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Chng I : Ngun in mt chiu

1. Cu trc nguyn t :
hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt c
cc nguyn t u c cu to ln t cc nguyn t v mi nguyn
t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l
- Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton
v cc ht trung ho in gi l Neutron.
- Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung
quanh ht nhn .
- Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho v in ngha
l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron bn ngoi nhng khi c tc
nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca
t trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi
qu o trqr thnh cc in t t do.
- Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng b
thiu in t v tr thnh ion dng v ngc li khi mt nguyn t
nhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m.
2 . Bn cht dn in v chiu dng in .
Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch
in
- Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nh
in t , ion.
- Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi
chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t - i t m sang dng )
3. Tc dng ca dng in :
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau :

Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t trng xung quanh lm

lch hng ca nam chm, khi i chiu dng in th t trng cng
i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li.
- Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v sing
nhit nng
- Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra c
nng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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- Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c

tc dng ho nng..
Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng v
c nng , tc dng v t trng v tc dng v ho nng.

4. Cng dng in :
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c
trng cho s lng cc in t i qua tit din ca vt dn trong mt
n v thi gian - K hiu l I
- Dng in mt chiu l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng nht
nh t dng sang m theo quy c hay l dng chuyn ng theo
mt hng ca cc in t t do.

n v ca cng dng in l Ampe v c cc bi s :

z

Kilo Ampe = 1000 Ampe

Mega Ampe = 1000.000 Ampe

Mili Ampe = 1/1000 Ampe

Micro Ampe = 1/1000.000 Ampe

5. in p :
Khi mt cc in t tp trung khng u ti hai im A v B nu
ta ni mt dy dn t A sang B s xut hin dng chuyn ng ca
cc in tch t ni c mt cao sang ni c mt thp, nh vy
ngi ta gi hai im A v B c chnh lch v in p v p chnh
lch chnh l hiu in th.
- in p ti im A gi l UA
- in p ti im B gi l UB.
- Chnh lch in p gia hai im A v B gi l hiu in th UAB
UAB = UA - UB
- n v ca in p l Vol k hiu l U hoc E, n v in p c
cc bi s l
z

Kilo Vol ( KV) = 1000 Vol

Mini Vol (mV) = 1/1000 Vol

Micro Vol = 1/1000.000 Vol

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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in p c th v nh cao ca mt bnh nc, nu hai bnh nc

c cao khc nhau th khi ni mt ng dn s c dng nc chy
qua t bnh cao sang bnh thp hn, khi hai bnh nc c cao bng
nhau th khng c dng nc chy qua ng dn. Dng in cng nh
vy nu hai im c in p chn lch s sinh ra dng in chy qua
dy dn ni vi hai im t in p cao sang in p thp v nu
hai im c in p bng nhau th dng in trong dy dn s = 0
6. Ngun in
Ngun in l ngun sinh ra in nng t cc ngun nng lng
khc nh My pht in, c quy, Pin v.v ... c hai ngun in chnh
l
z

Ngun in xoay chiu ( AC) l cc ngun in sinh ra t

cc nh my in.
Ngun in mt chiu ( DC) l ngun in sinh ra t c quy
hoc pin.
Cc mch in thng s dng ngun mt chiu hot ng
do khi chy ngun xoay chiu chng phi c i thnh
mt chiu trc khi a vo my hot ng.

Ngun mt chiu song song v ni tip :

Khi u ni tip cc ngun in li ta c mt ngun in

mi c in p bng tng cc in p thnh phn.
Khi u song song cc ngun in ( cng in p ) ta c
ngun in mi c p khng i nhng kh nng cho dng
bng tng cc dng in thnh phn .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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V d : nu ta c pin 1,5V vi kh nng cho dng l 0,1A, khi ta cn

mt ngun in 3V vi dng in l 1A th ta phi u ti thiu l 10
cp pin song song v mi cp c hai pin u ni tip.

7. nh lut m
nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh
Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p
hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in tr ca on mch .
Cng thc :
z
z
z

I = U / R trong

I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A)

U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V)
R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m

8. nh lut m cho on mch

on mch mc ni tip:
Trong mt on mch c nhiu in tr mc ni tip th in p hai
u on mch bng tng st p trn cc in tr .

Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3
Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2,
U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th I1 = I2 = I3
St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .
on mch mc song song
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng
dng in chnh bng tng cc dng in i qua cc in tr
v st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Mch trn c U1 = U2 = U3 = E

I = I1 + I2 + I3 v U1 = I1 x R1 = I2 x R2 = I3 x R3

Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr .

9. in nng v cng xut :

* in nng.
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n
sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng c quay nh vy dng in
sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W,
trong thc t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi)
Cng thc tnh in nng l :
W=UxIxt
z

Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J)

U l in p tnh bng Vol (V)

I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A)

t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)

* Cng xut .
Cng xut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng
xut c tnh bi cng thc
P = W / t = (U. I .t ) / t = U .I
Theo nh lut m ta c P = U.I = U2 / R = R.I2

Chng II - in t trng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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1. Khi nim v t trng.

* Nam chm v t tnh .
Trong t nhin c mt s cht c th ht c st gi l nam chm
t nhin.
Trong cng nghim ngi ta luyn thp hoc hp cht thp to
thnh nam chm nhn to.
Nam chm lun lun c hai cc l cc bc North (N) v cc nam
South (S) , nu cht thanh nam chm ra lm 2 th ta li c hai nam
chm mi cng c hai cc N v S - l nam chm c tnh cht
khng phn chia..
Nam chm thng c ng dng sn xut loa in ng, micro
hoc m t DC.
* T trng
T trng l vng khng gian xung quanh nam chm c tnh cht
truyn lc t ln cc vt liu c t tnh, t trng l tp hp ca cc
ng sc i t Bc n cc nam.

* Cng t trng
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H
n v l A/m
* t cm
L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca t
trng, t cm ph thuc vo vt liu . VD St c t cm
mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc
B = .H
Trong B : l t cm
: l t thm
H : l cng t trng
* T thng
L s ng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi
cng t trng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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* ng dng ca Nam chm vnh cu.

Nam chm vnh cu c ng dng nhiu trong thit b in t,
chng c dng sn xut Loa, Micro v cc loi M t DC.

2. T trng ca dng in i qua dy dn thng.

Th nghim trn cho thy, khi cng tc bn ngoi ng, dng in

i qua bng n lm bng n sng ng thi dng in i qua dy
dn sinh ra t trng lm lch hng kim nam chm .
Khi i chiu dng in, ta thy kim nam chm lch theo hng
ngc li , nh vy dng in i chiu s to ra t trng cng i
chiu.
3. T trng ca dng in i qua cun dy.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Khi ta cho dng in chy qua cun dy, trong lng cun dy
xut hin t trng l cc ng sc song song, nu li cun
dy c thay bng li thp th t trng tp trung trn li thp
v li thp tr thnh mt chic nam chm in, nu ta i chiu
dng in th t trng cng i hng
Dng in mt chiu c nh i qua cun dy s to ra t
trng c nh, dng in bin i i qua cun dy s to ra t
trng bin thin.
T trng bin thin c c im l s to ra in p cm ng
trn cc cun dy t trong vng nh hng ca t trng , t
trng c nh khng c c im trn.
ng dng:
T trng do cun dy sinh ra c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc
t, mt ng dng m ta thng gp trong thit b in t l
R le in t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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R le in t
Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy, li cun dy tr thnh mt
nam chm in ht thanh st v cng tc oc ng li, tc dng ca
r le l dng mt dng in nh iu khin ng mch cho dng
in ln gp nhiu ln.
4. Lc in t
Nu c mt dy dn t trong mt t trng, khi cho dng in
chy qua th dy dn c mt lc y => l lc in t, nu dy dn
t do chng s chuyn ng trong t trng, nguyn l ny c
ng dng khi sn xut loa in ng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Nguyn l hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker )

Cun dy c gn vi mng loa v t trong t trng mnh gia 2
cc ca nam chm , cc S l li , cc N l phn xung quanh, khi cho
dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun dy , di tc dng ca lc in
t cun dy s chuyn ng, tc ng chuyn ng ca cun dy ph
thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu, cun dy chuyn ng
c gng vo mng loa lm mng loa chuyn ng theo, nu chuyn
ng tn s > 20 Hz chng s to ra sng m tn trong di tn s tai
ngi nghe c.
5. Cm ng in t .
Cm ng in t l hin tng xut hin in p cm ng ca cun
dy c t trong mt t trng bin thin.
V d : mt cun dy qun quanh mt li thp , khi cho dng in
xoay chiu chay qua, trn li thp xut hin mt t trng bin thin,
nu ta qun mt cun dy khc ln cng li thp th hai u cun dy
mi s xut hin in p cm ng. Bn thn cun dy c dng in
chy qua cng sinh ra in p cm ng v c chiu ngc vi chiu
dng in i vo.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Chng III - Dng in xoay chiu

1. Dng in xoay chiu :
Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i
theo thi gian, nhng thay i ny thng tun hon theo mt chu k
nht nh.

trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung

nhn.
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian
m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c , chu k c tnh bng giy (s)
Tn s in xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in
xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F n v l Hz
F=1/T
Pha ca dng in xoay chiu :
Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2
dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s .
* Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi
im in p cng tng v cng gim nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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* Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha : l hai dng in c cc thi

im in p tng gim lch nhau .

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha

* Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : l hai dng in lch pha
180 , khi dng in ny tng th dng in kia gim v ngc li.

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha

Bin ca dng in xoay chiu
Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi tr in p nh ca dng
in.xoay chiu, bin ny thng cao hn in p m ta o c
t cc ng h
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu
Thng l gi tr o c t cc ng h v cng l gi tr in p
c ghi trn zc cm ngun ca cc thit b in t., V d ngun
220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr hiu dng, thc t
bin nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong
300V
Cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu .
Cng xut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v
lch pha gia hai i lng trn , cng xut c tnh bi cng
thc :
P = U.I.cos
z

Trong U : l in p

I l dng in

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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l gc lch pha gia U v I

=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I

= 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I

=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc t in th lch

pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90, khi cos = 0 v P = 0
( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua t in hoc cun
dy l = 0 )

2. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr

Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng
pha vi nhau , ngha l khi in p tng cc i th dng in qua tr
cng tng cc i. nh vy dng xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng
mt chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng cc cng thc
ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i qua in tr
I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm
P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut
3 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in .
Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in th dng in s sm pha hn
in p 90

Dng xoay chiu c dng in sm

pha hn in p 90 khi i qua t
* Dng xoay chiu i qua t s b t cn li vi mt tr khng gi
l Zc, v Zc c tnh bi cng thc
Zc = 1/ ( 2 x 3,14 x F x C )
z

Trong Zc l dung khng ( n v l Ohm )

F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)

C l in dung ca t in ( n v l Fara)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Cng thc trn cho thy dung khng ca t in t l nghch vi

tn s dng xoay chiu (ngha l tn s cng cao cng i qua t d
dng) v t l nghc vi in dung ca t ( ngha l t c in dung
cng ln th dng xoay chiu i qua cng d dng)
=> Dng mt chiu l dng c tn s F = 0 do Zc = v vy
dng mt chiu khng i qua c t.
4. Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy.
Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin
thin v t trng bin thin ny li cm ng ln chnh cun dy
mt in p cm ng c chiu ngc li , do cun dy c xu
hng chng li dng in xoay chiu khi i qua n, s chng li ny
chnh l cm khng ca cun dy k hiu l ZL
ZL = 2 x 3,14 x F x L
z

Trong ZL l cm khng ( n v l Ohm)

L l h s t cm ca cun dy ( n v l Henry) L ph thuc
vo s vng dy qun v cht liu li .
F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)

T cng thc trn ta thy, cm khng ca cun dy t l thun vi

tn s v h s t cm ca cun dy, tn s cng cao th i qua cun
dy cng kh khn => tnh cht ny ca cun dy ngc vi t in.
=> Vi dng mt chiu th ZL ca cun dy = 0 ohm, d dng
mt chiu i qua cun dy ch chu tc dng ca in tr thun R m
thi ( tr thun ca cun dy l in tr o c bng ng h vn
nng ), nu tr thun ca cun dy kh nh th dng mt chiu qua
cun dy s b on mch.
* Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy th dng in b chm pha
so vi in p 90 ngha l in p tng nhanh hn dng in khi
qua cun dy .

Dng xoay chiu c dng in chm

pha hn in p 90 khi i qua cun dy
=>> Do tnh cht lch pha gia dng in v in p khi i qua t

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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in v cun dy, nn ta khng p dng c nh lut Ohm vo

mch in xoay chiu khi c s tham gia ca L v C c.
=>> V cng xut th dng xoay chiu khng sinh cng khi chng
i qua L v C mc d c U > 0 v I >0.
5. Tng hp hai dng in xoay chiu trn cng mt mch in
* Trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay
chiu cng pha th bin in p s bng tng hai in p thnh
phn.

Hai dng in cng pha bin s tng.

* Nu trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay
chiu ngc pha th bin in p s bng hiu hai in p thnh
phn.

Hai dng in ngc pha, bin gim

Chng IV - Gii thiu ng h vn nng

1. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi

bt k mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc
nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng
in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh
kin, thy c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c
hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy
khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.
2. Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC,
thang AC cao hn in p cn o mt nc, V d nu o in p
AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn
o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu
chnh xc.
* Ch - ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi
o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp
tc !

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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nhm thang o dng in, o vo

ngun AC => s hng ng h

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC

=> s hng cc in tr trong ng h
* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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khng bo , nhng ng h khng nh hng .

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim

tuy nhin ng h khng hng

3. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.

Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang
DC, khi o ta t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc
m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc. V d nu
o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp
hn in p cn o => kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu
cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC

* Trng hp sai thang o :
Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang
xoay chiu th ng h s bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao
gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng
b hng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.

* Trng hp nhm thang o
Ch - ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o
dng in hoc thang o in tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) ,
nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Trng hp nhm thang o dng in

khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in

p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!

4. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt
nhiu th.
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
o kim tra s phng np ca t in
o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.

* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn

tiu 1,5V bn trong, x dng cc thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm
ta phi lp Pin 9V.
o in tr :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng

o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
z

Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr

nh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm, nu in tr ln th
thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v
chnh trit o kim ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.
Bc 2 : Chun b o .
Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang
o , Gi tr o c = ch s thang o X thang o
V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l
= 100 x 27 = 2700 ohm = 2,7 K ohm
Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht ,
nh vy c tr s s khng chnh xc.
Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v
c tr s cng khng chnh xc.
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr
gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc cao nht.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in

Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h
hng ca t in , khi o t in , nu l t gm ta dng thang o x1K
ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10
ohm.

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm

Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :
z

T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o

T C2 b d => ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c

T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho

trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc
chp m ch yu l b kh ( gim in dung) khi o t ho bit
chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t mi c
cng in dung.
z

trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong

t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta thy t C2 c phng np
yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )
Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln
xem phng np.

5. Hng dn o dng in bng ng h vn nng.

Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip
vi ti tiu th v ch l ch o c dng in nh hn gi tr ca
thang o cho php, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
z
z

z
z

Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht .

Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu
dng, que en v chiu m .
Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o
Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, nu thang o
thang cao nht th ng h khng o c dng in ny.
Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in .

Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr

hn dng mc ni vi ti, in p o c chia cho gi tr tr hn
dng s cho bit gi tr dng in, phng php ny c th o c
cc dng in ln hn kh nng cho php ca ng h v ng h
cmg an ton hn.
Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
z

Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht

l 250, tng t thang 10V th c trn vch c gi tr cao
nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch
no ghi cho gi tr 1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi
tr o c nhn vi 100 ln
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch
AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr khc th ta tnh theo t l. V
d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng
ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in
p .

6. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL

ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l
chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca ng h cao hn do khng
gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in xoay chiu,
tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in
t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh,
khng o c phng np ca t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

ng h vn nng s Digital
Hng dn s dng :
* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
z

que ng h vo l cm " V mA" que en vo l cm

"COM"
Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu
hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu.
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu
cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng thp phn th ta gim
thang o sau.
t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh
LCD ca ng h.
Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi
tr m (-)

* o dng in DC (AC)
z

Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc

20A nu o dng ln.
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "A"
Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay
chiu AC

t que o ni tip vi mch cn o

c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh.

* o in tr

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi tr in
tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt qu l s thp phn th
ta gim xung.

t que o vo hai u in tr.

c gi tr trn mn hnh.

Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o

mt on dy dn bng thang o tr, nu thng mch th ng
h pht ra tin ku

* o tn s
z

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "FREQ" hoc " Hz"

thang o nh khi o in p .

t que o vo cc im cn o

c tr s trn mn hnh.

* o Logic
z

o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln

ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o trng thi c in - K
hiu "1" hay khng c in "0", cch o nh sau:

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "LOGIC"

t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass

Mn hnh ch "" l bo mc logic mc cao, ch "" l

bo logic mc thp

* o cc chc nng khc

z

ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc

nh o i t, o t in, o Transistor nhng nu ta o cc
linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn
v o nhanh hn.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng V - in tr
1. Khi nim v in tr.
in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin - in tr l s cn
tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in
tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l
v cng ln.
in tr ca dy dn :
in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca
dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau:
R = .L / S
z

Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu

L l chiu di dy dn

S l tit din dy dn

R l in tr n v l Ohm

2. in tr trong thit b in t.
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt
linh kin quan trng, chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim
loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in tr
c tr s khc nhau.

Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.

b) n v ca in tr
z

n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M

1K = 1000

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

1M = 1000 K = 1000.000

b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr
z

Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch

mu theo mt quy c chung ca th gii.( xem hnh trn )
Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c
ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d nh cc in tr cng xut,
in tr s.

Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip.

3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Mu sc
en
Nu

Cam
Vng

Quy c mu Quc t
Gi tr
Mu sc
0
Xanh l
1
Xanh l
2
Tm
3
Xm
4
Trng
Nh vng
Nh bc

Gi tr
5
6
7
8
9
-1
-2

in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh

xc th k hiu bng 5 vng mu.
* Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cch c in tr 4 vng mu
z

Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nh

bc, y l vng ch sai s ca in tr, khi c tr s ta b qua
vng ny.
i din vi vng cui l vng s 1, tip theo n vng s 2, s
3

Vng s 1 v vng s 2 l hng chc v hng n v

Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10.

Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10 ( m vng 3)

C th tnh vng s 3 l s con s khng "0" thm vo
Mu nh ch c vng sai s hoc vng s 3, nu vng s 3 l
nh th s m ca c s 10 l s m.

* Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng

mu th mu sai s c nhiu mu, do gy kh khn cho ta
khi xc inh u l vng cui cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun
c khong cch xa hn mt cht.
i din vng cui l vng s 1
Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nhng y vng
s 4 l bi s ca c s 10, vng s 1, s 2, s 3 ln lt l
hng trm, hng chc v hng n v.

Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10 ( m vng 4)

C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng "0" thm vo

4. Thc hnh c tr s in tr.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3

z

Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng

mu bi s ny thng thay i t mu nh bc cho n mu
xanh l , tng ng vi in tr < 1 n hng M.

Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i .
z

hnh trn l cc gi tr in tr ta thng gp trong thc t,

khi vng mu s 3 thay i th cc gi tr in tr trn tng
gim 10 ln.

Bi tp - Bn hy on nhanh tr s trc khi p n xut hin, khi

no tt c cc tr s m bn on ng trc khi kt qu xut hin
l kin thc ca bn phn ny n ri !

Bi tp - on nhanh kt qu tr s in tr.

5. Cc tr s in tr thng dng.
Ta khng th kim c mt in tr c tr s bt k, cc nh sn
xut ch a ra khong 150 loi tr s in tr thng dng , bng di
y l mu sc v tr s ca cc in tr thng dng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cc gi tr in tr thng dng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

6. Phn loi in tr.

z

in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng

xut nh t 0,125W n 0,5W
in tr cng xut : L cc in tr c cng xut ln hn t
1W, 2W, 5W, 10W.
in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in tr
cng xut , in tr ny c v bc s, khi hot ng chng to
nhit.

Cc in tr : 2W - 1W - 0,5W - 0,25W

in tr s hay tr nhit
7. Cng xut ca in tr.
Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu th
mt cng xut P tnh c theo cng thc
P = U . I = U2 / R = I2.R
z

Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr ph

thuc vo dng in i qua in tr hoc ph thuc vo in p
trn hai u in tr.
Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi
lp in tr vo mch.
Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng
xut n s tiu th th in tr s b chy.
Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut
danh nh > = 2 ln cng xut m n s tiu th.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

in tr chy do qu cng xut

z

s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tr u

c tr s l 120 nhng c cng xut khc nhau, khi cc cng
tc K1 v K2 ng, cc in tr u tiu th mt cng xut l
P = U2 / R = (12 x 12) / 120 = 1,2W

Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln hn cng xut tiu

th , nn in tr khng chy.
Khi K2 ng, in tr c cng xut nh hn cng xut tiu
th , nn in tr b chy .

8. Bin tr, trit p :

Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu
l VR chng c hnh dng nh sau :

Hnh dng bin tr

K hiu trn s

Bin tr thng rp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha, cn

chnh ca k thut vin, bin tr c cu to nh hnh bn di.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cu to ca bin tr
Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh
v thng b tr pha trc mt my cho ngi s dng iu chnh.
V d nh - Trit p Volume, trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha
l trit ra mt phn in p t u vo tu theo mc chnh.

K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.

Hnh dng trit p

Cu to trong trit p

hj
Trong thc t , khi ta cn mt in tr c tr s bt k ta khng th
c c , v in tr ch c sn xut khong trn 100 loi c cc
gi tr thng dng, do c mt in tr bt k ta phi u in
tr song song hoc ni tip.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

9. in tr mc ni tip .

in tr mc ni tip.
z

Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc

in tr thnh phn cng li.
Rtd = R1 + R2 + R3
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr bng
nhau v bng I
I = ( U1 / R1) = ( U2 / R2) = ( U3 /
R3 )
T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni
tip t l thun vi gi tr int tr .

10. in tr mc song song.

in tr mc song song
z

Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c

tnh bi cng thc
(1 / Rtd) = (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + (1 / R3)
Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th
Rtd = R1.R2 / ( R1 + R2)
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch
vi gi tr in tr .
I1 = ( U / R1) , I2 = ( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 )

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau

11. in tr mc hn hp

in tr mc hn hp.
z

Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .
V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K
song song sau mc ni tip vi in tr 1,5K .

12 . ng dng ca in tr :
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit b in t v nh vy in tr
l linh kin quan trng khng th thiu c , trong mch in , in
tr c nhng tc dng sau :
z

Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt

bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V, ta c th u ni tip
bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.

u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr.

- Nh hnh trn ta c th tnh c tr s v cng xut ca in
tr cho ph hp nh sau: Bng n c in p 9V v cng xut 2W
vy dng tiu th l I = P / U = (2 / 9 ) = Ampe cng chnh l
dng in i qua in tr.
- V ngun l 12V, bng n 9V nn cn st p trn R l 3V vy
ta suy ra in tr cn tm l R = U/ I = 3 / (2/9) = 27 / 2 = 13,5
- Cng xut tiu th trn in tr l : P = U.I = 3.(2/9) = 6/9 W
v vy ta phi dng in tr c cng xut P > 6/9 W

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo

mun t mt in p cho trc.

Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu .
T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in
p U1, p U1 ph thuc vo gi tr hai in tr R1 v R2.theo cng
thc .
U1 / U = R1 / (R1 + R2) => U1 = U.R1(R1 + R2)
Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.
z

Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .

Mch phn cc cho Transistor

z

Tham gia vo cc mch to dao ng R C

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch to dao ng s dng IC 555

Chng VI - T in
T in : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt
rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch
lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao
ng .vv...
1. Cu to ca t in .
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt
lp cch in gi l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht
in mi v t in cng c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht
in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.

Cu to t gm

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

Cu to t ho

www.hocnghe.com.vn

2. Hnh dng thc t ca t in.

Hnh dng ca t gm.

Hnh dng ca t ho

3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca t in.

* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai
bn cc ca t in, in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch
bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc
theo cng thc
C=.S/d
z

Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F)

: L hng s in mi ca lp cch in.

d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in.

S : l din tch bn cc ca t in.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

* n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt

ln do trong thc t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh
MicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF).
z

1 Fara = 1000 Fara = 1000.000 n F = 1000.000.000 p F

1 Fara = 1000 n Fara

1 n Fara = 1000 p Fara

* K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.

4. S phng np ca t in .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca t in l tnh cht phng np ca t ,
nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng dn in xoay chiu.

Minh ho v tnh cht phng np ca t in.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

* T np in : Nh hnh nh trn ta thy rng , khi cng tc K1

ng, dng in t ngun U i qua bng n np vo t, dng np
ny lm bng n lo sng, khi t np y th dng np gim bng 0
v vy bng n tt.
* T phng in : Khi t np y, nu cng tc K1 m, cng
tc K2 ng th dng in t cc dng (+) ca t phng qua bng
n v cc m (-) lm bng n lo sng, khi t phng ht in th
bng n tt.
=> Nu in dung t cng ln th bng n lo sng cng lu hay
thi gian phng np cng lu.
5 . Cch c gi tr in dung trn t in.
* Vi t ho : Gi tr in dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn
thn t
=> T ho l t c phn cc (-) , (+) v lun lun c hnh tr .

T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V

* Vi t giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k
hiu

T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cch c : Ly hai ch s u nhn vi 10(M s th 3 )

V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha l
Gi tr = 47 x 10 4 = 470000 p ( Ly n v l pic Fara)
= 470 n Fara = 0,47 F
Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ca t in .

* Thc hnh c tr s ca t in.

Cch c tr s t git v t gm .
Ch : ch K l sai s ca t .
50V l in p cc i m t chu c.
* T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo s
thp phn v ly n v l MicroFara

Mt cch ghi tr s khc ca t giy v t gm.

6. ngh ca gi tr in p ghi trn thn t :
z

Ta thy rng bt k t in no cng c ghi tr s in p

ngay sau gi tr in dung, y chnh l gi tr in p cc i
m t chu c, qu in p ny t s b n.
Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gi
ngi ta cng lp t in c gi tr in p Max cao gp khong
1,4 ln.
V d mch 12V phi lp t 16V, mch 24V phi lp t 35V.
vv...

T in c nhiu loi nh T giy, T gm, T mi ca , T ho

nhng v tnh cht th ta phn t l hai loi chnh l t khng phn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

cc v t phn cc
7. T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc )
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung
nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny thng c s dng trong cc
mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T gm - l t khng phn cc.

8. T ho ( T c phn cc )
T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi
tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F , t ho thng c s dng
trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun
lun c hnh tr..

T ho - L t c phn cc m dng.
9. T xoay .
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny
thng c lp trong Radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d
i.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

T xoay s dng trong Radio

10. o kim tra t giy v t gm.

T giy v t gm thng hng dng b d r hoc b chp,
pht hin t d r hoc b chp ta quan st hnh nh sau y .

o kim tra t giy hoc t gm .

z

hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v

C3 c in dung bng nhau, trong C1 l t tt, C2 l t b d
v C3 l t b chp.
Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

( Lu cc t nh qu < 1nF th kim s khng phng np )

z

Khi o t C2 ( T b d ) ta thy kim ln lng chng thang o

v dng li khng tr v v tr c.
Khi o t C3 ( T b chp ) ta thy kim ln = 0 v khng tr
v.
Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h
thang x1K hoc x10K, v phi o chiu kim ng h
vi ln khi o.

11. o kim tra t ho

T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nhng chng li hay
hng dng b kh ( kh ho cht bn trong lp in mi ) lm in
dung ca t b gim , kim tra t ho , ta thng so snh phng
np ca t vi mt t cn tt c cng in dung, hnh nh di y
minh ho cc bc kim tra t ho.

o kim tra t ho
z

kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay

khng, ta dng t C1 cn mi c cng in dung v o so snh.
ng h thang t x1 n x100 ( in dung cng ln th
thang cng thp )
o vo hai t v so snh phng np , khi o ta o chiu que
o vi ln.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt,

trn ta thy t C2 phng np km hn do t C2 trn b
kh.
Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.

