron and Steel Institute,
"High Temperature
Strength A11o7s," New York,
February
1963.

8,5

AI_
Inc.,

8.6

ALlegheny

8.7

J.W. Moncano,
"An Evaluation
of the Mechanical
and Stress
Corrosion
Properties
of Cold Worked A-Z86 Alloy,"
NASA
TMX-64569,
February
12, 1971.

8.8

Superior

8.9

ASTM

8.10

I_.G. Matters
and R.E.
Lochen,
"Materials
for Helical
Compression
Springs for Use at Constant
Deflection
from 600 to

Material
Specifications,
New York; latest Index,
Ludlum

Tube,
STP-160_

Steel

"Super

"Carpenter

"A-286,"

'tA-Z86,"

Tubing,"

August

June

1934,

p.

A-Zg6,"

A-286,"

Scciety
of Automotive
May 1971.

Corporation,

Alloy

"Uniterup

Technical

High-

Engineer_,

Product

Data.

1968.
70.

672 (1956).

8.11

J.W.
Besemer
Temperature,"

8.12

Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vol 1, "Properties

and Selection
o_'Materials,"
Amerciau Society for Metals,
MetLls Park, Ohio,
1961.

8.13

R.H.
Raring,
et al., "Progress
Committee
on Material
Research
NASA TN D-1798,
May 1963.

Division,

Corporation,

1400 F," ASTM Proc., _

Steel

and V.A.
Stanton, "Springs for Use at High
Metal Progress,
April 1965, p. 84.

i
73

Report of the NASA Special

for Supersonic
Transports."

8.14

J.B.
Eattus,
J.B.
Preston,
and H.L.
Lessley,
"Determination
of Tensile,
Corapressive,
Bearing,
and Shear
Properties
at
F.levated
Te'._peratures,"
WADC TR 58-?_63, November
1_58.

8.15

J.S.
Sessler
Handbook,"

andV.
Weiss,
_d_.,
'_Aerospace
AFML TR 68-115,
1971 Edition.

74

S'_ructur_,l

Metals

Chapter
PHYSICAL

9.1

Density,
0.Z86

p(at

room

lb/in 3 (7.94

PROPEP.TIES

temperature)
g/cm

s)

(refs.

9.1

through

9.5)

9. Z

Thermal

9.21
9.2Z
9.23

9.24

Thermal
conductivity,
K, figure
Thermal
coefficient
of expansion,
Specific
heat,
0.11 Btu/in 2 OF (70 -1300F)
0.11 cal/cmC
(Z0--700C)
Thermal
diffusivity

9.3

Electrical

Properties

9.3i

Electrical

resistivity,

9.4

Magnetic

9.41

The alloy rerne.ins

essentially
nonmagnetic,
even after cold
working
(ref. c. 1).
Permeability
(H=200 oersteds):
Solution
treated,
1.010
(ref.
9.Z)
Solution
treated
and aged,
1. 007/1. 003 (refs. 9.2,
Cold worked and aged to Rc 40 min,
1.015/1.020
(ref. 9.1).

9.4Z

Properties

table

9.21.
a, see figure

(refs.

9.1,

9.21.

9.2)

9.31.

Properties

9.1)

9, 5

Nuclear

9.51

The maximum
hardening
of austenitic
steels
by irradiation
occurs
at about 300C, and causes
increases
in room temperature
yield and
ultimate
strength,
accompanied
by reductions
in ductility.
Annealing
at 5000 to 600-C can remove
these changes
in tensile
properties.
A
drastic
reduc*.ion of ductility
takes place at elevated
temperatures
and
cannot be removed
by annealing
to 1350C.
The effect of irradiation
on creep has not been firmly
established,
but there is general
agreement that elongation
_t failure
is reduced
(ref. 9.8).
Effect of irradiation
and testing at -257C on tensile
properties
of
A-286, table 9.5Z.

,_
!
'_
9.52
"

Properties

9.6

Other

Physical

9.61
9.62

Emissivity
Damping capacity

Properties

TABLE
iSource
Alloy

9.3i.
'

Temperature
L OF
[ C
87
1000
1200
1350
1500

TABLE

9.52.

-- Electrical
R.efs.

9.1,
9.2
A-286

Microhms-in

30.5
538
649
732
816

-- Effect

Resistivit)r

35.8
45.5
46.8
47.3
48.2

of Irradiation

91.0
115.6
118.8
120.1
122.4

at -257C

Allo_r Tested
Source

[
i Micrhms'cm

on Tensile

Properties

of

at -257C

Refs.

9.6,

Alloy

9.7

A-286

Specimen

Fh,, ksi
(k_/mm=)

Ftu , ksi
(kg/ram z )

Notched
F t. ,ksi
(kg/n_
_ )

Elong, Redn in
%
Area, %

l,

Unirrad.
Irrad.(a)

135.9
137.0

Unirrad.

L149.6

(b)

(95.5)
(96.3)

Irrad.(c) 152.

(105

"2)

223.6
219.7

(157.2)
(154.5)

185.8
188.6

(130.5)
(132.6)

37.5
30.4

31.0
32.2

235.

