Addisons Disease

Addisonian Anemia
Albrights Syndrome
Alports Syndrome
Alzheimers
Argyll-Robertson Pupil

Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Barretts
Bartters Syndrome
Beckers Muscular Dystrophy
Bells Palsy
Bergers Disease
Bernard-Soulier Disease
Berry Aneurysm
Bowens Disease
Brill-Zinsser Disease
Briquets Syndrome
Brocas Aphasia
Brown-Sequard
Brutons Disease
Budd-Chiari
Buergers Disease
Burkitts Lymphoma

Caisson Disease
Chagas Disease
Chediak-Higashi Disease
Conns Syndrome
Coris Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Crohns
Curlings Ulcer
Cushings
Cushings Ulcer
de Quervains Thyroiditis

Primary adrenocortical deficiency

Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells IF Vit B12 megaloblastic anemia)
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, caf au lait spots, short stature, young girls
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
Progressive dementia

Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral)

Prostitutes Eye accommodates but does not react

Pathognomonic for 3Syphilis

Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus

Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus ( risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux
Hyperreninemia
Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)
CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection
Defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)

Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating artery

Often associated with ADPKD

Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis ( risk of visceral ca) [compare w/ Queyrat]
Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later

Somatization disorder

Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology

Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45) intact comprehension
Hemisection of cord

(contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)

X-linked agammaglobinemia ( B cells)

Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure
Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities painful ischemia gangrene
Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke.

Small noncleaved cell lymphoma (EBV)

8:14 translocation

Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues

Starry sky appearance

Nitric gas emboli

Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia

(AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization

Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph
Primary Aldosteronism: HTN; retain Na+ & H2O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis); renin
Type III Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def. Glycogen)
Prion infection cerebellar & cerebral degeneration

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus
Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy
IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas
(contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, colon cancer risk)

Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Disease: Hypercorticism 2 to ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)

Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1 adrenal or ectopic)

moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma
Self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)

Page 1

DiGeorges Syndrome
Downs Syndrome
Dresslers Syndrome
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Edwards Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos
Eisenmengers Complex
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Ewing Sarcoma
Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat
Fanconis Syndrome
Feltys Syndrome
Gardners Syndrome
Gauchers Disease
Gilberts Syndrome
Glanzmanns Thrombasthenia
Goodpastures
Graves Disease
Guillain-Barre
Hamman-Rich Syndrome
Hand-Schuller-Christian
Hashimotos Thyroiditis
Hashitoxicosis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Hirschprungs Disease
Horners Syndrome
Huntingtons (Chromosome 4)
Jacksonian Seizures
Jobs Syndrome

Kaposi Sarcoma
Kartageners Syndrome
Kawasaki Disease
Klinefelters Syndrome
Kluver-Bucy
Krukenberg Tumor
Laennecs Cirrhosis
Lesch-Nyhan
Letterer-Siwe
Libman-Sacks

Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches formation: Thymus & Parathyroid

Thymic hypoplasia T-cell deficiency

Hypoparathyroidism Tetany
Trisomy 21 or translocation Simian Crease
Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis (autoimmune)

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) = bilirubin transposrt is defective not conjugation

Striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver

Deficiency of dystrophin protein MD (X-linked recessive)

Trisomy 18

Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, small lower jaw, heart disease

Defective collagen
Late cyanotic shunt (RL) pulmonary HTN & RVH 2 to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA
Trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus Waiters Tip
Malignant undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone in boys <15yoa - t11;22
Carcinoma in situ on glans penis
Impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2 to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria,
hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)

Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly

AD = adenomatous polyps of colon, osteomas & soft tissue tumors

Lysosomal Storage Disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency glucocerebroside accumulation)

Hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia

Benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) = d glucuronyl transferase activity
Defective glycoproteins on platelets = deficient platelet aggregation
Autoimmune: abs to glomerular & alveolar basement membranes. Seen in men in their 20s
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI): IgG Ab reactive w/ TSH receptors. Low TSH & TRH High T3 / T4
Polyneuritis following viral infection/ autoimmune

(ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can see honey comb lung.

Chronic progressive histiocytosis
Autoimmune hypothyroidism. May have transient hyperthyroidism. Low T3 /T4 & High TSH
Initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimotos Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism

Hypersensivity vasculitis = allergic purpura. Lesions have the same age.

Hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal involvement)

Associated with upper respiratory infections

Aganglionic megacolon
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2 to a Pancoast tumor)
AD: Progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen (striatum) & frontal cortex GABA
Epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)

Immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli

Defective neutrophilic chemotactic response = repeated infections

Commonly seen in light-skinned, red-haired girls

d IgE levels
Malignant vascular tumor (HHV8 in homosexual men)
Immotile cilia 2 to defective dynein arms (infection, situs inversus, sterility)
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in kids (acute necrotizing vasculitis of lips, oral mucosa)
47, XXY: Long arms, Sterile, Hypogonadism
Bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)
Adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to
the ovaries
Alcoholic cirrhosis

HGPRT deficiency

Gout, retardation, self-mutilation

Acute disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets

Associated with SLE

Page 2

Lou Gehrigs
Mallory-Weis Syndrome
Marfans
McArdles Disease
Meckels Diverticulum
Meigs Syndrome
Menetriers Disease
Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis
Munchausen Syndrome
Nelsons Syndrome
Niemann-Pick
Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
Pagets Disease
Pancoast Tumor
Parkinsons
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (AD)
Peyronies Disease
Picks Disease
2 Different Diseases
Plummers Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson
Pompes Disease
Potts Disease
Potters Complex
Raynauds
Reiters Syndrome
Reyes Syndrome
Riedels Thyroiditis
Rotor Syndrome
Sezary Syndrome
Shavers Disease
Sheehans Syndrome
Shy-Drager
Simmonds Disease
Sipples Syndrome
Sjogrens Syndrome
Spitz Nevus
Stein-Leventhal
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stills Disease
Takayasus arteritis
Tay-Sachs (AR)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tourettes Syndrome
Turcots Syndrome

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons

Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2 to wretching (alcoholics)
Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene (Dissecting aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses)
Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency = Glycogen)

Rule of 2s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population

Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue: gastric/pancreatic (remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk)
Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax associated w/ fibroma of ovaries
Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)
Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)
Factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms, but doesnt know why)
1 Adrenal Cushings surgical removal of adrenals loss of negative feedback to pituitary
Pituitary Adenoma

Lysosomal Storage Disease (sphingomyelinase deficiency sphingomyelin accumulation)

Foamy histiocytes
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the Mormons of Utah.
Abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures pain)
Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement Horners Syndrome
Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts
Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia + hamartomatous polyps of small intestine
Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis
1. Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimers
2. Constrictive pericarditis sequel to mediastinal tuberculosis

Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer heart chambers may be unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole
Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs (Plummers = Graves - eye signs)
Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped nails, SCCA of esophagus
Type II Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease cardiomegaly ( 1,4 Glucosidase deficiency: Glycogen)
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae
Renal agenesis oligohydramnios hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities

Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in young, healthy women

Phenomenon: 2 to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular

Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy

2 to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness, especially VZV

Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)

Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver

Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
Aluminum inhalation lung fibrosis
Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock usually occurred during delivery
Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension
Pituitary cachexia can occur from either pituitary tumors or Sheehans
MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary CA, hyperparathyroidism
Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis risk of B-cell lymphoma
Juvenile melanoma (always benign)
Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity; hirsutism = LH secretion
Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration (often 2 to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)

Aortic arch syndrome

Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease. Night sweats.

Common in young Asian females

Gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency GM2 ganglioside) Cherry Red Spots of the Macula
1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis, 4.right ventricular hypertrophy
Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal Txt w/ Pimozide
Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors
Page 3

Turners Syndrome
Vincents Infection
Von Gierkes Disease
Von Hippel-Lindau

45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No Barr body on buccal smear.
Trench mouth acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis due to Fusobacterium
Type I Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease (G6Ptase deficiency) Glycogen accumulaiton

Von Recklinghausens

Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain stem, & retina

Adenomas of the viscera, especially Renal Cell Carcinoma

Chromosome 3p
Neurofibromatosis & caf au lait spots & Lisch nodules (Chromosome 17)

Von Recklinghausens Disease of

Bone

Osteitis fibrosa cystica (brown tumor) 2 to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic resorption

w/fibrous replacement

Von Willebrands Disease (AD)

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia
Wallenbergs Syndrome

Defect in platelet adhesion 2 to deficiency in vWF. aPPT, Bleed time

Waterhouse-Friderichsen
Webers Syndrome
Wegeners Granulomatosis
Weils Disease
Wermers Syndrome
Wernickes Aphasia
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Whipples Disease
Wilsons Disease
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Wolff-Chaikoff Effect
Zenkers Diverticulum
Zollinger-Ellison
Rogers Disease
Barlows Syndrome
Bracht-Wachter Lesions
Lutembachers Syndrome
Schmidts Syndrome

Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 50-70 yoa; PAS(+) Dutcher bodies

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis Medullary Syndrome

Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp

Adrenal insufficiency 2 to DIC

DIC 2 to meningiococcemia

Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain

Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)

Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.

