Chapter 5, Solution 1

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System
Chapter 5, Solution 1.
\
Then
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
200 150 = 30000
100
250
30 000000
6 750 000
400 300 = 120000
200
150
24 000 000
18000000
150 000
21000 000
24 750000
X =
xA 21 000000
=
mm
A
150000
or X = 140.0 mm
Y =
yA 24 750000
=
mm
A
150 000
or Y = 165.0 mm
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, 8/e, Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr.,
Elliot R. Eisenberg, William E. Clausen, David Mazurek, Phillip J. Cornwell
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
A,in 2
x ,in.
y ,in.
xA,in 3
yA,in 3
10 8 = 80
400
320
1
9 12 = 54
2
13
702
216
134
1102
536
Then
X =
xA 1102
=
A
134
and
Y =
yA 1102
=
A
134
or
X = 8.22 in.
or Y = 4.00 in.
Then
A, mm 2
x , mm
xA, mm3
1
90 270 = 12 150
2
2
( 90 ) = 60
3
729 000
1
135 270 = 18 225
2
30375
X =
90 +
xA 3189375
mm
=
A
30375
1
(135) = 135
3
2 460 375
3 189 375
or X = 105.0 mm
For the whole triangular area by observation:
Y =
1
( 270 mm )
3
or Y = 90.0 mm
A,in 2
x ,in.
1
( 21)( 24 ) = 252
2
(13)( 40 ) = 520
2
( 21) = 14
3
21 +
1
(13) = 27.5
2
xA,in 3
y ,in.
40
1
( 24 ) = 32
3
20
772
Then
yA,in 3
3528
8064
14 300
10 400
17 828
18 464
X =
xA 17828
=
in.
A
772
or
Y =
yA 18464
=
in.
A
772
or Y = 23.9 in.
X = 23.1 in.
A, mm 2
x , mm
( 225 )
1
( 375)( 225) = 42 188
2
= 39 761
4 ( 225 )
3
= 95.493
125
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
95.493
3 796 900
3 796 900
5 273 500
3 164 100
1 476 600
6 961 000
75
81 949
Then
X =
xA 1476600
mm
=
A
81 949
or X = 18.02 mm
Y =
yA 6961 000
mm
=
A
81 949
or
Y = 84.9 mm
1
2
A,in 2
x ,in.
y ,in.
xA,in 3
yA,in 3
17 9 = 153
8.5
4.5
1300.5
688.5
( 4.5 ) = 15.9043 8
( 6 )2 = 28.274
4 4.5
4 4.5
= 6.0901 9
= 7.0901 96.857
3
3
112.761
298.19
182.466
905.45
393.27
10.5465
6.4535
108.822
Then
X =
xA
905.45
=
A 108.822
and
Y =
yA 393.27
=
A 108.22
or
X = 8.32 in.
or Y = 3.61 in.
A,in 2
1
(16 )
4
= 201.06
( 8 )( 8 ) = 64
137.06
xA 1109.32
=
in.
A
137.06
Then
X =
and
Y = X by symmetry
x ,in.
4 (16 )
3
= 6.7906
4
xA,in 3
1365.32
256
1109.32
or
X = 8.09 in.
or Y = 8.09 in.
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
35 343
63.662
2 250 006
4417.9
31.831
31.831
140 626
140 626.2
30925.1
2 109 380
140 626.2
Then
X =
xA 2109 380
=
A
30 925.1
and
Y =
yA 140 625
=
A
30 925.1
or
X = 68.2 mm
or Y = 4.55 mm
Therefore, for X =
( 2r
4
2
2
r12
r22
r12
4r1
3
r13
2 4r1
r1
=
3
4 3
4r2
3
2 4r2 2r23
r2
=
3
2 3
1
2r23 r13
3
xA 4r1
=
:
(
(
or
xA
4 2r23 r13
4r1
=
3
3 2r22 r12
or
r 3
r13 2 2 1
r1
=
2
r
3
r12 2 2 1
r1
r
2 3 1
, where = 2
2
r1
2 1
2 3 2 2 + ( 1) = 0.
Solving numerically for and noting that > 1:
r2
= 3.02
r1
First, determine the location of the centroid.

y2 =
From Fig. 5.8A:
=
y1 =
Similarly
Then
yA =
2 sin 2
r2
3
2
cos
r2
3
2
cos
r1
3
2
cos
r2
3

2
A2 =
A1 =
( 2 ) r12
( 2 ) r22 23 r1
cos

2
2 3
r2 r13 cos
3
A = r22 r12
2
and
= r22 r12
2
Y A = yA
Now
( 2 ) r22

2 3
Y r22 r12 =
r2 r13 cos
2
3
Y =
2 r23 r13 cos

3 r22 r12 2
( 2 ) r12
Using Figure 5.8B, Y of an arc of radius
1
( r1 + r2 ) is
2
Y =
sin
1
( r1 + r2 ) 2
2
1
cos
(r1 + r2 )
2
( r2 r1 ) r22 + r1 r2 + r12
r23 r13
=
r22 r12
( r2 r1 )( r2 + r1 )
Now
(1)
r22 + r1 r2 + r12
r2 + r1
r2 = r +
Let
r1 = r
r =
Then
1
( r1 + r2 )
2
2
and
( r + ) + ( r + )( r ) + ( r )
r23 r13
=
2
2
r2 r1
(r + ) + (r )
=
3r 2 + 2
2r
In the limit as 0 (i.e., r1 = r2 ), then
r23 r13
3
= r
2
2
2
r2 r1
=
so that
Y =
3 1
(r1 + r2 )
2 2
2 3
cos
( r1 + r2 )
3 4
Which agrees with Eq. (1).
or Y =
1
cos
!
( r1 + r2 )
2
Then
X =
A,in 2
x ,in.
xA,in 3
27
8.1962
221.30
15.5885
3.4641
54.000
18.8495
3.8197
71.999
23.739
xA 203.30
=
A
23.739
203.30
or
X = 8.56 in.
and by symmetry
Y =0
1
2
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
1
( 240 )(150 ) = 18 000
2
160
50
2 880 000
900 000
3
( 240 ) = 180
4
3
(150 ) = 45
10
2160000
540 000
720 000
360 000
1
( 240 )(150 ) = 12 000
3
6000
Then
X =
xA 720000
=
mm
A
6000
Y =
yA 360000
=
mm
A
6000
or X = 120.0 mm
or
Y = 60.0 mm
A,in 2
x ,in.
y ,in.
(18)(8) = 144
432
576
1
( 6 )( 9 ) = 27
2
54
81
5.0930
3.8197
432.00
324.00
810.00
171.00
Then
(12 )( 9 ) = 84.823
255.82
X =
xA 810.00
=
in.
255.82
A
Y =
yA 171.00
=
in.
A
255.82
xA,in 3
or
yA,in 3
X = 3.17 in.
or Y = 0.668 in.
X = 90 mm
First, by symmetry
1
2
A, mm 2
y , mm
yA, mm3
(180 )(120 ) = 21 600
60
1 296 000
( 90 )(120 ) = 8482.3
120
4 120
= 69.070
3
585 870
( 90 )(120 ) = 8482.3
120
4 120
= 69.070
3
585 870
4635.4
Y =
yA 124 260
=
4635.4
A
124 260
or Y = 26.8 mm
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
18 240
12
72 960
218 880
1920
56
54
107520
103 680
4071.5
41.441
41.441
168 731
186 731
12 248.5
134171
53 531.1
Then
and
X =
xA 134171
=
A
12 248.5
Y =
yA 53 531
=
A 12 248.5
or
X = 10.95 mm
or Y = 43.7 mm

\
A, mm 2
2
( 200 )( 200 ) = 26 667
3
2
(100 )( 50 ) = 3333.3
3
23 334
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
x , mm
y , mm
75
70
2 000 000
1866 690
37.5
20
125 000
66 666
1875 000
1 933 360
Then X =
xA 1875 000
=
mm
A
23 334
or X = 80.4 mm
Y =
yA 1 933 360
=
mm
A
23 334
or Y = 82.9 mm

Locate first Y :
Note that the origin of the X axis is at the bottom of the whole area.
A, in 2
Y =
yA, in 3
8 15 = 120
7.5
900
4 10 = 40
320
Then
y , in.
80
580
yA 580
=
= 7.2500 in.
A
80
Now, to find the first moment of each area about the x-axis:
Area I:
QI = yA =
7.75
5.75
( 4 5.75 ) ,
(8 7.75) +
2
2
or QI = 174.125 in 3 !
Area II:
QII = yA =
7.75
4.25
( 4 4.25 ) ,
(8 7.25)
2
2
or QII = 174.125 in 3 !
Note that Q( area ) = QI + QII = 0 which is expected as y = 0 and Q( area ) = yA since x is a centroidal axis.
A, mm 2
Y =
yA, mm3
(80 )( 20 ) = 1600
90
144 000
( 20 )(80 ) = 1600
40
64 000
Then
y , mm
3200
208 000
yA 208 000
=
= 65.000 mm
A
3200
Now, for the first moments about the x-axis:

Area I
QI = yA = 25 ( 80 20 ) + 7.5 ( 20 15 ) = 42 250 mm3 ,
or QI = 42.3 103 mm3 !
Area II
QII = yA = 32.5 ( 20 65 ) = 42 250 mm3 ,
or QII = 42.3 103 mm3 !
Note that Q( area ) = QI + QII = 0 which is expected as y = 0 and Q( area ) = yA since x is a centroidal axis.
(a) With Qx = yA and using Fig. 5.8 A,
2 r sin
r 2 2
Qx = 3 2
2
= r 3 cos cos sin 2
3
) ( 32 r sin ) 12 2r cos r sin
or Qx =
(b) By observation, Qx is maximum when

and then
2 3
r cos3
3
=0
Qx =
2 3
r
3
From the problem statement: F is proportional to Qx . Therefore:
FA
FB
=
, or
( Qx ) A ( Qx )B
FB =
( Qx )B
F
( Qx ) A A
For the first moments:
Then
( Qx ) A
12
= 225 + ( 300 12 ) = 831 600 mm3

2
( Qx )B
12
= ( Qx ) A + 2 225 ( 48 12 ) + 2 ( 225 30 )(12 60 ) = 1 364 688 mm 3

2
FB =
1364688
( 280 N ) ,
831600
or FB = 459 N

Because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid for the
corresponding line.
L, mm
x , mm
y , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
400
200
80 000
300
400
150
120 000
45 000
600
100
300
60 000
180 000
150
200
225
30 000
33 750
200
100
150
20 000
30 000
150
75
11 250
1800
210 000
300 000
Then
X =
xL
210 000
=
= 116.667 mm
L
1800
or X = 116.7 mm
and
Y =
yL 300 000
=
= 166.667 mm
L
1800
or Y = 166.7 mm
L, in.
x , in.
y , in.
xL, in 2
y , in 2
19
9.5
180.5
15
14.5
217.5
90
10
10
40
40
10
50
80
32
56
488
242
Then
X =
xL
488
=
L
56
or X = 8.71 in.
and
Y =
yA 242
=
56
A
or Y = 4.32 in.

Because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid for the
corresponding line.
L, mm
x , mm
y , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
600
75
45 000
187.5
112.5
81 998
49 199
50 625
50 625
76 373
99 824
1
2
3
3752 + 2252 = 437.32
( 225)
( 225)
1390.75
( 225)
Then
X =
xL
76 373
=
L
1390.75
or X = 54.9 mm
and
Y =
yL
99 824
=
L
1390.75
or Y = 71.8 mm
L, mm
x , mm
y , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
75
37.5
2812.5
150
75
11 250
95.492
45 000
112.5
8437.5
47.746
47.746
5625.0
5625.0
53 437
2812.5
(150 )
4
5
= 471.24
75
( 75)
= 117.81
889.05
Then
X =
xL 53 437
=
,
L
889.05
or X = 60.1 mm
and
Y =
yA 2812.5
=
A
889.05
or Y = 3.16 mm
O
From Figure 5.8 b:
r =
( 20 in.) sin 30
60
in.
6
Note also that triangle ABO is equilateral, where O is the origin of the coordinate system in the
figure.
For equilibrium:
(a) M A = 0:
60
20 in. in. cos 30 (1.75 lb ) ( 20 in.) sin 60 TBC = 0
Solving for TBC :
TBC = 0.34960 lb
(b) Fx = 0:
or
TBC = 0.350 lb
Ax + ( 0.34960 lb ) cos 60 = 0
Ax = 0.174800 lb
Fx = 0:
Ay 1.75 lb + ( 0.34960 lb ) sin 60 = 0
Ay = 1.44724 lb
Therefore:
A = 1.458 lb
83.1

The wire supported only by the pin at B is a two-force body. For equilibrium the center of gravity
of the wire must lie directly under B. Also, because the wire is homogeneous the center of gravity
will coincide with the centroid. In other words, x = 0, or xL = 0.
xL =
2 (150 mm )
150 mm
200 mm
(150 mm ) +
cos (150 mm )
( 200 mm ) + 200 mm
2
2
or
cos =
5000
11250
or
= 63.6

The wire supported only by the pin at B is a two-force body. For equilibrium the center of gravity
of the wire must lie directly under B. Also, because the wire is homogeneous the center of gravity
will coincide with the centroid. In other words, x = 0, or xL = 0.
xL =
2 (150 mm )
150 mm
200 mm
(150 mm ) +
cos (150 mm )
( 200 mm ) + 200 mm
2
2
or
l 2 + 300l 197602 = 0.
Solving for l :
l = 319.15, and l = 619.15, and discarding the negative root

l = 319 mm

The centroid coincides with the center of gravity because the wire is homogeneous.
L
1
2 r
r sin
l
2
X =
Then
r
2
xL
r2
2
2r 2 sin
l2
2
xL
= 0 xL = 0 and
L
r2
l2
2r 2 sin +
= 0, or l = r 1 + 4sin
2
2
(a) = 15 :
l = r 1 + 4sin15
or l = 1.427 r
(b) = 60 :
l = r 1 + 4sin 60
or l = 2.11 r
y =
Then
yA
A
(a + h)
a
( ab )
kb ( a h )
2
2
y =
ba kb ( a h )
or
2
2
1 a (1 k ) + kh
2 a(1 k ) + kh
Let
c =1 k
Then
y =
and
h
a
a c + k 2
2 c + k
(1)
Now find a value of (or h) for which y is minimum:
2
dy
a 2k ( c + k ) k c + k
=
=0
d
2
( c + k ) 2
or
2 ( c + k ) c + k 2 = 0
(2)
2c + 2
Expanding (2)
Then
c k
2c
=0
or
+ 2c c = 0
( 2c )2 4 ( k ) ( c )
2k
Taking the positive root, since h > 0 (hence > 0 )

2
h=a
2 (1 k ) + 4 (1 k ) + 4k (1 k )
2k
2
(a) k = 0.2:
h=a
(b) k = 0.6:
h=a
2 (1 0.2 ) + 4 (1 0.2 ) + 4 ( 0.2 )(1 0.2 )
2 ( 0.2 )
or h = 0.472a !
2 (1 0.6 ) + 4 (1 0.6 ) + 4 ( 0.6 )(1 0.6 )
2 ( 0.6 )
or h = 0.387a !