(165

216.4

(152

34.5

46.5

245.7

(172.7)

(106.9) 229.

Z)

(245.7)

1)

33.5

Unirrad.

(b)
Irrad.(c)

i'
,

156

165.7
x 10 is

(110.2)

238.2

(167.4)

255.

(179.3)

31.8

42.2

(116.5)

238.

(167.3)

239.

(168.0)

31.0

39.7

(a)

5.0

n/cm

(b)
(c)

Two different
heats
1.0 x I0xv n/cm a

i"

t
._

_i-

16.
i

76

100
:

....

;,

.....
- ..
"

,.

"

. : -.
i

.
"

_ "

I
:

,
'

"'"

.
:

o10
0.04....
"--.(';

" "
.....

_
;"

. ,: .

_.._
_

.:

";

" "

"

I...

; . .__)

.,

,I" :
'

1....

' .. .i_.
i
" /

. i

,i

.
'.

/..
I:/'

;:

:'
i

....'

..

i
m
:

u
..

,:

.....
,

_ i

600
800
Tempe ratur e

77

s--"'"

i
.'

'0

l
l

_.g_

--

i _
.'

"",,_

19"(,,)

,_

"_
c:

:i .

.'-"
" .......
,
_

I _1.7 I

"--_"
:

.,-,

....
: ":"....9

'... .i : '.
" : ....

". ,. . .....

:
I

- 16 6

)."
I"

t'"

---

......
I
II
1000

""

i , i

I.

-- Effect of temperature
properties
of A-286.

"

'/

720

.........
"4
.........

9.21.

:I
i, : .. i! ',.
o
,
;
L
.t
, ...... 1- ...... _"
;
.:
.,
,
I
i
.--: : ....
.. !. :.
. It ........
t. .....
:........
: t::--

i...

400

I
i

":

200

FIGURE

_,

il

ifaglliigllgg.|
mV'lliltlgfillfiiglgiiP"
,

-.._.$."
_

.I .... I"
.! .:
i . :"..." I ..." ..."
,
,
_
.....;
..
, I "";'" _ "". --',L".
l|ln|JlUJn|JlI'-l"
"" "'_""_-.......... L:
llhiHl.lll.llJ_ m

,
.. l
mmmmmmp,.
'! .... I
I ..... t ";
" i......
Ifliiil_
",
"i I"'
i
! "" =" )"l
:'.T.....
:.......i.....
! T-I-.--:.T:--.'-I-..................

,' .:

_,..
l_ "_"

-:

.re!l,

...:: ,,1:.

""
-

"

,,

_.

"ira

" I ......

".'"l
.....r....i'" i _

u_

0.03 -

i"

i
.

12 ....... }.... i........... " ...... "...... -..i .....

" "i.............
:

: ...................
:..............
i
:
.
:
|

.... ".........................................................
0.05

600
:

"'"

._.
'.

500

'

400

" !'
14

300

l
.....i
.

200

1200

on the physical

(Re_.9.5)

:i

"
-

oF

:3

,_

"

Chapter

9 - Kefereuces

9.1

Universal-Cyclops/Specialty
1971.

9. Z

Allegheny

9.3

Americau
Iron and Steel
Alloys, 'r February
1963.

9.4

1971

9.5

_litary
Materials
February

9.6

J.J. Lombardo,
C.E. Dixon, and J.A. Bagley, _'Cryogenic Radiation
Effects
on NERVA Structural
Materials,"
paper presented
at 69th
Ann. Mtg. ASTM,
Atlantic
City, New Jersey,
June Z7-July 1, 1966.

9.7

C.A. Schwanbeck,
"Effect
Cryogenic
Temperatures,"

9.8

M. Kangilaski,
'Radiation
Structural
Alloys,"
NASA

Ludlum

SAE Handbook,

Steel

Steel

Corp.,

"A-Z86,"

Institute,

Society

Div.,

"High

Automotive

"Unitemp

A-Z86,"

Product

Literature.

Temperature

Engineers,

HT 30Z0,

High

Strength

New York.

Handbook-5A,
Dept. of Defense,
FSC 1500, "Metallic
and Elements
for Aerospace
Vehicle
Structures,"
1966; l_-test change order,
January
1970.

of Nuclear
Radiation
on Materials
NASA CR-54881,
January 1965.
Effects
CR-1873,

78

Design Handbook:
October
1971

Section

at

7.

"<'

Chapter 10
CORROSION

RESISTANCE

AND

PROTECTION

10.1

General.
In common
with other stainless
steels,
A-286 tends to be
pass'ire
by virtue
of an oxygen-containing
surface
film.
It shows good
resistance
to all atmospheres
encountered
in jet engine and turbo
supercharger
service
up to at least 1300F
(704C),
and has shown
excellent
performance
in 20-percent
salt spray tests.
Because
of
the high nickel content,
A-286 is more resistant
than 18-8 stainless
steels
to cool, dilute sulfuric
acid solutions
(ref.
10.1).