Icteric Leptospirosis non-icteric prgresses to renal failure & myocarditis

Dark field microscopy for dx

MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary
Sensory Aphasia impaired comprehension
Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (mediodorsal nucleua) (confusion, ataxia,
ophthalmoplegia)

Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis

Hepatolenticular degeneration (copper accumulation [Txt w/ Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)

Mallory Bodies in the Liver & also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline change

Chromosome 13

Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)

IgM w/ IgA
High iodine level ()s thyroid hormone synthesis
Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES
Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) acid recurrent ulcers
Interventricular septal defect
Floppy vale syndrome women b/t 20-40 yoa
Minute abscesses found in subacute bacterial endocarditis
Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/ mitral stenosis
Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (Hashimotos ) & insulin-dependent diabetes

Page 4

Hallmark Findings
Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation
Antiplatelet Antibodies
Arachnodactyly
Aschoff Bodies
Auer Rods
Autosplenectomy

Babinski
Basophilic Stippling of RBCs
Bence Jones Protein
Birbeck Granules
Blue Bloater
Boot-Shaped Heart
Bouchards Nodes
Boutonnieres Deformity
Brown Tumor
Brushfield Spots
Call-Exner Bodies
Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy
Chancre
Chancroid
Charcot Triad
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Chocolate Cysts
Chvosteks Sign
Clue Cells
Codmans Triangle
Cold Agglutinins
Condyloma Lata
Cotton Wool Spots
Councilman Bodies
Crescents In Bowmans Capsule
Currant-Jelly Sputum
Curschmanns Spirals

Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Marfans
Rheumatic fever
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)

Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu val in chain

Low O2 sickling

Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection

Salmonella osteomyelitis

Vaso-occlusive painful crisises

Hydroxyurea as Txt ( HbF) & Bone marrow transplant

UMN lesion
Lead poisoning

Multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda)

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia
Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic
recurrent productive cough)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Osteoarthritis (proximal IP joint of the fingers)
Rheumatoid arthritis flex proximal & extend distal IP joints
Hyperparathyroidism
Downs

Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma

Granuloma-Theca cell tumor

Chagas Disease
1 Syphilis

Haemophilus ducreyi
Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
Bronchial asthma
Cerebral lesion
Endometriosis
Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany
Gardnerella vaginitis
Osteosarcoma

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Infectious mononucleosis

2 Syphilis

New coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel

HTN

Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions)
Dying hepatocytes HepB
Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)

Klebsiella
Bronchial asthma

Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra

Parkinsons

Donovan Bodies
Eburnation
Ectopia Lentis
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
Fatty Liver
Ferruginous Bodies
Ghon Focus / Complex
Glitter Cells

Granuloma inguinale (STD)

Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
Marfans
Lyme Disease
Alcoholism
Asbestosis - & Iron laden
Tuberculosis (1 & 2, respectively)
Acute Pyelonephritis
Page 5

Gowers Maneuver
Heberdens Nodes
Heinz Bodies
Heterophil Antibodies
Hirano Bodies
Hypersegmented PMNs
Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
Joint Mice
Kaussmaul Breathing
Keratin Pearls
Keyser-Fleischer Ring
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules
Koilocytes
Koplik Spots
Lewy Bodies
Lines of Zahn
Lisch Nodules
Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli
Mallory Bodies
McBurneys Sign
Michealis-Gutmann Bodies
Monoclonal Antibody Spike
Myxedema
Negri Bodies
Neuritic Plaques
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Non-pitting Edema
Notching of Ribs
Nutmeg Liver
Owls Eye Cells
Painless Jaundice
Pannus
Pautriers Microabscesses
Philadelphia Chromosome
Pick Bodies
2 types of COPD
Podagra
Port-Wine Stain
Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign
Psammoma Bodies

Pseudohypertrophy
Punched-Out Bone Lesions
Rash on Palms & Soles

Duchennes MD use of arms to stand

Osteoarthritis (distal IP joint of the fingers)
G6PDH Deficiency
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
Alzheimers
Megaloblastic anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia or Thalassemia
Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2 to rapid lysis
Osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Squamous Cell CA of skin (Actinic Keratosis is a precursor)
Wilsons
Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix
HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association)
Measles
Parkinsons (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)
Arterial thrombus
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausens disease) = pigmented iris hamartomas
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis prototype of nephritic syndrome
Alcoholic hepatitis
Appendicitis (McBurneys Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
Malakoplakia - lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli

Multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)

MGUS
Hypothyroidism
Rabies
Alzheimers
Alzheimers

Myxedema

Anthrax Toxin
Coarctation of Aorta
CHF = causing congested liver

CMV

Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma)

Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever

Pancreatic CA (head)
Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that w/ joint use, HLA-DR4
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary
CML
Picks Disease

Pink Puffer Type A: Emphysema

Blue Bloater Type B: Bronchitis

Centroacinar smoking

Emphysema
Gout (MP joint of hallux)

Panacinar - 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Hemangioma
Tearing of the ACL

Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid

Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary

Meningioma

Mesothelioma
Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to fat
Multiple myeloma

2 Syphilis
RMSF
Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Page 6

Red Morning Urine

Reed-Sternberg Cells
Reid Index Increased
Reinke Crystals
Rouleaux Formation
S3 Heart Sound
S4 Heart Sound
Schwartzman Reaction
Smith Antigen

Soap Bubble on X-Ray

Spike & Dome Glomeruli
String Sign on X-ray
Target Cells
Tendinous Xanthomas
Thyroidization of Kidney
Tophi
Tram-Track Glomeruli
Trousseaus Sign

Virchows Node
Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells
WBC Casts
Whipples Triad
Wire Loop Glomeruli
AFP in amniotic fluid or mothers
serum
Uric Acid

FEV1/FVC
Ground Glass on chest x-ray
(Hyaline)

Honey Combing of the lung

Crescents
Linear Ig Deposits
45 Degree Branch Points
PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies
Ground Glass in Abdomen(Hyaline)
Signet Ring Cells
Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline)
Congo Red
Meningiomas & Progesterone
Tuberous Sclerosis Triad

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use Hams test to confirm.

Hodgkins Disease
Chronic bronchitis = d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness
Leydig cell tumor
Multiple myeloma RBCs stacked as poker chips

LR Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)

Mitral Regurg
LV Failure
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary HTN

Neisseria meningitidis (impressive rash with bugs)

SLE (also anti-dsDNA)

Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL)

90% 14-45 yo females

Also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome

Giant cell tumor of bone
Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome
Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3)
Crohns - bowel wall thickening
Thalassemia in Thalassemia w/ no gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Chronic pyelonephritis
Gout
Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers

Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis)

Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same
name.

Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

Measles
Pyelonephritis
CNS disfunction Hypoglycemic episodes glu injection reverses CNS Sympts
Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly

Gout

Lesch Nyhan

Myeloproliferative Disorders

Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)

COPD

Due to Pneumocystis carinii

Seen w/ Atelectasia

Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)

Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)
Goodpastures syndrome
Aspergillosis
Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia = IgM = Hyperviscosity
Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies
Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenbergs tumor that has metastasized from the stomach

Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes

Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)
Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls

Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur

Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules):

angiofibromas
Page 7

Cowdry A Inclusions
Devics Syndrome
c-erb B2
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
Hoffmans Sign
Red Nucleus Destruction
Ventral Spinocerebellar tr.
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr.
Cuneocerebellar tr.
Dorsal Column
Lateral Spinothalamic tr.
Ventral Spinothalamic tr.
SVA
GSE
SSA
GVA
GVE
GSA
SVE
LMN Lesion
Sensory Pathway Lesion
Both UMN & LMN Lesion
Both Sensory & Motor Lesion
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Ventromedial Nucleus
Lateral Nucleus
Arcuate Nucleus
Mamillary Body
Acanthocytes

Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in oligodendroglia

Neuromyelitis Optica

A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia
Breast Cancer association
A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema
Flicking of the middle fingers nail
Intention tremors of the arm
Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements
Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities
Conscious proprioception of the body
Pain & Temperature sensation
Light touch perception
Taste & Smell
Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium
Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation

Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation

Gland innervation = secretions

Viscera

Pain & temperature of face

Sensation of external ear

Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx

Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular atrophy)

Poliomyelitis

Subacute Combined Degeneration = Friedrichs Ataxia = B12 deficiency

Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)

ALS = Lou Gherigs Disease

Brown Sequard

Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion

Controls circadian rhythm
Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned
Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned
Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons)
Can have hemorrhages as seen in Wernickes Encephalopathy
RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia.