From Problem 5.29, note that Eq. (2) yields the value of that minimizes h.
Then from Eq. (2)
We see
2 =
c + k 2
c + k
(3)
Then, replacing the right-hand side of (1) by 2 , from Eq. (3)

We obtain
y =
a
( 2)
2
But
h
a
So
y =h
Q.E.D.

\
Note that y1 =
h
x+h
a
h
(a x)
a
Choose the area element (EL) as
dA = ( h y1 ) dx =
h
xdx
a
a
Then
A=
h a
h 1
1
xdx = x 2 = ah
0
a
a 2 0
2
Now, noting that xEL = x, and yEL =
1
( h + y1 )
2
a
1
2 a h
2 1
2
x = xdA =
x
xdx = 2 x3 = a
0
A
ah
3
a
a 3 0
y =
1 1
2 h 1
2 1 a 2
2
( h + y1 ) dA = ah 0 2 ( h + y1 ) ( h y1 ) dx = ah 2 0 h y1 dx
A 2
1 a 2 h2
h
h
1 2
2
3
1 1
=
h 2 ( a x ) dx = x + 2 ( a x ) = a a = h
0
ah
a
a
3 3
a
3 a
0
Therefore:
x =
2
a!
3
y =
2
h!
3
First determine k:
For x = a, y = 0 and therefore
0 = h 1 ka3 or k = a 3 , and therefore
x3
y = h 1 3
a
Choosing an area element as in the figure:
xEL = x,
yEL =
a
0
y
,
2
A = dA = ydx =
xEL dA =
a
xydx
0
and dA = ydx
a
x3
x4
3
3 dx = h x 3 = ah
4
a
4a 0
a
h 1
0
x2
x4
x5
3 2
3 dx = b 3 =
ab
a
5a 0 10
a
h x
0
2
1 a 2
x3
b2 a
2 x3 x 6
b2
x4
x7
9
a y
1
y
dA
ydx
h
x
dx
dx
x
ab 2
=
=
+
=
+
=
EL
0 2
0
0
3
3
6
3
6
2
2
2
28
2
7
a
a
a
a
a

0
Now
x =
1
4 3a 2b 2
x
dA
=
= a
EL
A
3ab 10
5
y =
1
4 9ab 2
3
yEL dA =
= b
A
3ab 28
7
and
Therefore:
2
a
5
3
y = b
7
x =
For the element (EL) shown
x = a, y = h: h = k1a3
At
k1 =
or
h
a3
a = k 2 h3
k2 =
or
a
h3
Hence, on line 1
y =
h 3
x
a3
and on line 2
y =
h 1/3
x
a1/3
Then
h
h
dA = 1/3 x1/3 3 x3 dx
a
and
yEL =
1 h 1/3
h 3
1/3 x + 3 x
2 a
a
a
h 1/3
h
1
1
3
A = dA =
x 3 x3 dx = h 1/3 x 4/3 3 x 4 = ah
1/3
2
a
4a
a
4a
0
a
0
xEL dA =
h 1/3
h
1
8 2
3
x 3 x3 dx = h 1/3 x 7/3 3 x5 =
a h
1/3
a
5a
a
7a
0 35
a
x
0
a
1/3
3
1/3
3
yEL dA = 0 2 a1/3 x + a3 x a1/3 x a3 x dx
h 2 a x 2/3 x 6
h 2 3 x5/3 1 x 6
8 2
=
dx
=
ah
2/3
6
0
2 a
2 5 a5/3 7 a 6
35
a
0
From
8 2
ah
xA = xEL dA: x =
a h
2 35
or x =
16
a
35
and
8 2
ah
yA = yEL dA: y =
ah
2 35
or y =
16
h
35
Choose as an area element (EL) the shaded area shown:

dA = r dr
2
xEL =
2r
and
r
1 2 2
r
A = r 2 r dr = r 2 =
r2 r12
1 2
2 2 r1
4
Then
r
x =
1
4
4
r2 2r
1 3 2
x
dA
rdr
=
=
EL

r
A
r22 r12 r1 2
r22 r12 3 r1
or x =
4 r23 r13

3 r22 r12
y =
4 r23 r13

3 r22 r12
and by symmetry
Note that y1 =
y2 =
b
b
x + b = ( a x ) , and
a
a
b 2
a x2
a
Then for the shaded area element:

dA = ( y2 y1 ) dx =
b 2
a x 2 ( a x ) dx and
a
a
A = dA = 0
b 2
b 1
2
x 1
a x 2 ( a x ) dx = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 sin 1 + ( a x )
a
a 2
a 2
0
b 1 1 2 ab
( 2 )
a =
4
a2 2 2
Noting that xEL = x, and that yEL =

x =
1
( y1 + y2 ):
2
1
4
ab
2
2
xELdA = ab 2 0 a x x a x ( a x )dx
A
(
)
21
=
a2 x2
ab ( 2 ) 3 2
3
2
1
1
+ ax 2 + x3
3
2
=
0
1
a 2
2
a ( 2 ) 3
( )
3
2
1
1
+ a3 + a3
3
2
or x =
2a
!
3 ( 2 )
continued
y =
1
4
a 1
yEL dA =
y + y1 ) ( y2 y1 ) dx
0 ( 2
A
ab ( 2 ) 2
ab ( 2 )
2
2
y2 y1 =
2
a 2 ( 2 )
2
ab
0 2
a2 x2
b2
2
a x ) dx
2(
a
2b
4b
4b
a
a
1 2 1 3
= 3
2 ax x 2 dx = 3
ax x 2 dx = 3
ax x
0
0
3 0
a ( 2 )
a ( 2 )
a ( 2 ) 2
or y =
2b
!
3 ( 2 )
x =0
First note that symmetry implies

y = R cos , x = R sin
dx = R cos d
dA = ydx = R 2 cos 2 d
Hence
1 2
sin 2
A = dA = 2 0 R 2 cos 2 d = 2R 2 +
= R ( 2 sin 2 )
4 0
2
2
yEL dA = 2 0
=
R3
cos 2 sin + 2sin
3
R3
cos 2 sin + 2sin
3
y =
R2
( 2 + sin 2 )
2
But yA = yEL dA so
or
R
2
1
cos R 2 cos 2 d = R3 cos 2 sin + sin

2
3
3
cos 2 + 2
2
y = R sin
3
( 2 + sin 2 )
Alternatively,
y =
2
3 sin 2
R sin

3
2 + sin 2
x = 0, y = b
At
b = k (0 a)
y=
Now
xEL = x, yEL =
and
dA = ydx =
and
b
a2
b
2
x a)
2(
a
Then
Then
k =
or
A = dA = 0
y
b
2
=
x a)
2(
2
2a
b
( x a )2 dx
a2
a
b
b
1
2
3
x
a
dx
=
x
a
= ab
(
)
(
)
2
2
3
0
a
3a
2
a
a 3
2
2
xEL dA = 0 x a 2 ( x a ) dx = a 2 0 ( x 2ax + a x )dx
b x4 2 3 a2 2
1 2
x =
ab
ax +
3
2
12
a 2 4
yEL dA = 0
=
b
b2 1
2 b
2
5
x a ) 2 ( x a ) dx =
x a)
2(
4 (
2a
a
2a 5
0
1 2
ab
10
1 2
1
ab
Hence xA = xEL dA: x ab =
3 12
1 2
1
yA = yEL dA: y ab =
ab
3
10
x =
y =
1
a
4
3
b
10

For the element (EL) shown on line 1 at
x = a, b = k 2 a 2
y =
or
y =
b
a2
b 2
x
a2
x = a, 2b = k1a3
On line 2 at
k2 =
or
k2 =
2b
a3
2b 3
x
a3
2b
b
dA = 2 x 2 + 3 x3 dx
a
a
Then
b
2 x3
b x3 2 x 4
A = dA = 2 x 2 +
+
dx = 2
x
4a
a
a 3
a
0
1 1 5
= ab + = ab
3 2 6
and xEL dA =
b 2 2b 3
b x 4 2 x5
2
2 1
+
x + 3 x dx = 2
= a b +
2
a
4
5
4
5
a
a
a
a
x
0
13 2
ab
20
2b 3 b 2 2b 3
a1 b 2
yEL dA = 0 2 a 2 x a3 x a 2 x + a3 x dx
1 b 2
2b
=
2 x 3 x 3
2 a
a
0
b 2 x5
2
2 x 7
dx =
4
2a 5
7a
2
13
1
= b 2a5
= ab 2
10
7
70
Then
xA = xEL dA:
yA = yEL dA:
5 13 2
x ab =
ab
6 20
5 13 2
y ab
ab
6 70
x =
39
a
50
or y =
39
b
175
or

Using the area element shown:
xEL = x,
yEL =
A = dA =
L
h 1
0
y
,
2
and dA = ydx
L
x
x2
x 2 2 x3
5
+ 2 2 dx = h x +
= hL
2
L
2L 3 L 0
6
L
x 2 1 x3 2 x 4
x
x2
x2
x3
1 2
L
L
xEL dA = 0 xh 1 + L 2 L2 dx = h 0 x + L 2 L2 dx = h 2 + 3 L 4 L2 = 3 hL
0
2
1 2
h2 L
x
x2
h2 L
x2
x4
x
x2
x3
yEL dA = 2 y dx = 2 0 1 + L 2 L2 dx = 2 0 1 + L2 + 4 L4 + 2 L 4 L2 4 L3 dx
h2
x3
4 x5 x 2 4 x3 x 4
4 2
h L
=
2 3 =
x + 2 + 4 +
L
2
L 0 10
3L
5L
3L
Now
x =
1
6 1 2 2
xEL dA = 5hL 3 hL = 5 L and
A
y =
1
6 4 2 12
yEL dA = 5hL 10 h L = 25 h
A
Therefore:
x =
y =
2
L
5
12
h
25
Note that y1 = 0 at x = a, or
0 = 2b 1 ka 2 , i.e. k =
1
a2
Also, note that the slope of y2 is
y2 =
3b
and y2 = 0 at x = 2a. Therefore
a
3b
( 2a x ) .
a
Pick the area element dA ( EL ) such that:

for 0 x a
dA = ( 3b y1 ) dx,
and xEL = x,
yEL =
1
( 3b + y1 )
2
and for a x 2a
dA = y2 dx,
and xEL = x,
yEL =
1
y2
2
Then:
2b
a
2a
a
2 a 3b
A = dA = 0 ( 3b y1 ) dx + a y2dx = 0 3b 2 a 2 x 2 dx + a
( 2a x ) dx =
a
a
a
b
0
2b
2
3b 1
2 a 3b
+ 2 x 2 dx + a
( 2a x ) dx = b x + 2 x3 + ( 2a x )2
a
a 2
a
3a
2a
=
a
continued
2 3b
19
2
ab 1 +
ab
( 2a a ) =
3
2
a
6
Now for the centroid:

x =
1
6 a
2 2
3b 2a
xdA = 19ab b 0 x 1 + a 2 x dx + a a x ( 2a x ) dx =
A
6 1 2
1
3
1
x + 2 x 4 + ax 2 x3
19a 2
3 a
2a
0 a
2a
6 1 1
8
1
=
+ + 3 4 1 +
3
3
19 2 2
or x =
y =
18
a!
19
1
6 a1
1
yEL dA =
( 3b + y1 )( 3b y1 ) dx + a2a y2 y2dx
0
A
19ab 2
2
1 6 a1
2a 1 2
y2 dx =
9b 2 y12 dx + a
2 19ab 0 2
2
2
1 6 a 1 2 4b 2 2
2
2a 9b
2
0 9b 4 a x dx + a 2 ( 2a x ) dx
2 19ab 2
a
a
3b a
8
4
2
2a 9
5 + 2 x 2 4 x 4 dx + a 2 ( 2a x ) dx
0
19a
a
a
a
a
2a
3b
8
4
9
1
3
5 x + 2 x3 4 x5 + 2 ( 2a x )
19a
a
3a
5a
0 a 3
3b
8 4
3
5 + + 3 (1)
19
3 5
y =
148
b!
95
For y2
x = a, y = b : a = kb2
at
or
a
b2
k =
b 1/2
x
a
Then
y2 =
Now
xEL = x
a
y
b x1/2
x1/2
: yEL = 2 =
, dA = y2dx = b
dx
2
2
2 a
a
and for
0 x
For
a
1
b x 1 x1/2
x a : yEL = ( y1 + y2 ) = +
2
2
2a 2
a
x1/2 x 1
dA = ( y2 y1 ) dx = b
+ dx
a a 2
Then
a/2
A = dA = 0 b
x1/2 x 1
x1/2
a
dx + a/2 b
+ dx
a
a a 2
a
a/2
2 x3/2
b 2 3/2
x2 1
x
+ b
+ x
2a 2 a/2
a 3
0
3 a
3/2
3/2
2 b a
3/2
a
=
+ ( a )
3 a 2
2
2
1
a 1
a
+ b a 2 + ( a )
2 2
2
2a
( )
13
ab
24
1/2
x1/2 x 1
a/2 x
a
x
dA
x
b
dx
x
b
=
+
+ dx
EL
0
a a/2 a a 2
and
b
=
a
a/2
2 x5/2 x3 x 4
2 5/2
x
+
b
3a
4 a/2
0
5 a
continued
5/2
5/2
2 b a
5/2
a
+ ( a )
5 a 2
2
3
2
1 3 a 1 2 a
+ b ( a ) + ( a )
2 4
2
3a
71 2
=
ab
240
b x1/2 x1/2
a/2
dx
b
yEL dA = 0 2
a a
1 x1/2 x1/2 x 1
a b x
+ a/2 +
+ dx
b
2a 2
a a a 2
a
a/2
3
b2 1 2
b 2 x 2
1 x 1
=
+

2a 2 0
2 2a 3a a 2
a/2
2
2
3
b a
2
a b2 a 1
+ ( a )
4a 2
2 6a 2 2
11 2
ab
48
Hence xA = xEL dA:
yA = yEL dA:
71 2
13
x ab =
ab
24 240
13 11 2
y ab =
ab
24 48
x =
17
a = 0.546a !
130
y =
11
b = 0.423b !
26
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding line
Now
Then
and
xEL = r cos
and
dL = rd
7 /4
7 /4
L = dL = /4 rd = r [ ] /4 =
3
r
2
7 /4
xEL dL = /4 r cos ( rd )
1
1
7 /4
2
= r 2 [sin ] /4 = r 2
= r 2
2
2
Thus
3
xL = xdL : x r = r 2 2
2
x =
2 2
r
3
SOLUTION 5.43 CONTINUED
dy
= a 2/3 x 2/3
dx
Then
Then
and
Hence
1/2
1/3
xEL = x
Now
and
) ( x )
dy
dL = 1 +
dx
dx = 1 + a 2/3 x 2/3
L = dL = 0
) ( x )
1/2
1/3
1/2
2
dx
a1/3
3
3
dx = a1/3 x 2/3 = a
1/ 3
2
x
2
0
a
1/3
3 2
a a
1/3 3 5/3
x
dL
x
dx
a
x
=
=
EL
0 x1/3
5
= 5a
3 3
xL = xEL dL : x a = a 2
2 5
x =
2
a
5
Now
xEL = a cos3
dx 2 + dy 2
dL =
and
x = a cos3 : dx = 3a cos2 sin d
Where
y = a sin 3 : dy = 3a sin 2 cos d
Then
dL = 3a cos 2 sin d
1/2
) + (3a sin cos d )