Ch : Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht

rng mt chn t khi mch in, sau kim tra nh trn.

12 . T in mc ni tip .
z

Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c

tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 ) + ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 )
z Trng hp ch c 2 t mc ni tip th C t = C1.C2 / ( C1 +
C2 )
Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng
bng tng in p ca cc t cng li. U t = U1 + U2 + U3
Khi mc ni tip cc t in, nu l cc t ho ta cn ch
chiu ca t in, cc m t trc phi ni vi cc dng t
sau:

T in mc ni tip

T in mc song song

13 . T in mc song song.
z

Cc t in mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng

tng in dung ca cc t cng li . C = C1 + C2 + C3
in p chu ng ca t in tng tng bng in p ca t
c in p thp nht.
Nu l t ho th cc t phi c u cng chiu m dng.

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14. ng dng ca t in .
T in c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut in v in t, trong
cc thit b in t, t in l mt linh kin khng th thiu c, mi
mch in t u c mt cng dng nht nh nh truyn dn tn
hiu , lc nhiu, lc in ngun, to dao ng ..vv...
Di y l mt s nhng hnh nh minh ho v ng dng ca t
in.
* T in trong mch lc ngun.

T ho trong mch lc ngun.

z

Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc

cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu c bng phng
cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta thy nu khng c t th p DC sau
i t l in p nhp nh, khi c t in p ny c lc tng
i phng, t in cng ln th in p DC ny cng phng.

* T in trong mch dao ng a hi to xung vung.

Mch dao ng a hi s dng 2 Transistor

z

Bn c th lp mch trn vi cc thng s cho trn s .

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Hai n bo sng s dng n Led du song song vi cc CE

ca hai Transistor, ch u ng chiu m dng.

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Chng VII - Cun dy & Bin p

1. Cu to ca cun cm.
Cun cm gm mt s vng dy qun li thnh nhiu vng, dy
qun c sn emay cch in, li cun dy c th l khng kh, hoc
l vt liu dn t nh Ferrite hay li thp k thut .

Cun dy li khng kh

Cun dy li Ferit

K hiu cun dy trn s : L1 l cun dy li

khng kh, L2 l cun dy li ferit, L3 l cun
dy c li chnh, L4 l cun dy li thp k thut
2. Cc i lng c trng ca cun cm.
a) H s t cm ( nh lut Faraday)
H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng ca
cun dy khi c dng in bin thin chy qua.
L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l
{

L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H)

n : l s vng dy ca cun dy.

l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m)

S : l tit din ca li, tnh bng m2

r : l h s t thm ca vt liu lm li .

b) Cm khng
Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng
in ca cun dy i vi dng in xoay chiu .
ZL = 2.3,14.f.L

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Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l

f : l tn s n v l Hz

L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry

Th nghim v cm khng ca cun

dy vi dng in xoay chiu
* Th nghim trn minh ho : Cun dy ni tip vi bng n
sau c u vo cc ngun in 12V nhng c tn s khc nhau
thng qua cc cng tc K1, K2 , K3 , khi K1 ng dng in mt
chiu i qua cun dy mnh nht ( V ZL = 0 ) => do bng n
sng nht, khi K2 ng dng in xoay chu 50Hz i qua cun dy
yy hn ( do ZL tng ) => bng n sng yu i, khi K3 ng , dng
in xoay chiu 200Hz i qua cun dy yu nht ( do ZL tng cao
nht) => bng n sng yu nht.
=> Kt lun : Cm khng ca cun dy t l vi h s t cm ca
cun dy v t l vi tn s dng in xoay chiu, ngha l dng in
xoay chiu c tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh, dng
in mt chiu c tn s f = 0 Hz v vy vi dng mt chiu cun dy
c cm khng ZL = 0
c) in tr thun ca cun dy.
in tr thun ca cun dy l in tr m ta c th o c bng
ng h vn nng, thng thng cun dy c phm cht tt th in
tr thun phi tng i nh so vi cm khng, in tr thun cn gi
l in tr tn hao v chnh in tr ny sinh ra nhit khi cun dy
hot ng.
3. Tnh cht np , x ca cun cm
* Cun dy np nng lng : Khi cho mt dng in chy qua
cun dy, cun dy np mt nng lng di dng t trng c
tnh theo cng thc
W = L.I 2 / 2

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W : nng lng ( June )

L : H s t cm ( H )

I dng in.

Th nghim v tnh np x ca cun dy.

th nghim trn : Khi K1 ng, dng in qua cun dy tng dn
( do cun dy sinh ra cm khng chng li dng in tng t ngt )
v vy bng n sng t t, khi K1 va ngt v K2 ng , nng lng
np trong cun dy to thnh in p cm ng phng ngc li qua
bng n lm bng n lo sng => l hin tng cun dy x
in.

4. Loa ( Speaker )
Loa l mt ng dng ca cun dy v t trng.

Loa 4 - 20W ( Speaker )

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Cu to v hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker )

Cu to ca loa : Loa gm mt nam chm hnh tr c hai cc lng
vo nhau , cc N gia v cc S xung quanh, gia hai cc to
thnh mt khe t c t trng kh mnh, mt cun dy c gn vi
mng loa v c t trong khe t, mng loa c bng gn cao
su mm gip cho mng loa c th d dng dao ng ra vo.
Hot ng : Khi ta cho dng in m tn ( in xoay chiu t 20
Hz => 20.000Hz ) chy qua cun dy, cun dy to ra t trng bin
thin v b t trng c nh ca nam chm y ra, y vo lm cun
dy dao ng => mng loa dao ng theo v pht ra m thanh.
Ch : Tuyt i ta khng c a dng in mt chiu vo loa ,
v dng in mt chiu ch to ra t trng c nh v cun dy ca
loa ch lch v mt hng ri dng li, khi dng mt chiu qua
cun dy tng mnh ( do khng c in p cm ng theo chiu ngc
lai ) v vy cun dy s b chy .
5 . Micro

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Micro
Thc cht cu to Micro l mt chic loa thu nh, v cu to Micro
ging loa nhng Micro c s vng qun trn cun dy ln hn loa rt
nhiu v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600
( tr khng loa t 4 - 16 ) ngoi ra mng micro cng c cu to
rt mng d dng dao ng khi c m thanh tc ng vo. Loa l
thit b chuyn dng in thnh m thanh cn micro th ngc li ,
Micro i m thanh thnh dng in m tn.
6.R le ( Relay)

R le
R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut thit b
in t, nguyn l hot ng ca Rle l bin i dng in thnh t
trng thng qua qun dy, t trng li to thnh lc c hc thng
qua lc ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh ng m cng
tc, ng m cc hnh trnh ca mt thit b t ng vv...

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Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca R le

7. Bin p.
Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm
mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v mt hay nhiu cun th cp
( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp
hoc li ferit .

K hiu ca bin p
* T s vng / vol ca bin p .
z

Gi n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp.

U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp

U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp.

Ta c cc h thc nh sau :
U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v th
cp t l thun vi s vng dy qun.
U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t l
nghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra in p cng cao th cho
dng cng nh.
* Cng xut ca bin p .
Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc
vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu, bin p hot ng tn s cng
cao th cho cng xut cng ln.
* Phn loi bin p .
* Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Bin p ngun

Bin p ngun hnh xuyn

Bin p ngun thng gp trong Cassete, mply .. , bin p ny

hot ng tn s in li 50Hz , li bin p s dng cc l
Tnsilic hnh ch E v I ghp li, bin p ny c t s vng / vol ln.
Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p o pha v bin p ra loa
trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn,bin p cng s dng l
Tnsilic lm li t nh bin p ngun, nhng l tnsilic trong bin p
m tn mng hn trnh tn hao, bin p m tn hot ng tn s
cao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi thit k bin p m tn
ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz - n
3KHz.
* Bin p xung & Cao p .

Bin p xung

Cao p

Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao khong vi chc

KHz nh bin p trong cc b ngun xung , bin p cao p . li bin
p xung lm bng ferit , do hot ng tn s cao nn bin p xung
cho cng xut rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng c cng
trng lng th bin p xung c th cho cng xut mnh gp hng
chc ln.

Chng VIII - Cht bn dn & Diode .

1. Cht bn dn.
Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin bn
dn nh Diode, Transistor, IC m ta thy trong cc thit b in t
ngy nay.

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Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn

in v cht cch in, v phng din ho hc th bn dn l nhng
cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht
Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si)
T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi to ra hai
loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P, sau ghp cc
ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor.
Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 in t, th
tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo lin kt cng
ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn tinh khit .

2. Cht bn dn loi N
* Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo
cht bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo
lin kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia
lin kt v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn
dn lc ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn
dn N ( Negative : m ).

Cht bn dn N
3. Cht bn dn loi P

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Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh

Indium (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt
in t => tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c gi l cht
bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P

4. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn.

Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn
dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c
c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N
khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh
mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch
in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode .

* hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca
Diode bn dn.

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K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn.

5. Phn cc thun cho Diode.
Khi ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in
p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi di tc dng tng
tc ca in p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi
hai cc t 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge )
th din tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn
in. Nu tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh
nhng chnh lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi
mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn

in p thun c gim mc 0,6V

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode

* Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p
phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn
cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua Diode sau dng in qua
Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi gi tr 0,6V .
6. Phn cc ngc cho Diode.
Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn
dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), di s tng tc ca in
p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua
mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln khong
1000V th diode mi b nh thng.

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Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V

7. Phng php o kim tra Diode

o kim tra Diode

z

t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode,

nu :
o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim
ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode tt

Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp.

Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t.

php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b

t
Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt
cht l Diode b d.

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8. ng dng ca Diode bn dn .
* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng
trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc
mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng .
trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu c
dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .

9. Diode Zener
* Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng
c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng
trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh
diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt
mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch.

z

S trn minh ho ng dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c

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in p thay i, Dz l diode n p, R1 l tr hn dng.

z

Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun c

nh cho d ngun U1 thay i.
Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng
ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong 30mA.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 ln Dz v
lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc ln nht qua Dz <
30mA.

Nu U1 < Dz th khi U1 thay i p trn Dz cng thay i

Nu U1 > Dz th khi U1 thay i => p trn Dz khng i.
10. Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode )
Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c
mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P - N , dng in
ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode

Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode

11. Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED )

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Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc

thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led
khong t 5mA n 20mA
Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo
trng thi c in . vv...

Diode pht quang LED

12. Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung )
Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung
bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc t vo Diode.

n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD )

trong mch cng hng
z

hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo

Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca diode thay i => lm
thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu,
trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng hng bng in p.

13. Diode xung

Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi
dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s
cao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th
thay th vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c
th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn
diode thng nhiu ln.
V c im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi
Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t
nt hoc nh du bng hai vng

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K hiu ca Diode xung

14. Diode tch sng.
L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im
v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P - N ti mt im trnh in
dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn
dng tch sng tn hiu.
15. Diode nn in.
L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun
AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.

Diode nn in 5A

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Chng IX - Transistor
1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn )
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi
tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun ,
nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din
cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor
z

Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc
gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng
tp cht thp.
Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht
( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector )
vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N
hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn
khng hon v cho nhau c.

2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor.

* Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN .

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Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot

ng ca transistor NPN
z

Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong

(+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc E.
Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo
hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn
E.
Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c
cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E ( lc
ny dng IC = 0 )
Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt
dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn
dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB
Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy
qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp
nhiu ln dng IB
Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v
ph thuc theo mt cng thc .
IC = .IB

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE

IB l dng chy qua mi BE

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l h s khuych i ca Transistor

Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng

khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi
xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng
pha tp thp, v vy s in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt
qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn s lng l trng
rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to
thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht v pha cc C di tc
dng ca in p UCE => to thnh dng ICE chy qua Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP .
S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor
NPN nhng cc tnh ca cc ngun in UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng
IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t E sang B.

3. K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor

Transistor cng xut nh

Transistor cng xut ln

K hiu ( trn thn Transistor )

* Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc
sn xut nhng thng dng nht l cc transistor ca Nht bn, M v
Trung quc.
z

Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D...

V d A564, B733, C828, D1555 trong cc Transistor k
hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D l
Transistor ngc NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c cng
xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v D

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thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.

z

Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N... v d

2N3055, 2N4073 vv...
Transistor do Trung quc sn xut : Bt u bng s 3, tip
theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho bit loi bng : Ch
A v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch th hai
cho bit c im : X v P l bng m tn, A v G l bng cao
tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d : 3CP25 ,
3AP20 vv..

4. Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor.

z

Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B

tu theo bng ca nc no s xut , nhng chn E lun bn
tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh di
Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828,
A564 th chn C gia , chn B bn phi.
Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia , chn
C bn phi.
Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th khng theo
th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng phng php o bng
ng h vn nng.

Transistor cng xut nh.

z

Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu ht

u c chung th t chn l : Bn tri l cc B, gia l cc C
v bn phi l cc E.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Transistor cng xut ln thng

c th t chn nh trn.
* o xc nh chn B v C
z

Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E bn

tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v suy ra chn C l chn
cn li.
ng h thang x1 , t c nh mt que o vo tng chn ,
que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li, nu kim ln = nhau th
chn c que t c nh l chn B, nu que ng h c nh l
que en th l Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor
thun..

5. Phng php kim tra Transistor .

Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn,
nh hng do nhit , m, do in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht
lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu
to ca chng.

Cu to ca Transistor
z

Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode
u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C
v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc

kim khng ln.
z

Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode
u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu
o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng
nh o hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp
o khc kim khng ln.
Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.
Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim
khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l
chp hay d BE hoc BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.

* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.

Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .

z

Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit

c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc chn ca
Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li
phn xc nh chn Transistor >
Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .

Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng
ln.
Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln
=> Bng tt.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE

z

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0

Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0

=> Bng chp BE

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Php o cho bit bng b t BE

z

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln.

=> Bng t BE
---------------------------------------------------------

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Php o cho thy bng b chp CE

z

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0

=> Bng chp CE

Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.