Page 8

Most Common
1o Tumor arising from bone in adults
Adrenal Medullary Tumor Adults
Adrenal Medullary Tumor Children
Agent of severe viral encephalitis
Aggressive lung tumor
Associated with gallstones
Bacterial Meningitis adults
Bacterial Meningitis elderly
Bacterial Meningitis newborns
Bacterial Meningitis toddlers
Benign epithelial tumor of oral mucosa
Benign fallopian tube tumor
Benign ovarian tumor
Benign tumor of soft tissue
Benign tumor of the breast <25yoa
Benign tumor of the liver
Benign tumor of the vulva
Benign uterine tumor
Bone Tumors
Brain Tumor Child
Brain Tumor Adult
Breast Carcinoma
Breast Mass
Bug in Acute Endocarditis
Bug in debilitated, hospitalized
pneumonia pt
Bug in Epiglottitis
Bug in GI Tract
Bug in IV drug user bacteremia /
pneumonia
Bug in PID
Bug in Subacute Endocarditis
CA of urinary collecting system
Cardiac 1ry Tumor Adults
Cardiac 1ry Tumor Child
Cardiac Tumor Adults
Cardiomyopathy
Cause of 2ry HTN
Cause of Addisons
Cause of breast lumps
Cause of chronic endometriosis
Cause of Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia
Cause of Cushings
Cause of Death in Alzheimer pts
Cause of Death in Diabetics
Cause of Death in premature
Cause of Death in SLE pts.
Cause of Dementia

Osteosarcoma
Pheochromocytoma: 5 Ps: Pressure; Pain (Headache); Perspiration; Palpitations; Pallor/Diaphoresis
Neuroblastoma
Herpes simplex
Small cell or oat cell
Adenocarinoma

Strep pneumoniae & in young adults = Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli / Group BStrep.
Hib
Papilloma
Adenomatoid
Mature(Native) Teratoma = benign dermatoid
Lipoma
Fibroadenoma
Hemangioma
Hidroadenoma
Leiomyoma: estrogen sinsitive: changes size during pregnancy & menopause
Metasteses from Breast & Prostate
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma
Invasive Duct Carcinoma
Fibrocystic Change: premenopausic women (Carcinoma is the most common in post-menopausal women)

Staph aureus
Klebsiella
Hib
Bacteroides (2nd E. coli)

Staph aureus
N. Gonnorrhoeae

Strep Viridans
Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; naphthylamine; analine dyes; long term txt w/
cyclophosphamide)
Myxoma: Ball Valve
Rhabdomyoma associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis
Metasteses

Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri, Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin

Systolic Dysfunction
Renal Disease
Autoimmune (2nd infection)
CA of the breast
TB
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension (then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)
Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
Pneumonia
MI
NRDS = hyaline membrane disease
Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease
Alzheimers
Page 9

Cause of Dementia (2nd most

common)
Cause of Dwarfism
Cause of Food poisoning
Cause of Hematosalpynga
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism
Cause of Hypothyroidism
Cause of Kidney infections
Cause of Liver disease in US
Cause of Malignancy in children
Cause of Mental retardation
Cause of Mental retardation (2nd most
common)
Cause of NaCl loss and Hypotension
Cause of PID
Cause of Portal cirrhosis
Cause of Preventable Blindness
Cause of Pulmonary HTN
Cause of Secondary Hypertension
Cause of SIADH

Multi-Infarct Dementia

Cause of UT Obstruction in men

BPHyperplasia
Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic factor

Cause Pernicious Anemia

Chromosomal Disorder
Common Tumor of the Appendix
Congenital Cardiac Anomaly
Congenital Early Cyanosis
Coronary Artery Thrombosis
Demyelinating Disease

Dental Tumor
Dietary Deficiency
Disease of the Breast
Disseminated Opportunistic Infection
in AIDS
Esophageal Cancer
Fallopian Tube Malignancy
Fatal Genetic Defect in Caucasians
Female Tumor
Form of Amyloidosis
Form of Tularemia
Germ Cell Tumor of Testes
Gynecological Malignancy
Gynecological Finding
Heart Murmur
Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis
Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis
in IV drug users
Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic
Fever
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
Hormone secreted in Pituitary

Achondroplasia

Staph aureus
Ectopic pregnancy
Throidectomy
Corrective surgery I31 treatment
E. coli
Alcohol consumption
Acute leukemia
Downs
Fragile X
21 hydroxylase deficiency
N. ghonorrhea
Alcohol
Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)
COPD
Renal disease
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Downs

Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm; RHeart valvular lesions

Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

VSD (membranous > muscular)
Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt
LAD artery: MI
Multiple Sclerosis: (Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
Periventricular plaques w/ Oligodenrocytes
IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme = Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder
incontinence
Odontoma

Iron
Fibrocystic disease
CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
SCCA
AdenoCA
Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)
Leimyoma
Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)
Ulceroglandular
Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)
Endometrial Carcinoma
Endometrial CA
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral
Tricuspid
Mitral then Aortic
Von Willebrands Disease
Prolactin
Page 10

Adenoma
Inherited disease of the Kidney
Intracranial tumor in adults
Islet Tumor
Liver 1ry Tumor
Liver Disease
Location of Adenocarcinoma of the
Pancreas
Location of Adult Brain Tumors
Location of Childhood Brain Tumors
Lung Tumor, malignant or benign
Lung Tumor, primary or secondary
Lysosomal Storage Disease
Malignancy in Women
Malignancy of the Larynx
Malignancy of the Small Intestine
Malignancy Vulva
Malignant Eye Tumor in Kids
Malignant Tumor of the Liver
Motor Neuron Disease
Muscular Dystrophy
Nasal Tumor
Neoplasm Child
Neoplasm Child (2nd most common)
Neoplasm of the West
Neoplastic Polyp
Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults
Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
Non Hodgkins Lymphoma
Number of Deaths per year in Women
Skin tumor
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Ovarian Malignancy
Ovarian Tumor
Pancreatic Tumor
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML
Patient with Goodpastures
Patient with Reiters
Pituitary Tumor
Place for Primary Squamous Cell CA of
esophagus
Place for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Primary Benign Salivary Tumor
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Malignancy of Bone
Primary Malignancy of Small Intestine
Pt. with Hodgkins
Pt. with Minimal Change Disease
Renal Malignancy
Renal Malignancy of Early Childhood
Salivary Tumor
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse

APD1 chromosome 16
Glioblastoma mulitforme
Insulinoma = cell tumor
Hepatoma
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Head (99%)
Above Tentorium
Below Tentorium
Malignant
Secondary
Gauchers
Lung (2nd breast)
Glottic CA (squamous cell)
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell CA
Retinoblastoma
Hepatocellular CA
ALS
Duchennes: Dystrophin deletion. Presents <5yoa weakness at pelvic girdles w/ upward progression
Squamous cell CA
Leukemia
Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)
Adeno CA of the rectum and/or colon
Tubular adenoma
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Minimal Change (Lipoid Nephrosis) Disease (responds well to steroid txt)
Follicular small clear cell
Lung CA
Basal cell CA
PCP
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
Hamartoma
Adeno (usually in the head)
ALL Child / CLL Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML Adult 35-50
Young male
Male
Prolactinoma (2nd Somatotropic Acidophilic Adenoma)
Mid 1/3
Lesser curvuture in antrum associated w/ blood group O
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed) 90% localized to the parotid
Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
Osteosarcoma
Lymphoma
Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type Female)
Young Child
Renal cell CA
Wilms tumor (neohroblastoma) chromosome 11p
Pleomorphic adenoma
Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Page 11

Sexually Transmitted Disease

Site of Diverticula
Site of Embolic Occlusion
Site of Metastasis
Site of Metastasis (2nd most
common)
Sites of Atherosclerosis
Skin CA of Fair Skinned People
Skin Cancer
Small Intestine Congenital Anomaly
Stomach Cancer
Testicular Tumor
Thyroid Anomaly
Thyroid CA
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Tumor in men <20
Tumor of Infancy
Tumor of the Stomach > 50 years old
Type of Hodgkins
Type of Non-Hodgkins
Type of Portal Cirrhosis
Type of Soft Tissue Tumor of
Childhood
Vasculitis (of medium & small
arteries)
Viral Encephalitis
Worm Infection in US
Worst Prognosis in Thyroid Cas
Cause of Lobar Pneumonia
Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa
Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis
Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV Drug
Users
Cause of Infection in Burn Pts
Mental Problem in Males
Intelligence Test

Paraphilia
Metabolite seen w/
Pheochromocytoma
Severe Shigella
Bug in Otitis Media & Sinusitis in Kids
Cause of a Solitary Brain Abscess
Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea in U.S.
Shigella Type
Cause of Non-Ghonococcal Urethritis
Pneumonia
Urethritis
Cause of Glomerulonephritis
Cause of Viral Pneumonia

Chlamydia (sero types D-K)

Sigmoid Colon
Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias; motor & sensory loss
Regional Lymph Nodes
Liver
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Malignant melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Meckels diverticulum
Adeno associated w/ blood group A
Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth
Thryoglossal duct cyst
Papillary CA
Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus blind pouch polyhydramnios association
Germ cell tumor
Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma
CA of stomach (adenoCA)
Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
Follicular, small cleaved
Micronodular
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
HSV
Pinworm (2nd Ascaris)
Follicular CA
Strep. Pneumoniae
AIDS
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Specific phobia

Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)

WIPSI (ages 4-6)

WISK-R (for ages 6-17)

WAIS-R (for > 17 year old)

Pedophilia
VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)
Dysenteriae
Strep. Pneumoniae
A. Israelli
Campylobacter jejuni
S. Sonnei
Chlamydia trichomonas
Strep. Pneumoniae
N. ghonorrhea
IgA Nephropathy = Bergers Disease

RSV infants
Parainfluenza kids
Influenza virus adults
Page 12

Complication of COPD
Cause of Death w/ SLE
Atrial Septal Defect
Warm Antibody
Immunodeficiency
Congenital GIT Anomaly
Cause of Congenital Malformation

Adeno virus military recruits

Pulmonary infections
Renal failure
Ostium Secundum Type

IgA

Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia

IgG auto antibodies to RBC
See spherocytosis; (+) Coombs test; complication to CLL
Deficiency

Meckels Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Page 13

Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
GABA
Muscarinic-r
Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Isoflurophate
Pralidoxime
Neostigmine
Myasthenia Gravis
Tubocurium
Trimethaphan
Pancurium
Succinylcholine
1 & Eye
M-r & Eye
Sympathetic
Parasym.
M3-r & Eye
M2-r & Heart
M3-r & Lung
M3-r & GI
Tacrine
Atropine
Glycoperrolate
Pirenzepine
Doxacurium
bungarotoxin
bungarotoxin
1 & Eye
1 & Arterioles
1 & Venules
1 & Sex Function
Diastolic
Diastolic
1 & Heart
Phenylephrine
2(+) Asma Drugs
Ritodrine/Turbutaline
Phentolamine
Terazosin
Yohimbine
Cardioselective NMJ

1, 2, 1, 2
1, 2, 1 (no 2 activity)
Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization

Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers

Parasympathetic control
Cholinergic. GI & Bladder motility. Txt atonic bladder post-op (Txt=treatment)

Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation.