10.2

Corrosion
in Water.
The resistance
of stainless
steels
to corrosion
in water at hig'h ter:nperatures
is generally
excellent.
However,
case
hardening
of the steels
by nitriding
or malcomizing
(see Chapter
11)
can decrease
initial
corrosion
resistance
to the extent that usefulness
is limited
in water at 500C.
The rate of corrosion
in supercritical
water varies
with test temperature.
As shown in figure
10.2,
A-Z86
is resistant
to attack
at 800F (427C) and 5000 psi (3.5 k_/mm2);
appreciably
higher
rates
of corrosion
are observed
at 1000
and
1350F
(538 and 732C)
(ref.
10.2).
t

10.3

Oxidizing
Environments.
The resistance
of A-286 to attack
is not
good in strong,
selective
oxidizing
environments
such as nitric-hydrofluoric
acid and boiling
65-percent
nitric
acid. Intergranular
corrosion
may occur in the aged condition,
and care must be used
when pickling
with nitric--hydrofluoric
acid mixtures
after aging
(ref.
10.1).
Alloy A-286 is adequately
resistant
to oxidation
without
special
coatings for service
to temperatures
up to about 1300F
(704C).
It does
not compare
favorably
with stainless
steel Types 309 and 310 above
about 1500F
(8160C)
(ref.
10.1).
Highly localimed
regions
of surface
oxidation
have been observed
in
A-Z86 that is subjected
to cyclic plastic
strain
at elevated
temperatures
of 9500 to ll50F
(5100 to 6ZlC).
Apparently,
there
is
localized and reversed grain boundary deformation thatleads to
repeated rupture of the protective oxide film, and also accelerated
oxidation in the region of deformation. These regions become the
nuclei for initiatingfatiguecracks (ref. 10.3)

10.4

Propellant Environments.
Alloy A-286 has been found compatible
_-ith the following
propeTlants
for long-term
applications
(ref. 10.4):
Condition
Rust-free
Annealed

Propellant

Aerozine-50,
Hydrazine
,
Unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazlne,
Nitrogen
tetroxide
(,_0.SS/0 HsO)

79

Test

Temperature

55-60F
(I0-16C)
_100F
(<38C)
< 140 u F (< 60 C)_
55u-60F
(I0-16vC)

_
_
_

10.5

H)rdrosen
Embrittlement.
The austenitic
stainless
steels
are not
greatly
affected'
_y atomic
hydrogen
absorbed
during descaling
or
electroplating
processes
(ref.
10.5).
To investigate
the mechanical
aspects
of hydrogen-induced
failure
in solution-treated
and aged
A-286,
fracture
toughness
tests were conducted
on precracked
bead
specimens
loaded
in 3-point
bending.
Hydrogen
test environments
were molecular
hydrogen
at a pressure
o_ 680 tort and an atomicmolecular
hydrogen
mixture
at a molecular
hydrogen
pressure
of
8 x 10 -3 tort;
comparative
runs were made in a vacuum
environment.
The fatigue
cracks
in A-286 would not propagate
under the
bending
mode of loading
in any of the environments;
there
were no
failures
(ref.
10.6).

10.6

Protective
Measures
As pointed
out earlier,
surface
treatment
of
A-286 for resistance
to corrosion
is rarely
required.
However,
surface
treatments
used for improvement
of other characteristics
are discussed
in chapter
11, along with available
information
on the
effect that such treatments
may have on resistance
to corrosion.

8o

1000
800

600
400

200

I00

80

60

40

'_

2O

0
0

40

80

Exposure

Time,

120

160

days

FIGURE

10.2.
-- Corrosion
of A-286
supercritical
water.

in degassed
(Ref.

8,

lO.Z)

Chapter

10.1

Universal-Cyclops/Specialty
HT 3020, 1971.

10.2

Karl F.
I%_actor

10 - References

Steel

Division,

"Unitemp

Smith,
"Stainless
Steels,"
in C.1%. Tipton,
Handbook,
Vol 1, Interscience
Publishers,

10.3

L.F.
erature

Coffin,
Jr.,
"Cyclic-Strain-Induced
Oxic'_tion
Alloys,"
Trans. ASM, 5__6, 339 (1963).

10.4

K.D.
1965.

10.5

Battelle
Memorial
Hardening
Stainless

10.6

H.G.
Nelson,
"The Kinetic
Induced Failure
in Metals,"

May,

"Advanced

Valve

Institute,
Steels,"

Technology,"

A-286,"

Jr.,
Ed.,
New York,

1960.

of High-Temp-

NASA SP-5019,

February

"Surface
Treatments
for Precipitation
NASA SP-5090,
1968.
and Mechanical
Aspects
of HydrogenNASA TN D-6691,
April 1972.

Chapter I1
SURFACE

TREATMENTS

11.1

General.
The surface
of alloy A-286 may be treated
chemically,
mechanically,
or electrochemically
to remove
scale developed
during
heat treatment
or to improve
resistance
to wear,
resistance
to stresscorrosion
cracking,
fatigue
life,
etc. In general,
the end-use
of heatresisting
alloys
does not require
that they have a polished
finish.