2
= 3a cos sin cos 2 + sin 2
1/2
= 3a cos sin d
/2
L = dL = 0
=
and
/2
3a cos sin d = 3a sin 2

2
0
3
a
2
/2
3
xELdL = 0 a cos ( 3a cos sin d )
/2
= 3a cos5
5
0
2
3 2
a
5
3 3
2 5
Hence
x =
Alternative solution
x
x = a cos3 cos 2 =
a
y
y = a sin 3 sin 2 =
a
x

a
2/3
y
+
a
2/3
=1
or
2/3
2/3
y = a 2/3 x 2/3
3/2
2
a !
5
dy
= a 2/3 x 2/3
dx
Then
Then
and
Hence
1/2
1/3
xEL = x
Now
and
) ( x )
dy
dL = 1 +
dx
dx = 1 + a 2/3 x 2/3
L = dL = 0
) ( x )
1/2
1/3
1/2
2
dx
a1/3
3
3
dx = a1/3 x 2/3 = a
1/ 3
2
x
2
0
a
1/3
3 2
a a
1/3 3 5/3
x
dL
=
x
dx
=
a
x
EL
0 x1/3
5
= 5a
3 3
2 5
x =
2
a !
5
Have at
x = a, y = a : a = ka 2
Thus
y =
Then
dy
2
dL = 1 + dx = 1 + x dx
dx
a
1 2
x
a
dy =
and
L = dL =
=
x
4
4x2
a 2
4x2
1 + 2 x 2 dx = 1 + 2 + ln x + 1 + 2
4 a
2
a
a
a
a
a
5 + ln 2 + 5 = 1.4789a
2
4
xEL dL =
3/2
4
4x2 2 a2

1 + 2 dx = 1 + 2 x 2
3 8
a
a

a
x
0
a 2 3/2
5 1 = 0.8484a 2
12
xL = xEL dL: x (1.4789a ) = 0.8484a 2
Then
1
a
2
xdx
a
a
0
k =
or
x = 0.574a
xEL = x,
Have
1
x
x sin
L
2
dA = ydx
and
L/2
A = dA = 0 x sin
and
yEL =
L/2
L2
x L
x
x cos
dx = 2 sin
L
L
L 0
L2
x
L/2
x = xEL dA = 0 x x sin
dx
L
L/2
2 L2
x 2 L3
x L 2 x
= 2 x sin
+ 3 cos
x sin
L
L
L 0
Also
L/2 1
y = yEL dA = 0
x sin
L3
L3
x
dx
x sin
L
L
L/2
1 2 L2
x L
2 L3
x
= 2 x sin
x 3 cos
2
L
L

0
Hence
L2 L
L3
1 1 L3
1
6 + 2
=
(
)

2
2
2 6 8 4 2
96
L2
z
1
xA = xEL dA: x 2 = L3 2 3

or
L2
L3 1
2
3
yA = yEL dA: y 2 =
2 2

96
or y = 0.1653L !
x = 0.363L !

First note that by symmetry y = 0.
Using the area element shown in the figure,
xEL =
dA =
2
2
r cos = R cos 2 cos
3
3
1 2
1
r d = R 2 cos 2 2 d
2
2
1
1
A = dA = R 2 4 cos 2 d = R 2 04 cos 2 d = R 2 04 (1 + cos 4 ) d
2
2
4
1
1
4 1
= R 2 + sin 4 = R 2
2
4
0 8
2
2
2
3
xEL dA = 4 3 R cos 2 cos 2 R cos 2 d = 3 R 04 cos 2 cos d
2 3 4
R 0 1 2sin 2
3
cos d =
2 3 4
R 0 1 6sin 2 + 12sin 4 8sin 6 cos d
3
2
12
8
4
= R3 sin 2sin 3 + sin 5 sin 7
3
5
7
0
=
2 3 2
2 12 1 8 1 16 2 3
1 +
R
=
R
3
2
2
5 4 7 8
105
Now:
x=
1
8 16 2 3
128 2
xEL dA =
R =
R
A
105
R 105
or x = 0.549 R
y =0
From the solution to problem 5.2:
A = 134 in 2 ,
xA = 1102 in 3,
yA = 536 in 3
and from the solution of problem 5.22
L = 56 in., and xL = 488 in 2

Applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
(a) Rotation about the x-axis:
Volume = 2 yarea A = 2yA = 2 536 in 3 = 3367.8 in 3
or
V = 1.949 ft 3
Area = 2 ylength L = 2yL = 2 6 (15 ) + 10 ( 4 ) + 8 (10 ) + 4 (18 ) = 1520.53 in 2
or
A = 10.56 ft 2
(b) Rotation about x = 19 in.:
Volume = 2 (19 xarea ) A = 2 (19 A xA ) = 2 (19 in ) 134 in 2 1102 in 3
= 9072.9 in 3
or
V = 5.25 ft 3
Area = 2 (19 xline ) L = 2 (19L xL ) = 2 (19 in.)( 56 in.) 488 in 2

= 3619.1 in 2
or
A = 25.1 ft 2
From the solution to problem 5.4:
A = 772 in 2 ,
xA = 17828 in 3 ,
( Area )
yA = 18464 in 3
and for the line
xL
yL
13
27.5
357.5
40
34
20
1360
800
34
17
40
578
1360
10.5
28
334.85
892.92
21
336
128
2966.4
3180.9
(a)
212 + 242 = 31.890
16
134.89
or V = 64.8 ft 3 !
or A = 129.4 ft 2 !
V = 2 xarea A = 2xA = 2 17828 in 3 = 112 017 in 3

A = 2 xline L = 2xL = 2 2966.4 in 2 = 18 638.1 in 2
continued
(b)
V = 2 ( 40 yarea ) A = 2 ( 40 A yA )
= 2 ( 40 in.) 772 in 2 18 464 in 3 = 78 012 in 3
or V = 45.1 ft 3 !
A = 2 ( yline ) y = 40 L = 2 L ( y 40 ) = 2 ( Ly 40L )
= 2 ( 3180.9 40 134.89 ) = 13 915.3 in 2

or A = 96.6 ft 2 !
From the solution of Problem 5.1:
A = 150000 mm 2 ,
x A = 140 mm,
y A = 165 mm
From the solution of Problem 5.21:
L = 1800 mm,
xL = 116.667 mm,
yL = 166.667 mm

(a) Rotation about the x-axis:
Ax = 2 yL L = 2 (166.667 mm )(1800 mm ) = 1884 960 mm 2
or
A = 1.885 106 mm 2
or
V = 155.5 106 mm3
Vx = 2 y A = 2 (165 mm ) 150 000 mm 2 = 155 509 000 mm 3
(b) Rotation about x = 400 mm:
Ax = 400 mm = 2 ( 400 mm xL ) L = 2 ( 400 116.667 ) mm (1800 mm ) = 3 204 420 mm 2

or
A = 3.20 106 mm 2
Vx = 2 ( 400 mm x A ) A = 2 ( 400 140 ) mm 150 000 mm 2 = 245 040 000 mm 3

or
V = 245 106 mm3
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have

(a) Rotation about axis AA:
ab
2 2
Volume = 2 yA = 2 ( a )
= a b
2
V = 2a 2b
(b) Rotation about axis BB:
ab
2 2
Volume = 2 yA = 2 ( 2a )
= 2 a b
2
V = 2 2a 2b
(c) Rotation about y-axis:
4a ab 2 2
Volume = 2 yA = 2
= a b
3 2 3
V =
2 2
a b
3

The area A and circumference C of the cross section of the bar are
A=
d 2 and C = d .
Also, the semicircular ends of the link can be obtained by rotating the cross section through a
horizontal semicircular arc of radius R. Now, applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
for the volume V:
V = 2 (Vside ) + 2 (V
end
) = 2 ( AL ) + 2 ( RA) = 2 ( L + R ) A
or V = 2 3 in. + ( 0.75 in.) ( 0.5 in.) = 2.1034 in 3

4
or V = 2.10 in 3
For the area A:
A = 2 ( Aside ) + 2 ( Aend ) = 2 ( CL ) + 2 ( RC ) = 2 ( L + R ) C
or A = 2 3 in. + ( 0.75 in.) ( 0.5 in.) = 16.8270 in 2
or A = 16.83 in 2
Following the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, in each case a

specific generating area A will be rotated about the x axis to produce the
given shape. Values of y are from Fig. 5.8A.
(1) Hemisphere: the generating area is a quarter circle
Have
4a
V = 2 yA = 2 a 2
3 4
or V =
2 3
a !
3
(2) Semiellipsoid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter ellipse

Have
4a
V = 2 yA = 2 ha
3 4
or V =
2 2
a h!
3
(3) Paraboloid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter parabola

Have
3 2
V = 2 yA = 2 a ah
8 3
or V =
1 2
a h!
2
or V =
1 2
a h!
3
(4) Cone: the generating area is a triangle
Have
a 1
V = 2 yA = 2 ha
3 2

The required volume can be generated by rotating the area shown about the y axis. Applying the second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
5
1
V = 2 xA = 2 + 7.5 mm 5 mm 5 mm
3
2
or V = 720 mm3

Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, the contact area AC of a belt is given by:
AC = yL = yL
where the individual lengths are the lengths of the belt cross section that are in contact with the
pulley.
(a)
0.125 0.125 in.

AC = 2 ( y1L1 ) + y2 L2 = 2 3
+ ( 3 0.125 ) in. ( 0.625 in.)
in.
2 cos 20

or AC = 8.10 in 2
(b)
0.375 0.375 in.

AC = 2 ( y1L1 ) = 2 3 0.08
in.
2 cos 20
or AC = 6.85 in 2
(c)
2 ( 0.25 )
AC = 2 ( y1L1 ) = 3
in. ( 0.25 in.)

or AC = 7.01 in 2
Volume:
The volume can be obtained by rotating the triangular area shown through radians about the y
axis.
The area of the triangle is:
A=
1
( 52 )( 60 ) = 1560 mm2
2
V = xA = ( 52 mm ) 1560 mm 2
or V = 255 103 mm3 !
The surface area can be obtained by rotating the triangle shown through an angle of radians about
the y axis.
Considering each line BD, DE, and BE separately:

22
= 31 mm
2
Line BD : L1 = 222 + 602 = 63.906 mm
x1 = 20 +
Line DE : L2 = 52 mm
x2 = 20 + 22 + 26 = 68 mm
Line BE : L3 = 742 + 602 = 95.268 mm
x1 = 20 +
74
= 57 mm
2
continued
Then applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus for the part of the surface area generated by the
lines:
AL = xA = ( 31)( 63.906 ) + ( 68 )( 52 ) + ( 57 )( 95.268 ) = [10947.6] = 34.392 103 mm 2
The area of the end triangles:

1
AE = 2 ( 52 )( 60 ) = 3.12 103 mm 2
2
Total surface area is therefore:
A = AL + AE = ( 34.392 + 3.12 ) 103 mm 2
or A = 37.5 103 mm 2 !

The mass of the escutcheon is given by m = ( density )V , where V is the volume. V can be
generated by rotating the area A about the x-axis.
From the figure:

L1 = 752 12.52 = 73.9510 m
L2 =
37.5
= 76.8864 mm
tan 26
a = L2 L1 = 2.9354 mm
= sin 1
=
12.5
= 9.5941
75
26 9.5941
= 8.2030 = 0.143168 rad
2
Area A can be obtained by combining the following four areas:
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Figure 5.8 a, we have
V = 2 yA = 2 yA
continued
A, mm 2
Seg
.
1
1
( 76.886 )( 37.5) = 1441.61
2
( 75 ) = 805.32
1
( 73.951)(12.5) = 462.19
2
( 2.9354 )(12.5 ) = 36.693
y A , mm3
y , mm
1
( 37.5) = 12.5
3
18 020.1
2 ( 75) sin
sin ( + ) = 15.2303
3
12 265.3
1
(12.5) = 4.1667
3
1925.81
1
(12.5) = 6.25
2
229.33
3599.7
Then
V = 2 yA = 2 3599.7 mm3 = 22618 mm3

m = ( density )V
)(
= 8470 kg/m3 22.618 106 m3
= 0.191574 kg
or m = 191.6 g !
The volume of the waste wood is:
Vwaste = Vblank Vtop , where

2
Vblank = ( 22 in.) (1.25 in.) = 1900.664 in 3
Vtop = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
The volumes Vi can be obtained through the use of the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus:
2
2
Vtop = ( 21.15 in.) ( 0.75 in.) + ( 21.4 in.) ( 0.5 in.)