Txt acute glaucoma

Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
2PAM. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase

Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

Txt Myasthenia Gravis

Anitbodies to Ach-r. g muscular weakness due to Achs weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r

Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.

Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ

Histamine release= BP & bronchospasm

Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS
More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release
Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton
Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion.
Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).
Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).
Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine
Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach
Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation.
Negative chronotropy: HR = vagal arrest
Negative inotropy: contractility
Bronchospasm secretions
motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation
Acetylcholine esterase (-)r. Txt Alzheimers
DOC w/ vagal arrest
M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r. No cardiovascular side effects. No Histamine release.
Prevent the releasal of Ach from vesicles @ the pre synaptic nerve ending
Irreversible N-r (-)r = action potentials
Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Constiction: TPR = Diastolic pressure = Afterload
Constriction: Venous return = Preload
Ejaculation
1 = TPR
2; Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics

(+)chronotropism = HR.

(+)inotropism = contractility; SV; CO; O2 consumption.

conduction velocity
1 (+) Nasal decongestant.
Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine; Salmeterol
Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains
Epi reversal. Blocks , vasodilation occurs. Pt goes from HyperTN to HypoTN.
Txt pheochromocytoma = BP
Txt BPH
sympathetic outflow = 2 (-). Txt impotence.
Pancuronium = HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic vagolytic effect & Gallamine (-)r
Page 14

Irreversible cholinesterase (-)r.

Ecothiophate
Pyridostigmine

Cholinomimetic that s M & N-r effects. (-) acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase
DOC for the oral Txt of MG (DOC=Drug of Choice)

Cardio
Digoxin
Diltiazem
Quinidine
Verapamil
Propranolol
Diazoxide
Niroprusside
Reserpine
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Esmolol
Captopril
Digoxin
Dig. Toxicity
Quinidine
Lidocaine
Flecanide
Amiodarone
NE
Ach
Atenolol
Bretylium
Nimodipine
Atropine
Nitrates
Propranolol
Verapamil
Aspirin
Warfarin
Heparin
TPA
Streptokinase
Urokinase
Colestipol
Lovastatin
Losartan
Diazoxide
Clonidine
Methyldopa
Phenytoin
Procainamide
Indopamide
Thiazides
(-)
ACEIs
Epinephrine

AV nodal conduction/ inh. Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in heart cells = inc. contraction force
Txt black men. Txt AV nodal re entrance
AV nodal conduction. Cinchonism. Anticholinergic= aggravate MG. Hypotension= block
AV nodal conduction. BP. Negative inotrope= no CHF use
AV nodal conduction. BP. Negative inotrope(= block) Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via 2 block.
Balanced vasodilator.
Balanced vasodilator. Unloads heart. s cyanide= pre-txt w/ thiosulfate. Txt Acute HTNv Crisis
Txt severe & resistant HTN. Depletes CA. See stuffy nose. No to pts w/ peptic ulcers.
At high doses 2(+) offsets 1 = 1 CO w/o systemic vascular resistance
At low doses Txt Shock= dilates renal and mesenteric aa= maintain urine output
Short acting (-)
Balanced vasodilator. Txt Outpt. CHF see dry cough(bradykinin induced)
Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter - inotropic - K+ levels= dig. Toxicity
Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ sever AV block
ClassIa anti arrhythmic. Moderate Na Ch. Block
ClassIb anit arrhythmic. Normalizes conduction. Txt initial MI= control arrhythmias
ClassIc anti arrhythmic. Marked conduction slowing
Long t1/2= need potent doses to obtain desired level for action. See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AV nodal conduction via 1. Metoprolol(-) 1
AV nodal conduction via M receptor. Atorpine(-) M-r
Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias
Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias but causes passing catecholamine release that can aggravate arrhythmias briefly
Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post hemorrhagic vasospasm
excess vagal tone as seen in Sinus Bradycardia
preload= venous pooling. MVO2= reflex tachy. ventr work= dec O2 demand
Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady= diastole time= EDV
O2 supply via in vasospasm Txt Prinzmetals variant angina
Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DVThrombi). Inactivates COX= platelet production of TxA2, a potent
vasoconstictor
(-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state
Dependent on Antithrombin III activation
Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV.
Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise
From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Human source. plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.
HMGCoA reductase(-)= LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA.
Aldosterone. Renin 2-3xs
Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle
Central 2(+). TPR via symapthetic effect
Central 2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia
ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity
ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.
Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels
Older black men w/ HTN due to Renin.
Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)

(-) change AI AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril

Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly
contraction rate & force via 1.
systolic but diastolic BP.
Page 15

Norepi.
Methyldopa
Quinidine pre-txt
ClassII
Gray man
Beperidil
ACEIs
Adenosine
Enoxaparin
Isoproterenol
Variant angina
Contraindicated in
CHF

peripheral resistance via 2 vasodilaiton

heart rate and systolic and diastolic BP

peripheral blood vessel resistance

DOC for pregnancy induced HTN
Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will ventricular response: Dig.;(-); Ca Ch.(-)
(-) risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI
Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia
Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes

Low

Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles: GFR & Filtration pressure
Diabetic renal failure progression
Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ie Theophyline)
Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia
molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant

HR & MAP
Use Ca Ch. (-)r ie Nifedipine
(-)r = you dont want to the hearts pumping strength

CNS
TOM

Butyrophenone
Atypical D4
Flumazenil
Methylphenidate
Phenytoin
Thiopental
Carbamazepine
Atypical D4-r
Pimozide
Risperidone
Thioridazine
Haloperidol
Imirpamine
Clomirpramine
Trazadone
Bupropion
SSRIs
Fluoxetine
Phenelzine
Lithium

Alprazolam
Propranolol
-r
-r
Morphine & O2
Morphine
Morphine OD
Meperidine
Hydromorphone
Tramadol

Short acting BDZs:

Triazolam

Onazelam

Midazolam
Haloperidol & Droperidol
Clozapine Thioridazine Olanzepine Risperidone = Do not cause EPS
BDZ antidote for OD
Txt attention deficit disorder
Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate
Short acting Barb
DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids
Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine
Txt Tourettes
Good for negative symptoms
Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic
Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine
Enurisis
Txt OCD See aggressive behavior w/ use
Priapism
Helps to quit smoking
Primarily used for OCD
Good for negative symptoms
Irreversible MAOI

Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder

Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity

DOC stage fright
Social phobia
Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.
Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.
Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation= CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing.
ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma
1.pinpoint pupils 2.d respiraiton 3.coma
Anesthetic used during labor
(+) used in renal failure
Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain
Page 16

Naloxone
Pentazocine
Butorphenol
Nalbuphene
GABA
Fast Na Ch.
Methoxyflurane
Enflurane
Isoflurane
Halothane
Nitric Oxide
Thiopental
Kentamine
Droperidol
Fentanyl
Midazolam
Primidone
C & A delta Fibers
Esters
Amides
Amphetamine
Bromocriptine
Benztropine
Amantidine
Diphenhydramine
Pergolide
Ethosuximide
Tranylcypromine
SSRI & MAOI
Labor opioids
Desipramine causes

Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression

Part (+) & part (-)
Part (+) & part (-)
Part (+) & part (-)
seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs
electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine
Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction.
Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms
Can cause bronchospasm
Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis
No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction.
Short acting Barb.
Dissociative anesthetic

Pre

Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect

Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block
Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Used transdermally for chronic pain
anesthetic. Induces amnesia

Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia

DA

Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine

Broken down and make PABA (allergen)
Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= i before caine always an amide
Metabolized in the liver
reuptake (-)r. MAOI. Parkinsons txt

D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for on-off phenomenon of Parkinsons

Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinsons txt
DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.
Txt early Parkinsons stages
> Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine
DOC for Absence seizures
MAOI = antidepressant
Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)
Meperidine & Nalbuphine
Sudden cardaic death in children

Anti-Infective
Primaquine
Ciporfloxacin
Sulfonamides
Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception
Ceftriazone
Hepatic coma DOC
Clavulanic acid
Piperacillin
Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)
Isoniazid

Malaria profylaxis

Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale

Quinolone derivative

PABA structural analogs

Inhibit Folic acid synthesis

Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-) Nitrogen balance & d BUN levels.

Doxycycline is the exception

3rd generation cephalosporin

DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ie HiB)

One dose txt of gonorrhea

Neomycin (aminoglycoside) it supresses the normal flora = g NH4 production = g free nitrogen
levels in the bloodstream.
Irreversible (-)r of lactamases, but ot of transpeptidase = use w/ a lactamase sensitive
penicillin

Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Most commonly used drug for TB.

Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol
Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis
Page 17

Pyrantel Pamoate
Buy AT 30, CELL at 50

Cefoxitin
Chloramphenicol

Nifurtimox
Metronidazole

Txt P. carinii
Tetracycline
TMP-SMX
Benzathine Penicillin G
Praziquantel
Melarsoprol
Stibogluconate
Fluconazole
Amphotericin B
Ketoconazole MOA
Griseofulvin MOA
Mefloquine
Chloroquine
Nifurtimox
Erythromycin
Nystatin
Acyclovir
Imipenem
Cefoperazone side effects
Vancomycin
Meropenem
Nafcillin
Peripheral neuropathy
Sulfonamides & newborns
O.N.E. for gonorrhea

Ribavirin

Txt

Txt of Hookworm disease

Depolarizing NMJ (-)r
A = Aminoglycosides
T = Tetracyclines
C = Chloramphenicol
E = Erythromycin (macrolide)
L = Clindamycin
L = Lincomycin
Txt intraabdominal infections (ie w/ Bacteroides fragilis)
Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin
Broad spectrum antibiotic
Bone marrow depression (common) Aplastic anemia (rare)
Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be conjugated)
DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection)
DOC HiB meningitis in kids especially resistant strain to ampicillin
trypanosomiasis

Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis

Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis

DOC Trichomoniasis

DOC Giardia lamblia

TMP-SMX & Pentamidine

Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera

Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

(-) dihydrofolate reductase activity
Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for Txt of Syphilis
Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections)
Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms
Txt Leishmaniasis
Txt fungal encephalitis
Polyene antifingal
(-) fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane
Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in dermatomycoses infections

Anti malarial

Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum

Txt for Malaria when inside RBC
DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi
Used in pts allergic to penicillins
Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis

Guanine analog

Txt Herpes infections

Used w/ Cilastatin

Can cause seizures

Bleeding due to vit K level alterations

Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders

Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)

Red neck: due to histamine release causes facial flushing

used w/ Cilastatin

Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)

Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment

Seen w/ use of:

Metronidazole Isoniazid Vincristine ddI AZT Allopurinol

Kernicterus can occur

Txt

Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:

O = Ofloxacin
N = Norfloxacin
E = Enoxacin
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
Page 18

Anti-Neoplastics
Cyclosporine
Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatins toxicities
Methotrexate
Leucovorin Rescue
Bleomycin toxicities
Azathiorine
MOPP

Tamoxifen
Flutamide
Megestrol
Fluoxymesterone
Methotrexate
Brain tumor Txt
Streptozocin
Cytarabine (AraC)
Dactinomycin
Etoposide
Paclitaxel
Amifostine

Protects against rejections from organ transplants

Does not induce bone marrow depression

Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA

Txt CLL
Nephro- & Ototoxicity
Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase
Can block/reduce Methotrexate = folic acid via a reduced folate
Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis

Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts

Allopurinol can its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase

Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkins disease

M = Mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard

O = Oncovin (Vincristine) prevents microtubule assembly

P = Procarbazine

P = Prednisone glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis

(-) estrogen receptor

Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA

Antiandrogenic

Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)

Txt prostatic CA

(-) progesterone receptor

Txt endometrial CA

Androgenic steroid

Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women

Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase

Txt of ALL

Txt of Psoriasis

Lomustine

Carmustine Causes pulmonary fibrosis

Attaches to cells

Txt of pancreatic insulinomas

Pyrimidine analog

DOC for AML

Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma
Used for oat cell CA
Used for ovarian CA
Can nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin

Page 19

Pathology
Mobitz I
Mobitz II
P wave
a wave
T wave
Wavy fibers
Janeways lesions
Oslers nodes
Thiamine defcy
Fibrinous Pericarditis
Serous Pericarditis
Friction Rub
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
PMLs infectious agent
Edema

Adult Polycystic Kidney

Disease
Malignant HTN & Kidneys
Nephritic signs
Nephrotic signs
Podocyte Effacement seen w/
ASO seen in
Crescentic GN
Hereditary Nephritis
Membranoproliferative GN
TypeI Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
TypeII Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis deposits
Cold agglutinins
Scrofula
Aspirin-Asthma Triad
Ferruginous bodies
Pancoasts tumor causes
Fatty degeneration
Cloudy swelling

Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.

Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
Atrial depol.
LA contraction
Vetricular repol.
Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Acute bacterial endocarditis.

Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption

Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy

Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss

Associated w/ MI: Dresslers
Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
Pericarditis association
Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

JC

Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart

Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

Pc (more seeps out)

c (less reabsorbed)
permeability
Block lymphatic drainage

Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis

Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to HGASrtep)

Anti streptolysin O

Rapidly progressive GN nephritic syndrome

Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis

Alports syndrome. X linked

Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL

See tram tracking

C3 & IgG deposits

Only C3 deposits
Aka Dense deposit disease

IgM & C3 deposits

Seen in atypical pneumonia

It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

TB in the lymph nodes
Nasal polyps Rhinitis bronchoconstriction
Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
Ulnar nerve pain & Horners syndrome

Made up primarily of triglycerides

Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
Associated w/ CCl4Failure of cellular Na pump
Page 20

Hydropic degeneration
Liquefaction necrosis
Coagulation necrosis
Caseation necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Fat necrosis
Hemoptysis
Pulmonary embolism
Phlebothrombosis
Saddle embolus
Paradoxical embolism
Tuberculoid granuloma
Cellulitis
PSA
5-HT
Feto Protein
CEA
Chromosome 13
Chromosome 11p
Vinyl Chloride
Agent Orange
Parasites & CA
Ochronosis

Lead poisoning

Heroin OD, clinically

Fetal alcohol syndrome
Atypical mycobacterium
Cold abscesses
Actinomyces isrealli
Congenital Syphilis
Warthin-Finkeledy cells
Diphyllobothrium latum
Subacute Bacterial
Endocarditis

Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver

Severe form of cloudy swelling

Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea

Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids

Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries

Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation

Result of sudden ischemia

Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen

Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis

Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection

Seen in the walls of small arteries

Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis

Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes

Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results

Blood in sputum
Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein

From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,

As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability

Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks

RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation

Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect

Collection of macrophages w/o caseation

Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections

Spreading infection due to streptococcus
Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

Hepatocarcinoma

Neural tube defects

Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
Retinoblastoma
Wilms tumor of the kidney
Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver

Contains dioxin

Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas

Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA

S. mansoni = Colon CA

Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen

Alkaptonuria

Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)

Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine

See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage

Acid fast inclusion bodies

urinary coproprophyrin

Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic

Stippling of the basophils

Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray

Mental retardation
Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation

Farmers infection

Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinsons teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis

Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen

Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus

Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
Page 21

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Mitral Insufficiency
Left Anterior Descending
branch
Left Circumflex branch
Dissecting Aneurysm

Cor Pulmonale
Acute Cor Pulmonale
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia

Bronchiectasis
Cold Agglutinins
Panlobular Emphysema
Bulla
Farmers Lung
Bagassosis
Silo-Fillers Lung
G6PDH Deficiency
HbF
Multiple Myeloma
Hodgkins Disease
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Sprue
Regional Enteritis
Whipples Disease
Kulchitsky cells
Ulcerative Colitis

Vaginal Adenosis
Scirrhous Carcinoma
Hofbauer Cells
Retinopathy of Prematurity
IgA deficiency
Priamry Sjorgens

Staph aureus, Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli

Common among drug addicts & diabetics

Ruptured papillary muscle
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia,
atherosclerotic disease, Marfans Collagen disease

Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy

Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism

Lobular (rather than lobar)
Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli
Abscess formation is common
Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis
media

Permanent dilatation of the bronchi predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip

Supparation associated

Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement

Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae

1 antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung

Associated w/ Emphysema = Bleb = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)

Inhalation of sugar cane dust

Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans

Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs

Sickle Cell Anemia
Lytic lesions of flat bones (salt & pepper lesions) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones
protein casts

Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection

Reed Sternberg cells

Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall

Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag

Can see fever; abd.pain; wt; HTN; muscle aches

Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted

High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels

Crohns Disease

Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum

Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence

Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn

Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep

Not transmural involvement

Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy

Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix

Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis most common type of breast carcinoma
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations

Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases

If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction

Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
Page 22

Secondary Sjorgens
LDH1 & LDH2
LDH3
LDH4 & LDH5
Keratomalacia
Metabisfite Test
Microangiopathic Hemolytic
Anemia
Wrights stain
Mononucleosis
T(8;14)
T(9;22)
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
Myeloid Metaplasia
Multiple Myeloma

T(14;18)
Focal Segmental GN exs
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
Schistosoma Haematobium
Penicillin Resistant PID
Duret Hemorrhages
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Cerebral Embolism from
Neurosyphilis
5pTrisomy 13
Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
RBC Osmotic Fragility
Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas

Singers Nodules
Paraseptal emphysema
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Betel nuts
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
Antral (Type B) Gastritis

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association

RA association shows HLA-DR4

Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
Lung tissue
Liver cells
Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitots spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET

Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution

Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells

Stain for Burkitts lymphoma

Due to EBV infeciton

If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
Burkitts lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM =
plasma cell dx

Serum M protein spike most often of IgG or IgA

Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction)

NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma

IgA Focal GN = Bergers disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B;
Syphilis; Penicillamine

Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional
cell type)

Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction

PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a
compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain

Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages

MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical
Embolism of septal defect

Tabes Dorsalis = joint position sensation, pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils

Syphilitic meningitis

Paretic neurosyphilis
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
Pataus: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs

Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
Large Cell
Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
Small Non Cleaved = Burkitts: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance.
T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice

Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
Associated to oral cancer.
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
Page 23

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Acute Pancreatitis
Radiating Back Pain
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
Cold Nodules
Acidophils
Basophils
Lacunar Strokes
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
CSF of Viral Meningitis
Marble Bone Disease
C5a
C3b
Anaphylotoxins
Vasoactive Mediators
Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Antagonist
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Lines of Zahn
Currant Jelly appearance
Emigration: Chemotaxis

Transudate
Exudate
Hurlers
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
Autosomal Dominant Diseases

Autosomal Recessive Diseases

Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs

Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)

pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase

Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back

Chronic pancreatitis
No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]

Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH

Thyrotrophs = TSH

Gonadotrophs = LH

Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH

Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.