11. Z

Scale Removal.
Scale formed
during heat treatment
may be removed
n:echanically
by shot or grit blasting,
tumbling,
vapor honing,
etc.,
or may be removed
chemically
by acid pickling
solutions.
The mechanical
methods
are generally
employed
as a supplement
to chemical
methods.
In this instance,
a final sand blasting
will produce
an attractive finish;
however,
it is mandatory
that sand be used rather
than
steel grit to avoid surface
contamination
by metallic
particles.
On
the other hand, mechanical
methods
are often preferred
because
of
the possibility
of intergranular
corrosion
resulting
from strong
pickling acids or prolo,,ged
pickling
times
(refs.
11.1,
ll.Z).
The most
widely used chemical
procedures
consist
essentially
of scale-conditioning in an oxidizing
caustic
bath followed
by immersion
in a pickling bath. Several
examples
of chemical
procedures
are summarized
in table ll.Z.

]1.3

Mechanical

Treatments.

Mechanical treatments such as burnishing,

explosive hardening, planiahing, or peening are not generally used

for componcnts made of A-286. However, such treatments may
occasionally be used to advantage (ref. 1I.5). For example, ithas
been shown that shock loading does increase the hardness of A-Z86
and may effecteconomic savings by reducing aging time (refs. II.5,
II.7). The peening of welds in A-Z86 sheet has produced a marked
increase in fatiguestrength compared with as-welded joints(ref.11.8).
A compendium
of information on shot peening for improved fatigue
properties and resistance to corrosion of high-strength a11cys has
recently become available (ref. I1.6).
11.4
.

Coatings. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are not carburized

intentionallybecause the process is detrimental to corrosion resistance and other properties.
In order to avoid the effects
of carburizing
(i. e., carbon absorption),
A-286,
for example,
is usually heat treated
in an air atmosphere
rather than in so-called
neutral atmospheres
which contain the products
of fuel combustion
(ref. 1 I. 5).
All stainless
steels,
because
of their chromium
content,
can be casehardened
by nitriding.
Diffusion
of nitrogen
into the m&terial
is aided
by the chromium
content which facilitates
the formation
of a stable
case with high hardness.
Thls hardness
increases
wear resistance,
develops
antigalling
properties,
and improves
fatigue
resistance
(ref.
II. 5). On the other hand, nitrlding
detracts
from resistance
to

corrosion because nitrogen, introduced by ni_riding, combines

with
available chromium
in the surface layers to form chromium
nitride,
which is not as protective as chromium
oxide.
A proprietary nitriding process known as "_Aalcon:izing"
hab been
used for case-hardening
of A-286
. The process requires temperatures of 920 to 1050F
(493 to 565C) and times of 6 to 8 hours.
It is recommended
that A-286 be solution annealed and refrigerated
prior to Malc:omizing.
Case depth after Malcomizing
is 0.003350.005 in {0.0089-0.013
cm)and
surface hardness is DPH
650--850
(ref. II.9).
Torch-fu_ieu
successfully
11.5

techniques for hard-surfacing

of A-286 have been used
for aircraft arresting-gear
hookpoints (ref. II.5).

F_,lectroplated Coatings. It.general, it is not necessary

to electroplate A-286 for the usual reasons of improving
corrosion resistance
or other properties (ref. II.5). However,
in order to prevent tearing and scoring of extruded shapes, A-Z86 has been electroplated
with an 0.04-inch (I.02 ram) layer of nickel prior to hot extx-usion
with standard glass lubricants (ref. II. I0).
Although the alloy is difficult to
coated with nickel or iron (ref.
sion cracking may be pre_,ented
on parts
which
cannot
be stress

braze, it can be brazed readily if

II.II). Additionally, stress-corroby electrodeposited
N_-Cd (ref. II.I_)
relieved
adequately.

After
descaling
or other
surface
preparations
such as wiring,
jigging,
machining,
and final cleaning,
A-286
can be activated
for electroplating
by immersion,
cathodic,
or anodic
treatments
{ref.
I I. 5).
After
activation,
the work is transferred
to the plating
bath as quickly
as pos siblc.

_
_"
_
!.

TABLE

II.Z. --Examples

Source

of Chemical

tt _

Descalln_ Procedures

Refs. II.I, ll.Z, 11.3, 11.4

A-286

Operatiou

'

Bath

Composition

I
I

Temperature
_F
I
C

Time,
min

(Ref. ll.Z)
Descale
Quench
Neutralization
Ki_ s e
Acid treatmert
R inse

NaOH with oxidizing

additives
Ware r
18% H_SO 4 + 5% HC1
Water
25% HNO:, F J% HF
Water

{Ref; 11.1)
Desca!e
Quench

Molten
Water

Rinse
Neutralization
Acid
treatment
,,.rose

950
Ambient
170-18t
Ambient
Ambient
Ambient

caustic

Water
lZ--15%
HeSO 4 + 1--2%
1Z--15%
HNO_
Hot water

HF

140-160
110

510

Z5-30
Z- 1 /Z
5
Z
5-10
1

76-82

b0-71
43
-

15
10
-

1.3)
Descale
Quench
Neutralization
Rinse
Acid treatment
Rinse

Oxidizing
salt
Water
Z0% H_SO 4
Water
35--40% HNO s + 470 HF
Water

900
-

482
-

5
Z0
-

(Rof._ll.4)