( 4 )( 0.5) in. 0.5 in. 2 + 2 21.15 + ( 4 )( 0.75) in. 0.75 in. 2
+ 2 21.4 +
(
)
(
)

3 4
3
4

= (1053.979 + 719.362 + 26.663 + 59.592 ) in 3 = 1859.596 in 3

Therefore
Vwaste = 1900.664 in 3 1859.596 in 3

= 41.068 in 3
Then
Wwaste = woodVwaste N tops
)(
= 0.025 lb/in 3 41.068 in 3 ( 5000 tops )

= 5133.5 lb,or
Vwaste = 5.13 kips
The total surface area can be divided up into the top circle, bottom circle, and the edge.
ATotal = ATop circle + ABottom circle + AEdge,or

2
2
ATotal = ( 21.4 in.) + ( 21.15 in.)
2 ( 0.5 )
+ 2 21.4 +
in. ( 0.5 in.) +
2

2 ( 0.75 )
in. ( 0.75 in.)
2 21.15 +
2

= (1438.72 + 1405.31 + 107.176 + 160.091)

= 3111.3 in 2
Now, knowing that 1 gallon of lacquer covers 500 ft2, the number of gallons needed, NGallons is
N Gallons = ASurface coverage ( number of tops ) ( number of coats )

N Gallons = 3111.3 in 2
1 Gallon
( 500 ) (144 in 2 )
5000 3
= 648.19 gal
or N Gallons = 648
The mass of the lamp shade is given by
m = V = At
where A is the surface area and t is the thickness of the shade. The area can be generated by rotating the line
shown about the x axis. Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus we have
A = 2 yL = 2yL = 2 ( y1L1 + y2 L2 + y3L3 + y4 L4 )

13 mm
13 + 16
or A = 2
(13 mm ) +
mm
2
2
16 + 28
+
mm
2
( 32 mm )2 + ( 3 mm )2
(8 mm )2 + (12 mm )2
28 + 33
+
mm
2
( 28 mm )2 + ( 5 mm )2
= 2 ( 84.5 + 466.03 + 317.29 + 867.51) = 10903.4 mm 2

Then
)(
m = At = 2800 kg/m 3 10.9034 103 m 2 ( 0.001 m )

or m = 30.5 g

Free-Body Diagram:
First note that the required surface area A can be generated by rotating the
parabolic cross section through 2 radians about the x axis. Applying the
first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
A = 2 yL
2
Now, since
x = ky ,
x = a : a = k ( 7.5 )
at
or
a = 56.25 k
(1)
x = ( a + 15 ) mm: a + 15 = k (12.5 )
At
or
(2)
a + 15 = 156.25k
Then
Eq. (2) a + 15 156.25k

:
=
Eq. (1)
a
56.25k
or a = 8.4375 mm
Eq. (1) k = 0.15

x = 0.15 y 2
and
1
mm
dx
= 0.3 y
dy
Now
dx
dL = 1 + dy = 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
dy
So
A = 2 yL
yL = ydL
and
12.5
A = 2 7.5 y 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
2 1
2
= 2
1 + 0.09 y
3 0.18
= 1013 mm 2
12.5
3/2
7.5
or A = 1013 mm 2
(a) Note that in the free-body diagram:

R1 =
1
( 4.2 m )( 600 N/m ) = 1260 N,
2
and R2 =
1
( 4.2 m )( 240 N/m ) = 504 N
2
Then for the equivalence of the systems of forces:

Fy :
R = R1 + R2 = 1260 + 504 = 1764 N
M A :
1
2

x (1764 N ) = 2 + 4.2 m (1260 N ) + 2 + 4.2 m ( 504 N ) = 3.8000 m
3
3

R = 1764 N
or x = 3.80 m
(b) Equilibrium:
Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
Fy = 0:
Ay 1764 = 0
A = 1764 N
= 0:
M A ( 3.80 m )(1764 N ) = 0
M A = 6.70 kN m
With R1 = ( 20 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 360 lb, and R2 =
Fy :
or
1
( 60 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 360 lb:
3
R = R1 R2
R = 360 lb + 360 lb = 720 lb
R = 720 lb
+ M A :
x ( 720 lb ) = ( 9 ft )( 360 lb ) (13.5 ft )( 360 ft )

x = 11.25 ft
R = (1800 N/m )( 3.2 m ) = 5.76 kN

+ M A = 0:
( 5.76 kN )(1.2 m + 1.6 m ) + By ( 3.6 m ) = 0, or
By = 4.48 kN
B = 4.48 kN
Fy = 0:
Ay + 4.48 5.76 = 0, or
Ay = 1.28 kN
+ Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
Therefore:
A = 1.28 kN
kN
R1 = 1.5
(1.6 m ) = 2.4 kN
m
R2 =
1 kN
3
( 2.4 m ) = 3.6 kN
2 m
kN
R3 = 3
(1.6 m ) = 4.8 kN
m
Equilibrium:
+ Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
+ M B = 0:
( 4.8 m )( 2.4 kN ) + ( 2.4 m )( 3.6 kN ) + ( 0.8 m )( 4.8 kN ) ( 4.0 m ) Ay

Ay = 6.0000 kN
+ Fy = 0:
6 kN 2.4 kN 3.6 kN 4.8 kN + By = 0

By = 4.8000 kN
=0
A = 6.00 kN
B = 4.80 kN
lb
R1 = 240 ( 4.8 ft ) = 1152 lb

ft
R2 =
1
lb
180 ( 3.6 ft ) = 324 lb
2
ft
Equilibrium:
+ Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
+ Fy = 0:
Ay 1152 lb + 324 lb = 0
Ay = 828.00 lb
+ M A = 0:
A = 828 lb
M A ( 2.4 ft )(1152 lb ) + ( 6 ft )( 324 lb ) = 0

M A = 820.80 lb ft
M A = 821 lb ft

The distributed load given can be simplified as in the diagram below with the resultants R1 and R2.
The resultants are:
R1 = ( 6 ft )( 30 lb/ft ) = 180 lb, and R2 =
1
( 4.5 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 270 lb
2
Now, for equilibrium:
Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
Fy = 0:
Ay + 180 270 = 0
Ay = 90.0 lb
Therefore:
M A = 0:
A = 90.0 lb
or M = 675 lb ft
M A + ( 3 ft )(180 lb ) 1.5 + 4.5 ft ( 270 lb ) = 0

3
kN
R1 = 1.5
( 2.4 m ) = 3.6 kN
m
R2 =
2 kN
9
( 2.4 m ) = 14.4 kN
3 m
Equilibrium:
+ Fx = 0:
+ M B = 0:
Ax = 0
( 3.3 m ) Ay (1.8 m )( 3.6 kN ) + ( 2.1 m )(14.4 kN ) = 0

Ay = 7.2000 kN
+ Fy = 0:
A = 7.20 kN
B = 3.60 kN
7.2 kN + 3.6 kN 14.4 kN + By = 0

By = 3.6000 kN
The resultants:
R1 =
2
( 3.2 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 256 lb
3
R2 =
1
( 2.4 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 96 lb
3
R3 =
1
(1.6 ft )( 45 lb/ft ) = 24 lb
3
Then for equilibrium:
Fx = 0:
M B = 0:
Ax = 0
( 7.2 ft ) Ay + 4 + 3.2 ft ( 256 lb )

8
+ 1.6 + 2.4 ft ( 96 lb ) + 1.6 ft ( 24 lb = 0 )

4
4
Ay = 231.56 lb
Fy = 0:
A = 232 lb
B = 144.4 lb
23.56 256 96 24 + By = 0
Have
RI =
1
( 9 m )( 2 kN/m ) = 9 kN
2
RII = ( 9 m )(1.5 kN/m ) = 13.5 kN

Then
Fx = 0: C x = 0
M B = 0: 50 kN m (1 m )( 9 kN ) ( 2.5 m )(13.5 kN ) + ( 6 m ) C y = 0
or
C y = 15.4583 kN
C = 15.46 kN
B = 7.04 kN
Fy = 0: By 9 kN 13.5 kN + 15.4583 = 0
or
By = 7.0417 kN
Chapter 5, Solution70.
Have
RI =
1
( 9 m ) ( 3.5 w0 ) kN/m = 4.5 ( 3.5 w0 ) kN
2
RII = ( 9 m ) ( w0 kN/m ) = 9w0 kN

(a) Then
or
M C = 0: 50 kN m + ( 5 m ) 4.5 ( 3.5 w0 ) kN + ( 3.5 m ) ( 9w0 kN ) = 0

9w0 + 28.75 = 0
so
w0 = 3.1944 kN/m
w0 = 3.19 kN/m
C = 1.375 kN
Note: the negative sign means that the distributed force w0 is upward.
(b)
Fx = 0: C x = 0
Fy = 0: 4.5 ( 3.5 + 3.19 ) kN + 9 ( 3.19 ) kN + C y = 0
or
C y = 1.375 kN
The distributed load can be represented in terms of resultants:

R1 = ( 8 m )( 300 N/m ) = 2400 N
R2 =
1
( 8 a ) m ( 2400 N/m ) = 1200 ( 8 a ) N
2
For equilibrium:
M B = 0:
8 Ay + 4 ( 2400 ) + ( 8 a ) 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0
3
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 a )
M A = 0:
(1)
8By 4 ( 2400 ) a + ( 8 a ) 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0

3
By = 1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 a )
(a) Fy = 0:
(2)
Ay + By 2400 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0
(3)
Using the requirement By = 2 Ay and (1)

2
3 1200 + 50 ( 8 a ) 2400 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0
or
(8 a )2 8 (8 a ) + 8 = 0,
which gives
continued
(8 a ) =
( 8 )2 4 ( 8 )
2
= 6.82843 m or 1.17157 m
a = 1.17157 m or a = 6.82843 m, and therefore
amin = 1.17157 m
or amin = 1.172 m !
(b) Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
Equation (1) gives:

Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 6.82843)
= 3531.4 N
or A = 3.53 kN
B = 7.06 kN
By = 2 Ay gives By = 2 ( 3531.4 N ) , and
The distributed load can be represented in terms of resultants:

R1 = ( 8 m )( 300 N/m ) = 2400 N
R2 =
1
( 8 a ) m ( 2400 N/m ) = 1200 ( 8 a ) N
2
For equilibrium:
M B = 0:
8 Ay + 4 ( 2400 ) + ( 8 a ) 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0
3
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 a )
M A = 0:
(1)
8By 4 ( 2400 ) a + ( 8 a ) 1200 ( 8 a ) = 0

3
By = 1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 a )
(2)
(a) Dividing Equation (1) by Equation (2):

By
Ay
1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 a )
1200 + 50 ( 8 a )
(
)
24 + ( 64 16a + a )
152 8a a 2
88 16a + a 2
24 + 128 8a a 2
continued
Differentiating
d By
da Ay
By
Ay
) (
( 8 2a ) 88 16a + a 2 152 8a a 2 ( 16 + 2a )
=0
=
2
88 16a + a 2
a 20a + 72 = 0
or
a=
or
20
( 20 )2 4 ( 72 )
2
Knowing that a 8 m: a = 4.7085 m

or
a = 4.71 m !
(b) For equilibrium:
Fx = 0:
Ax = 0
and from (1):

Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 4.7085 )
= 1741.70 N
A = 1.742 kN
B = 4.61 kN
Also,
Fy = 0:
1741.70 2400 1200 ( 8 4.7085 ) + By = 0

By = 4608.1 N
or
R1 = ( 3.6 ft )( wA kips/ft ) = 3.6wA kips

R2 =
1
1
( 5.4 ft ) wA kips/ft = 1.35wA kips
2
2
R3 = ( 5.4 ft ) wA kips/ft = 2.7wA kips

2
Equilibrium:
(1.8 ft ) ( 3.6wA ) kips + (1.8 ft ) (1.35wA ) kips
+ M C = 0:
+ ( 2.7 ft ) ( 2.7 wA ) kips + ( 2.1 ft )( 6 kips )

( 2.4 ft )( 4.5 kips ) ( 3.6 ft )(1 kip ) = 0
wA = 0.55556 kips/ft
+ FyA = 0:
or
wA = 556 lb/ft
RR ( 3.6 )( 0.55556 ) kips + 1.35 ( 0.55556 ) kips
+ 2.7 ( 0.55556 ) kips 6 kips 4.5 kips 1 kip = 0

Solving for RR :
RR = 7.2500 kips
or
RR = 7.25 kips
R1 = ( 3.6 ft )( wA kips/ft ) = 3.6wA kips
R2 =
1
( 5.4 ft )( 0.6wA kips/ft ) = 1.62wA kips
2
R3 = ( 5.4 ft )( 0.4wA kips/ft ) = 2.16wA kips

Equilibrium:
+ M A = 0:
(1.8 ft ) ( 3.6wA ) kips + ( 3.6 ft ) RR

+ ( 5.4 ft ) (1.62wA ) kips + ( 6.3 ft ) ( 2.16 wA ) kips (1.5 ft )( 6 kips )
( 6 ft )( 4.5 kips ) ( 7.2 ft ) P = 0

or
+ Fy y = 0:
or
28.836wA + 3.6RR 7.2 P 36 = 0
(1)
RR + 3.6wA + 1.62wA + 2.16wA 6 4.5 P = 0
7.38wA + RR P 10.5 = 0
( 28.836 ) Eq. ( 2 ) ( 7.38) Eq. (1) = 0 gives

2.268RR 37.098 + 24.3P = 0
(2)
Since RR 0, the maximum acceptable value of P is that for which RR = 0, and

P = 1.52667 kips
or
P = 1.527 kips !
(b) Now, from (2):

7.38wA 1.52667 10.5 = 0
or
wA = 1.630 kips/ft !
Noting that the weight of a section of the dam is Wi = Vi (Vi being the volume of that section ) :
lb
W1 = 150 3 (10.5 ft )( 9 ft )(1 ft ) = 14175 lb

ft
lb 1
W2 = 150 3 (10.5 ft )( 21 ft )(1 ft ) = 16537.5 lb

ft 2
lb
W3 = 150 3 (18 ft )( 30 ft )(1 ft ) = 81000 lb

ft
lb 1
W4 = 150 3 ( 3 ft )( 30 ft )(1 ft ) = 6750 lb

2
ft
From the free-body diagram:

x1 = 5.25 ft, x2 =
2
(10.5 ft ) = 7 ft, x3 = 19.5 ft, and x4 = 29.5 ft
3
For the distance a:

a
3
=
, or a = 2.4 ft
24 30
Therefore:
lb 1
Ws = 62.4 3 ( 2.4 ft )( 24 ft )(1 ft ) = 1797.12 lb, and

ft 2
xs = 31.5
1
( 2.4 ) = 30.7 ft
3
Now, for the pressure force P:

P=
=
1
1
PB A = ( W hB ) A
2
2
1
lb
62.4 3 ( 24 ft ) ( 24 ft )(1 ft )
2
ft
= 17971.2 lb
Then, for equilibrium:
(a) Fx = 0:
H P=0
H = 17971.2 lb
or H = 17.97 kips
Fy = 0:
V 14175 16537.5 81000 6750 1797.12 = 0

V = 120259.62 lb
or V = 120.3 kips
(b) From moment equilibrium:

M A = 0:
x (120259.62 lb ) + 24 ft (17971.2 lb ) ( 5.25 ft )(14175 lb ) ( 7 ft )(16537.5 lb )

3
(19.5 ft )(81000 lb ) ( 29.5 ft )( 6750 lb ) ( 30.7 ft )(1797.12 lb ) = 0

or x = 15.63 ft !
(c) free-body diagram for section of water:
continued
For equilibrium:
F = 0:
Ws + P + ( R ) = 0
where R is the force of the water on the face BD of the dam, and
P = 17971.2 lb, and Ws = 1797.12 lb

Then from the force triangle:
R=
(17971.2 lb )2 + (1797.12 lb )2
= 18.06 kips
1797.12
= tan 1
= 5.71
17971.2
Therefore: R = 18.06 kips
5.71 !

Free-Body Diagram:
Locations of centers of gravity:
x1 =
x2 = 5 + ( 2 ) m = 6 m
2
5
( 5 m ) = 3.125 m
8
1 25
x3 = 7 + ( 4 ) =
m
3
3
x4 = 7 + ( 4 ) = 9.5 m
8
Weights: Wi = i gVi
2
W1 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 5 m )( 8 m )(1 m ) = 627 840 N

3
)(
)(
W2 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 2 m )( 8 m )(1 m ) = 376 700 N
W3 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4 m )( 6 m )(1 m ) = 188 352 N

3
)(
W4 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4 m )( 6 m )(1 m ) = 156 960 N

3
The pressure force P is:

1
1
P = A gh = ( 6 m )(1 m ) 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m ) = 176 580 N
2
2
)(
)(
Equilibrium:
(a) + Fx = 0:
H 176.580 kN = 0
H = 176.580 kN
+ Fy = 0:
H = 176.6 kN
V 627.84 kN 376.70 kN 188.352 kN 156.960 kN = 0

V = 1349.85 kN
(b) + M A = 0:
or
or
V = 1350 kN
x (1349.85 kN ) ( 3.125 m )( 627.84 kN ) ( 6 m )( 376.70 kN )

25
m (188.352 kN ) ( 9.5 m )(156.960 kN ) + ( 2 m )(176.580 kN ) = 0

3
x = 5.1337 m
Thus the point of application of the resultant is:
5.13 m to the right of A. !
(c) Free-body diagram and force triangle for the water section BCD
From the force triangle:

R=
(176.580 )2 + (156.960 )2
= 236.26 kN
156.960
= tan 1
= 41.634
176.580
or on the face BD of the dam
R = 236 kN
41.6 !

