/

 ) ( NC

NUMERICAL CONTROL

NC





.
) ( NC Programmable Automation


. )(
.
.

. )
( NC

) . ( Part Program

The effects of world ware II were significant in the development of NC machinery

)(Courtesy U.S Air Force

:
1 Program of instructions
2 Machine Control Unit
3 ) ( Processing equipment
) . ( 1 1

) ( 1 1 NC

 NC



.
NC ) ( Single Step

.
) ( NC

.
:
- 1
- 2
NC


NC

1-2 )(CNC
COMPUTER NUMERICEL CONTROL
CNC

NC

.
CNC

.





) ( Hard Ware


.

CNC .

( ( PART PROGRAMS

CNC
.
CNC NC
CNC :

STORED PROGRAMS

CNC
) (
.

) ( EDITING FACILITIES

SUB-PROGRAMS


CNC

CUTTER RADIUS COMPENSATION




.




NC








.

OPTIMISED
MACHINING
CONDITION


.

.

Communications Facilities

CNC
.

Diagnostics

CNC
.

Management information
CNC

.

.

Program Proving Facilities

CNC
.
) ( .

3 1 CNC


.

.

)
( .

.

.

.


.

.

.

) . ( Fixed Automation
CNC
CNC :
1 .
2 .
3 .
4

.
5 .
6

.
7
.

) ( 2 1
. CNC

 ) ( 2 1
CNC

CNC

CNC

1
1

.
2 2
.
.
3
3
.
.
4 4




.
.
5
5
.
.
6
-6

.
-7 7

 4 1 CNC
CNC
.
CNC
. CNC
) ( .
CNC
:
1 .
2
.
3
.
4
.
5 .
6 .
7 .

5 1 CNC
CNC

:
-1 .
.

.
-2
0
-3
0
4
.

 6 1 CNC
1 6 1

Machine Tools

CNC

. CNC 1952
.
.




.



) . ( Single Setting
.
) ( ) ( Machining Cells )
( FMS ) ( CIM
) ( 3 1 ) ( 4 1
. EDM

 ) ( 3 1

) (

) ( 4 1

2 6 1 Fabrication and Welding

.

.

.

. CNC


) ( 5 1 CNC

) ( 5 1

 3 6 1

Presswork

CNC
notching nibbling Punching
X,Y
.

.



.

CNC
Axis identification


. CNC
)Cartesian
( coordinate system
.
.
x.y.z
.
) (+ )_(
)
( machine datum point - :

: Z
z
. z
.
) (+z ) (

z ) ( .

 z
.
- : X
X
. Z
Z ) (
X
) ( Z ) (
X .
- : Y
Y . Z , X
Y .
+ X + Z + Y
CNC
. CNC Y
) ( CNC


CNC
) ( .
CNC
.
C B A
Z Y X .

.
. +Z+ Y+ X
.

CNC

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
) -(
.2
.3 MAIN SWITCH

 .4 16

.5 ) (
.6 MAIN SPINDLE
) - --
(Colette face center
.7 TOOL TURRET

.8

.9
TAILSTOCK
.10 INTERCHANGEABLE CONTROL BOARD

.11
.12
.13
.14
.15

 PC-Turn55

Mill55

PC-

CNC

-1
punched tape

CNC
25 10 25 .
25 10
.
CNC
.

) . ( byte

1

) ( tape readers

Mechanical tape reader

 )(

) 8(

.
1) . (binary1
) (binary0
50
.

optical tape reader

.

8
) ( .


) ( binary1
2000 .

pneumatic tape reader

.





. (binary0) 0


. (binary1) 1

.

-2 )Manual Data Input (MDI

CNC
) . (MDI
.
CNC
) ( CNC
.
MDI CNC
.

)(MDI

) . (Conversational Programming CNC




- .
- .
- .
- .

-:
- .
- .
- .
- 00000
- .

) (Graphic simulation .

. MDI

- 3 Magnetie tape and Disks

CNC

.

.

.

1- 3

)
( .
.
.
)serial
. ( access medium

- 2 3

). ( random access
.
) (FLOPPY Disks
.

.


.

) ( CPU
. CPU buffer
Buffer CPU

-4 HOST COMPUTER

CNC
.
.
.
CNC
) ( DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL ) ( DNC
.
.