'

De,tale
Quench
Neutralization
Acid treatment
Rinse
High-pressure
spray
wash .... _
(a)

Governed
surfaces.

i.5--Z% Nail
Water
Z--10%HaSO
4
Z-4% HF+Z0%HNO
s
Water
Water,
I00 psi (0.07 kg/mm

by part configuration;

'700-730 371-388
Antbien_
70-140
ZI-60
;130-1_,0
55-60
Arvbient
s) Ambient
......

I min for parts

85

with accessible

5-Z0
l/4-1/Z
1-3
5-15
l/4-I/2
(_.)

Chapter

Universal
HT 3020,

l l.Z

Metals Handbook,
8th Ed., Vol. 5, "Forging and Cast;.ng," A,_ericsn
Society for Metlas, Metals Park, Ohio, 1970.

II.3

L.:[. Hull, "Techniques

for Welding and Fabrication of the A-Z86
High Tempe: _ture Alloy," Weld!v_ DesiGn and Fabricat:on, 34 (I0),
58 (1961).

11.4

Metals Handbook,
8th Ed., Vol. Z, "Heat Treating, Gleanin_, and
Finishing," American
Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1964.

1].

Battelle
Hardening

Memorial
Stainless

/Specialty

References

II.I

Cyclops
1971.

11 -

Steel

Institute,
Steels,"

Division,

"Unitemp

"Surface
Treatments
of Precipitation
NASA SP-5090,
1968.

11.6

Metals
and Ceramics
Informatior
proved
Fatigue
Properties
and
December
1971 (AD 735-409).

11.7

B.G.
Koepke,
R.P.
Jewett,
Iron-Base
Alloys
by Shock

11.8

C. 1%.. Srniti: and D.H.

Love,
"Developn:
,t of Elevated
Sheet Spot-Welded
and Seam-Weided
Joints," ASD TR

II

Lindberg
Steel
Treating
in Stainless
Steels."

Center,
':Shot
Stress-Corrosion

Co.,

"Malcomi_ing

L.M.
niques

II.II

E.D.
Huschke
Brazing
of Jet

and G.S.
Hopkin,
Engine
Materials,"

L.E.
Gatzek,
Environments,"

"Corrosion
Control
paper
916A, SAE

ZZ3S (19S8).
II.

IZ

Mtg., Los Angeles,

Peening
for
Resistance,"

or

Temperature
61-67, 1961.

Improved

"Development
of Methods,
Processes,
Steel
Extrusions,"
ML TDR 64-Z31,

Cahf.,

Im-

and W.T.
Chandler,
"Strengtheni,g
Wanes,"
ML TDR 64-Z8Z,
1964.

11. I0

"

Christensen,
for Producing

A-Z86,"

HI, "High-Temperature
_Welding J'r Res.

of Missiles
in Long-Term
Aeron.
and Space
Eng.

Oct. 5-9 1964.

86

_uppl.,

Properties

and TechJuly 1964.

Vacuum
34 (5),

and

Silo
MJg.

Chapter
JOINING

12

TECHNIQUES

12.1

General.
Alloy A-286 is the most weldable
steel in the group of
precipitation-hardening
austenitic
stainless
steels
(ref.
12.1 ).
It can be joined
satisfactorily
by fusion welding,
r_,sistance
welding, and brazing (ref.12.3). Welding processes are similar to
those used for welding austeniticstainless steels (e.g., ref. 12.1).
Specificationsfor A-Z86 welding wlre, flash welded rings, bolts
and screws, and rivets are listedin Chapter 2, table Z.I.

1Z. 2

Welding.
It is important
that welding conditions
be carefully
controlled
to avoid cracking
in the weld or adjacent
to the weld in the
heat affected
zone.
This is especially
true when large
sections
are
being welded under restraint.
Alloy A-286 passes
through
an area
of low ductility
upon cooling;
if restraint
conditions
are severe,
the
cooling
stresses
may be relieved
by cracking
rather
than deforming.
It is good practice
to solution
treat
after weldin5 and then age harden.
Heating
to the solution
temperature
of 1650F or 1800F
(899 or
982C) should be accomplished as rapidly as possible (ref. 12.3).

The production of satisfactoryjointsis also dependent upon the

proper selectionof joiningmethods, proper jointdesign, and proper
cleaning of material prior to making the joint(ref. 12.4). Details of
weldment evaluationmethods are given in reference 12.5
Contaminatio -_during joiningor treating processes of either base
or weld metal by dirt, grease, crayon marks, etc. can seriously
affectresistance to corrosion. Carbon pickup can also affectheattreatment response, and sulfur pickup can affectmechanical properties. Dirt and films of oil and grease can be removed by washing
or degreasing operationr; soaps can be removed with hot water. A
hot alkalinewash followed by a hot water rinse is required for soluble
oils, tallows, and fats (ref. 12.4). Removal of scale is discussed
in chapter
11.