Free-Body Diagram:
Note that valve opens when B = 0.

Pressures p1 and p2 at top and bottom of valve:
(
= (10
)(
)
kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ( d ) = ( 9810d ) N/m
p1 = 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d 0.225 m ) = ( 9810d 2207.3) N/m 2

p2
Force P1 and P2:
P1 =
1
1
p1 A = ( 9810d 2207.3) N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m )
2
2
= ( 248.32d 55.872 ) N
P2 =
1
1
p2 A = ( 9810d ) N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m )
2
2
= ( 248.32d ) N
+ M A = 0:
( 0.15 0.09 ) m ( 248.32d 55.872 ) N + ( 0.09 0.075 ) m ( 248.32d ) N = 0
Thus d = 0.30000 m, or
d = 300 mm

Free-Body Diagram:
Note that valve opens when B = 0.

Pressures p1 and p2 at top and bottom of valve:
(
= (10
)(
)
kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.450 m ) = 4414.5 N/m
p1 = 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.225 m ) = 2207.3 N/m 2

p2
Force P1 and P2:
P1 =
1
1
p1 A =
2207.3 N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m )
2
2
= 55.872 N
P2 =
1
1
p2 A =
4414.5 N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m )
2
2
= 111.742 N
+ M A = 0:
( 0.15 h ) m ( 55.872 N ) + ( h 0.075 ) m (111.742 N ) = 0
Solving for h: h = 0.100 000 m, or

h = 100.0 mm

Since gate is 4 ft wide:
p1 = 4 ( h 3)
p2 = 4 h
p1 = 4 ( d 3)
p2 = 4 d
)
)
(
(
1
1
( 3 ft ) p1 p1 = ( 3 ft ) 4 ( d 3) 4 ( h 3) = 6 ( d 3) 6 ( h 3)
2
2
1
1
P2 P2 = ( 3 ft ) p2 p2 = ( 3 ft ) [ 4 d 4 h ] = 6 d 6 h
2
2
P1 P1 =
This gives the free-body diagram:
+ M A = 0:
or
( 3 ft ) B (1 ft ) ( P1 P1 ) ( 2 ft ) ( P2 P2 ) = 0
B=
=
) (
1
2
P1 P1
P2 P2
3
3
1
2
6 ( d 3) 6 ( h 3) [ 6 d 6 h ]
3
3
= 2 ( d 3) 2 ( h 3) + 4 d 4 h
or
+ Fx = 0:
B = 6 ( d 1) 6 ( h 1)
) (
(1)
A + B P1 P1 P2 P2 = 0, or using (1)
A + 6 ( d 1) 6 ( h 1) 6 ( d 3) 6 ( h 3) [ 6 d 6 h ] = 0, or
A = 6 ( d 2 ) 6 ( h 2 )
Using the given data in (1) and (2):
h = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, = 62.4 lb/ft 3 , = 64 lb/ft 3
A = 6 ( 64 )( 9 2 ) 6 ( 62.4 )( 6 2 )
(2)
= 2688 lb 1497.6 lb = 1190.4 lb

B = 6 ( 64 )( 9 1) 6 ( 62.4 )( 6 1)
= 3072 lb 1872 lb = 1200 lb
A = 1190 lb
B = 1200 lb

First, determine the force on the dam face without the silt.
Pw =
Have
1
1
Apw = A ( gh )
2
2
1
( 6 m )(1 m ) 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m )
)(
= 176.58 kN
Next, determine the force on the dam face with silt.
Pw =
Have
1
( 4.5 m )(1m ) 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m )
)(
= 99.326 kN
( Ps )I
)(
= (1.5 m )(1 m ) 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m )
= 66.218 kN
( Ps )II
1
(1.5 m )(1 m ) 1.76 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 (1.5 m )
)(
= 19.424 kN
Then
P = Pw + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II = 184.97 kN
The percentage increase, % inc., is then given by
% inc. =
(184.97 176.58) 100% = 4.7503%

P Pw
100% =
176.58
Pw
% inc. = 4.75%
From Problem 5.80, the force on the dam face before the silt is deposited, is Pw = 176.58 kN. The maximum
allowable force Pallow on the dam is then:
Pallow = 1.5Pw = (1.5 )(176.58 kN ) = 264.87 kN
Next determine the force P on the dam face after a depth d of silt has settled.
Have
Pw =
)(
)(
1
( 6 d ) m (1 m ) 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 d ) m
2
2
= 4.905 ( 6 d ) kN
( Ps )I
= d (1 m ) 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 d ) m
= 9.81 6d d 2 kN
( Ps )II
)(
1
d (1 m ) 1.76 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d ) m
= 8.6328d 2 kN
P = Pw + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II = 4.905 36 12d + d 2 + 9.81 6d d 2 + 8.6328d 2 kN
= 3.7278d 2 + 176.58 kN
Now required that P = Pallow to determine the maximum value of d.
or
Finally
(3.7278d
+ 176.58 kN = 264.87 kN
d = 4.8667 m
4.8667 m = 20 103
m
N
year
or N = 243 years !
Pressure force from the water on board AB:
1
Api where p1 and p2 are the pressures at the top and bottom of the board:
2
1
kg
m
P1 = ( 0.5 m )(1.5 m ) 103 3 9.81 2 ( 0.6 m ) = 2207.3 N
2
m
s
Pi =
P2 =
1
kg
m
( 0.5 m )(1.5 m ) 103 3 9.81 2 (1 m ) = 3678.8 N
2
m
s
Free-Body Diagram:
Ax denotes the force from one piling and is therefore multiplied by two in the free-body diagram.
1
+ M A = 0:
( 0.3 m ) B + ( 0.5 ) m ( 2207.3 N ) + ( 0.5) m ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
3
B = 5313.8 N
4
4
+ Fx = 0:
2 Ax + ( 2207.3 N ) + ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
5
5
Ax = 2354.4 N
3
3
5318.8 N ( 2207.3 N ) ( 3678.8 N ) + Ay = 0, or
+ Fy = 0:
5
5
Ay = 1782.14 N
Therefore: (a) A x = 2.35 kN

(b)
(c)
A y = 1.782 kN !
B = 5.31 kN !

Pressure force from the water on board AB:
Pi =
1
Api where p1 and p2 are the pressures at the top and bottom of the board:
2
P1 =
1
kg
m
( 0.5 m )(1.5 m ) 103 3 9.81 2 ( 0.6 m ) = 2207.3 N
2
m
s
P2 =
1
kg
m
( 0.5 m )(1.5 m ) 103 3 9.81 2 (1 m ) = 3678.8 N
2
m
s
Note that the board can move in two ways: by rotating about A if the rope is pulled upward, and by sliding
down at A if the rope is pulled sideways to the left.
Case 1 (rotation about A):
For minimum tension the rope will be perpendicular to the board.
Free-Body Diagram:
+ M A = 0:
( 0.5 m ) TBC + ( 0.5 ) m ( 2207.3 N ) +

3
3 ( 0.5 ) m ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
TBC = 3188.3 N
Case 2 (sliding down at A):
When the board is just about to slide down at A, A y = 0.
continued
Free-Body Diagram:
+ M B = 0:
( 0.4 m ) ( 2 Ax ) ( 0.5 ) m ( 3678.8 N )

3
3 ( 0.5 ) m ( 2207.3 N ) = 0, or
2 Ax = 3372.3 N
+ Fx = 0:
TBC 3372.3 +
4
4
( 2207.3 N ) + ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
5
5
TBC = 1336.58 N
Thus:
( TBC )min
= 1.337 kN

Free-Body Diagram:
Force from water pressure:
1
ApB where A is the rectangular cross sectional area through line BD, and pB is the pressure at
2
point B. Thus
1
1
P = A ( h ) = (16 ft )(10 ft ) 62.4 lb/ft 3 (10 ft ) = 18720.0 lb = 18.72 kips
2
2
1
W = V = 62.4 lb/ft 3 ( 3 ft )( 6 ft )( 6 ft ) = 3369.61 lb = 3.3696 kips

2
Equilibrium:
20
+ M A = 0:
(18.72 kips ) ft B ( 3 ft ) + ( 3.3696 kips )( 2 ft ) = 0.
3
P
Solving for B:
B = 43.846 kips, or
+ Fx = 0:
B = 43.8 kips
18.72 kips + Ax = 0, or
Ax = 18.7200 kips
+ Fy = 0:
Ay 3.3693 kips + 43.846 kips = 0, or

Ay = 40.476 kips
A=
( 18.7200 )2 + ( 40.476 )2
= 44.595 kips
40.476
= tan 1
= 65.180
18.7200
Therefore: A = 44.6 kips
65.2

Consider a 1-in. thick section of the gate and a triangular section BDE of water above the gate
Free-Body Diagram:
Pressure force P:
1
1
1
ApB = ( d 1 in.)( d ) = d 2 lb
2
2
2
Weight of water section above gate:
P=
4
1 8
WW = VW = d d 1 in. = d 2 lb
2 15
15
For impending motion of gate: B y = 0, and for equilibrium:
+ M a = 0:
2
1 8 4
d
1 2
2
(16 ) d d 6 d = 0, and
3 15 15
3
2
d = 27.301 in., or
d = 27.3 in.

Consider a 1-in. thick section of the gate and a triangular section BDE of water above the gate
Free-Body Diagram:
Pressure force P:
1
1
1
ApB = ( d 1 in.)( d ) = d 2 lb
2
2
2
Weight of water section above gate:
P=
4
1 8
WW = VW = d d 1 in. = d 2 lb
2 15
15
For impending motion of gate: B y = 0, and for equilibrium:
+ M a = 0:
2
1 8 4
d
1 2
2
(16 ) d d (10 h ) d = 0, and
3
3
15
15
3
with d = 30 in.
2
1 8 4
2
(16 ) 30 30
3
3
15
15
d
1
2
3 (10 h ) 2 30 = 0, and
h = 2.8444 in., or
h = 2.84 in.

Free-Body Diagram:
W = (125 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 1226.25 N

Denoting the water pressure at a depth h by ph, the forces due to the water pressure P1, P2, P3, P4 can be
obtained as follows:
1
P1 = ADC p( 0.15 m ) , or with
2
)(
)
1
= ( 0.15 m )(1 m ) (1471.50 N/m ) = 110.363 N
2
p( 0.15 m ) = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.15 m ) = 1471.50 N/m 2
P1
P2 = ACB p( 0.15 m) , or
P2 = ( 0.6 m )(1 m ) 1471.50 N/m 2 = 882.90 N

1
ABA p( 0.15 m ) , or
2
1
P3 = ( 0.6 m )(1 m ) 1471.50 N/m 2 = 441.45 N
2
1
P4 = ABA p( 0.75 m ) , or with
2
P3 =
)(
p( 0.75 m ) = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.75 m ) = 7357.5 N/m 2
P4 =
1
( 0.16 m )(1 m ) 7357.5 N/m 2 = 2207.3 N
2
Now from the free-body diagram:

(1.2 m ) D + ( 0.6 m )(1226.25 N ) + ( 0.3 m )(1226.25 N )
+ M A = 0:
( 0.6 + 0.05 m ) (110.363 N ) ( 0.3 m )( 882.90 N ) ( 0.4 m )( 441.45 N )
( 0.2 m )( 2207.3 N ) = 0, or
D = 124.149 N, and D = 124.1 N
+ Fx = 0:
Ax + 110.363 N + 441.45 N + 2207.3 N = 0, or

Ax = 2759.1 N
+ Fy = 0:
Ay 3 (1226.25 N ) + 882.90 N = 0, or
Ay = 2795.9 N
Then,
A=
( 2759.1)2 + ( 2795.9 )2
= tan 1
= 3930 N, and
2795.9
= 45.4
2759.1
Therefore: A = 3930 N
45.4 !

Free-Body Diagram:
W = (125 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 1226.25 N

Denoting the water pressure at a depth h by ph, the forces due to the water pressure P1, P2, P3, P4 can be
obtained as follows:
1
P1 = ADC p( d 0.6 m ) , or w
2
1
P1 = ( d 0.6 ) m (1 m ) N/m3 ( d 0.6 ) m
2
1
2
= ( d 0.6 ) N
2
where denotes the specific weight of water. In the same way
1
P2 = ACB p( d 0.6 m) , or
2
P2 = ( 0.6 m ) (1 m ) N/m3 ( d 0.6 ) m

= 0.6 ( d 0.6 ) N
1
ABA p( d 0.6 m ) , or
2
1
P3 = ( 0.6 m ) (1 m ) N/m3 ( d 0.6 ) m
2
= 0.3 ( d 0.6 ) N
P3 =
1
ABA p( d m ) , or
2
1
P4 = ( 0.6 m ) (1 m ) N/m3 ( d m )
2
= 0.3 d N
P4 =
Now from the free-body diagram:

+ M A = 0:
( 0.6 m )(1226.25 N ) + ( 0.3 m )(1226.25 N )
1
1
2
0.6 m + ( d 0.6) m ( d 0.6) N ( 0.3 m ) 0.6 ( d 0.6) N
2
3
( 0.6 m ) 0.3 ( d 0.6 ) N ( 0.6 m ) 0.3 ( d 0.6 ) N + 0.18 N = 0, or

3
3
1
1103.63
0.036
( d 0.6 )3 + 0.3 ( d 0.6 )2 + 0.36 ( d 0.6 ) =
)(
With = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 = 9810 N/m3 , this gives

1
1103.63
0.036 = 0.076501
( d 0.6 )3 + 0.3 ( d 0.6 )2 + 0.36 ( d 0.6 ) =
6
9810 N/m3
Solving for d numerically:
d = 0.782 m !