Phn cc cho Trranssistor

1. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor
z

Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor, vt

qua dng gii hn ny Transistor s b hng.
in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t vo
cc CE , vt qua in p gii hn ny Transistor s b nh
thng.
Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic bnh
thng, vt qu tn s ny th khuych i ca Transistor
b gim .
H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln gp bao
nhiu ln dng IBE
Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt
cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu cng xut ny vt qu cng xut
cc i ca Transistor th Transistor s b hng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

2. Mt s Transistor c bit .
* Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to
nh Transistor thng nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi
chc K

Transistor s thng c s dng trong cc mch cng tc ,

mch logic, mch iu khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c th a trc
tip p lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin n ngt m.

Minh ho ng dng ca Transistor Digital

* K hiu : Transistor Digital thng c cc k hiu l DTA...
( dn thun ), DTC...( n ngc ) , KRC...( n ngc ) KRA...
( n thun), RN12...( n ngc ), RN22...(n thun ), UN....,
KSR... . Th d : DTA132 , DTC 124 vv...
* Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang )
Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S
ngun vv..cc s ny c thit k iu khin b cao p hoc bin
p ngun xung hot ng , Chng thng c in p hot ng cao
v cho dng chu ng ln. Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu)
thng c u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu

3. ng dng ca Transistor.
Thc ra mt thit b khng c Transistor th cha phi l thit b
in t, v vy Transistor c th xem l mt linh kin quan trng nht
trong cc thit b in t, cc loi IC thc cht l cc mch tch hp
nhiu Transistor trong mt linh kin duy nht, trong mch in ,
Transistor c dng khuych i tn hiu Analog, chuyn trng
thi ca mch Digital, s dng lm cc cng tc in t, lm cc b
to dao ng v v...
4. Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc - in p cung cp )
s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt
ngun in, tu theo mc ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc
tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v v... ngun in
Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun

z

Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l

ngun dng (+), nu Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun
m (-)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

5. nh thin ( phn cc ) cho Transistor .

* nh thin : l cp mt ngun in vo chn B ( qua tr nh
thin) t Transistor vo trng thi sn sng hot ng, sn sng
khuych i cc tn hiu cho d rt nh.

* Ti sao phi nh thin cho Transistor n mi sn sng hot

ng ? : hiu c iu ny ta hy xt hai s trn :
z

trn l hai mch s dng transistor khuych i tn hiu,

mt mch chn B khng c nh thin v mt mch chn B
c nh thin thng qua Rt.
Cc ngun tn hiu a vo khuych i thng c bin rt
nh ( t 0,05V n 0,5V ) khi a vo chn B( n cha c
nh thin) cc tn hiu ny khng to ra dng IBE ( c
im mi P-N pha c 0,6V mi c dng chy qua ) => v vy
cng khng c dng ICE => st p trn Rg = 0V v in p ra
chn C = Vcc
s th 2 , Transistor c Rt nh thin => c dng IBE, khi
a tn hiu nh vo chn B => lm cho dng IBE tng hoc
gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim , st p trn Rg cng
thay i => v kt qu u ra ta thu c mt tn hiu tng t
u vo nhng c bin ln hn.

=> Kt lun : nh thin ( hay phn cc) ngha l to mt dng

in IBE ban u, mt st p trn Rg ban u khi c mt ngun tn
hiu yu i vo cc B , dng IBE s tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng
tng hoc gim => dn n st p trn Rg cng tng hoc gim => v
st p ny chnh l tn hiu ta cn ly ra .
6. Mt s mach nh thin khc .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

* Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau .

Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau

* Mach nh thin c in tr phn p
c th khuch i c nhiu ngun tn hiu mnh yu khc
nhau, th mch nh thin thng s dng thm in tr phn p Rpa
u t B xung Mass.

Mch nh thin c in tr phn p Rpa

* Mch nh thin c hi tip .
L mch c in tr nh thin u t u ra (cc C ) n u vo
( cc B) mch ny c tc dng tng n nh cho mch khuych i
khi hot ng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng X - Mch khuch i

1. Khi nim v mch khuyh i .
Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t,
nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn
hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v ...
C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l :
z

Khuych i v in p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c

bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu c bin
ln hn nhiu ln.
Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt tn
hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu
cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln.
Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu
c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu c tn hiu c cng xut
mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i cng xut l kt
hp c hai mch khuych i in p v khuych i dng in
lm mt.

2. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i.

Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch
phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo mc ch s dng m mch
khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB
hoc ch C
a) Mch khuych i ch A.
L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn
hiu ng vo.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch khuych i ch A khuych i

c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo
* Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho
in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc.
* Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch
trung gian nh khuych i cao tn, khuych i trung tn, tin
khuych i v v..
b) Mach khuych i ch B.
Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu
k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k dng ta dng transistor
NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch
khuych i ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych

i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

* Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc

mch khuch i cng xut y ko nh cng xut m tn, cng xut
mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai
n NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu
k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch khuych i y ko phi c cc
thng s k thut nh nhau :
* Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i

ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2 khuych i
cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m.
c) Mch khuych i ch AB.
Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i
ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho in p UBE sp s 0,6 V,
mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc
hin tng mo giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny
cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko .
d) Mch khuych i ch C
L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc
ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu u vo,
mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch
tch xung ng b trong ti vi mu.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

ng dng mch khuych i ch C trong

mch tch xung ng b Ti vi mu.

3. Transistor mc theo kiu E chung.

Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass
hoc u qua t xung mass thot thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu
a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung ,

Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C
Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr
nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p .
c im ca mch khuych i E chung.
z

Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho

in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu

ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in p.
Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng
ng k.
Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p
tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => dng ICE tng => st p
trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim , v ngc li
khi in p u vo gim th in p chn C li tng => v vy
in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo.
Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu
nht trong thit b in t.

4. Transistor mc theo kiu C chung.

Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng
ngun ( Lu : v phng din xoay chiu th dng ngun tng
ng vi mass ) , Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E ,
mch c s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a

vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
c im ca mch khuych i C chung .
z

Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun
lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao
nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn
hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo .
Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng
=> th in p ra cng tng, in p vo gim th in p ra
cng gim.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo

nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin tng => dng IBE s
tng => dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v
ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50
ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA, dng
ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c
cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu vo.
Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i
m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm nhiu nhnh , ngi
ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu kho
hn . Ngoi ra mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc
mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau )

5. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.

z

Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly

ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass thng qua t.
Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych

i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in.

Khi nim v ghp tng : Mt thit b in t gm c nhiu khi

kt hp li, mi khi li c nhiu tng khuych i c mc ni tip
vi nhau v khi mc ni tip thng s dng mt trong cc kiu ghp
sau :
z
z
z

Ghp tng qua t in.

Ghp tng qua bin p .
Ghp tng trc tip.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Ta hy xt cc trng hp c th :
6. Ghp tng qua t in.
* S mch ghp tng qua t in

Mch khuych i u t - c hai tng khuych

i c ghp vi nhau qua t in.
z

trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette,

mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo kiu E chung, cc
tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua t in, ngi ta s dng cc
t C1 , C3 , C5 lm t ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua
v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot
thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc
ngun.
u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c s
dng rt nhiu trong thit b in t, nhc im l khng khai
thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do h s
khuych i khng ln.
trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng
thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F.
Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr s
nh khong vi nan Fara.

7.Ghp tng qua bin p .

* S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng.

z

trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp

tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c ghp qua bin p i
vo tng pha sau.
u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do
khai thc c ti u h s khuych i , hn na cun s
cp bin p c th u song song vi t cng hng khi
mch khuych i mt tn s c nh.
Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy
mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v chim nhiu din tch.

8.Ghp tng trc tip .

* Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch
khuych i cng xut m tn.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1

c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v Q3.

9. Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nh

th no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng.

z

Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch c

UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc
Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu .

10. Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao .

z

Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao )

ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s khuych i ca
mch b gim mnh.
Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay
b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.

z

Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi

ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun => th tng khuych i
c vn .
Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) ,
hoc t Rg.
Nu UCE qu cao ~ Vcc th c th t Rt hoc hng Transistor.
Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c :
UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XI - Mch ngun

1. B ngun trong cc mch in t .
Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh Radio -Cassette,
mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v... chng s dng ngun mt chiu
DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm ca cc
thit b ny li cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz , nh
vy cc thit b in t cn c mt b phn chuyn i t ngun
xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, b
phn chuyn i bao gm :
z

z
z

Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp hn

nh 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V v v ...
Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC.
Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh lu cho ngun DC
phng hn.
Mch n p : Gi mt in p c nh cung cp cho ti tiu th

S tng qut ca mch cp ngun.

2. Mch chnh lu bn chu k .
Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti
tiu th, chu k dng => Diode c phn cc thun do c
dng in i qua diode v i qua ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc
ngc do khng c dng qua ti.

Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

3. Mch chnh lu c chu k

Mch chnh lu c chu k thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh
cu (cn gi l mch chnh lu cu) nh hnh di.

Mch chnh lu c chu k .

z

chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m) dng

in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti => qua diode D4 v u dy
m
chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy
trn m, di dng) dng in i qua D2 => qua Rti =>
qua D3 v u dy m.
Nh vy c hai chu k u c dng in chy qua ti.

4. Mch lc dng t in.

Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu
khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c vo cc
mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc t
lc c tr s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh
lu.

Dng in p DC ca mch chnh lu

trong hai trng hp c t v khng c t

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v

khng c t lc.
Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia ,
v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh.
Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia lc
ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc tng i phng, nu
t C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng bng
phng, t C1 trong cc b ngun thng c tr s khong vi
ngn F .

Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln

th in p u ra cng bng phng.
z

Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc

ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k so vi cng xut ca
bin p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC

5. Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2

z

tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng hai t ho

cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u ca in p xoau
chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp
2 ln.
mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh lu
thng thng .
Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2,
v kt qu l ta thu c in p ra tng gp 2 ln.

6. Mch n p c nh dng Diode Zener.

.
Mch n p to p 33V c nh cung cp
cho mch d knh trong Ti vi mu
z

T ngun 110V khng c nh thng qua in tr hn dng R1

v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in p c nh cung cp cho
mch d knh
Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in tr
hn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc i qua Dz phi nh hn
dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l khi dng qua R2
=0
Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn R1 chia
cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1 ta c
I1 = (110 - 33 ) / 7500 = 77 / 7500 ~ 10mA
Thng thng ta nn dng ngc qua Dz 25 mA

7. Mch n p c nh dng Transistor, IC n p .

Mch n p dng Diode Zener nh trn c u im l n gin
nhng nhc im l cho dng in nh ( 20mA ) . c th to
ra mt in p c nh nhng cho dng in mnh hn nhiu ln
ngi ta mc thm Transistor khuych i v dng nh s di
y.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch n p c Transistor khuych i

z

mch trn in p ti im A c th thay i v cn gn xoay

chiu nhng in p ti im B khng thay i v tng i
phng.
Nguyn l n p : Thng qua in tr R1 v Dz gim c nh
in p chn B ca Transistor Q1, gi s khi in p chn E n
Q1 gim => khi in p UBE tng => dng qua n Q1 tng
=> lm in p chn E ca n tng , v ngc li ...
Mch n p trn n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt rng
di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC h LA78.. thay th
cho mch n p trn, IC LA78.. c s mch nh phn mch
c mu xanh ca s trn.

IC n p h LA78..
z

LA7805

IC n p 5V

LA7808

IC n p 8V

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

IC n p LA7805

www.hocnghe.com.vn

LA7809

IC n p 9V

LA7812

IC n p 12V

Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi

rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht
huy tc dng.
8. ng dng ca IC n p h 78..
IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh B
ngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu, trong my tnh v v...

ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v
LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD

9. S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

* Mt s c im ca mch n p c hi tip :
z

Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai

trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc dng tiu th ca ti
thay i , tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn.
Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht lng cao, gim thiu
c hin tng gn xoay chiu.

* Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.

z

Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu

phn p to ra ( Ulm : p ly mu)
Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p c nh (Uc :
p chun )
Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun
Uc to thnh in p iu khin.
Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin, sau
a v iu chnh s hot ng ca n cng xut theo hng
ngc li, nu in p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip iu
chnh => n cng xut dn gim =>in p ra gim xung .
Ngc li nu in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi tip iu
chnh => n cng xut li dn tng => v in p ra tng ln
=>> kt qu in p u ra khng thay i.

10. Phn tch hot ng ca mch ngun c hi tip trong Ti vi

en trng Samsung
in p u vo cn gn xoay chiu

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

in p u ra bng phng

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung en trng .

* ngha cc linh kin trn s .
z

T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh, lc in p sau chnh lu

18V , y cng l in p u vo ca mch n p, in p ny
c th tng gim khong 15%.
Q1 l n cng xut ngun cung cp dng in chnh cho ti ,
in p u ra ca mc n p ly t chn C n Q1 v c gi tr
12V c nh .
R1 l tr phn dng c cng xut ln ghnh bt mt phn dng
in i qua n cng xut.
Cu phn p R5, VR1 v R6 to ra p ly mu a vo chn B
n Q2 .
Diode zener Dz v R4 to mt in p chun c nh so vi
in p ra.
Q2 l n so snh v khuych i in p sai lch => a v
iu khin s hot ng ca n cng xut Q1.
R3 lin lc gia Q1 v Q2, R2 phn p cho Q1

* Nguyn l hot ng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

in p u ra s c xu hng thay i khi in p u vo

thay i, hoc dng tiu th thay i.
Gi s : Khi in p vo tng => in p ra tng => in p
chn E n Q2 tng nhiu hn chn B ( do c Dz gim t chn E
n Q2 ln Ura, cn Ulm ch ly mt phn Ura ) do UBE
gim => n Q2 dn gim => n Q1 dn gim => in p ra
gim xung. Tng t khi Uvo gim, thng qua mch iu
chnh => ta li thu c Ura tng. Thi gian iu chnh ca
vng hi tip rt nhanh khong vi giy v c cc t lc
u ra loi b, khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca in
p mt chiu => kt qu l in p u ra tng i phng.
Khi iu chnh bin tr VR1 , in p ly mu thay i, dn
n Q2 thay i , dn n Q1 thay i => kt qu l in p
ra thay i, VR1 dng iu chnh in p ra theo mun .