"
12.21
,

'

" i

Fusion Welding.
Fusion welding
of A-286 is generally
performed
by the gas tungsten-arc
process
(TIG), but shielded
metal arc and
gas metal-arc
(MIG) processes
have also been used satisfactorily
(refs.
12.1,
1Z.3,
12.4).
Welding precautions
are similar
to those
required
for nickel-base
alloys,
such as careful
control of gas
current,
arc length,
speed of welding,
filler metals,
backing materials,
and cond'tion
of equipment
(ref. 12.6),
with additional
precautions
inherent iv the welding of superalloys:
Stress-relief
prior
to welding is required
for parts that have been worked or deformed;
welded parts must be rapidly heated and cooled through the aging
range to avoid embrittling
carbide precipitations
in the grain boundaries (see also section
12.2); as far as possible,
fusion welds are
designea
in low stress
areas because
a matrix-strengthened
filler

metal is generally
used,
yielding
between
80- to 90-percent
joint
efficiency
(ref.
17.. 7). Tooling
components
for welding
must be
nonmetallic
or nonmagnetic,
and the tooling
should not contaminate
the base metal (ref.
12.4).
12. 211

Tungsten
Inert-Gas
(TI, _-) Process.
In thin sections
under
conditions
o_']ow restraint,
hot-cracking
tendencies
are minimized
with the
TIG process.
The weldability
of A-286 is improved
by keeping
heat
input tca minimum
and using small,
light stringer
beads.
Whenever multiple
passes
are required,
it is usually
necessary
to use
on_ of the dissimilar
filler
metals
(ref.
12.1).
Alloy
gage
plex,
will
also
steels
sion

A-286 filler
metal is usually
used for TIG welding of lightmaterial.
In the instances
where weld joint geometry
is coma dissimilar
filler metal is used,
such as Inconel
92 which
also respond
to the age-hardening
treatment.
Hastelloy
W may
be used,
but it does not age-harden.
Other austenitic
stainless
may be used,
_uch as Type 310, where resistance
to corrois more desirable
than high strength
(ref.
12.1 ).

12. 212

Electron
Beam Welding.
Electron
beam welding
has been used successfully
to join A-286 to dissimilar
metals,
for example,
a turbine
wheel consisting
of an A-286 turbine
disc and a ring of Udimet-500
blades
(ref.
12.4).

12. 213

Mechanical

12. 2131

Tensile
properties
of TIG welds
table 12.2131.
Tensile
properties
of MIG welds
Tensile
properties
of TIG welds
eratures,
figure
12.2133.

12.2132
12.2133

Properties

of Fusion

Welds
at room

and elevated

temperature,_,

at room
in A-286

temperature,
table
sheet at cryogenic

12.2132.
temp-

12.22

l_esistance
Welding.
Sheet
products
and bar of small cross
section
ca--'_'_e welded satisfactorily
by spot, overlap
spot, or seam welding. Flash,
upset,
or projection
welding are used to a lesser
degree.
Alloy A-286 is generally
resistance
welded in the solution-treated
condition,
then aged or re-solution
treated and aged after welding
(refs.
12.3,
12.4,
12.7).

12.221

Spot and Seam Welding.

Precipitation-hardening
stainless
steels
have been welded successfully
with conve,_tional
resistance
spotwelding equipment.
Because
of the higher currents
and electrode
forces
required
-_or thicker
sheet and the harder alloys,
such as
A-286, the larger
press-type
machines
are more suitable.
Factors

,,
i
r

must be sufficient
tt, contain the weld; weld loc&tions
must be
accessible
to the equipment
to be used; forging pressure
will be
inadequate
to provide
proper contact
of part of it is used to form
the parts;
sufficient
spot spacing
must be used so that current
is
not reduced
_t the desired
location
because
of shunting
through
to be considered
are the same as for other steelsJoint overlap
previously
made welds (ref. 12.4).
"Coring"
or incipient
melting

88

is a feature
that has been observed
in spot welding A-286,
which
may resemble
small cracks
in the plane of the sheet extending
from the edge of the weld nugget toward the unaffected
base metal.
Central cracking
has also been observed.
It is suggested
that increases
in electrode
force and in weld time will reduce the likelihood of internal
cracking
(refs.
12.4,
)2.12).
Little informatior,
is av_.ilable
directly
on sean_ welding of A-286.
However,
st_:dies have shown that the most common
cause of
porosity
and internal
cracks
is incorrect
weld spacing;
successive
weld nuggets must not be too close.
Cracking
can be reduced
also
by slower welding speeds
and longer weld and cool times.
Continuous
seam welding
eliminates
cracking
(refs.
12.4,
12.12).
12. 222