(a)
Free-body diagram for a 24-in. long parabolic section of water:
In the free body diagram force P is:
P=
1
1
1 3 24
3
AP = A ( h ) =
ft
ft 62.4 lb/ft 3 ft = 3.9000 lb
2
2
2 12 12
12
Ww = V
2 4.5 3 24
= 62.4 lb/ft 3
ft ft
ft
3 12 12 12
= 7.8000 lb
From the force triangle:
R=
P 2 + Ww 2 =
= tan 1
( 3.9 )2 + ( 7.8)2
= 8.7207 lb
Ww
7.8
= tan 1
= 63.435, or
P
3.9
R = 8.72 lb
(b)
63.4
Free-body diagram for a 24-in. long section of the water:

From (a) WW = 7.8000 lb
From the free-body diagram:
By = 7.8000 lb
+M B = 0:
M B + ( 2.25 1.8 ) in. ( 7.8000 lb ) = 0, or
M B = 3.5100 lb in.
Therefore, the force-couple system on the gutter is:
R = 7.8 lb ; M = 3.51 lb in.
Note, for the axes shown

y
yV
2 R 4
3
r
8
1 4
r
4
( R ) ( 2R ) = 2 R
2
r3
3
r3
2 R 3
3
r4
2 R 4
8
1
R4 r 4
yV
8
Y =
=
1
V
3
R r3
3
Then
1 r

8 R
1 r

3 R
(a )
r =
3
R: y =
4
1 3

3 4
1 3
1
3 4
or y = 1.118R
1
(b)
y = 1.2R : 1.2R =
or
1 r

8 R
1 r
1
3 R
r
r
3.2 + 1.6 = 0
R

R
Solving numerically
r
= 0.884
R

Labeling the two parts of the body as follows:
yV
Then Y =
=
V
7 a 2h 2
24
2 a 2h
3
yV
1 2
a h
2
h
2
1 2 2
a h
4
1 2
a h
6
h
4
1
a 2h 2
24
2 2
a h
3
7
a 2h 2
24
or Y =
7
h
16

Labeling the two parts of the body as follows:
V
1
2
Then Z =
(
(
12 a3h
zV
=
2 a 2h
V
3
1 2
a h
2
1 2
a h
6
2 2
a h
3
4a
3
a
zV
2
a 3h
3
1 3
ah
6
1
a 3h
2
)
)
or Z =
3a

4
xV
Rectangular prism
Lab
1
L
2
1 2
L ab
2
Pyramid
1 b
a h
3 2
V = ab L + h
6
Then
Now
L+
xV =
X V = xV
1
h
4
1
1
abh L + h
6
4
1 2
1
ab 3L + h L + h
6
4
so that

1 1
1
X ab L + h = ab 3L2 + hL + h 2
6 6
4

1 h 1
h 1 h2
X 1 +
L
3
=
+
+
6 L 6
L 4 L2
or
(a) X = ? when h =
Substituting
(1)
1
L
2
h
1
=
into Eq. (1)
L
2
2
1 1 1
1 11
X 1 + = L 3 + +
6 2 6
2 4 2
or X =
(b)
57
L
104
X = 0.548L
h
= ? when X = L
L
Substituting into Eq. (1)

or
or
1 h 1
h 1 h2
L 1 +
= L 3 + +
6 L 6
L 4 L2
1+
1h
1 1h
1 h2
= +
+
6L
2 6 L 24 L2
h2
= 12
L2
h
= 2 3
L

Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the volume.
V , mm3
y , mm
z , mm
yV , mm 4
zV , mm 4
( 60 )(105)(10 ) = 63000
52.5
315 000
3 307 500
1
2
( 30 ) (10 ) = 14 137.2
2
70 686
1 664 400
(15)( 30 )( 60 ) = 27 000
15
30
405 000
810 000
(19 ) (10 ) = 11 341.1
105
56 706
1 190 820
1
2
(19 ) (15 ) = 8505.9
2
30
186 585
255 180
110 565
4 335 900
Then Y =
30
4 (19 )
3
= 21.936
105 +
4 ( 30 )
3
=117.732
84 290
yV 110 565
mm
=
84 290
V
or Y = 1.312 mm

Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the volume.
Then Z =
V , mm3
z , mm
zV , mm 4
( 60 )(105)(10 ) = 63000
52.5
3 307 500
1
2
( 30 ) (10 ) = 14 137.2
2
(15)( 30 )( 60 ) = 27 000
105 +
4 ( 30 )
3
= 117.732
1 664 400
30
810 000
(19 ) (10 ) = 11 341.1
105
1 190 820
1
2
(19 ) (15 ) = 8505.9
2
30
255 180
84 290
zV 4 335 900
=
mm
V
84 290
4 335 900
or Z = 51.4 mm

Assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume.
V , mm3
x , mm
xV , mm 4
(100 )(88)(12 ) =105600
50
5 280 000
(100 )(12 )(88) = 105600
50
5 280 000
1
( 62 )( 51)(10 ) = 15 810
2
39
616 590
1
( 66 )( 45)(12 ) = 17 820
2
Then X =
34 +
2
( 66 ) = 78
3
209 190
xV 9 786 600
=
mm
V
209190
1 389 960
9 786 600
or X = 46.8 mm

Assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that it center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume.
V , mm
1
(100 )(88)(12 ) = 105600
(100 )(12 )(88) = 105600
1
( 62 )( 51)(10 ) = 15 810
2
1
( 66 )( 45)(12 ) = 17 820
2
Then Z =
z , mm
zV , mm 4
633 600
12 +
1
(88) = 56
2
5 913 600
12 +
1
( 51) = 29
3
458 490
55 +
2
( 45) = 85
3
209 190
zV 5 491 000
=
mm
V
209 190
1 514 700
5 491 000
or Z = 26.2 mm

Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the volume.
Then X =
V , in 3
x , in.
xV , in 4
( 8)( 0.9)( 2.7) = 19.44
77.76
1
( 2.1)( 6)( 2.7) = 17.01
2
34.02
1
2
(1.35) ( 0.9) = 2.5765
2
2
( 0.8 ) ( 0.9 ) = 1.80956
37.217
xV
119.392
=
in.
V
37.217
8+
1.8
22.088
14.4765
119.392
or X = 3.21 in.

Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the volume.
Then Y =
V , in 3
y , in.
yV , in 4
( 8)( 0.9)( 2.7) = 19.44
0.45
8.748
1
( 2.1)( 6)( 2.7) = 17.01
2
1.6
27.216
1
2
(1.35) ( 0.9) = 2.5765
2
0.45
1.15943
( 0.8 ) ( 0.9 ) = 1.80956
0.45
0.81430
37.217
yV
36.309
=
in.
V
37.217
36.309
or Y = 0.976 in.

Labeling the five parts of the body as follows, and noting that the center of gravity coincides with
the centroid of the area due to the uniform thickness.
4 150
z5 = 300
= 236.34,
3
A5 =
(150 )2 = 11 250
= 35 343
xA,106 mm3 yA, 106 mm3 zA, 106 mm3
A mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
z , mm
( 600 )( 400 ) = 240000
300
200
72
48
( 300 )( 400 ) = 120000
600
200
150
72
24
18
(120 )( 280 ) = 3360
600
140
240
20.160
4.7040
8.0640
( 600 )( 300 ) = 180000
300
400
150
54
72
27
35 343
240
400
236.34
2.7000
4.5
2.6588
471 057
169.358
125.159
28.583
continued
Therefore:
X =
xA 169 358 000

=
= 359.53 mm
471 057
A
or X = 360 mm !
Y =
yA 125159 000
=
= 265.70 mm
471 057
A
or Y = 266 mm !
Z =
zA 28 583 000
=
= 60.678 mm
471 057
A
or Z = 60.7 mm !

Assume that the body is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the area.
A, in 2
x , in.
y , in.
z , in.
xA, in 3
yA, in 3
zA, in 3
1
( 4.5)( 3) = 6.75
2
1.5
10.125
47.25
( 4.5)(10 ) = 45
2.25
101.25
135
180
( 2.25 )( 5 ) = 11.25 2.25
1.125
1.5
12.6563
16.875
67.5
2.25
17.8925
71.211
116.611
165.375
183.71
1
( 2.25)2 = 7.9522
48.452
8+
4 ( 2.25 )
3
Then X =
xA 116.611
=
in.
A
48.452
or X = 2.41 in.
Y =
yA 165.375
=
in.
A
48.452
or Y = 3.41 in.
Z =
zA 183.711
=
in.
48.452
A
or Z = 3.79 in.

the area.
X = 150 mm !
First note that by symmetry:

For 1: y = 180 + 96 +
4 (150 )
= 339.7 mm
3
z =0
For 2: y = 180 +
z =
2 ( 96 )
2 ( 96 )
= 241.1 mm
= 61.11 mm
For 3: Length DE =
(180 )2 + ( 96 )2
y = 90 mm,
= 204 mm
z = 48 mm
y , mm
z , mm
yA, mm3
zA, mm3
(150 )2 = 35.34 103
339.7
12.005 106
( 96 )( 300 ) = 45.24 103
244.1
61.11
10.907 106
2.765 106
90
48
5.508 106
2.938 106
28.420 106
5.702 106
A, mm 2
( 204 )( 300 ) = 61.2 103 2.25
141.78 103
Then
Y =
yA 28.420 106
=
mm
A
141.78 103
Z =
zA
5.702 106
=
mm
A
141.78 103
or Y = 200 mm !
or Y = 40.2 mm !

the area.
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
( 360 )( 270 ) = 97 200
135
13 122 000
( 339 )( 270 ) = 91 530
168
135
15 377 000
12 356 600
1
( 339 )( 72 ) = 12 204
2
224
294
2 733 700
3 588 000
( 360 )( 343.63) = 123 707
168
306
20 783 000
37 854 000
1
( 343.63)( 45) = 7731.73
2
224
318
1 731 900
2 458 700
7731.7
224
318
1 731 900
2 458 700
12 204
224
294
2 733 700
3 588 000
91 530
168
135
15 377 000
12 356 600
443 838
60 468 200
87 782 600
Then X =
xA 60 468 200
=
mm
A
443 838
or X = 136.2 mm !
Y =
yA 87 782 600
=
mm
A
443 838
or Y = 197.8 mm !

Assume that the body is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
area.
Note that by symmetry X = 9 in.
A, in 2
y , in.
z , in.
yA, in 3
zA, in 3
16.2
1.8
29.16
32.4
16.2
1.8
29.16
32.4
97.2
2.7
262.44
1017.876
15.2789
20.72113
15552
21091.54
1017.876
15.2789
20.72113
15552
21091.54
706.858
12.7324
23.2676
9000
16446.9
706.858
12.7324
23.2676
9000
16446.9
1017.876
22.9183
13.08169
23328
13315.54
1769.511
36111.24
22669.6
Therefore
X = 9 in. !
Y =
yA 36111.24
=
A
1769.511
or Y = 20.4 in. !
Z =
zA 22669.6
=
A 1769.511
or Z = 12.81 in. !

the area.
1
2
A, in 2
x , in.
y , in.
xA, in 3
yA, in 3
( 8 )(12 ) = 96
576
10
128
160
12
42.667
96
( 4 )2
= 8
4 ( 4)
3
16
3
(8)(12 ) = 96
12
576
1152
(8)(12 ) = 96
576
768
42.667
64
Then
2 ( 4)
(8)( 4 ) = 16
( 4 )2
= 8
4 ( 4)
3
16
3
( 4 )(12 ) = 48
10
288
480
( 4 )(12 ) = 48
10
288
480
539.33
1512.6
4287.4
X =
xA 1514.67
=
in. or X = 2.81 in.
A
539.33
Y =
yA 4287.4
=
in. or Y = 7.95 in.
A
539.33

First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the awning
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding area.
yII = yVI = 80 +
zII = zVI =
yIV = 80 +
zIV =
3
( 2 )( 500 )
= 292.2 mm
= 212.2 mm
= 398.3 mm
( 2 )( 500 )
( 4 )( 500 )
AII = AVI =
AIV =
( 4 )( 500 )
= 318.3 mm
( 500 )2
= 196 350 mm 2
( 500 )( 680 ) = 534 071 mm 2
yA, mm3
zA, mm3
A, mm 2
y , mm
z , mm
(80)(500) = 40 000
40
250
1.6 106
10 106
II
196 350
292.2
212.2
57.4 106
41.67 106
III
(80)(680) = 54 400
40
500
0.2176 106
27.2 106
IV
534 071
398.3
318.3
212.7 106
170 106
(80)(500) = 40 000
40
250
1.6 106
10 106
VI
196 350
292.2
212.2
57.4 106
41.67 106
332.9 106
300.5 106
1.061 106
X = 340 mm
Now, symmetry implies

and
Y A = yA: Y 1.061 106 mm 2 = 332.9 106 mm 3
Z A = zA: Z 1.061 10 mm
) = 300.5 10
or Y = 314 mm
6
mm
or Z = 283 mm

the area.
A,in 2
y ,in.
z , in.
yA, in 3
zA, in 3
(15)(14 ) = 120
1470
1.25
43.75
245
1.25
46.875
1.25
43.75
245
6.5
510.51
21.848
(14)( 2.5) = 35.0

(15)( 2.5) = 37.5
(14)( 2.5) = 35.0
( 5 ) = 78.540
1
2
(1.5 ) = 1.76715
4
( 4 )(12 ) = 48
10
288
480
( 4 )(12 ) = 48
10
288
480
235.43
134.375
1405.79
2
3
13
4 (1.5 )
3
= 12.36348
Then Y =
yA 134.375
=
in.
A
235.43
or Y = 0.571 in.
Z =
zA 1405.79
=
in.
A
235.43
or Z = 5.97 in.
and by symmetry
X = 7.50 in.
AB 2 = ( 500 mm ) + ( 750 mm ) + ( 300 mm ) , or
AB = 950 mm
L, mm
x , mm
y , mm
z , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
zL, mm 2
AB
950
250
375
150
237.5 103
356.25 103
142.5 103
BD
300
500
150
150 103
45 103
DO
500
250
125 103
OA
750
375
281.25 103
2500
512.5 103
637.5 103
187.5 103
Then
X =
xL 512.5 103
=
2500
L
or X = 205 mm
Y =
yL 637.5 103
=
2500
L
or Y = 255 mm
Z =
zL 187.5 103
=
L
2500
or Z = 75 mm

the line
1
2
3
4
L, mm
x , mm
y , mm
z , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
zL, mm 2
300
280
260
0
140
230
150
0
0
0
0
120
0
39 200
59 800
45 000
0
0
0
0
31 200
3 2 300 360
=
5
600
480
54 000
90 000
72 000
153 000
135 000
103 200
( 300 ) = 150
1311.24
Then
X =
xL 153 000
=
L 1311.24
or X = 116.7 mm
Y =
yL 135 000
=
L 1311.24
or Y = 103.0 mm
Z =
zL 103 200
=
L 1311.24
or Z = 78.7 mm

the line.
L,ft
x , ft
y ,ft
xL, ft 2
yL,ft 2
10
4cos 45 = 2.8284
28.284
50
10
4cos 45 = 2.8284
28.284
50
12.5465
157.664
2 ( 4)
10
32
125.664
2 ( 4)
12.5465
16
78.832
51.416
104.568
462.16
=
=
Then
X =
xL 104.568
=
L
51.416
or
Y =
yL 462.16
=
L
51.416
or Y = 8.99 ft
and by symmetry:
X = 2.03 ft