11. Mch ngun Ti vi ni a nht.

S mch ngun n p tuyn tnh

trong Ti vi mu ni a Nht .
z

C1 l t lc ngun chnh sau cu Diode chnh lu.

C2 l t lc u ra ca mch ngun tuyn tnh.

Cu phn p R4, VR1, R5 to ra in p ly mu ULM

R2 v Dz to ra p chun Uc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut Q1

R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng xut ln .

Q3 l n so snh v khuch i p d sai

Khuch i in p d sai

Q1 n cng xut ngun

=> Ngun lm vic trong di in p vo c th thay i 10%,
in p ra lun lun c nh .

Bi tp : Bn c hy phn tch nguyn

l hot ng ca mch ngun trn.

Chng XII - Mch dao ng

1. Khi nim v mch dao ng.
Mch dao ng c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in
t, nh mch dao ng ni trong khi RF Radio, trong b knh Ti
vi mu, Mch dao ng to xung dng , xung mnh trong Ti vi ,
to sng hnh sin cho IC Vi x l hot ng v v...
z
z
z
z

Mch dao ng hnh Sin

Mch dao ng a hi
Mch dao ng nght
Mch dao ng dng IC

2. Mch dao ng hnh Sin

Ngi ta c th to dao ng hnh Sin t cc linh kin L - C
hoc t thch anh.
* Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L - C

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L - C

z

Mach dao ng trn c t C1 // L1 to thnh mch dao ng

L -C duy tr s dao ng ny th tn hiu dao ng c
a vo chn B ca Transistor, R1 l tr nh thin cho
Transistor, R2 l tr gnh ly ra tn hiu dao ng ra ,
cun dy u t chn E Transistor xung mass c tc dng
ly hi tip duy tr dao ng. Tn s dao ng ca mch
ph thuc vo C1 v L1 theo cng thc
f = 1 / 2..( L1.C1 )1/2

* Mch dao ng hnh sin dng thch anh.

Mch to dao ng bng thch anh .

z

X1 : l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi

trn thn ca thach anh, khi thch anh c cp in th n
t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.thch anh thng c tn s dao

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

ng t vi trm KHz n vi chc MHz.

z

n Q1 khuych i tn hiu dao ng t thch anh v cui

cng tn hiu c ly ra chn C.
R1 va l in tr cp ngun cho thch anh va nh thin
cho n Q1
R2 l tr ghnh to ra st p ly ra tn hiu .

Thch anh dao ng trong Tivi mu, my tnh

3. Mch dao ng a hi.

Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung

* Bn c th t lp s trn vi cc thng s nh sau :
z

R1 = R4 = 1 K

R2 = R3 = 100K

C1 = C2 = 10F/16V

Q1 = Q2 = n C828

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Hai n Led

Ngun Vcc l 6V DC

Tng gi thnh lnh kin ht khong 4.000 VN

* Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp ngun , gi s n

Q1 dn trc, p Uc n Q1 gim => thng qua C1 lm p Ub n
Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc n Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p
Ub n Q1 tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt ,
sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C1 khi in p ny
> 0,6V th n Q2 dn => p Uc n Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy
cho n khi Q2 dn bo ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li v
to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2 v R2,
R3.
4. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555

z

Bn hy mua mt IC h 555 v t lp cho mnh mt mch to

dao ng theo s nguyn l nh trn.
Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V , ng
mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu en di cng l m
ngun.
T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th
b qua ( khng lp cng c )
Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu
c dao ng c tn s v rng xung theo mun theo
cng thc.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f =

1.4
(R1 + 2R2) C1

T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s)

f = Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz)
R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( )
R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( )
C1 = T in tnh bng Fara ( )
T = Tm + Ts
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1
Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1

T : chu k ton phn

Tm : thi gian in mc cao
Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in

mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
z

T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung

vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f =
1/ T

* Th d bn thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y.

Mch to xung c Tm = 0,1s , Ts = 1s

Bi tp : Lp mch dao ng trn vi cc thng s :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

C1 = 10F = 10 x 10-6 = 10-5 F

R1 = R2 = 100K = 100 x 103

Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ?

Bi lm :
z

Ta c Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.103 x 10-5 = 0,7 s

Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 =
= 0,7 x 200.103 x 105 = 1,4 s
=> T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s + 0,7s = 2,1s

=> f =1 / T = 1/2,1 ~ 0,5 Hz

5. Mch dao ng nght ( Blocking OSC )
z

Mh dao ng nght c nguyn tc hot ng kh n gin, mch

c s dng rng ri trong cc b ngun xung ( switching ), mch
c cu to nh sau :

Mch dao ng nght

Mch dao ng nght bao gm :
z

Bin p : Gm cun s cp 1-2 v cun hi tip 3-4, cun th

cp 5-6
Transistor Q tham gia dao ng v ng vai tr l n cng
xut ngt m to ra dng in bin thin qua cun s cp.

Tr nh thin R1 ( l in tr mi )

R2, C2 l in tr v t in hi tip

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

C hai kiu mc hi tip l hi tip dng v hi tip m, ta xt

cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca tng mch.
* Mch dao ng nght hi tip m .

Mch hi tip m c cun hi tip 3-4 qun ngc chiu vi

cun s cp 1-2 , v in tr mi R1 c tr s nh khong
100K , mch thng c s dng trong cc b ngun cng
xut nh khong 20W tr xung
Nguyn tc hot ng : Khi cp ngun, dng nh thin qua
R1 kch cho n Q1 dn kh mnh, dng qua cun s cp 1-2
tng nhanh to ra t trng bin thin => cm ng sang cun
hi tip, chiu m ca cun hi tip c a v chn B n Q
thng qua R2, C2 lm in p chn B n Q gim < 0V => n
Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt, sau khong thi gian t
dng in qua R1 np vo t C2 lm p chn B n Q tng =>
n Q dn lp li chu k th hai => to thnh dao ng .
Mch dao ng nght hi tip m c u im l dao ng
nhanh, nhng c nhc im d b xc in lm hng n Q do
mch thng khng s dng trong cc b ngun cng xut
ln.

* Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng .

z

Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng c cun hi tip 3-4 qun

thun chiu vi cun s cp 1-2, in tr mi R1 c tr s ln
khong 470K
V R1 c tr s ln, ln dng nh thin qua R1 ban u nh =>
n Q dn tng dn => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng ln
cun hi tip => in p hi tip ly chiu dng hi tip qua
R2, C2 lm n Q dn tng => v tip tc cho n khi n Q
dn bo ho, Khi n Q dn bo ho, dng in qua cun 1-2

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

khng i => mt in p hi tip => p chn B n Q gim

nhanh v n Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt, chu k th
hai lp li nh trng thi ban u v to thnh dao ng.
z

Mch ny c u im l rt an ton dao ng t t khng b

xc in, v c s dng trong cc mch ngun cng xut
ln nh ngun Ti vi mu.

* Xem li l thuy v cm ng in t :

Th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t trong bin p.

th nghim trn ta thy rng , bng n ch lo sng trong thi
im cng tc ng hoc ngt , ngha l khi dng in chy qua cun
s cp bin i, trong trng hp c dng in chy qua cun s cp
nhng khng i cng khng to ra in p cm trn cun th cp

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XIII - Mosfet

1. Gii thiu v Mosfet
Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor c bit c
cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit,
Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra
dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hn cho
khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu trong
cc mch ngun Monitor, ngun my tnh .

Transistor hiu ng trng Mosfet

2. Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

K hiu v s chn tng ng

gia Mosfet v Transistor
* Cu to ca Mosfet.

Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N

z

G : Gate gi l cc cng

S : Source gi l cc ngun

D : Drain gi l cc mng

Mosfet kn N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn

N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi lp SiO2 hai ming bn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn dn N c
ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G.
z

Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc

D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph thuc
vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS )
Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS >
0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in p
UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh.

3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet

Mch in th nghim.

Mch th nghim s hot ng ca Mosfet

z

Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D

vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho Mosfet
ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng
in i qua cc DS khi chn G khng c cp in.
Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in
p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D sng.
Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn duy
tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c dng in i qua cc
GS.
Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 =>
UGS= 0V => n tt
=> T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G
khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor thng thng m
in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim
xung .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

4. o kim tra Mosfet

z

Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng gia G vi S v

gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng ( kim khng ln c hai
chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D v
S phi l v cng.

Cc bc kim tra nh sau :

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt.

z

Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1K

Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que
vo S hoc D )
Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S
( que en vo D que vo S ) => kim s ln.
Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G.
Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o li DS nh bc 3
kim khng ln.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

=> Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp

z

Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1K

o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln = 0

l chp

o gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln = 0 l chp D

S

5. ng dung ca Mosfet trong thc t

Mosfet trong ngun xung ca Monitor

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mosfet c s dng lm n cng xut ngun Monitor

Trong b ngun xung ca Monitor hoc my vi tnh, ngi ta
thng dng cp linh kin l IC to dao ng v n Mosfet, dao
ng to ra t IC c dng xung vung c a n chn G ca
Mosfet, ti thi im xung c in p > 0V => n Mosfet dn, khi
xung dao ng = 0V Mosfet ngt => nh vy dao ng to ra s iu
khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin
lin tc chy qua cun s cp => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng
ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra.
* o kim tra Mosfet trong mch .
Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1 v o
gia D v S => Nu 1 chiu kim ln o chiu o kim khng ln =>
l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln = 0 l Mosfet b
chp DS.
6. Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng
Hng dn :
z

Loi knh dn : P-Channel : l Mosfet thun , N-Channel

l Mosfet ngc.
c im k thut : Th d: 3A, 25W : l dng D-S cc i
v cng xut cc i.

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

K hiu
2SJ306
2SJ307
2SJ308
2SK1038
2SK1117
2SK1118
2SK1507
2SK1531

Loi knh dn c im k thut

P-Channel
3A , 25W
P-Channel
6A, 30W
P-Channel
9A, 40W
N-Channel
5A, 50W
N-Channel
6A, 100W
N-Channel
6A, 45W
N-Channel
9A, 50W
N-Channel
15A, 150W

www.hocnghe.com.vn

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40
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43
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45
46
47
48
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52
53
54
55
56

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

2SK1794
2SK2038
2SK2039
2SK2134
2SK2136
2SK2141
2SK2161
2SK2333
2SK400
2SK525
2SK526
2SK527
2SK555
2SK556
2SK557
2SK727
2SK791
2SK792
2SK793
2SK794
BUZ90
BUZ90A
BUZ91
BUZ 91A
BUZ 92
BUZ 93
BUZ 94
IRF 510
IRF 520
IRF 530
IRF 540
IRF 610
IRF 620
IRF 630
IRF 634
IRF 640
IRF 710
IRF 720
IRF 730
IRF 740
IRF 820
IRF 830
IRF 840
IRF 841
IRF 842
IRF 843
IRF 9610
IRF 9620

N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-FET
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel

6A,100W
5A,125W
5A,150W
13A,70W
20A,75W
6A,35W
9A,25W
6A,50W
8A,100W
10A,40W
10A,40W
10A,40W
7A,60W
12A,100W
12A,100W
5A,125W
3A,100W
3A,100W
5A,150W
5A,150W
5A,70W
4A,70W
8A,150W
8A,150W
3A,80W
3A,80W
8A,125W
5A,43W
9A,60W
14A,88W
28A,150W
3A,26W
5A,50W
9A,74W
8A,74W
18A,125W
2A,36W
3A,50W
5A,74W
10A,125W
2A,50W
4A,74W
8A,125W
8A,125W
7A,125W
7A,125W
2A,20W
3A,40W

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63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

IRF 9630
IRF 9640
IRFI 510G
IRFI 520G
IRFI 530G
IRFI 540G
IRFI 620G
IRFI 630G
IRFI 634G
IRFI 640G
IRFI 720G
IRFI 730G
IRFI 740G
IRFI 820G
IRFI 830G
IRFI 840G
IRFI 9620G
IRFI 9630G
IRFI 9640G
IRFS 520
IRFS 530
IRFS 540
IRFS 620
IRFS 630
IRFS 634
IRFS 640
IRFS 720
IRFS 730
IRFS 740
IRFS 820
IRFS 830
IRFS 840
IRFS 9620
IRFS 9630
IRFS 9640
J177(2SJ177)
J109(2SJ109)
J113(2SK113)
J114(2SJ114)
J118(2SJ118)
J162(2SJ162)
J339(2SJ339)
K30A/2SK304/
2SK30R
K214/2SK214
K389/2SK389
K399/2SK399
K413/2SK413

P-Channel
P-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel
P-Channel

6A,74W
11A,125W
4A,27W
7A,37W
10A,42W
17A,48W
4A,30W
6A,35W
6A,35W
10A,40W
3A,30W
4A,35W
5A,40W
2A,30W
3A,35W
4A,40W
2A,30W
4A,30W
6A,40W
7A,30W
9A,35W
15A,40W
4A,30W
6A,35W
5A,35W
10A,40W
2A,30W
3A,35W
3A,40W
2A-30W
3A-35W
4A-40W
3A-30W
4A-35W
6A-40W
0.5A-30W
20mA,0.2W
10A-100W
8A-100W
8A
7A-100W
25A-40W

N-Channel

10mA,1W

N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel

0.5A,1W
20mA,1W
10-100
8A

www.hocnghe.com.vn

104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

K1058/2SK1058
K2221/2SK2221
MTP6N10
MTP6N55
MTP6N60
MTP7N20
MTP8N10
MTP8N12
MTP8N13
MTP8N14
MTP8N15
MTP8N18
MTP8N19
MTP8N20
MTP8N45
MTP8N46
MTP8N47
MTP8N48
MTP8N49
MTP8N50
MTP8N80

N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel
N-Channel

8A-100W
6A-50W
6A-125W
6A-125W
7A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-75W
8A-125W
8A-125W
8A-125W
8A-125W
8A-125W
8A-125W
8A-75W

Thyristor
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor

Cu to Thyristor

K hiu ca Thyristor

S tng tng

Thyristor c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to thnh hai

Transistor mc ni tip, mt Transistor thun v mt Transistor
ngc ( nh s tng ng trn ) . Thyristor c 3 cc l Anot,
Katot v Gate gi l A-K-G, Thyristor l Diode c iu khin , bnh
thng khi c phn cc thun, Thyristor cha dn in, khi c mt