Sensory: lesion of thalamus

Motor: lesion of internal capsule

Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure
Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = osteoclasts
Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)

Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF

Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2; Bradykinin; PAF

d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
F XII (Hagman): APTT
F VII: PT
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
Post mortem clots
1.
Margination
2. Pavementing
3. Adhesion
4. Chemotaxis
5. Phagocytosis
6. Intracellular microbial killing
Specific gravity < 1.012 low protein
Specific gravity > 1.020 high protein
Lysosomal storage disease L Iduronidase Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate

Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products

Mousy body odor

Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease

Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Huntingtons Disease (chromosome 4p)
Marfans Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausens)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel Lindau Disease
Tay-Sachs
Gauchers
Niemann-Pick
Hurlers
Von Gierkes
Page 24

X Linked Recessive Diseases

Hypersensitivity Reactions
ACID

Transplant Rejections

Pompes
Coris
McArdles
Galactosemia
PKU
Alcaptonuria
Hunters Syndrome

(L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)

Fabrys Disease ( Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside)

Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside)
Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid)
G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside)
Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside)
Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions;
Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Graves Disease; Goodpastures

Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum
sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease

Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs:
Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing

Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.

Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only
rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.

Blood Metastasis
Lymph Metastasis
Aflatoxin
Cleft Lip
Cleft Palate
Craniopharyngioma
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Medial Geniculate Body
Lung Development

Hearts 1st Beat

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
Type I Error
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Type II Error
Power
Sensitivity
Specificity
Positive Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value
Odds Ratio
d-Dimers
Delusion
Loose Association

Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.

Sarcoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Carcinoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA
Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine
prominence
Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
Inolved in Vision relay
Involved in Hearing relay

Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks

Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth

Alveolar period birth-8yoa

21-22 days
Mouth Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric
artery
Splenic Flexure Butt crack supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Narcolepsy
: Convicting the innocent accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
Ruptured middle meningeal artery intervals of lucidness, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
: Setting the guilty free fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
1-
TP/TP + FN
TN/TN + FP
TP/TP + FP
TN/TN + FN
ad/bc
DIC
Disorder of thought content
Skip from topic to topic
Page 25

5 Stages of Death
1st Branchial Arch
2nd Branchial Arch
Median nerve lesion
Radial nerve lesion
Common peroneal lesion
Diract inguinal hernia
Indirect inguinal hernia
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
Hemiballism
O Linked Oligosaccharide
N Linked Oligosaccharide
MLF Syndrome
ADA Deficiency
Raphe Nucleus
waves
Irreversible Glycolysis
Enzymes
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis
Enzymes

Pellagra

TLCFN
LCAT or PCAT
HMGCoA Reductase
Ketogenic amino acids
Glucogenic amino acids
Keto & Gluco amino acids
Carnitine Shuttle
Cori Cycle
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
TCA Cycle Products
Cones
Rods
Gastrula
Epiblast

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Meckels cartillage gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
Reicherts cartillage gives rise to stapes bone of ear
No pronation
Wrist drop seen w/ humerus fracture
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

Goes through superficial inguinal ring.

Medial to inferior epigastric artery

Seen in older men

Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring

Lateral to inferior epigastric artery

Seen in young boys processus vaginalis did not close

T8 = Inferior vena cava

T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus

T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein

Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
In the Golgi
In the RER
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS
SCID
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
Alert; Awake; Active mind also seen in REM, therefore we say paradoxical sleep
Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnups Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & Ketoglutarate DH complex
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin
Leucine & Lysine
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [ heart contractility]
Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation
Citrate Aconitate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate Succinyl Succinate Fumarate Malate
OAA
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
Page 26

Sydenhams Chorea
(+) Frei Test
Sabourauds Agar
FMR1 Gene Defect
Barr Body
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
Scleroderma :CREST
Cretinism
Hemochromatosis Triad

Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus

Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
Culture for all Fungi

ieCulture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings

Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
Not present in Turners: Female: XO
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition

Signature Drug Toxicities

Agranulocytosis
Aplastic Anemia
Atropine-like Side Effects
Cardiotoxicity
Cartilage Damage in Children
Cinchonism
Cough
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Disulfiram-like Effect
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
Fanconis Syndrome
Fatal Hepatotoxicity (necrosis)
Gingival Hyperplasia
Gray Baby Syndrome
Gynecomastia

Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD-deficiency

Hepatitis
Hot Flashes, Flushing
Induce CP450

Inhibit CP450
Interstitial Nephritis

Monday Disease

Clozapine, Chloramphenical
o
o
o

Chloramphenicol
NSAIDs
Benzene
Tricyclics

o
o

Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)
Quinidine
ACE Inhibitors
Lithium (Txt w/ Amiloride)

o
o

Metronidazole
Sulfonylureas (1st generation)
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)
Tetracycline

o
o
o

Valproic Acid
Halothane
Acetaminophen
Phenytoin

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Cimetidine
Azoles
Spironolactone
Digitalis
Sulfonamides
Isoniazid
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Primaquine
Isoniazid

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Niacin
Tamoxifen
Ca++ Channel Blockers
Barbiturates Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Methicillin
NSAIDs (except Aspirin)
Furosemide
Sulfonamides
Nitroglycerin Industrial exposure tolerance during week loss of tolerance during weekend headache, -

Chloramphenicol

ach, dizziness upon re-exposure

Page 27

Rifampin

Orange Body Fluids

Osteoporosis
Positive Coombs Test
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Red Man Syndrome
Severe HTN with Tyramine
SLE-like Syndrome
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tinnitus

o
o

Heparin
Corticosteroids
Methyldopa

o
o

Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Vancomycin
MAOIs

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Procainamide
Hydralazine
INH
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine) Clozapine: only antipsychotic to not
give you tardive dyskinesia
Aspirin
Quinidine

Page 28

Microbiology
Lactose formers

Non lactose formers

May lack color

cAMP

Have Capsules [ie are Quellung Reaction (+)]

Dimorphic Fungi

Have Prophage

Spore Forming Bacteria

IgA Proteases
Widal Test
Waysons Stain
Pneumonic Plaque Transmission
Splenectomy
Invasins
Fusiform
S. viridans
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Staph aureus
Spirochetes
Non Motile Gram (+) Rods
Acid Fast Organisms
Pigment Producing Bacteria

1.
CEEK
2. Citrobacter
3. Enterobacter
4. E.Coli (K1 capsule most important)
5. Klebsiella
1.
SHYPS
Motile:
2. Shigella
make H2S
3. Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis)
4. Proteus
Non Motile: noH2S
5. Salmonella
1.
These rascals may microscopically lack color:
2. Treponema
3. Ricksetta
4. Mycobacterium
5. Mycoplasma
6. Legionella
7. Chlamydia
1.
CAPE
2. Cholera
3. Anthracis (Poly D glutamate capsule)
4. Pertusis (via Gi)
5. E.coli (LT enterotoxin)
1.
Some killers have pretty nice capsules
2. Strep. Pneumoniae
3. Klebsiella
4. HiB
5. Pseudamona Aeroginosa
6. Neisseria meningitis
7. Cryptococcus neoformans (only encapsulated fungal pathogen)
1.
Can Also Have Both Shapes
2. Cocciodes
3. Aspergillus
4. Histolpasma
5. Blastomyces
6. Sprothrix schenkii
1.
OBED
2. O = Salmonella
3. B = Botulinum
4. E = Erythrogenic strep
5. D = Diptheria
Bacilus & Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)
Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae
Salmonella (Salmonella begins in the ileocecal region)

agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmonella Ags

Yersinia
Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea
Predisposes to septicemia
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Vincents trench mouth
Dextran mediated adherence
Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides
A Protein, Catalase +/ Coagulase +
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Corenybacterium D & Nocardia
Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Legionella micdadei; Isospora
1.
2.
3.