First note by symmetry:
Z = 3.00 ft
To simplify the calculations replace:
(a) The two rectangular sides with an element of length
L(a) = 2 2 ( 7 ft ) + 2 ( 5 ft ) = 48 ft
and center of gravity at (3.5 ft, 2.5 ft, 3 ft)
(b) The two semicircular members with an element of length
Lb = 2 ( 3 ft ) = 6 ft
23
ft, 3 ft = ( 2 ft, 6.9099 ft, 3 ft )

and with center of gravity at 2 ft, 5 +
(c) The cross members 1 and 2 with an element of length
Lc = 2 ( 6 ft ) = 12 ft
and with center of gravity at ( 2 ft, 5 ft, 3 ft )
(d) This leaves a single straight piece of pipe, labeled (d) in the figure.
Now for the centroid of the frame:
L,ft
x , ft
y ,ft
xL, ft 2
yL,ft 2
(a)
48
3.5
2.5
(b)
6 = 18.8496
6.9099
168
37.699
120
130.249
(c)
(d)
12
6
85.850
2
7
5
5
24
42
271.70
60
30
340.25
Then
X =
xL 271.70
=
L
84.850
or
Y =
yL 340.25
=
L
84.850
or Y = 4.01 ft
X = 3.20 ft

Y = Z = 0
First, note that symmetry implies
xI =
5
2
( 0.5 in.) = 0.3125 in., WI = 0.0374 lb/in 3 ( 0.5 in )3 = 0.009791 lb
8
3
xII = 1.6 in. + 0.5 in. = 2.1 in. WII = 0.0374 lb/in 3 ( )( 0.5 in ) ( 3.2 in.) = 0.093996 lb
2

xIII = 3.7 in. 1 in. = 2.7 in., WIII = 0.0374 lb/in 3 ( 0.12 in ) ( 2 in.) = 0.000846 lb
4

2
2

xIV = 7.3 in. 2.8 in. = 4.5 in., WIV = 0.284 lb/in 3 ( 0.12 in ) ( 5.6 in ) = 0.017987 lb
4

xV = 7.3 in. +
1
( 0.4 in.) = 7.4 in., WV = 0.284 lb/in 3 ( 0.06 in )2 ( 0.4 in.) = 0.000428 lb
4
3
Have
W , lb
x , in.
xW , in lb
0.009791
0.3125
0.003060
II
0.093996
2.1
0.197393
III
0.000846
2.7
0.002284
IV
0.017987
4.5
0.080942
0.000428
7.4
0.003169
0.12136
0.28228
X W = xW : X ( 0.12136 lb ) = 0.28228 in. lb
or X = 2.33 in.
Determine first the masses of the component pieces:
m1 = 8800 kg/m3 0.0162 0.0122 m 2 ( 0.014 m ) = 0.0108372 kg

4
) (
m2 = 1250 kg/m 3 0.0362 0.0162 m 2 ( 0.014 m ) = 0.0142942 kg

4
) (
m3 = 1250 kg/m 3 0.0602 0.0362 m 2 ( 0.006 m ) = 0.0135717 kg

4
) (
m4 = 1250 kg/m3 0.0802 0.0602 m 2 ( 0.010 m ) = 0.027489 kg

4
) (
Now, for the center of mass:
Then X =
m, kg
x , mm
xm, kg mm
0.0108372
0.075860
0.0142942
0.100059
0.0135717
0.040715
0.027489
0.137445
0.066192
0.35408
xm
0.35408
or
=
0.066192
m
X = 5.35 mm
Assume that the stone is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume
and locate the center of gravity.
To determine the centroid of the truncated pyramid note that:
3
1
y1 = (1.4 m ) = 1.05 m, and
V1 = ( 0.3 m )( 0.3 m )(1.4 m ) = 0.042 m3
4
3
y2 =
3
( 0.7 m ) = 0.525 m, and
4
V2 =
1
( 0.15 m )( 0.15 m )( 0.7 m ) = 0.00525 m3
3
Then Vstone = V1 + V2 = 0.042 m3 0.00525 m3 = 0.03675 m3, and
3
3
yV (1.05 m ) 0.042 m + ( 0.525 m ) 0.00525 m
y=
=
V
0.03675 m3
= 1.12500 m
The center of gravity of the stone is therefore 0.425 m (i.e. 1.125 m 0.7m) above the base.
Now to determine the center of gravity of the marker:
(
)(
)(
)
= ( 7860 kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.3 m )( 0.3 m ) h = ( 6939.6 h ) N
Wstone = ( gV ) stone = 2570 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 0.03675 m3 = 926.53 N

Wsteel = ( gV ) steel
continued
Then
ymar ker =
0.3 m =
yW
, or
W
( 0.425 m )( 926.53 N ) + ( h2 m ) ( 6939.6 h ) N

, or
( 926.53 + 6939.6 h ) N
h 2 + 0.6 h 0.033378 = 0.
Solving for h and discarding the negative root, this gives h = 0.051252 m, or
h = 50 mm !
Since the brass plates are equally spaced and by the symmetry of the cylinder:
X =Y =0!
For the pipe:

Specific weight of steel: s = 0.284 lb/in 3
y1 = 4 in.
outside diameter: 2.5 in.
Inside diameter: 2.5 in. 2 ( 0.25 in.) = 2.00 in.
( 2.5
2.02 8 = 14.137 in 3
Volume:
V1 =
Weight:
W1 = sV1 = 0.284 lb/in 3 14.137 in 3 = 4.015 lb
)(
For each brass plate:

Specific weight for brass: B = 0.306 lb/in 3
8
2.667 in.
3
1
Volume: V2 = ( 8 )( 4 )( 0.2 ) = 3.2 in 3
2
y2 =
)(
Weight: W1 = sV1 = 0.306 lb/in 3 3.2 in 3 = 0.979 lb

continued
For flagpole base:

W = ( 4.015 lb ) + 3 ( 0.979 lb ) = 6.952 lb
yW = ( 4 in.)( 4.015 lb ) + 3 ( 2.667 in.)( 0.979 lb ) = 23.892 in. lb, or
Y =
yW 23.892 in. lb
=
= 3.437 in.
W
6.952 lb
Y = 3.437 in. !

Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and thickness dx.
Then
dV = r 2dx, xEL = x
The equation of the generating curve is
r 2 = a 2 x 2 and then
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 so that
dV = a 2 x 2 dx
Component 1
a/2
x3
a/2
V1 = 0 a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 x
3 0
and
11 3
a
24
a/2
2
2
1 xEL dV = 0 x ( a x ) dx
a/2
x2 x4
= a 2

4 0
2
=
Now
7
a4
64
7
11
x1V1 = 1 xEL dV : x1 a3 =
a4
24
64
or x1 =
Component 2
a
x3
a
V2 = a /2 a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 x
3 a/2
a3 2 a
2
= a ( a ) a
3 2
( a2 )

3

continued
21
a!
88
5
a3
24
and
a
x
a/2
2 xELdV =
x2 x4
a x dx = a 2
4 a/2
2
2
2
4
a ) 2 a2
(
2 (a)
a
= a
2
4
2

9
=
a4
64
( )
Now
( a2 )
9
5
x2V2 = 2 xELdV : x2 a3 =
a4
24
64
or x2 =
27
a!
40

Then
dV = r 2dx, xEL = x
x2
y2
+
= 1 so that
h2 a 2

r2 =
a2 2
h x 2 and then
2
h
dV =
a2 2
h x 2 dx
2
h
Component 1
h/2
V1 = 0
=
and
a2 2
a2
2
=
h
x
dx
h2
h2
h/2
2
x3
h x
3 0
11 2
a h
24
h/2 a
2
2
x
dV
x
=
1 EL
0 h 2 h x dx
h/2
a2 x2 x4
= 2 h2

4 0
h 2
7
a 2h 2
64
7
11
x1V1 = 1 xEL dV : x1 a 2h =
a 2h 2
24
64
=
Now
or x1 =
continued
21
h!
88
Component 2
h
V2 = h/2
a2 2
a2 2
x3
2
h
x
dx
h
x
3 h/2
h2
h2
h
h) 2 h
a 2 2
(
2
h
= 2 h ( h )
3 2
3
h
5
a 2 h
=
24
()
and
a2
h
2
2
2 xELdV = h/2 x h2 ( h x ) dx
a2
h2
2 x2 x4
4 h/2
2
2
4
h ) 2 h2
(
a2 2 ( h )
h
= 2 h
2
4
2
h
9
=
a 2h 2
64
( )
Now
( h2 )
9
5
x2V2 = 2 xEL dV : x2 a 2h =
a 2h 2
24
64
or x2 =
27
h!
40

Then
dV = r 2dx, xEL = x
x=h
r2 =
h 2
y so that
a2
a2
( h x ) and then
h
dV =
a2
( h x ) dx
h
Component 1
h/2
V1 = 0
a2
( h x ) dx
h
h/2
a2
x2
= hx
h
2 0
=
and
3 2
a h
8
a2
a2
=
h
=
Now
h/2
1 xELdV = 0 x h ( h x ) dx
h/2
x 2 x3

h
3 0
2
1
a 2h 2
12
1
3
x1V1 = 1 xEL dV : x1 a 2h = a 2h 2
8
12
or x1 =
continued
2
h!
9
Component 2
h
V2 = h/2
a2
a2
x2
( h x ) dx = hx
2 h/2
h
h
h) h
(
a2
= h (h)
h
2 2
h
1
= a 2 h
8
( h2 )
and
a2
a 2 x 2 x3
h
2 xEL dV = h/2 x h ( h x ) dx = h h 2 3
h/2
2
2
3
h ) h2
(
a2 ( h )
h
=
h
3 2
h 2
1
=
a 2h 2
12
( )
Now
x2V2 =
( h2 )
2
2 2
2 xEL dV : x2 8 a h = 12 a h
or x2 =
2
h!
3
y = 0!
z = 0!
Then
dV = r 2dx, xEL = x
x2
Now r = b1 2 so that
a
x2
dV = b 1 2 dx
a
Then
a
b 2 1
0
x2
2x2 x4
a
2 dx = 0 b 2 1 2 + 4 dx
a
a
a
V =
2 x3
x5
= b x 2 + 4
3a
5a
0
2 1
= ab 2 1 +
3 5
8
= ab 2
15
and
2x2 x4
a
2
1
x
dV
b
x
=
+ 4 dx
EL
0
a2
a
x2 2x4
x6
= b
2 + 4
4a
6a
2
continued
1 1 1
= a 2b 2 +
2 2 6
=
Then
1 2 2
a b
6
1
8
xV = xEL dV : x ab 2 = a 2b 2
15
16
or x =
15
a!
6

y = 0
First, note that symmetry implies
z = 0
Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and
thickness dx.
Then
dV = r 2dx, xEL = x
Now r = 1
1
so that
x
2
dV = 1 dx
x
2
1
= 1 + 2 dx
x
x
Then
2
1
1
3
V = 1 1 + 2 dx = x 2 ln x
x
x 1
x
1
1
= 3 2 ln3 1 2 ln 1
3
1
= ( 0.46944 ) m 3
and
x2
2
1
1 + 2 dx = 2 x + ln x
x x

2
1
3
x
1
x EL dV =
32
13

= 2 ( 3) + ln 3 2 (1) + ln1
2

2
= (1.09861 ) m
Now
xV = x EL dV : X 0.46944 m 3 = 1.09861 m 4
or x = 2.34 m
First, by symmetry:
x =a!
y =0!
Next determine the constants k in y = kx1/3 :
x = a, b = ka1/3 or k =
At
b
a1/3
b 1/3
a
x , or x = 3 y 3
1/3
a
b
Choosing horizontal disks of thickness dy for volume elements ( dV in the figure above)
Therefore, y =
2
b
V = 0 a 2 ( a x )
= 0 2ax x 2 dy
a
a2
b
= 0 2a 3 y 3 6 y 6 dy
b
b
a2
1
1 1
5
= 3 2 y 4 3 y 7 = a 2b
4
7 0 14
b
b
1
yELdV , or
V
14 b a 2 3 a 2 6
y=
y 2 y b6 y dy
5 a 2b 0 b3

Now y =
14
y5
1 y8
= 4 2
3
5
5b
b 8
0
or
y=
77
b!
100

y =0!
z = 0!
Choose as a volume element a disk of radius y and thickness dx. Then:
xEL = x, and
dV = y 2dx, or
dV = h 2 cos 2
x
2a
dx
Using the identity:

cos 2 x =
dV =
1
(1 + cos 2 x ) , this gives
2
1 2
x
h 1 + cos dx.
2
a
Then:
V = dV =
h2
x
h2
a
x
1
a
1
cos
dx
x + sin
+
=
= h 2a.
0
2
a
2
a 0 2
continued
Also,
xELdV =
=
h2
a
x + x cos
0
2
a
h 2 x 2
dx. Integrating by parts,
a
a
x
x
sin
sin
+
2 2 0
a
a 0
h 2 a 2
2 2
a
a
x a
x
sin
+
cos
x
a 0
h 2 a 2
a
2a 1 2 2
4
+ 0 0
= a h 1 2
2 2
Now,
x=
1
2 1 2 2
4
xEL dV =
a h 1 2 , or
2
V
h a 4

x=
1
4
a 1 2 !
2


x =0!
y =0!
Choosing the volume element shown in the figure, i.e. a cylindrical shell of radius r, height h and
thickness dr:
yEL =
1
y,
2
and
dV = 2 ry dr = 2 r cos
dr , and
2a
r
a
V = dV = 2 h 0 r cos
dr , or, integrating by parts
2a
a
V = 2 h
2a
r
r
r sin
dr
sin

2a
2a 0
a
r 2a
r
cos
= 4ah r sin
+
2
a
2a 0
2a
2
2
= 4ah a
= 4a h 1

Also,
a
2
2
yEL dV = h 0 r cos
h 2 1
r
2a
dr =
h2
r 1 + cos a dr
2 0
a
a
r
r
=
+
sin
r sin
dr
r
2 2 0
a
a 0
2
continued
h 2 1
a
a
r a
r
2
+
+
a
r
sin
cos
2 2
a
a 0
h2 1
2a 1 2 2
4
a
2
a + 0 + 0
= a h 1 2
4
2 2

Now,
y=
1
yEL dV =
V
1 2 2
1
4
a h 1 2 , or
2
4a 2 h 1
y=
+ 2)
h!
16

Choose as the element of a horizontal slice of thickness dy. For any
number N of sides, the area of the base of the pyramid is given by
Abase = kb 2
where k = k ( N ) ; see note below. Using similar triangles, have
s
h y
=
b
h
or
s=
b
(h y)
h
Then
dV = Aslicedy = ks 2dy = k
and
V = 0 k
=
Also
b2
2
h y ) dy
2(
h
h
b2
b2 1
2
3
h
y
dy
k
=
(h y)
(
)
h2
h 2 3
0
1 2
kb h
3
yEL = y
b2 h
h b
2
so then y EL dV = 0 y k 2 ( h y ) dy = k 2 0 h 2 y 2hy 2 + y 3 dy
h
h
2
1
1 2 2
b2 1
kb h
= k 2 h 2 y 2 hy 3 + y 4 =
3
4 0 12
h 2
Now
1 2 2
1
yV = y EL dV : y kb 2h =
kb h
3
12
or y =
Note:
1
Abase = N b
2
N
=
b2
4 tan N
= k ( N ) b2
b
2
tan N
1
h Q.E.D.
4