Flash W'eldin_.
Flash welding
is better adaptable
to the high-strength
h'eat'-treat_.ble
alloys than arc,
spot, or seam welding
in two respects:
(1) Molten metal is not retained
in the joint; thus, cast structures
that might be preferentially
corroded
are not present.
(2) The hot
metal in the joint is upset; this upsetting
operation
may improve
the ductility
of the heat affected
zone.
Other advantages
include
weight saving because
there is no need for overlapping
weldir_,
flanges,
bolting,
or riveting.
With suitable
design,
machining
costs
can be reduced.
Machine capacity
(especially
transformer
capacity)
for welding A-286 does not differ greatly
from that required
for other
steels;
however,
the upset-pressure
capacity
must be higher.
Flash welding conditions of greatest importance are flashing current,
time and speed,
and upset pressure
and distance.
In general,
high
flashing speeds and short flashing times are used when it is desirable to minimize
weld contamination.
Flash welds that have mechanical properties
approaching
those of the base metal are regularly
produced
in conventional
machines,
with joint efficiencies
commonly
better
than 95 percent
(ref. 12.4).

12. 223

'

Mechanical

Properties

of Resistance

:i

Welds

12.2231 Operating conditions and resnlting shear strengths for spot welds,
table 12.2231.
12.2232 Effect of shot-peening on fatigue resistance of 4-spot welded
jointsin STA sheet, figure 12.2232.
12.2233 Tensile properties of flash butt-welds at room temperature,
table 12.2233.

-*

12.3

Brazing.
Alloy A-286 can be brazed
in vacuum or in atmospheres
of pure dry hydrogen
or argon.
Mechanical
properties
of brazed
joints are somewhat
impaired
because
of the brazing
time-temperature cycle,
but may be improved
by oolution treating
and aging
after brazing
Lref. 12.3).
As with any other welding procedure,
aurfacee
muat be clean and
free of contaminants.
Because
of the aluminum
and titanium
content
in A-286,
brazing in controlled
atmosphereJ
ia necemeary
to prevent

89

the formation
of refractory
oxides
of these
metals
Formation
of the oxides
ma}
also be circumvented
plating
of the alloy
surface
prior
to brazing
(ref.
12.31

Comparison
of the stress
base
alloy
and nickel-plated
m figure
1Z. 31.

12.32

Tensile
eratures

1Z. 33

It has "-; 'n shown that the tensile

strengths
of braze-coated
A-286,
tested _ I239F (649C), are reduced more than 25 percent when
a braze cont-_h_ing boron (e.g., AMS
4775) is used (ref. 12.14).
(See also figure 12.32. ) Additionally_ ductility, as measured
by
elongation, may be reduced to zero. Consequently,
brazing operations for the production of cooled turbine blades were examined
carefully (ref. 17-.18). It was found that even in an atmosphere
of
hydrogen
with a dewpoint of -ll0F
(-79C) and at temperatures
to
23000 F (I260 C), deleterious oxide formation could not be prevente(..
Hence,
electroplating of the base metal was used to promote
weLLing
of the base metal by the braze alloys. A minimum
thickness of
0. 000Z inch (0.00508 turn) nickel plate was found to be satisfactory
for successful brazing. The effect of nickel plate thickness on the
stress-rupture life of A-286 brazed welds tested at I200F (649C)
is indicated in figure 12.33. It was also observed that a brazing
alloy of Ni-Cr-Si was less harmful to the stress-rupture
life of
A-286 than one of NI-Cr-Si-B.

12.4

life
with

at lZ00 F (649 C) of A-286

that of brazed
welds
is shown

properties
of butt-brazed
welds
are plotted
in figure
12.32.

at room

and

Fastening.
Successful
fastening
of the high-strength
A-286 requires,
of course,
fasteners
of at least

elevated

temp-

"-

heat-resisting
equivalent
prop-

erties,
generally
A-286
itself.
The excellent
tensile
and stress
properties
of A-286
wire and bolts have
been illustrated
in Chapters
7 and 8. The tensile
properties
of A-286
rivets
are generously
recorded
in MIL-HDBK-5A
(ref.
12.16)
for use with other
high-strength
corrosion-resistant
alloys.

:i
_

12.41

The shear
strength
strength
aluminum

_
_

12.42

The
ized

%
_

..rupture
alloy

on the alloy
surface.
by copper
or nickel
12.4).

tensile
strengths
in table
12.42.

of A-286
and nickel
of A-286

90

rivets
alloys
rivets

compared
with those
of highis illustrated
in figure
12.41.
in A-286

sheet

are

summar-

91

9Z

93

_..,,rlb

94
\

+
.+.

95

_-y+_

70_
.._

_mp_

44

60

,-

--

t..ll
50

++

........... |

._

_z..............

i .7

aB
O

I
-r'_.

40

'

30 -..

',?,_:::z::

..........

30

zo

---.. +

........
104
Cycles

10

10 e
to Failure

,0 e

FIGURE
12.2232. --Effect of shot-peening
on fatigue
resistance
of a 4-suot weld lap joint; 0.05-in
(1.Z7-mm)
sheet;
1800F
(98ZC), 10rain, OO+

1325F (718C), 16hrs.