Serratia red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)

Pseudomonas A piocyanin blue/green
Staph Aureus yellow Protein A
Page 29

Bacterial Morphology

Inclusion Bodies

Schistosoma Japonicum Monsoni

Schistosoma Haematolium
Non Human Schistosom
Clonorchichis
Fasciola Hepatica
Fasciola Biski
Paragonimus Westermani
Oxidase (+)
Micro Aerophilic
Urease (+)

Coagulase (+)
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
Protozoa
Obligate Non Intracellular Parasites
Haemophilus Factors
All cocci are
Eaton Fried Eggs
Mycoplasma

Sabrands
Malassazia furfur
Measles 3Cs
Non Motile Bacilli & Clostridium
Bloody diarrhea agents
YW-135CA
Indian Ink
Naegleria causes

4. Mycobacteria photo/scoto chromogenic caritinoid yellow/orange

5. Corneybacterium D black/gray pseudomembrane plaque in throat
6. Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus black (heme)
7. E. coli irredescent green sheen
1.
Pneumococci lancet shaped diplococci
2. Neisseria kidney bean shaped diplococci
3. Camphylobacter gulls wings/comas
4. Vibrio Cholera coma shaped
5. Corneybacterium D club shaped (nonmotile, G+Rod)
6. Yersinia safety pin seen in Waysons stain
1.
Rabies Negri bodies intracytoplasmic
2. Pox virus Guarnieri intracytoplasmic & acidophilic
3. CMV Owls eyes intracytoplasmic & intranuclear
4. HSV Cowdry bodies intranuclear
Intestinal contact w/ bad water
Vesicular contact w/ bad water
Swimmers itch contact w/ bad water
Chinese liver fluke eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Sheep eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Giant intestinal flukes eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Lung fluke eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Neiserria and most Gram (-)s
Camphylobacter & Helicobacter
1.
All Proteus can cause Staghorn/Struvite calculi (NH4- Mg2- stones): alkaline urine
2. Ureaplasma
3. Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter)
4. Cryptococcus
5. Nocardia
Staph A & Yersenia pestis
Chlamydia Pistacci (Chlamydia do not make own ATP); Mycobacterium Leprae; all Rickettsia
except Roachalimea (make suficient ATP to survive)
Plasmodium; Toxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma Cruzi
Treponema palidum & Pneumocystis Carinii (cannot be cultured on inert media but
be found extra cellularly in the body)
X = Protoporphyrin & V = NAD

can

Gram (+) except for Neisseria & Moraxella

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried egg colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)
1.
No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria.
2. P1 protein inhs ciliary action
3. Fried egg colonies
4. Atypical pneumonia young adults
Fungal media
Spaghetti & meat ball
Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis. Can also have photophobia
May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
B. Anthracis & C. Perfringens
EIEC EHEC Shigella - Yersenia enterocolitica Entaemeba histolytica Salmonella
Campylobacter jejuni
N. meningitidis vaccine capsualr polysaccharide strains
Cryptococcus neoformans
Colonization in the nasal passages after swimming

Page 30

Need Cysyeine for growth

Endotoxins, G(+) or G(-)

Ecthyma Gangrenosum, seen w/
Endospores G(+)
Multi Brain Abscess
Single Brain Abscess
risk for Strep pneum Infection
Hemolysis/Optochin Sensitive
Hemolysis/Optochin Resistant
Staph. Saprophyticus
Staph. Epidermidis
Hemolysis/Bacitracin Sensitive
Hemolysis/Bacitracin Resistant
EFII Ribosylation
Bacillus Anthracis: 3 toxins
(work via adenylate cyclase)

Woolsorters Disease
Grows in Rice
Clostridium Perfringens
Clostridium Difficile
Spastic Paralysis toxin
Clostridium Botulinum
Infant Botulinum
Thayer Martin Agar
DOC for N. gonorrhoeae
K1 E. Coli Capsular Ag
The As of Klebsiella
Rice H2O Diarrhea
Raw seafood intoxicaiton
Helicobacter Txt
risk of P. aeroginosa infection
Contact lens infection
Cat Bites
Undulant Fever
Bordet Gengou Agar
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Cat Scratch Disease
Pink Eye
True Hemaphrodite
Pseudo Hemaphrodite
Male Pseudo Hemaphrodite
HLA Genes Location
Parvovirus B19

1.
Ella likes cysteine:
2. Francisella
3. Brucella
4. Legionella
5. Pasturella
Gram (-): N. meningitidis
Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring
surrounding the lesion
Gram (+): Bacillus & Clostridium made up of dipicolinate & Keratin
Nocardia
Actinomyces israelli
Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness
Strep. Pneumoniae
Strep. Viridans (Subacute Endocarditis)
Novobiocin Resistant (UTIs)
Novobiocin sensitive (Endocarditis in IVDUs)

Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis; Scarlet fever; cellulitis; impetigo; Rheumatic fever))

Hyaluronic capsule; non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A

Strep. Agalactiae (Diabetes predisposes to infection)
Diphtheria toxin & Pseudomonas exotoxon A
1.
Protective Antigen (PA)
2. Lethal Factor = toxic to macrophages
3. Edema Factor = cAMP
Bacillus anthracis. DOC: Penicillin
Bacillus Cereus

Double Zone Hemolysis (test)

Lecithinase: toxin = lyses RBCs

80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases

2 Toxins: Enterotoxin (Exotoxin A) & Cytotoxin (Exotoxin B)

Pseudomembranous colitis (can be precipitated by clindamycin/ampicillin)

Clostridium Tetani toxin
Bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)
Floppy Baby Syndrome. Pre formed toxin in honey
Neisseria ID
Ceftriazone
Related w/ neonateal meningitis
1.
Alcoholics
2. Aspiration pneumonia
3. Abscesses in the lungs
Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Bismuth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)
Burn patients & Cystic fibrosis
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Pasteurella multocida
Brucella
Bordetella pertusis ID
M. tuberculosis ID

Bartonella henselae. Lesion can resemble Kaposis sarcoma.

Toxoplasma
Adenovirus (type 8)
Testes & Ovaries are present
External genitalia does not coincide w/ gonads
Testicular Feminization
6p
Fifth Disease: Erythema Infectiosum (ssDNA). Linked w/ sicle cell anemia
Page 31

Interferon MOA
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Parainfluenza Causes
Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis
RSV
Removed tonsils, find what virus
Bone Fever
HbsAg
HbeAg
Anti-Hbc
Filamentous Bacteria
Listeria contaminates
Shiga like Toxin
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Relapsing Fever
Lofflers Medium
Chlamydiae Developmental Cycle

Trench Fever
Spotted Fever Members
Thrush Txt
Rose Bush Thorns
Contact lens solution infection
Filiariasis Causant
Freshwater lake infection
Reduviid bug bite
Schistosoma Haematobium causes
Schistosoma Mansoni causes
Snail, intermediate host of
Ixodes scapularis transmits
Nantucket Protozoa
Infection by Reduviid Bug
Infection by TseTse Fly
Infection by Sandfly
Infection by Ixodes Tick
Infection by Anopheles Mosquito
Trophozoites w/ Face-Like Appearance
Nonseptate Hyphae
Histoplasmosis Geography
Coocidioidomycosis Geography
Blastomycosis Geography
Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography
Roseola Infection, aka
Herpangina

Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)

Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus & Coxsackie A
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Adenovirus (types 3 & 4)
Bronchiolitis in infants
In 80%, Adenovirus. In the immunosuppressed, activation can occur
Dengue: Group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos

Appears in blood soon after infection, before onset of acute illness

Disappears w/in 4-6 months after the start of clinical illness

Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease

Disappears before HbsAg is gone

Present in beginning of clinical illness

Seen in the window phase

Actinomycetes = Nocardia; Actinomyces; Streptomyces
Milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections
E. Coli 0157/H7: Hemorrhagic colitis & Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome
Group A Streptococci
Borrelia recurrentis
Corneybacterium diphtheriae
1.
2.

Elementary Body: infeccious particle that Enters the cell

Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and
releases elementary bodies to infect other cells
3. W/ infection you will see Glycogen containing inclusions
4. Cell wall lacks muramic acid
Rochalimaea quintana
1.
Rickettssia rickettsii (RMSF) & R. akari (rickettsial pox) in the U.S.
2. R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) & R. australis (typhus in Australia)
Nystatin txts candidiasis of the mouth
Have Sporothrix schenckii
Acanthamoeba
Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis & wucheriasis
Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri
Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas disease): Romanas Sign
Bladder calcificaiton & cancer
Presinusoidal HTN, splenomagaly, esophageal varices
Schistosomiasis
Babesia (clinically rembles malaria) & Borelia burgdorferi
Babesia microt
Trypansoma cruzi: Chagas Disease
Trypansoma brucei gambiense & rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness
Leishmaniasis: Mucocutaneous Diseases by L. braziliensis & Visceral Disease by L. donovani & Dermal
Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana

Babesia microti: Babesiosis & Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Disease

Malaria
Giardia lamblia
Zygomycosis: Rhizopus & Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate. Infect Ketoacidotic Diabetics.
Ohio, Mississippi, Misouri River valleys
Southwestern deserts, California
States east of Mississippi River
Latin America
Exanthema Subitum: Sixth Disease (Human Herpes Virus-6 dsDNA, enveloped)
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)

Page 32

Orthomyxovirus

Paramyxovirus

Togavirus

Flaviviris
Bunyavirus
IgA Protease Activity

Diphtheria: ABCDEFG

Only ssDNA
Only dsRNA
Naked RNA
2 circular DNAs
BK
Hepadna, Retrovirus?
Picornovirus: PERCH
Hemorrhagic Fevers
Segmented viruses
Eclipse Phase
Latent Phase
Naked Capsid Virus
Enveloped Virus
Interferon
AIDS structural prots
AIDS regulatory prots
AIDS gp41 env prot
AIDS gp120 env prot
AIDS p17 gag prot
AIDS p24 gag prot
AIDS p7p9 gag prot

1.
2.

ssRNA, enveloped virus.

Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA = Neuraminidase. These
peplomeres are what give the virus antigenis variation
3. Influenza A & B
1.
RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infections in kids
2. Mumps
3. Croup(Parainfluenza virus)
4. Rubeola(Measles virus)
5. RSV
1.
+ssRNA, enveloped
2. 3 Day Measles: German Measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus
3.
Encephalitis viruses: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more severe) and Western Equine
Encephalitis
1.
Dengue Fever icterus & hemorrhage w/ blac vomit
2. Yellow fever
3. St. Louis Encephalitis no hepatitis or hemorrhage
1.
ssRNA, enveloped
2. California Encephalitis severe bifrontal headaches
3. Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever w/ acute resp. distress syndrome
1.
H. Influenzae (needs factors V & X for growth)
2. Strep. Pneumoniae
3. N. meningitidis
4. N. gonnorhoae
5. W/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa.
1.
Adenopathy
2. Prophage encodes the exotoxin
3. Corneybacteria is Club shaped
4. Diphtheria
5. Elongation Factor II
6. Granules (metachromatic)
Parvovirus: Part of a virus
Reovirus, RepeatOvirus
Naked for CPR: Calcivirus; Picornovirus; Reovirus
Papovavirus & Hepadnavirus
Papovavirus. Seen in kidney transplant patients (causes renal disease)
No, but has reverse transcriptase
Poiliovirus; Echo; Rhino; Coxsackie; Hep A
Filovirus & Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)
All are RNA: Orthomyxo; Arena; Bunya; Reo
No internal virus. 1 total virus per cell
No external virus. Extracellular virus found
Nucleocapsid. DNA or RNA + Structural proteins
Membrane. Nucleocapsid + Glycoprotein
Non virus specific. Works by RNA endonuclease = digests viral DNA + inh viral prot synth
Gag, pol, env
Tat, rev, nef
Transmembrane
Surface
Matrix
Capsid
Nucleocapsid

Page 33

DNA Viruses

A = Adeno
H = Herpes
H= Hepadna
P = Pox
P = Parvo
P = Papova

Brick. Rep
In Cyto
AH H PPP --- ico Rep in Nuc
SS
Circ
E

(+) RNA Viruses

C = Calici
P = Picorno
R = Reo
F = Flavi
T = Toga
C = Corona

C P R F T C ------ ico (+) Linear.

No segment. Rep in Cyto
Helical
R-Tase &
Rep in Nuc
8

(-) RNA Viruses

F O R P A B ---- (-) E Helical

Linear. Non seg.

Bullet

Hepatitis Window Period

Hepatitis

A
Picorna

Downey Type II cells

Infection by Aedes Mosquito
Hot T-Bone stEAk: ILs

ILs Secreted by CD4s

ILs Secreted by Macrophages
C5a
C5 Convertase
Only Richettssia not Intracellular
Plasmodium Life Cycle

Acanthamoeba
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Candida
Aspergillus Fumigatum
Cocciodes

F = Filo
O = Orthomyxo
R = Rhabdo
P = Paramyxo
A = Arena
B = Bunya

Anti sense

After HbsAg disappears & Before HbsAb appears

B
Hepadna
EBV

C
Flavi

D
Delta

E
Calici

Yellow Fever: Flavivirus: Black vomit, jaundice, high fever

IL1 = Temp: HOT
IL2 = stimulate T cells
IL3 = stimulate Bone Marrow stem cells growth & differentiation (GM CSF)
IL4 = stimulate IgE (& IgG)
IL5 = stimulate IgA (& eosinophils)
IL2, IL4, IL5, IFN gamma
IL1 & TNF

Neutral chemotaxis.

When it is w/ C3a, participates in anaphylaxis

When both Alternative and Classic pathways come together

Alternative: C3b, Bb, C3b + C3a C5

Classic: 2b, 3b, C3a + C4b C5

Quintana
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sporozoites: from blood to liver

Primary tissue schizont
Trophozoites: in RBC
Erythrocytic schizont
Merozoite: ruptured RBC
Gametozyte
Zygote: inside the mosquito

Star shaped cysts

Nonseptate, filamentous, 90 degree branching, indian in, capsular halos
Monomorphic
Yeast normally, pseudo & true hyphae in tissue infections
45 degree branching point, asocd w/ cystic fibrosis & burns pt
Hyphae in wild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida & Hyphae. Sherules w/ endospores
Page 34

Hyphae in wild. Microcondida w/ tuberculate macrocondida. Fac intracellular. In the

tissue its a yeast w/ a small neck.
Hyphae in wild

Histoplasma Cap
Blastomycosis
Sporothrix Schenkii
PCP
Gram (-) Bugs w/ Exotoxins

Hypahe in wild. Potas iodide in milk. Pneumonia in alcoholics.

Obligate parasite. Kills type I pneumo cells. Ground glass
E. Coli; V. Cholera; Bordetella Pertussis

Dermatophytes

Transmission
E. Histolitica
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Balantium C.
Trichomonas V.

Fever

Cysts
Cysts
Cysts
Cysts
Trophozoites

Trichophyton: SHN
Microsporium: SH
Epidermophyton: SN
Tinea tavus: permanent hair loss

Diagnosis

Fever Spike

Trophozoites or cysts in stool

Trophozoites or cysts in stool
Acid fast oocysts
Trophozoites or cysts in stool
Motile trophozoites

Vivax

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Enlarged Host Cell

Ovale

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Oval/Jagged

Malariae

4 degrees of Malarial

72hrregular

Crescent

Falciparum

Malignant 3 degrees

Miscellaneous

1. Fastest growing tumor Burkitts

2. PEs are found in half of all autopsies
3. Courvoisiers Law: tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing
gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder youe probably looking at cancer.
4. Only DNA virus to replicate in cytoplasm: Pox
5. Only RNA virus to replicate in nucleus: Influenza
6. Bacillus anthracis has the only protein capsule
7. Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) elicits lymphocytosis rather than granulocytosis
8. Bronchioalveolar carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung
9. Cryptococcus neoformans often lacks a capsule and, when stained with GMS, looks just like Pneumycistis carinii,
except that Cryptococcus lacks the prominent nucleoli.
10. Weil Felix reaction: (+)R. rickettssi & (+)Proteus vulgaris & P. mirabilis
11. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) tests: 1)VDRL 2)FTA-Abs: most widely used 3)TPI (immobilization test most
expensive but the Gold Standard)
Cytokine
IL 1
IL 2
IL 3
IL 4
IL 5
IL 6
IFN
IFN
IFN gamma
TNF
TNF

Source
Monocytes, macrophages
Macrophages, T & NK cells
T cells
T cells
T cells
T cells, monocytes
B cells, macrophages
Fibroblasts
T & NK cells
Macrophages, T & NK cells
T cells

Function
Stimulates T cell proliferation & IL2 produciton
Stim prolif of B, T & NK cell
GF of tissue mast cells & hematopoietic stem cells
growth of B & T cells/ HLA II Ags
Maturation of B plasma cell
Maturation of B & T cell/ (-) fibroblasts
Antiviral activity
Antiviral activity
Antiviral activity, (+) macrophages, HLA II Ags
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity

Page 35

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes
VHL
APC
WT-1
Rb
BRCA-2
p53
NF-1
BRCA-1
DCC
DPC
NF-2

Chrom.
3p
5p
11p
13q
13q
17p
17q
17q
18q
18q
22q

Associated Tumors
Von Hippel Lindau, Renal Cell CA
Familial adenomatous polyposis, Colon CA
Wilms tumor
Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma
Breast CA
Most human Cas
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Breast CA, Ovarian CA
Colon & Stomach CA
Pancreatic CA
Neurofibromatosis type 2 = bilateral acoustic neuroma

Physio Equations:
Resistance in Series: Add all
Resistance in Parallel: Invert the answer
RENAL:
Filtration Fraction =

GFR
RPF

Filtered Load = GFR x [Conc]

Clearance =

GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate RPF: Renal Plasma Flow

Excretion Rate = [Urine] x VUrine

Excretion
[Urine]xV (Urine)
or
[ Plasma]
[Plasma]

Renal Blood Flow =

ERPF
1 Hct

Clearance of PAH = [ERPF]

Free Water Clearance = VUrine -

ERPF: Eff renal plasma flow

Urine(osm) xV (urine)
P(osm)

CARDIO:
CO = HR x SV

CO =

O 2(consumed )
PulmonaryA VO 2difference

MAP = Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

CO =

MAP
TPR

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Pulse Pressure = Systolic Diastolic

MAP = TPR x CO

F=

P1 P 2
R

LUNGS:
PAO2 = (760 47) FO2 Where:
FO2 = [O2]

Flow =

PACO 2
R

PACO2 = Alv. Press. Of CO2

O 2consumed
AtoVO 2difference

Velgas Diffusion =

VentTot = VentTidal x #of Respirations

Compliance =

Vol
Pr ess

P=

R = Resp. Exchange Ratio

Tension
Radius

Resp Doubles: 150mmHg & 40mmHg

CO 2 produced
.8 or 1
O 2consumed

Area
x Gas Diffusion Constant x Difference of Partial Press
Thickness

VentAlv = (VentTidal VentDead) x # of Respirations

1.0 =

Va/Q

New PCO2 = 20

Diffusing Capacity =
New PO2 = 170

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COuptake
PACO 2