CONTROL KEYBOARD

Skip block

) (/

DRY RUN

) (

OPTIONAL STOP )(M01

RESET

SINGLE
BLOCK
PROGRAM
START/STOP

MANUAL AXIS
MOVEMENT
JOG

APPROACHING
THE
REFERENCE
POINT IN ALL
AXES
FEED

START/FEED
STOP
SPINDLE

OVERRIDE

ROTATIONAL

SPEED
SPINDLE
START/SPINDLE
STOP

CLOSE / OPEN
THE DOOR

CLOSE/OPEN
CLAMPING
DEVICE

TAILSTOCK
BACK/FORWARD

SWIVEL TOOL
TURRET

COOLANT
ON/OFF

AUXILLARY

DRIVES ON/OFF


MODE

SELECTOR

REF-AUTOEDIT-MDI-JOG-

(INC

OVERRIDE
FEED/RAPID
SWITCH

EMERGENCY
OFF

KEY SWITCH

FOR SPECIAL

OPERATION
e.g. MEASURING
TOOLS

ADDITIONAL
PROGRAM
START KEY

ADDITIONAL
CLAMPING
DEVICE KEY

CONSENT
KEY

 CNC
-1 MAIN
.SWITCH

-2 AUXILLARY DRIVE ON

-3
: Z X

: REFERENCE POINT

:

REF
Z X
Y
CNC
-1 AUXILLARY DRIVE OFF
-2 SKIP RESET
-3 WINDOWS
-4 MAIN SWITCH



CNC

Machine Zero Point

Dead Stop Point

Workpiece Zero point
Reference Point

Toolholder Reference Point

Tool Mount Reference Point

Cutter Point

 -1
CNC
Sinumerik 810T

) M (Machine Zero Point

CNC



M

-:

 )W (Workpiece Zero Point

- -
) (Zero Offset

) (G54,G55,G56,G57

-:

 G58
) (Programmable Zero Offset

G58 :

:G54+G58
M
W M

 A A W
:

A ,W

) )G54+G58
JOG
:

 -1
.

-2

.
-3
Z G54

,
:

- : :



Machining Allowance





...




...
) (Hard Skin

2 10 )
- ... (
) - (
) (


= x 0.6 x
: 0.5 1

0.25 0.5
0

- : :

) / ( )
/ ( )
/ (
) / (

- :
: = 3 1 4 3
.

 :
.

= 3 1 4 3

:

) (






) ( 6



) ( 6 St 50

1 - 0.3
- 0.05
0.1

- 0.025
0.05

/ /
> <

20 20

/
- 0.05 - 0.03 - 0.1 0.5 - 0.1 - 0.3 - 0.1
0.1
0.05
0.2
3
0.5
- 0.03 - 0.02 - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.1 - 0.05
0.05
0.03
0.1
0.1
0.2 0.1
- 0.02 - 0.01 - 0.025 - 0.025
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.05

: ) / (
- :
- :

) / ( .
-

 - : :

0


- :
-1 ) (

X
=
1000

) / (

= ) (
= /
= = 3.14
-2

) /

=
(
= ) (
) / (
=
= )
(
) ( )
( 8

) (

%10 %20

%50

%20

 %67
%50 .
- :

... - :

1000

) / (

1000x
)+1(

) / (

.
) ( =

) ( x
) (
) (

- : :
-1

:
=
) / (
=
) / (
=
) / (
=

-2

:
= x x
=
=

-3

:
= x
=
=

) / (
) / (

) / (
) / (
) / (

 :
=
=
=

) / (
x
) / (

) / (

:
=
=
=

) / (
) / (
) / (

) ( 7 ) / (
St 50 C 35 ) 60
( .

) (
1
2
3
4
5

0.1
80
70
65
62
60

) / (
0.4
0.3
0.2
63
55
50
48
46

54
47
44
40
38

48
42
38
36
35

0.5
44
38
35
34
32

:


0.6 0.4

) ( 8 ) / (
-
3 2 , ) 0.5 0.2 / ( ,
60 .

140
HB 180
220
HB 260


) (

/
/
)
%12 (

- 180
- 120
50 - 35
300
200
- 150
- 100
35 - 25
200
140
- 100
80 - 60 20 - 15
120
- 100 120 - 60 30 - 10
180
- 120 150 - 80 40 - 20
220
- 90
2 12 80 - 60
120
0
- 90
120 - 50 30 - 15
200
- 40
60 - 20

100

1500
- 200
2500
300

300
80 - 50
400

300
60 - 40
400

800
60 - 50
1000

800
- 80
1000
100

400
60 - 50
500

 :
-1
4 10 - 8

.
-2



) St 50 ( C 35 .
-3
%20
-4
%30 20
. %40
-5 ) (
%10 155 . 455
-6 %20
75
.
-7
%30
.
-8
. %20 10
-9 %20
.
) ( 9 ) / (
)
60 ( .