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

in p kch vo chn G => Thyristor dn cho n khi in p o

chiu hoc ct in p ngun Thyristor mi ngng dn..
Th nghim sau y minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor

Th nghim minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor.

z

Ban u cng tc K2 ng, Thyristor mc d c phn cc

thun nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua, n khng
sng.
Khi cng tc K1 ng, in p U1 cp vo chn G lm n Q2
dn => ko theo n Q1 dn => dng in t ngun U2 i qua
Thyristor lm n sng.
Tip theo ta thy cng tc K1 ngt nhng n vn sng, v khi
Q1 dn, in p chn B n Q2 tng lm Q2 dn, khi Q2 dn
lm p chn B n Q1 gim lm n Q1 dn , nh vy hai n
nh thin cho nhau v duy tr trang thi dn in.
n sng duy tr cho n khi K2 ngt => Thyristor khng c
cp in v ngng trang thi hot ng.
Khi Thyristor ngng dn, ta ng K2 nhng n vn khng
sng nh trng hp ban u.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Hnh dng Thyristor

o kim tra Thyristor

o kim tra Thyristor

t ng h thang x1 , t que en vo Anot, que vo Katot
ban u kim khng ln , dng Tovit chp chn A vo chn G => thy
ng h ln kim , sau b Tovit ra => ng h vn ln kim => nh
vy l Thyristor tt .
ng dng ca Thyristor
Thyristor thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu nhn i
t ng ca ngun xung Ti vi mu :
Th d mch chnh lu nhn 2 trong ngun Ti vi mu JVC 1490 c s
nh sau :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

ng dng ca Thyristor trong mch chnh lu

nhn 2 t ng ca ngun xung Tivi mu JVC

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XIV - Radio - Casssette

1. S khi ca Radio - Cassette .

S khi ca Radio - Cassette

Phn tch s khi ca Radio - Cassette
1. Khi ngun ( Power) : Khi ngun c nhim v cung cp
ngun mt chiu t 9 n 12V cho tng cng xut Audio v p
DC6V cho cc tng Graphic Equalizer, Radio v tng khuych
i u t (Head amply ) , mch Regu l mch n p c nh,
to in p 6V
2. Tng khuch i cng xut m tn ( Audio Amply ) :
Khuch i tn hiu m tn t khi Equalizer a sang cho
mnh ri a ra loa pht ra m thanh, khi ny s dng ngun
DC t 9 n 12V
3. Tng Graphic Equalizer ( chnh m sc ) : Tng ny gip
ngi s dng iu chnh sc thi m thanh nh iu chnh tn
s, iu chnh Bass -Treec, iu chnh m lng .
4. Tng khuch i u t ( Head Amply) : Tn hiu m tn thu
c t u t rt yu c tng ny khuch i ln bin
ln trc khi a sang tng Equalizer .
5. Tng Radio : Tng Radio thu sng t cc i pht sau tch
sng ly ra tn hiu m tn cung cp cho tng Equa lizer.
6. Chuyn mch Function : L chuyn mch la chn Radio hay
Cassette, chuyn mch bao gm chuyn mch tn hiu v
chuyn mch ng cp ngun cho cc tng Radio v Khuych
i u t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Radio - Cassette SONY

Cc biu hin ( bnh c trng ) khi hng cc tng ca my.
z

Hng khi ngun : My khng c n bo, khng vo in,

bng khng quay.
Hng loa : Mt m thanh hoc m thanh b d.
Hng tng cng sut ( Audio amply ) : Khng c m thanh
hoc m thanh ni nh v nght mi.
Hng Equalizer : Khng c m thanh hoc m thanh ni nh
Hng mch n p (Regu) : C n bo ngun, bng c quay
nhng khng c m thanh , c Radio v Cassette u mt.
Hng u t : Radio ni bnh thng , cassette ni nh v ch
cn ting trm , mt ting thanh.
Hng tng khuch i u t (Head amply ) : Radio ni bnh
thng nhng khng c m thanh Cassette.
Hng tng Radio : Cassette ni bnh thng, nhng Radio
khng c m thanh.

c th sa c cc bnh trn, cc bi sau chng ti s gip bn

tm hiu nguyn l hot ng chi tit ca mi khi , v phng php
kim tra sa cha ca tng bnh c th.

2. Khi cp ngun ca Radio - Cassette.

a) Chc nng cc linh kin trong mch cp ngun v cc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

tng tiu th ngun

S mch cp ngun ca Radio - Cassette

z

Bin p ngun : C nhim v i in p AC 220V 50Hz

xung in p AC 12V.
Cu Diode D1 - D4 : Chnh lu in p AC50Hz thnh in p
DC , T C1 lc phng in p DC, C1 l t lc ngun chnh c
gi tr khong 2200F
Function : L chuyn mch chn Radio hay Cassette, khi ng
sang Radio, in p t ngun cp thng vo tng cng xut,
ng thi gim xung 6V thng qua mch n p sau qua
chuyn mch i ti cp ngun cho mch Radio ; Khi ng
sang Cassette, nu trn b c Stop th ngun dng li
chuyn mch, nu bm Play trn b c, in p ngun s i qua
cng tc SW trn b c vo cp in cho M t quay ng thi
cp in cho tng cng xut v gim p xung 6V cung cp
cho tng khuch i u t.
Tng khuch i cng xut : c cp ngun trong hai
trng hp - Chuyn mch Function ng sang Radio hoc
bm nt Play trn b c.
Mch n p : c cp ngun song song vi tng cng xut ,
mch n p cung cp in p 6V cho cc tng Equalizer, Radio

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

v khuch i u t.
z

Tng khuch i u t : c cp ngun khi chuyn mch

Function ng sang Cassette v nt Play c bt.
Tng Radio : c cp ngun khi chuyn mch Function ng
sang Radio.
M t : c cp ngun khi cc phm trn b c c nhn,
khi cng tc kp SW trn b c ng li..

b) Minh ho s hot ng ca mch cp ngun trong cc

trng hp : Tt my - M Radio - M Cassette .

S minh ho ng ngun Vcc cho cc tng trong

ba trng hp : Tt my - M Radio - M Cassette
z

Khi tt my : B ngun vn hot ng, in p vn tn ti

trn cu Diode v t lc ngun chnh C1, v i ti ch trn
chuyn mch Function v cng tc SW trn b c, lc ny
chuyn mch Function ng sang Cassette.
Khi m Radio : in p ngun i qua chuyn mch Function
vo cp ngun cho tng cng sut ng thi gim xung 6V
thng qua n n p v tip tc i qua chuyn mch vo cp
ngun cho tng Radio, lc ny cng tc SW trn b c ngt , v
vy M t khng quay.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Khi m Cassette : in p ngun i qua cng tc kp SW trn

b c, mt nhnh i vo M t, mt nhnh i xung my cp
ngun cho tng cng sut, ng thi i qua n n p h xung
6V sau tip tc i qua chuyn mch vo cp ngun cho tng
khuch i u t .

=> Nm vng nguyn l ca mch cp ngun trong Radio Cassette , s gip bn tm Pan v sa cha Radio - Cassette tr ln
n gin v a s h hng ca Radio - Cassette u c lin quan n
mch cp ngun.
=> Nguyn l hot ng ca bin p ngun, mch chnh lu,
mch lc, mch n p c nh chng ti gii thiu cc chng
trc, hiu c phn ny , nht thit bn phi tm hiu v phn
linh kin trong cc chng trn.
c) Phng php kim tra sa cha khi cp ngun .

H hng khi cp ngun thng c biu hin my khng vo

in, khng c n bo ngun, bng khng quay.
Kim tra :
z

ng h thang x1 , o vo hai u cun s cp bin p

220V AC, nu kim ng h ln mt cht l bin p vn bnh
thng, Nu kim khng ln l t cu ch ( ngay sau lp v
nha - trong bin p - trng nh con t gm ) hoc bin p b
chy, trng hp chy bin p bn cn thay mt bin p khc
c cng cng xut.
Nu bin p tt, bn cp ngun v o in p xoay chiu
( thang AC 50V ) trn hai u dy th cp mu xanh .
Chuyn sang thang o DC v o trn hai u t lc, nu in p
thp hoc cha c , bn cn kim tra cu Diode, Nu c in
p ra => B ngun hot ng tt.
Lu : Khi kim tra ngun bn tm thi tho rc cm in t
b ngun sang my c lp b ngun.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

3. Tng khuych i cng sut dng Transistor

S tng khuych i cng sut s dng Transistor
Nhim v ca cc linh kin :
z
z
z
z
z

z
z

z
z
z
z

Q3 : l Transistor tin khuch i v o pha tn hiu.

Q4 : l Transistor cng sut khuch i bn chu k m
Q5 : l Transistor cng sut khuch i bn chu k dng
Volume : l Trit p iu chnh m lng
C8 : l t ni tng cho tn hiu m tn qua, ngn p mt chiu
li
C9 : l t ra loa
R9 v R10 l in tr nh thin cho n Q3, ng thi l mch
hi tip m, hi tip tn hiu u ra tr li u vo, nhm tng
cng tnh n nh cho mch cng sut
R8 l in tr gnh ca n Q3 , ng thi nh thin cho n
cng sut Q5
C7 : l t lc ngun cho tng cng sut
C6 : l t lc ngun cho cc tng pha sau
R7 : l in tr cp ngun cho cc tng pha sau
D1 v D2 c phn cc thun to ra s st p khong 1,2V
phn cc cho hai n cng sut

Tng khuych i cng sut dng Transistor

Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca tng cng sut
z

Tn hiu m tn ra khi mch Equalizer c a vo u trit

p Volume, tn hiu ly ra im gia trit p c bin thay
i tu theo mc iu chnh ca ngi s dng => tn hiu

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

c a qua t C8 i vo n Q3 khuch i, Q3 l n
khuch i v bin in p, Q3 c nh thin sao cho UCE
ca Q3 0,5Vcc ( t c gi tr ny ngi ta iu chnh
R10 )
z

Hai n cng sut c mc y ko khuch i cho hai na

chu k ca tn hiu, tn hiu vo B ra E do hai n cng sut
khuch i v cng dng in
Tn hiu ly ra t chn E ca hai n cng sut c cng
mnh c ghp qua t C9 a ra loa
Ngun nui ca mch trn c th thay i t 6V n 12V, khi
thay i ngun nui ta ch vic thay i R10 thu c UCE
ca hai n cng sut cn bng.
Cc bn c th lp mch trn theo cc thng s ghi trong phn
t lp Cassette.

4. Tng khuch i cng sut dng IC

Khi nim v IC cng sut : IC l vit tt ca t Intergated Circuit
ngha l mch tch hp : l mch in t gm nhiu linh kin tch
hp trong mt khi duy nht thc hin mt hay nhiu chc nng ,
th d IC cng sut m tn th lm chc nng khuch i cng sut
m tn, IC tng trong Ti vi mu c th thc hin hng chc cc chc
nng khc nhau.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

IC khuch i cng sut m tn trong Cassette

Vi mch s dng IC khuch i cng sut ta cn nm c
cc im chnh sau :
z

Chn cp ngun Vcc cho IC

Chn nhn tn hiu vo Audio in

Chn a tn hiu ra loa Audio out

c im v in p v tr khng ca cc chn IC
z

IC cng sut m tn thc cht l mt t hp Transistor c

mc theo kiu trc tip, trong hai n cng sut c mc
y ko v vy in p u ra loa ( Chn s 2) lun c gi tr =
1/2 Vcc
Nu ta o tr khng ( bng thang x1) gia chn cp ngun
vi Mass th chiu o thun ( que en vo +Vcc, que vo
mass) phi c tr khng ln , khi o li => c tr khng nh.
Khi cp ngun, nu dng tay cm Tvt chm vo chn Audio
in phi c ting loa.
=> Tri vi cc c im trn l du hiu ca IC cng sut b
hng

Phng php x nh IC cng sut v cc chn quan trng

z

IC cng sut l IC c to nhit .

L IC c ng lin lc ra loa.

Chn cp ngun Vcc l chn ni vi cc dng ca t lc

ngun (t ho to nht khu vc cng xut )
Chn ra loa : xc nh chn ra loa, ta phi d ngc t Loa
v qua t ra loa .
Chn Audio in : Ta c th xc nh chn ny bng cch d t
im gia ca trit p Volume qua t i vo chn Audio in ca
IC

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

IC khuch i cng sut m tn

Phng php kim tra loa v tng khuch i cng sut
d.

Hng loa : Biu hin ca hng loa l khng c ting hoc ting b

Kim tra : ng h thang x1 qut qut vo hai u mi hn

trn loa, nu c ting st st v o thy tr khng bo t 4 - 8 l
loa cn tt .
Trng hp loa b d => thng do loa b chm cn, ta th bng
cch n nh tay ln mng loa, nu loa b chm cn th nghe c ting
st ct..
Hng IC cng xut : IC cng sut thng hng hai trng hp :
z

Chp chn cp ngun ( c th lm hng theo b ngun )

in p chn ra loa b lch.( thng thng chn ra loa = 1/2
Vcc )
Biu hin => Mt ting ra loa hoc ting b nght mi.