Since the spherical cup is uniform, the center of gravity will coincide with the centroid. Also, because the cup is
thin, it can be treated like an area in finding the centroid.
An element of area is obtained by rotating arc ds about the y axis. With the y axis pointing downwards,
dA = 2 rds = 2 ( R sin ) Rd
= 2 R 2 sin d
yEL = y = R cos
A = dA = 2 R 2 0 sin d = 2 R 2 [ cos ]0 = 2 R 2 (1 cos )
2
3
yEL dA = 0 ( R cos ) ( 2 R sin d ) = 2 R 0 cos sin d
= 2 R3 cos 2 = R3 1 cos 2
2
Then,
y=
1
1
3
2
yEL dA = 2 R 2 1 cos R 1 cos , or
A
(
)
y=
R
(1 + cos )
2
Using
cos =
y=
Rh
h
=1 :
R
R
R
h
h
1 + 1 = R
R
2
2
The center of gravity is therefore located at a distance of
h h
R y = R R = , above the base.(Q.E.D)

2 2

(a) Bowl
x = 0!
z = 0!
for the coordinate axes shown below. Now assume that the bowl may be
treated as a shell; the center of gravity of the bowl will coincide with the
centroid of the shell. For the walls of the bowl, an element of area is
obtained by rotating the arc ds about the y axis. Then
dAwall = ( 2 R sin )( Rd )
and
Then
and
( yEL ) wall
= R cos
/2
/2
Awall = /6 2 R 2 sin d = 2 R 2 [ cos ] /6

= 3R 2
ywall Awall = ( yEL )wall dA
/2
= /6 ( R cos ) 2 R 2 sin d
= R3 cos 2
/2
/6
3
= R3
4
R2,
By observation
Abase =
Now
y A = yA
or
or
ybase =
3
R
2
3
3
y 3R 2 + R 2 = R3 + R 2
R
4
4
4 2
y = 0.48763R
R = 350 mm
y = 170.7 mm !
(b) Punch
x = 0!
z = 0!
and that because the punch is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding volume. Choose as the
element of volume a disk of radius x and thickness dy. Then
dV = x 2dy, yEL = y
continued
x2 + y 2 = R2
Now
so that
0
V =
Then
dV = R 2 y 2 dy
R 2 y 2 dy = R 2 y
3/2 R
1 3
y
3
3/2 R
3

3 1
3 3
= R 2
R
R = 3R3
2 3 2 8
and
yELdV =
y R 2 y 2 ) dy =
3/2 R ( ) (
1 2 2 1 4
R y y
4
2
3/2 R
1
3
1
3
15
= R 2
R
R = R4
2 2
4 2
64
Now
or
15
3
yV = yEL dV : y 3 R3 = R 4
64
8
y =
5
8 3
R = 350 mm
y = 126.3 mm !

The centroid can be found by integration. The equation for the bottom of the gravel is:
y = a + bx + cz, where the constants a, b, and c can be determined as follows:
For x = 0, and z = 0: y = 3 in., and therefore
3
1
ft = a, or a = ft
12
4
For x = 30 ft, and z = 0: y = 5 in., and therefore
5
1
1
ft = ft + b ( 30 ft ) , or b =
12
4
180
For x = 0, and z = 50 ft: y = 6 in., and therefore
6
1
1
ft = ft + c ( 50 ft ) , or c =
12
4
200
Therefore:
1
1
1
y = ft
x
z
4
180
200
Now
x dV
x = EL
V
A volume element can be chosen as:
dV = y dxdz,
or
dV =
1
1
1
x+
z dx dz, and
1 +
4
45
50
xEL = x
continued
Then
50 30
xEL dV = 0 0 4 1 + 45 x + 50 z dx dz
30
1 50 x 2
1 3
z 2
= 0
+
x +
x dz
4 2 135
100 0
1 50
( 650 + 9 z ) dz
4 0
1
9
650 z + z 2
4
2 0
50
= 10937.5 ft 4
The volume is:

50 30 1
V dV = 0 0
1
1
x+
z dx dz
1 +
4
45
50
30
1 50
1 2
z
= 0 x +
x +
x dz
4
90
50 0
1 50
3
40 + z dz
0
4
5
50
1
3 2
= 40 z +
z
4
10 0
= 687.50 ft 3
Then
x dV 10937.5ft 4
x = EL
=
= 15.9091 ft
V
687.5 ft 3
Therefore:
V = 688 ft 3 W
x = 15.91 ft W
Choosing the element of volume shown, i.e. a filament of sides, y, dx, and dz:
dV = y dx dy, and
z EL = z
x
z
b a
V = dV = 0 0 y0 y1 y2 dx dz
a
b
b
y x
0 0
x2
zx
1
a
b
y1
y2 dz = 0 y0a y1a y2 z dz
b 0
b
2a
2
1
a z2
1
1
= y0az y1az y2
= y0 y1 y2 ab
b 2 0
2
2
2
xz
z2
dx dz
b a
zEL dV = 0 0 y0 z y1 a y2 b
b
y zx
0 0
x2 z
z2x
za
z 2a
b
y1
y2
y2
dz
dz = 0 y0 za y1
b 0
b
2a
2
z 2a
z 2a
z 3a
1
1 2
1
= y0
y1
y2
= y0 y1 y2 ab
2
4
3b 0 2
4
3
continued
Now,
z =
1
1
1
1
1
z EL dV =
y0 y1 y2 ab 2 , or
1
1 2
4
3
V
y0 y1 y2 ab
2
2
1
1
1
y0 y1 y2
2
4
3 b
z =
1
1
y0 y1 y2
2
2

x =0
Choose as the element of volume a vertical slice of width 2x, thickness dz, and height y. Then
1
dV = 2 xy dz, yEL = y, zEL = z
2
h
h
h
z
Now
and
y =
z = 1
x = a2 z2
2 2a
2
a
z
dV = h a 2 z 2 1 dz
So
Then
V =
=
=
Then
a
h
0
z
1 2
1
z
a z 1 dz = h z a 2 z 2 + a 2 sin 1 +
a z2
a
a 3a
2
2
3/2
1 2 1
a h sin (1) sin 1 ( 1)
2
a 2h
h
z
a 1
2
2
yELdV = a 2 2 1 a h a z 1
z
dz
a
h2 a
z
z2
2
2
a
z
+
1
2
dz
a a 2
4 a
continued
h2
4
1
2 2
2
2
2
1 z
a z2
z a z + a sin +
a
a
2
3

1 z
+ 2 a2 z 2
a 4
3
2
3
2
a2 z 2
a4
z
+
a z 2 + sin 1
8
8
a
a
5h 2a 2 1
sin (1) sin 1 ( 1)
32
a2
yV = yEL dV : y
2
Then
5h 2a 2
h =
( )
32
or y =
and
5
h
16
z
a
2
2
zELdV = a z h a z 1 a dz
1
= h a 2 z 2
3
3
2
1 z
a 2 z 2
a 4
3
2
a2z 2
a 4 1 z
+
a z2 +
sin
8
8
a
a3h 1
sin (1) sin 1 ( 1)
a 2h
a 3h
zV = z EL dV : z
=
8
2
or z =
a
4
A, mm 2
1
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
x , mm
y , mm
21 22 = 462
1.5
11
693
5082
1
( 6 )( 9 ) = 27
2
162
54
1
( 6 )(12 ) = 36
2
288
72
567
4956
399
Then
X =
xA 567 mm 3
=
A
399 mm 2
or X = 1.421 mm
and
Y =
yA 4956 mm 3
=
A
399 mm 2
or Y = 12.42 mm
A, in 2
1
2
1
(10)(15) = 50
3
(15)2
= 176.71
x , in.
y , in.
xA, in 3
yA, in 3
4.5
7.5
225
375
6.366
16.366
1125
2892
226.71
1350
3267
X A = x A
Then
X 226.71 in 2 = 1350 in 3
or X = 5.95 in.
Y A = y A
and
Y 226.71 in 2 = 3267 in 3
or Y = 14.41 in.
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
L, mm
y , mm
xL, mm 2
yL, mm 2
80.50
40.25
16
12
14
192
224
21
1.5
22
31.50
462
16
14
144
224
4.5
48.67
32.45
111.32
982.7
Then
122 + 62 = 13.416
x , mm
62 + 92 = 10.817
77.233
X L = x L
X (77.233 mm) = 111.32 mm 2

and
or X = 1.441 mm
Y L = y L
Y (77.233 mm) = 982.7 mm 2
or Y = 12.72 mm
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie
on a vertical line through C. Further, because the wire is homogeneous,
its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding
line.
Thus M C = 0, which implies that x = 0
or
xi Li = 0
Hence
L
( L ) + ( 4 in.)(8 in.) + ( 4 in.)(10 in.) = 0
2
or
L2 = 144 in 2
or L = 12.00 in.

At
x = a, y = h : h = ka3
Then
x=
h
a3
k =
or
a 1/3
y
h1/3
dA = xdy
Now
=
xEL =
h
A = dA = 0
Then
a 1/3
y dy
h1/3
1
1 a 1/3
x=
y , yEL = y
2
2 h1/ 3
a 1/3
3 a
y dy =
y 4/3
4 h1/3
h1/3
( )
=
0
3
ah
4
h
1 a 1/3 a 1/3 1 a 3 5/3

3 2
and xEL dA =
y 1/3 y dy =
y =
a h
1/3
2/3
2h
h
2 h 5
0 10
h
0
a 3 7/3
3 2
a 1/3
yEL dA = y h1/3 y dy = h1/3 7 y = 7 ah
0
h
0
Hence
3 2
3
xA = xEL dA : x ah =
a h
4
10
x =
2
a
5
3 3
yA = yEL dA: y ah = ah 2
4 7
y =
4
h
7
For
2b = ka 2
y1 at x = a, y = 2b
or k =
2b
a2
2b 2
x
a2
Then
y1 =
By observation
y2 =
b
x
( x + 2b) = b 2
a
a
xEL = x
Now
and for 0 x a :
1
b
y1 = 2 x 2
2
a
and
dA = y1dx =
1
b
x
y2 = 2
2
2
a
and
dA = y2dx = b 2 dx
a
yEL =
2b 2
x dx
a2
For a x 2a :
yEL =
Then
A = dA = 0
2b 2
x
2a
x dx + a b 2 dx
2
a
a
2a
a
2
a
2b x3
x
7
= 2 + b 2 = ab
a
2
6
a 3 0
and
x
a 2b 2
2a
xEL dA = 0 x a 2 x dx + a x b 2 a dx
2a
2 x3
2b x 4
+ b x
2
3a 0
a 4 0
1 2
1 2
2
2
3
2a ( a )
a b + b ( 2a ) ( a ) +
3a
7 2
ab
6
( )
x
x
a b 2 2b 2
2a b
yEL dA = 0 a 2 x a 2 x dx + 0 2 2 a b 2 a dx

2a
a
3
2b 2 x5
b2 a
x
= 4 +
2
2 3
a
a 5 0
a
17 2
=
ab
30
Hence
7 7
xA = xEL dA: x ab = a 2b
6 6
7 17 2
yA = yEL dA: y ab =
ab
6 30
x =a
y =
17
b
35

The volume can be generated by rotating the triangle and circular sector shown about the y axis. Applying the
second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Fig. 5.8A, we have
V = 2 xA = 2xA = 2 ( x1 A1 + x2 A2 )
1 1 1 1
3 2R sin 30o
o
2
= 2 R R
R +
cos 30 R
2 3
6
3 2 2 2
R3
R3 3 3
= 2
+
R3
=
8
16 3 2 3
=
Since
3 3
3
(12 in.) = 3526.03 in 3
8
1 gal = 231 in 3
V =
3526.03 in 3
= 15.26 gal
231 in 3/gal
V = 15.26 gal
Have
RI = ( 9 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 1800 lb

RII =
Then
1
( 3 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 300 lb
2
Fx = 0: Ax = 0
M A = 0: ( 4.5 ft )(1800 lb ) (10 ft )( 300 lb ) + ( 9 ft ) B y = 0

or
By = 1233.3 lb
B = 1233 lb
A = 867 lb
Fy = 0: Ay 1800 lb 300 lb + 1233.3 lb = 0

or
Ay = 866.7 lb
Have
Then
RI =
1
( 4 m )( 2000 kN/m ) = 2667 N
3
RII =
1
( 2 m )(1000 kN/m ) = 666.7 N
3
Fx = 0: Ax = 0
Fy = 0: Ay 2667 N 666.7 N = 0
or
Ay = 3334 N
A = 3.33 kN
M A = 0: M A (1 m )( 2667 N ) ( 5.5 m )( 666.7 N )

or
M A = 6334 N m
M A = 6.33 kN m
Consider the free-body diagram of the side.
Have
Now
P=
1
1
Ap = A ( d )
2
2
M A = 0:
( 9 ft ) T
d
P=0
3
Then, for d max:
( 9 ft ) ( 0.2 ) ( 40 103 lb )
d max 1
3
(12 ft ) ( d max ) 62.4 lb/ft d max = 0
3 2
or
3
216 103 ft 3 = 374.4 d max
or
3
d max
= 576.92 ft 3
d max = 8.32 ft

First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.
x , in.
I
II
V , in 3
(4)(3.6)(0.75) = 10.8
(2.4)(2.0)(0.6) = 2.88
2.0
3.7
0.375
1.95
21.6
10.656
4.05
5.616
III
(0.45)2 (0.4) = 0.2545
4.2
2.15
1.0688
0.54711
1.2
0.375
0.7068
0.22089
32.618
9.9922
IV
(0.5) (0.75) = 0.5890

13.3454
y , in.
xV , in 4
yV , in 4
X V = x V
Have
X 13.3454 in 3 = 32.618 in 4
or X = 2.44 in.

First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the bracket coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area. Then (see diagram)
zV = 22.5
4 ( 6.25 )
3
= 19.85 mm
AV =
( 6.25)2
= 61.36 mm 2
A, mm 2
x , mm
y , mm
z , mm
xA, mm3
yA, mm3
zA, mm3
( 25)( 60) = 1500
12.5
30
18 750
45 000
II
(12.5)( 60 ) = 750
25
6.25
30
18 750
4687.5
22 500
III
( 7.5)( 60 ) = 450
28.75
12.5
30
12 937.5
5625
13 500
IV
(12.5 )( 30 ) = 375
10
37.5
3750
14 062.5
61.36
10
19.85
613.6
1218.0
2263.64
46 074
10 313
65 720
Have
X A = xA
X 2263.64 mm 2 = 46 074 mm 3
Y A = yA
Y 2263.64 mm 2 = 10 313 mm 3
or X = 20.4 mm
or Y = 4.55 mm
Z A = zA
Z 2263.64 mm 2 = 65 720 mm 3
or Z = 29.0 mm

Chapter 5, Solution 1

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Chapter 5, Solution 1

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COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

200 150 = 30000

400 300 = 120000

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

For the whole triangular area by observation:

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

Solving numerically for and noting that > 1:

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System