) / (
35 - 28

22 18

22 18

18 10
18
110 - 90
56
45
30

) ( 10 ) / (
) 60

(

>

<20
20
19
25
15
18
22
22

/
/
260

48

62

48

62

44

57

29
19
25
17
22
17
22
16
21
19
25
320
420
200

29
19
25
17
22
17
22
15
20
21
21
340
450
215

24
16
21
14
18
14
18
13
17
16
21
265
340
160

20
15
20
13
16
12
16
11
14
15
19
240
315
150

30
25
30
20
25
20
24
18
21
24
29
400
480
250

23
19
23
17
20
15
18
13
16
18
22
300
360
190

280

210

200

300

300

47
62
52
67
47
62

40
52
40
52
36
47

34
44
37
48
34
44

55
66
60
72
55
66

41
50
45
55
41
50

 ) ( 11 ) / (

) 60 ( .

) /(
1
0.8 0.63 0.5 0.3 0.2

23

20

17

16

15

14

12

15

13

12

10

10

15

13

11

10

10

23

18

15

13

12

11

) ( 12
)
60 (
) / (

1
0.8 0.63 0.5 0.3 0.2

39
41
44
47 52 58

23
24
26
27 30 34

21
22
23
24 27 30

2
33
20
18

 5-1

Cutting Tool Materials

)( -:
-2 .
-1 .
-4 .
-3 .
-6
-5 .
.


.
)(


:
)1 - High Speed Steed (HSS
2 - Sintered Carbides (Notably Tungsten Carbide
3 - Ceramics
4 - Diamond
)5 - Carbide Boron Nitride (CBN
( (HSS CNC
6505 HSS
.
) (SINTERED CARBIDES
CNC
.


))Built-up Edge
) (sintered carbides ) (HSS
sintered carbides
.
)(coated type





)(ISO

)(Sinumerik 810T

CNC

)(P

 ) (T )(N

CNC

-1 .
-2 .
-3 . JOG
-4 T

TO-Automatic .

-5

.D
-6 .
-7
.TO-Auto
STOR X, STOR Z

 :
.
N
.
X,Y,Z

I,J,K
.
.
T
.
S
.
F
.
M
.
G

%
/
) (

.
.
.

Word Address Format

:
Address : , X , Y , Z , G , M , T
.
: Word
X155.250
155.250 X
:Block G00
X155.250 Y 100
M D I

.

Program Structure :

:
-1 :


: SINUMERIK
%
0015

N0010 T1D1

N0020 G54

N0030 G58 X0
Z100

FANUC :
% 0 ~ 9999

G54
0101
N0020 G00 X60 Z100
N0030 G92 Z0

-2



.

N0040 S2000

F0.10 M04 M08
50
-3

N0050 G00 X50 Z2

N0060 G01
Z-50
N0080
G00 X60

N0100 Z20 M05

N0120 M30

:
-1 :
.
-2 .
-3
.
-4
.
-5
.
:
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3

.
-4
.
-5
.
:

0001%

) (
)(25,0

N0030 G54
T2D2
(Side tool right) N0020
X25 Z0
N0040 G00
N0050G
96 F0.07 S175 M03

175 /

N0060 M08
Facing
N0070 G01 X0

)(22,1

25
N0110

Z30

N0080 G00 X22 Z1

Z-15
N0090G01 X18
X
N0100 X25
Z

N0150 M30

G17/G18/G19 Plane selection

G18 X-Z ) (X-Z

G17 X-Y

G18 X-Z

G19 Y-Z

G71Metric Data Input

G70 Inch Data Input

 ) (G71

) (G70

)(G71/G70

G90 Absolute Programming

) (G90

G91 Incremental Programming

) (G91

Zero Shift Offset

)(M

)
(A

)(

G92 Spindle Speed Limit

G92
) ( 3000

N.G92 S3000

Tool Correction Compensation

) (G00
) (T1D1
)(N
)(P


:
N. T1D1
T1
1
D1
1
)(P

M06
Automatic
Tool Chang

) (M06

G96 Constant Cuting Speed

:
N. G96 S175
200

:
)N=1000*Vc/(D
:
N

Vc

=3.14

 D
:
G96

) G97(N
)
(FACING

G97 Spindle Speed in rpm

:
N. G97 S2000
2000

:
)N=1000*Vc/(D
N

Vc

=3.14

G95 Feed Rate in Revolution

:

N. G95 F0.15
15
)
(
F

M03 Main spindle On Clockwise

M04 Main spindle On Counterclockwise
M05 Main spindle off

) (M3

) (M4

) (M5

M08 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off

)(M08
)(M09

G00 Rapid Traverse

) ( G00

3/ 8/
12/

) (G00 )

(X40 , ,Z56

G01 Linear Interpolation

((X40, Z20.1

G41 Cutter Radius Compensation Left

)(R
)(R

P1 P2

P2 P3
P3 P4
G41 G42 G40

N. G41
G41

) (P


G41 Cutter Radius Compensation Left

G42 Cutter Radius Compensation Right

)(R
)(R

P1 P2

P2 P3
P3 P4

:
N. G42
G42 H11

) (P


G42 Cutter Radius Compensation Right

G40 Cutter
Radius
Compensation
Cancel

G41 G42 G40

M30 Program End

M02 Program End

) (G00
(1
)(z
)(M09
(2
)(M05
(3
)(M02
(4
)(M30
)(M02
) (M30

G02 Circular Interpolation Clockwise

) (G17-G18-G19 ) (X-Z
) (G18

) (G02 )P(X55 ,Z-45

)(R15
) (R

) (R

) ( )(R

) (G02

G03 Circular Interpolation counterclockwise

) (G17-G18-G19 )(X-Z
) (G18

) (G03 )P(X55 ,Z -45

)(R15
) (R

) (R

) ( )(R

) (G03

I, J, K Programming with G02 and G03

G02 G03

) P(X ..,Z. ) (I,K

I )(P1) (P0

X
K ) (P1 )(P0

Z
)(P1

) (P0 X,Z

G33 Thread cutting

) (Boring
) (G33 )

( ) (M3

)(G33

) (G33 ) (Z-15

1 ). (M3

G04 Dwell

)(G04
-

((G04 X )

(G04 X2.5 2, 5
2000
((G04 P

) (G04 P1000 1
0.1 .

Sinumerik 810T

) Stock Removal with Undercutting (L95

) Stock Removal without Undercutting (L95

X

Z

) (Q

R20
R21
R22
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R29
R30

R29=XX
X1
X2
X3
X4

1X
Roughing
axis parallel
longitudinal
outside
Roughing
axis parallel
face outside
Roughing
axis parallel
longitudinal
inside
Roughing
axis parallel
face inside

2X

3X

Finishing to
Finishing
offset
longitudinal
outside
Finishing to
Finishing
offset face
outside
Finishing to
Finishing
offset
longitudinal
inside
Finishing to
Finishing
offset face
inside

4X

Roughing axis paralle and

one Roughing cut contour
paralle (rest edges)
longitudinal outside

Complete machining
(roughing, rest edges,
finishing) longitudinal
outside

Roughing axis paralle and

one Roughing cut contour
paralle (rest edges) face
outside
Roughing axis paralle and
one Roughing cut contour
paralle (rest edges)
longitudinal inside

Complete machining
(roughing, rest edges,
finishing) face outside

Roughing axis paralle and

one Roughing cut contour
paralle (rest edges) face
inside

Complete machining
(roughing, rest edges,
finishing) face inside

Complete machining
(roughing, rest edges,
finishing) longitudinal
inside

(Q )

Cut in Cycle (L93 )

X

Z



) (0-89
) (+ )(-

R21
R22
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R29
R30
R31
R32
R33
R34
R35

) (L98

Deep Hole Drilling Cycle

)(L98
)
(
soft

 -:

R22

R24
R25
R26
R27
R28

R11 =0
R11 =1

CNC


)(1
G1,G2,G3
) (

%1

( G54 ( A
( G58 Z100 ( W
) ( T2 D2
) ( G96 S175 F0.07 M3 M8
) G00 X33 (X
G00 Z0 (Z
)G01 X-1 (Facing
)( G00 X30 Z1
R20=1 R21=22 R22=0 R24=0.1 R25=0.1 R26=0.5
R27=40 R29=31
R28=0.07 R30=0
) ( L96 P1
S220 F0.04
R20=1 R21=22 R22=0 R24=0 R25=0 R26=0 R27=42
R29=21
R28=0.04 R30=0
) ( L96 P1
G00 X33
Z70
) ( M30