Cc bc kim tra tng cng sut :

z

Xc nh ng IC cng sut (l IC duy nht c to nhit trong

my)
Xc nh ng chn cp ngun Vcc cho IC cng sut ( da vo
t lc to nht cnh IC cng sut, in p Vcc i qua cc dng
ca t lc.
ng h thang x1, o tr khng gia chn Vcc vi mass,
nu c hai chiu o kim ng h ln = 0 l IC b chp.
Nu chiu o thun (que en vo dng , que vo mass) kim
ln mt cht, o chiu que o, kim khng ln => l IC c tr
khng bnh thng.
Nu IC c tr khng bnh thng th cp ngun v kim tra
in p.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

o chn Vcc so vi mass phi c 9 - 12V ( bng in p quy

nh ca my ), nu chn Vcc khng c in th kim tra li
ngun, chuyn mch Function, cng tc SW trn b c.
Nu chn Vcc c in p, ta kim tra chn ra loa ( ti IC )
phi c in p = 50% Vcc, th d Vcc = 12V th chn ra loa
phi c 6V, nu in p ny lch qu 10% l hng IC.
Tt c cc in p o u bnh thng th ta tng Volume ln
v dng t vt nh g vo im gia trit p Volume phi c
ting ra loa => Nu khng c ting ng cng l hng IC

5. Nhim v ca mch Graphic Equalizer

Equalizer l mch iu chnh s cn bng tn hiu gia cc tn s
trong gii tn m thanh, cn gi l mch iu chnh m sc, n gin
nht ca mch Equalizer l mch Bass Treec vi hai nm chnh,
thng thng mch Equa lizer c 5 cn gt chnh cho 5 vng tn s l
100Hz, 300Hz, 1KHz, 3KHz v 10KHz.
T kin thc vt l PTTH ta bit rng, m thanh con ngi nghe
c c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v gi l tn hiu m tn, tn s
nh hn 20Hz gi l h tn, tn s t 20KHz n 30KHz gi l sng
siu m, cn tn s trn 30KHz l sng cao tn.
Gii tn m thanh m con ngi c th cm nhn t 20Hz n 20
KHz nhng cc thit b m thanh thng b hn ch v mt tn s.
Th d i Cassette thng ch truyn t c gii tn t 50Hz n
10 KHz, in thoi di ng ch truyn t c gii tn t 300Hz n
3KHz, cc thit b cho di tn tt l u a CD, my nghe nhc k
thut s.

Di tn s m con ngi s dng trong lnh vc in t.

2. Mch iu chnh Bass - Treec

Vng tn s ca nm chnh Bass - Treec

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Gii tn m thanh con ngi nghe c l minh ho bng

ng mu tm t 20Hz n 20KHz.
Gii tn m thanh m Radio - Cassette c th t c minh
ho bng ng mu , t khong 50Hz n khong 12KHz
Nm Bass l chnh li cho vng tn s khong 100Hz., y
l vng tn s ca cc m trm nh ting trng, ting m m..
Nm Treec l chnh li cho vng tn s khong 10KHz ,
y l vng tn s ca cc m bng nh ting xng ..
Vng tn s t 1KHz n 3KHz t thay i khi ta chnh Bass
treec, y l vng tn s ca ging ht ca s, ging pht m ca
con ngi.

S mch iu chnh Bass - Treec

S nguyn l ca mch iu chnh Bass - Treec

z

Tn hiu m tn t tng Radio hoc tng Khuch i u t a

sang i vo tng Equalizer theo ng Audio Input
Cc tn s cao i qua t 1nF i vo trit p Treec, cc tn s
thp b t cn li, nh vy tn hiu i vo trit p Treec ch c
thnh phn tn s cao, T 10nF sau trit p Treec gi li tn s
thp u ra khng b u tt xung mass.
Mt phn tn hiu i qua R22K i vo trit p Bass, cc tn
s cao thot qua t 0,1F v khng i vo trit p Bass, nh
vy tn hiu i vo trit p Bass ch c thnh phn tn s thp.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Tn hiu u ra ly t im gia ca hai trit p c tp trung

li v a sang trit p chnh m lng Volume, sau c
a sang tng cng sut khuych i .
Bn c th t lp mch Bass - treec nh cc thng s ca s
trn, Cc trit p Bass - Treec bn mua loi 100K nh hnh
di

Trit p 100K dng lp mch

Bass treec v trit p Volume
6. Mch Equalizer c 5 cn gt.
c th iu chnh c nhiu vng tn s hn , ngi ta thng
lp mch Equalizer c 5 cn gt .

Di tn iu chnh ca mch Equalizer 5 cn gt.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S mch Equalizer 5 cn gt s dng IC

Bn c th thit k mch Equalizer 5 cn gt nh cc thng s ca
s trn, sau bn c th s dng vo tng m hoc b kch cho
loa thng.., ngun in nui Vcc cho IC l 6V DC.
7. Phng php kim tra sa cha tng Equalizer
Khi hng tng Equaizer thng sinh ra cc hin tng nh . Mt
m thanh ra loa trong khi bng vn quay, hoc m thanh ni nh,
hoc iu chnh cc cn gt t tc dng.
Kim tra :
z

Khi kim tra Equalizer bn cn kim tra Loa v tng khuch i

cng sut trc, v chc chn rng tng cng sut hot ng
tt
Dng xng hoc l RP7 st vo cc trit p Bass -Treec hoc
cc cn gt, loi tr bnh khng tip xc.
o kim tra Vcc cho IC mch Equalizer, thng thng IC ny
nm ngay cnh cc cn gt iu chnh tn s, chn Vcc l chn
c t ho 47F hoc t 100F lc ngun, in p ny phi c
6V DC
Nu mt Vcc cho IC Equalizer bn cn d ngc li theo
ng in p ny v pha IC cng sut tm ra mch n p
gm 1 n v 1 diode zenner, bn hy kim tra n v Diode
zener ny .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cui cng nu in p c th bn hy u tt t u tn hiu

vo Audio in n u ra Audio out ca mch Equalizer, nu c
m thanh th l do hng IC Equalizer.

S mch cp ngun cho tng Equalizer

8. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng AM

a) Khi nim v tn hiu m tn ( Audio ) :
Tn hiu m tn l tn hiu ca sng m thanh sau khi c i
thnh tn hiu in thng qua Micro.
Sng m thanh l mt dng sng c hc truyn trong khng gian,
khi sng m thanh va chm vo mng Micro lm cho mng Micro
rung ln, lm cho cun dy gn vi mng Micro c t trong t
trng ca nam chm dao ng, hai u cun dy ta thu c mt
in p cm ng => chnh l tn hiu m tn .

Micro i sng m thanh thnh tn hiu m tn (Audio)

Tn hiu m tn c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v khng c kh

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

nng bc x thnh sng in t truyn trong khng gian, do

truyn tn hiu m tn i xa hng trm, hng ngn Km. Ngi ta phi
gi tn hiu m tn cn truyn vo sng cao tn gi l sng mang, sau
cho sng mang bc x thnh sng in t truyn i xa vi vn tc
nh sng.
b) Khi nim v tn hiu cao tn v sng in t.
Tn hiu cao tn l cc tn hiu in c tn s trn 30KHz, tn hiu
cao tn c tnh cht bc x thnh sng in t. Th d trn mt dy
dn c tn hiu cao tn chy qua , th dy dn c mt sng gy can
nhiu ra xung quanh, chnh l sng in t do dng in cao tn
bc x ra khng gian.
Sng in t : L sng truyn dn trong khng gian vi vn tc
bng vn tc nh sng, c tn s t 30KHz n hng ngn MHz, cong
ngi s dng sng in t trong cc lnh vc thng tin , v tuyn
in , truyn thanh, truyn hnh, trong Radio l lnh vc truyn
thanh chim gii tn t 30KHz n khong 16MHz vi cc sng iu
ch AM, v t 76MHz n 130MHz vi cc sng iu ch FM.
c) Qu trnh iu ch AM ( Amplitude Moducation : iu ch
bin )
iu ch AM l qu trnh iu ch tn hiu tn s thp( nh tn
hiu m tn, tn hiu video ) vo tn s cao tn theo phng thc =>
Bin i bin tn hiu cao tn theo hnh dng ca tn hiu m tn
=> Tn hiu cao tn thu c gi l sng mang.

Tn hiu vo v ra ca mch iu ch AM
Tn hiu m tn c th ly t Micro sau khuch i qua mch
khuch i m tn, hoc c th ly t cc thit b khc nh i
Cassette, u a CD ..
Tn hiu cao tn c to bi mch to dao ng, tn s cao tn l
tn s theo quy nh ca i pht.
Tn hiu u ra l sng mang c tn s bng tn s cao tn, c bin
thay i theo tn hiu m tn.
d) Qu trnh pht tn hiu i pht .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Qu trnh pht sng Radio AM

Tn hiu sau khi iu ch thnh sng mang c khuch i ln
cng xut hng ngn Wat sau c truyn ra Anten pht .
Sng in t pht ra t Anten truyn i trong khng gian bng vn
tc ca nh sng, sng AM c th truyn i rt xa hng ngn Km v
chng truyn theo ng thng, v cng c cc tnh cht phn x,
khc x nh nh sng.
e) ng truyn t i pht n my thu cch na vng tri
t.
Vi cc i pht xa cch chng ta na vng tri t nh i BBC
pht t Anh Quc, sng in t truyn theo ng thng gp tng
in ly chng phn x xung tri t ri li phn x ngc ln nhiu
ln mi n c my thu, v vy tn hiu i ti my thu rt yu v
sng khng n nh
c th truyn tn hiu i xa, cc i pht thng pht bng
sng ngn c tn s sng mang t 4 MHz n khong 23 MHz .

ng truyn sng ca cc i pht

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

xa my thu
f) u v nhc im ca pht thanh trn sng AM
u im : ca sng AM l c th truyn i xa ti hng nghn Km
Nhc im : ca sng AM l d b can nhiu, di tn m thanh
b ct sn do c im ca mch tch sng iu bin, do cht
lng m thanh b hn ch.
9. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng FM
FM l vit tt ca ( Fryquency Moducation : iu ch tn s ) l
iu ch theo phng thc lm thay i tn s ca tn hiu cao tn
theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khong tn s bin i l 150KHz
Sng FM l sng cc ngn i vi tn hiu Radio, sng FM
thng pht di tn t 76MHz n 108MHz
a) Mch iu ch FM

iu ch FM ( Fryquency Moducation : iu ch tn s )
Vi mch iu ch tn s th sng mang c bin khng i,
nhng tn s thay i theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khi bin tn
hiu m tn tng th tn s cao tn tng, khi bin m tn gim th
tn s cao tn gim. Nh vy sng mang FM c tn s tng gim
theo tn hiu m tn v gii hn tng gim ny l +150KHz v 150KHz , nh vy tn s sng mang iu tn c di thng l
300KHZ.
Th d nu i ting ni vit nam pht trn sng FM 100MHz th n
truyn i mt di tn t 99,85 MHz n 100,15 MHz.
b) Qu trnh pht sng FM
Qu trnh pht sng FM tng t nh pht sng AM, sng mang
sau khi iu ch cng c khuch i ri a ra An ten pht x
truyn i xa
c) u v nhc im ca sng FM .
Sng FM c nhiu u im v mt tn s, di tn m thanh sau khi
tch sng iu tn c cht lng rt tt, cho m thanh trung thc v
c th truyn m thanh Stereo , sng FM t b can nhiu hn s vi

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

sng AM.
Nhc im ca sng FM l c ly truyn sng ngn, ch truyn
c c ly t vi chc n vi trm Km , do sng FM thng
c s dng lm sng pht thanh trn cc a phng.
9. Nguyn l thu sng Radio bng AM
a) S khi ca Radio bng AM :

S khi mch Radio bng AM

Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch.
Xung quanh my thu thanh c v s cc sng in t t cc i
pht khc nhau gi ti, nhim v ca my thu l chn ly mt tn s
ri khuych i , sau tch sng ly ra tn hiu m tn. Mch thu
sng Radio AM c cc mch nh sau :
z

Mch cng hng v khuch i cao tn (RF Amply) thu tn

hiu t mt i pht bng nguyn l cng hng, sau
khuch i tn hiu cho mnh cung cp cho mch i tn .
Mch dao ng ni ( OSC ) to dao ng cung cp cho mch
i tn .
Mch i tn ( Mixer ) trn hai tn hiu RF v tn hiu OSC
to ra tn hiu trung tn IF, IF l tn hiu c tn s c nh
bng 455KHz
Mch khuch i trung tn ( IF Amply ) : Khuch i tn
hiu IF ln bin ln cung cp cho mch tch sng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch tch sng ( Detect ) Tch tn hiu m tn ra khi sng

mang cao tn .

b) Mch cng hng cao tn, dao ng ni v i tn.

Mch cng hng RF, dao ng OSC & i tn Mixer

Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch.
Ch thch :
z

Mch cng hng cao tn (RF Amply) bao gm : T xoay

C1 u song song vi cun dy L1 qun trn thanh ferit to
thnh mnh mch dao ng LC, mch thu sng theo nguyn l
cng hng, c rt nhiu sng mang c tn s khc nhau t cc
i pht cng i ti my thu, khi tn s dao ng ca mch
trng vi sng mang ca mt i pht th tn hiu sng mang
ca i pht c cng hng v bin tng ln gp nhiu
ln, tn hiu ny c thu vo thng qua cun th cp ca cun
dy v c khuch i qua n Q1, sau a sang mch i
tn, C1 l t xoay c th thay i gi tr, khi ta chnh nm
Tuning chnh l chnh t xoay C1 lm tr s C1 bin i => tn
s cng hng ca mch thay i .
Mch OSC gm t xoay C2 u song song vi cun L2 to
thnh mch dao ng, t xoay C2 c gn chung vi t C1 v
hai t ny c chnh thay i gi tr ng thi, dao ng
ni c tn s lun lun thp hn tn s cng hng RF mt
lng khng i.
Mch i tn : n Q2 lm nhim v i tn, tn hiu cao tn
RF c a vo cc B, tn hiu dao ng ni c a vo
cc E , tn hiu ly ra trn cc C gi l IF ( tn hiu trung tn)
c gi tr khng i bng 455KHz

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

IF = RF - OSC
c) Mch chuyn bng
Bng sng AM thng c chia ra lm hai hoc ba bng l
- Bng sng trung MW c di tn t 526,5KHz n 1606,5KHz
- Bng sng ngn 1 : SW1 c di tn t 2,3MHz n 7,3MHz
- Bng sng ngn 2 : SW2 c di tn t 7,3MHz n 22MHz
Di y l s mch chuyn bng, khi ta chuyn gia cc bng
sng, t xoay s tip vo cc im c u vi cun dy c s vng
dy khc nhau => lm cho tn s cng hng thay i.