(Ref. IZ,l)

80

i i,- .--"

_ed
;_- .... t

III

_lI
@
M

_=_='b

llII

-'--:

_ ,
1

llmlIll h.--_mInInllll
'.'ram
li_':_qlIlll

Ii_mlnill
nlll-_'lll

; I FI

;
_-

40 mnnmmnunn

+
,

mmmmmunun
nmmml|l!l

IIIIlSqlIIIIIllU
nnniillil
R 0 IIIIIIlll

O. 1

mmmnmnnnu
mmmnuunll
IiimniIIl
lllllllll

1
Rupture

FIGURE
alloy
;-*,

nmmmmmnnn/mmmmmnnun
mmnmmuull
munmnunnl
ImmImlmmlInIIIlIIlI
nininnill
nnllnllll

10
Life,

InInIIlll
inlllnlll

100

_
m
I
i

:_
._7

1000

hours

12.31.
-- Comparison
of stress-rupture
life of A-_86 _le
and nickel-plated
alloy with that of brazed welds.
(Ref. 12.13 )

,6

_-0

_-

0
I00

ZOO

400

600

800

LO00 C
- 70
' iI

6O
80

_._

1.59

3.18

l zooo __
10 000

--r

.....

'_

4.76

ii

Alloy,,

6.35

, i
ksi ,{kg/mm
_

: Monel

--TZOZ4-T31

7.94

,1

Ji

!,

9.5 rnna

t_

1 _

--i---_ 1_-

49 134.5}

.I--L---f---K-L--4/-_--L_

41 {Z8 8}

t' I

----1/--I_ /;

4000

i_

3000 _,

ZOO0
4 000

- ! [
--V--

/
i
/ f

....

;or

;c
./"At"

/"

zooo

-'_-_

1116
FIGURE

li
I

2116

3116
Rivet

12,41.

--Comparison

"

- lOOO

F_ ....

zoz -T 1
_
1

4/16
Di ,meter
of shear

5116
strengths

6116
of rivets.
v._ef.

99

12.16)

in

Chapter

12 - B.eferences

12.1

R. Kaltenhauser,
Steels,"
Metals

'rWeldability
of Precipitation-Hardening
En_. Qtr.,
9 (1), 44 (1969).

lZ. 2

Republic
Steel
Basics
of Arc

12.3

Universal
Cyclops/Specialty
3020, 1971.

12.4

5.5. Vagi,
Hardening

R.M.
Evans,
and D.C.
Martin,
Stainless
Steels,"
NASA SP-5087,

l Z.5

5.J.
Vagi,
Methods,"

R.P.
Meister,
and M.D.
DMIC Report
244, August

12.6

International
Huntington

Nickel
Alloys,"

12.7

Weldin_ Handbook,
1967, Ch. 91.

12.8

ASTM STP-226,
Deposited
Metal

l Z. 9

I.F.
Squires,
"Determination
istics
for Some Heat-Resisting

Stainless

Corporation,
"Arc Welding Stainless
Welding,"
Adv. 1948a-15M-370A.
Steel

Division,

Steel.

"Unitemp

"Welding
1968.

Randall,
1968.

5, American

"The Elevated
and Weldments,"

Welding

Temperature
1958, _.

A-286,"

the

New York,

Properties
195.

of Kesistance
Spot.
Stainless
Steels,"

HT

Evaluation

"Joining

Society,

I,

of Precipitation

"Weldment

Co./Huntington
Alloys Division,
Technical
Bulletin
T-2.
Sec.

Part

Welding
British

of Weld-

CharacterWelding J.,

2 (3), 149(196z).
12.10

Marshall
Structural

12.11

C.P.
Sheet

12.12

P.M.
Knowlson,
"An Explanation
of Internal
Cracks .n Spot Welds
Steels,"

12.13

i_i

on

_
_,

Smith and D.H.

Love,
"Development
of Elevated
Temperature
Spot-Welded
and Seam-Welded
Joints,"
ASD TR 61-67.

British

Welding

Metals Handbook_
American
Society
Russell

J.,

of Factors
in Nimonic

9 (3),

168 (1962).

8th Ed., Vol. I, "Selection

and Properties
for Metals,
Metals
Park,
Ohio, 1961.
Wisner,

J.H. Sinclair
and C.A.
Gyorgak,
"Effect
of Two Braze Coatings,
Processing
Varlablee,
and Heat Treatments
on 1200F Stress-Rupture
Strength
of L-605,
A-286,
and Inconel
700 Sheet,"
NASA TN D-1880,
November
196_.
ature
Vacuum
and Hydrogen
Brazing,"
TN-3932, Materials
1957.
Military"
Handbook
5-A, Dept. Furnace
of Defense,
FSC NASA
I500,"Metallic
I Q70.
Vehicle
100

S_ructurel,"

of High-Temper-

February

)_
/,

12.15

order; January
for Aerospace

"An Investigation

of Methyls,"

W.E.

latest
change
and Elements

and J.P.

:_"
:_

Affecting
the Fornlation
Alloys
and Some Stainlel3 s

12.14

1_.16
i

Space Flight Center,

"Effects
of Low Temperatures
Metals,"
NASA SP-5012,
December
1964.

1966;