) ( L1

G03
G01
G03
G01
G02
G01
G01
M17

X24 Z-1 B1
X24 Z-25
X26 Z-26 B1
X26 Z-49
X28 Z-50 B1
X28 Z-75
X30 Z-75
()

%2
G54
G58 Z65

(2 )

T2 D2
G96 S175 F0.07 M3 M8
G00 X33
Z0
G01 X-1
G00 Z1
X30
R20=2 R21=9 R22=0 R24=0.1 R25=0.1 R26=0.5
R27=40 R29=31
R28=0.07 R30=0
L96 P1
S220 F0.04
R20=2 R21=9 R22=0 R24=0 R25=0 R26=0 R27=42
R29=21
R28=0.04 R30=0
L96 P1
G00 X35
Z70
M30
G01 X10 Z-0.5
Z-10
G02 X20 Z-15 B5
G01 Z-30
G03 X30 Z-35 B5
G01 Z-48
M17

L2

(G01,G02,G03) ( 1)

%3

G54
G58 Z50
T2 D2
G96 S175 F0.07 M3 M8
G00 X43
Z0
G01 X-1
G00 Z1
X40
R20=3 R21=8 R22=0 R24=0.1 R25=0.1 R26=0.5
R27=40 R29=31
R28=0.07 R30=0
L96 P1
S220 F0.04
R20=3 R21=8 R22=0 R24=0 R25=0 R26=0 R27=42
R29=21
R28=0.04 R30=0
L96 P1
G00 X45
Z100
M30

L3

G01 X10 Z-1

G01 Z-5
G01 X12

G03
G01
G01
G01
G01
G02
G01
G01
G01
G01
G01
G01
G03
G01
G01

X15 Z-6.5 B1.5

Z-8.5
X18 Z-10
X20 Z-10
X20 Z-13.5
X23 Z-15 B1.5
X25 Z-15
X25 Z-20
X26 Z-20
X30 Z-22
X30 Z-25
X31 Z-25
X35 Z-27 B2
X35 Z-35
X40 Z-35

M17

Groove

%4
G54

G58 Z50
T2 D2
G96 S175 F0.07 M3 M8
G00 X43
Z0
G01 X-1
G00 Z1
X40
R20=4 R21=24 R22=0 R24=0.1 R25=0.1 R26=0.5
R27=40 R29=31
R28=0.07 R30=0
L96 P1
S220 F0.04
R20=4 R21=24 R22=0 R24=0 R25=0 R26=0 R27=42
R29=21
R28=0.04 R30=0
L96 P1
G00 X45
Z100
T6 D6
G96 S100 F0.02 M3 M8
R10=0 R21=35 R22=-26 R23=1 R24=0.05 R25=0.05
R26=0.1 R27=8
R28=0.5 R29=0 R30=0 R31=27 R32=-0.5 R33=0
R34=-0.5
R35=0 L93 P1
G00 X43
Z100
M30

L4

G01 X26 Z-1

Z-9
X34 Z-18

X35 Z-18.5
Z-36
X40
M17

%5
G54
G58 Z80
T2 D2
G96 S175 F0.07 M3 M8
G00 X40
Z0
G01 X-1
G00 Z1
X36
R20=5 R21=26 R22=0 R24=0.1 R25=0.1 R26=0.5
R27=40 R29=31
R28=0.07 R30=0.5
L95 P1
S220 F0.04
R20=5 R21=26 R22=0 R24=0 R25=0 R26=0 R27=42
R29=21
R28=0.04 R30=0.5
L95 P1
G00 X40
Z100
T4 D4
G97 S500 F1.5 M3 M8
R20=1.5 R21=30 R22=0 R23=5 R24=-0.975
R25=0.05 R26=3 R27=2
R28=15 R29=30 R31=30 R32=-42 L97 P1
G00 X45
Z100
M30

L5

G01 X30 Z-2

Z-42
X26 Z-48
Z-54
X31
G03 X34 Z-55.5 B1.5
G01 X36
M17

G17/G18/G19 Plane selection

 G17 X-Y ) (X-Y

G18 X-Z

G19 Y-Z

G90 Absolute Programming

) (G90

G91 Incremental Programming

) (G91