Chuyn bng gia cc bng sng Radio AM

d) Mch khuch i trung tn ( IF Amply)

Mch khuch i trung tn IF Amply

a tr chut vo s xem ch thch
Sau khi i tn, tn hiu IF c khuch i qua hai tng khuch

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

i c cng hng, cc bin p trung tn T1, T2, T3 cng hng tn

s 455KHz ng thi lm nhim v ni tng v phi hp tr khng .
cc bin p ny c vt iu chnh nhm iu chnh cho bin p cng
hng ng tn s .
e) Mach tch sng AM

Mch tch sng AM

Sau khi tn hiu IF c khuch i qua hai tng khuch i trung
tn, tn hiu IF c a sang mch tch sng
Mch tch sng bao gm Diode D1 tch ly bn k dng ca tn
hiu sau c mch lc RC ( R1, C1, C2) lc b thnh phn cao
tn , u ra ta thu c tn hiu m tn l ng bao ca tn hiu
cao tn.
Chnh mch lc RC ca mch tch sng AM loi b mt cc
thnh phn tn s cao ca tn hiu m tn, do cht lng m thanh
b gim.
10. Nguyn l thu sng Radio bng FM

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch Radio s dng IC x l cho c hai bng

sng AM (mu ) v FM( mu xanh)
Bng sng FM c mch RF v OSC tng t bng sng AM , tuy
nhin tn s ca bng FM cao hn rt nhiu bng sng AM v vy cc
cun dy cng hng cho bng sng FM thng khng c li ferit,
mch IF ca bng FM s dng thch anh cng hng tn s 10,7
MHz
11. Phng php sa cha khi Radio .
Mt pan bnh c th kt lun hng tng Radio l thng thng m
phn Casset vn hot ng bnh thng, khi chuyn sang Radio c
th khng c ting hoc ting nh hoc khng thu c bng FM
Cc bc sa cha khi Radio :
z

Xc nh ng hin tng l h hng thuc khi Radio ( Thng

thng sa mch Radio sau khi m bng casset c m thanh
nhng Radio b hng )
Xc nh mch Vcc ( ng in p nui ) cho khi Radio :
xc nh mch Vcc ta da vo t ho lc ngun to nht khu
vc, ngun Vcc i qua cc dng ca t.
Xc nh t xoay, cc thch anh cng hng trung tn cho bng
FM.

nh chp khi Radio

Bn a tr chut vo linh kin xem ch thch.
Kim tra khi Radio:
z

Trc khi sa khi Radio cn chc chn rng cc khi

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Equalizer, cng xut hot ng bnh thng ( nu Equalizer

v cng xut tt th g tvit vo u vo khi Equalizer s
c ting ra loa )
z

o Vcc cho khi Radio xem c 6V khng ? ( o trn t ho lc

ngun to nht trong khu vc Radio)
Nu c in p Vcc th g tvit vo chn t xoay xem c
ting ku to loa khng.
Nu g vo t xoay m c ting ku to loa th cn kim tra
cun dy qun trn thanh ferit xem c b t khng, thay th
cc thch anh 455MHz mch trung tn .
Nu g vo t xoay m khng c ting ku ( c Vcc) th
thng do hng IC.
Nu mt Vcc cho khi Radio , ta ln ngc theo mch in v
pha chuyn mch Function kim tra, kim tra tr khng ca
khi Radio bng cch o bng thang x1 vo hai u t lc,
nu 1 chiu o ln kim, 1 chiu o khng ln kim => l tr
khng bnh thng, c hai chiu kim ln = 0 l b chp,
thng thng l chp IC, ( Hy xem li s cp in ca
mch ngun)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XV - Khi Casssette & B c

1. Tm lc cc nguyn tc hot ng ca Cassette
a) Nguyn tc ghi bng Cassette

B c v bng t
Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch.
H c ko bng trong hp cassette di chuyn vi tc u ngang
qua hai u t, hai u t p st vo bng t, bng t di chuyn qua
u xo trc ri mi qua u ghi.
C hai loi u t xo l u xo bng nam chm vnh cu v u
xo s dng dng cao tn xo, sau khi xo bng xong u ghi mi
phng t thng ln mt bng t ho lp oxyt st v ghi bng di
dng t d, u ghi trong qu trnh ghi cn nhn thm dng cao tn
phn cc bng, mc ch lm cho tn hiu ghi khng b mo dng
sinh ra sai ging.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mch khuch i u t ch ghi m t Micro, tn hiu t
Micro i qua chuyn mch ghi v c khuch i qua tng Head
Amply sau i qua chuyn mch Function tip nhn thm tn
hiu t Radio, sau vng tr li qua chuyn mch ghi a v u t
Ghi/c ghi ln bng t.

Minh ho qu trnh ghi bng t Micro

b) Nguyn tc pht bng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Bng ghi, trn mt bng b t ho s gm nhng nam chm nh
li ti xp nm ni tip nhau, khi pht bng nhng nam chm phng t
thng vo khe st ca u c, t thng tp trung vo li st non ca
u t to ra trn cun dy sc in ng cm ng tc l tn hiu m
tn, tn hiu ny i qua chuyn mch ghi vo tng khuch i u t
v qua cc tng Equalizer, khuch i cng xut ri a ra loa.
c) Nguyn tc xo bng.
C th xo bng ( lm mt cc vt t ho trn mt bng) theo ba cch
z

Dng mt nam chm vnh cu lm u xo .

Dng in mt chiu a vo cun dy ca u xo.

Dng dng cao tn t 30KHz n 160KHz a vo u xo.

2. u t v mch khuch ai u t ( Head & Head Amply)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cu to ca u t
C 3 loi u t : Ghi - Pht v u t xo , nhng cu to th
ging nhau cng gm Cun dy, li st non v khe st m ng
cho t thng vo hoc ra khi li st.
u ghi v u pht thng chung nhau, ring u xo phn bit
vi u ghi - pht do b rng khe st rng hn.

Nguyn l hot ng ca u t

Hnh dangh thc t

Mch khuch i u t :

Mch khuch i u t
Tn hiu c ra t u t thng rt yu cn c khuch i nng
bin ln ln trc khi a sang tng K cng xut, mch
khuch i u t c th s dng hai n 3 tng K bng Transistor,
hoc s dng IC, mch K u t lm hai nhim v : Ki tn hiu
t u t trong qu trnh pht bng v Ki tn hiu t Micro trong
qu trnh ghi m.
3. H hng thng gp ca u t v mch khuch i u t .
u t mn :
Sau mt thi gian s dng khong 1000 gi pht bng th u t ht
tui tho do b mi mn bi bng t trong qu trnh pht bng, biu
hin ta thy trn b mt u t mn thnh mt dnh rng bng si

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

bng, khi pht bng m thanh nh v trm, khi ta cn thay mt u

t mi.

Thay u t :
Hin nay c rt nhiu loi u t khc nhau, tt nht khi mua u t
bn nn mang theo u t c so snh, hoc bn nh chng loi
my .
Khi thay u t, bn cn chnh li c chnh phng v, l c bt u
t c m l so, sau khi thay bn m cho bng chy v chnh li c
phng v thu c ting nghe thanh nht.
Hng tng khuch i u t :
Khi kim tra tng khuch i u t, bn cn kim tra cc tng pha
sau trc v chc chn rng t tng Equalizer hot ng tt.
Bt Play v g vo chn u t, nu c ting to loa l tng
khuch i u t vn bnh thng, nu khng c ting l hng tng
khuch i u t.
Sa tng khuch i u t :
- Dng xng hoc du RP7 lau chuyn mch ghi
- Kim tra ngun Vcc cho tng K u t ( o trn t lc )
- Thay IC K u t ( nu c )

4. B c v m t.
a) Cc chi tit trn b c
a tr chut vo cc chi tit xem ch thch.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Pha trc b c
a tr chut vo cc chi tit xem ch thch

Pha sau b c .
b) Cc h hng thng gp ca b c .
Bnh 1 : My c in vo, Radio vn hot ng, m bng khng
quay
Nguyn nhn :
z

Hng M t

t dy culoa

Cng tc trn b c khng tip xc

Khc phc :
z

Kim tra v thay dy culoa nu b trng

o in p cp cho M t, nu c in m m t khng quay
th thay m t.
Kim tra v lm v sinh cng tc trn b c nu khng c
ngun cp vo Mt

Bnh 2 : Bng thng xuyn b ri, hoc trc thu bng khng quay
Nguyn nhn :
z

t hoc b trng dy culoa ph ko bnh trung gian

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Bnh rng trong gian b mn, b st mt s rng hoc b d

Khc phc :
z

Kim tra v thay dy culoa ph ko trc qun bng

Kim tra v thay cc bnh rng trung gian

Bnh 3 : Ting b mo nghe d r lc nhanh lc chm

Nguyn nhn:
z

Mt b hng mch n tc

Dy culoa b trng

Bnh t p bng b kt

Khc phc :
z

Kim tra v thay cc dy culoa

Kim tra v thay bnh t cao su

Thay M t ny dy culoa v bnh t tt.

Bnh 4 : Bng b nh qun mp

Nguyn nhn :
z

Bnh t cao su b trai khng cn s n hi

Khc phc :
z

Lau sch b mt bnh t cao su bng cn

Thay bnh t cao su mi

Bnh 5 : m thanh nghe trm v nh

Nguyn nhn :
z

u t c b bn , hoc u t c b mn.

u t chnh sai c phng v.

Khc phc :
z

Lau sch u t bng cn nu bn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chnh li c phng v ( c bt u t c l so )

Thay u t mi.

5) M t v mch n tc.
- M t l ng c ko bng trong qu trnh Play v tua i tua li
- Hin nay c nhiu loi 6V, 9V , 12V , M t quay ngc k hiu
trn thn ch L, m t quay thun k hiu ch R.
- Khi thay m t bn cn thay ng in p v ng chiu quay.
- Chnh li c chnh tc pha sau M t nu tc quay cha
ng.
Mch n tc
Mch n tc c nhim v gi cho tc quay bng khng i trong
qu trnh Play, mch n tc c gn sau m t, tc m t ph
thuc vo in p cung cp cho mt, v vy mch n tc chnh l
mch n p tuyn tnh.

Mch n tc cho m t.
z

Q1 l n cng xut

Q2 l n s sai

R1 v Dz to ra p chun a vo chn E

R2 v VR1 to ra p ly mu

VR1 l bin tr chnh tc

Hng Mt ch yu l do hng mch n tc, biu hin l bng

quay nhanh nh tua v chnh tc khng tc dng hoc bng
khng quay mc d ngun cung cp c.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch n tc tng t nguyn l hot
ng ca mch n p tuyn tnh.( Xem li phn mch n p )

6. T lp Cassette

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Bn c hy t lp mt chic Cassette theo s mch di y,

sau khi lp thnh cng bn s t rt ra cho mnh c nhiu kinh
nghim b ch.
S mch di y tc gi lp v chy th nghe rt hay, nu
bn lp m m thanh nh hoc b d th cn i chiu li vi s
cho chnh xc gi tr cc linh kin, tng gi thnh ca mch ht
khong 50.000VN (cha k loa v bng th)
Sau khi lp xong , nu bn thay u t bng mt chic Micro th bn
s c mt chic tng m nho nh, v bn cng hiu rng Amply cng
xut ln cng c nguyn l tng t, ch khc l ngun cung cp cao
hn, tng cng xut lp cc n c cng xut ln hn m thi.

S Cassette n gin - Ngun 12V DC

Bn a tr chut vo s bt thm thng tin
Bng thng s v gi thnh cc linh kin ca s mch trn
K hiu
Q1
Q2
Q3

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

Tn linh kin / Tr s
Transistor C828
Transistor C828
Transistor C828

Gi tin VN
300
300
300

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Q4
Q5
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
VR1
D1
D2
D3
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
Bin p
B c
Mch in
Khc

Transistor B562
1.000
Transistor D468
1.000
30
in tr 1,5 K
30
in tr 3,3 K
30
in tr 100 K
30
in tr 470 K
30
in tr 4,7 K
30
in tr 100 K
30
in tr 470 K
30
in tr 4,7 K
30
in tr 470
30
in tr 100
30
in tr 100 K
1.000
Trit p 50 K
Cu Diode dt
1.000
Diode tch sng
200
Diode tch sng
200
1.500
T ho 2200F/25V
T ho 100F/16V
500
T ho 4,7 F
200
T ho 4,7 F
200
T ho 4,7 F
200
T ho 4,7 F
200
T ho ra loa 470 F/16V
800
Bin p ngun 1A
14.000
B c c sn u t v mt
21.000
Mch in hn linh kin
2.000
Thic hn + dy ni
3.000
Tng cng
50.000 VN
Tng cng ht nm mi ngn ng

Tnh theo gi linh kin ca Ca hng Lnh kin in t IC s Giang

Loan : s 21 Trn cao vn - Ch Ho Bnh ( Ch ri ) - H Ni
TCH : (04)8.218.098 ; TNR (04)9.439.657 ;
D : 0903.478.737

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XVI - Nguyn l truyn hnh

1. c im ca mt ngi.
Trc khi xy dng ln ngnh cng nghip truyn hnh, ngi ta
phi nghin cu nhng c im ca mt ngi, nghin cu cc gc
c lin quan n k thut truyn hnh ch khng i su vo cu to
ca mt, mt ngi c mt s c im sau :
a) c tnh ph :
Cc bc x in t nm trong khong tn s rt rng t vi trc
KHz n hng triu MHz, ton b gii tn gi chung l ph in
t, nh sng mt ngi thy c ch chim mt min rt nh trong
ph in t, c tn s t 3,9.1014 Hz n 7,9.1014 Hz tng ng
vi bc sng 760nm n 380nm, tn s cao hn nh sng l cc tia
cc tm , tia X, tia gama, thp hn tn s nh sng l tia hng ngoi,
sng Radio...

Ph in t v khong tn s nh sng thy c.

Trong khong nh sng thy c l tp hp ca nhiu mu sc :
- Cam - Vng - Lc - Lam - Trm - Tm , v nhy ca mt vi cc
mu sc cng khng u, mt nhy cm nht vi mu lc v gim dn
vi cc mu xung quanh

Mt c nhy cao nht vi mu lc

Vi mi mu sc ( nh c trng) u c 3 thng s l : Sc mu,
bo ho mu, v chi ca mu.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Th d khi v mt bc tranh , ta phc ho bc tranh bng nt bt

ch s cho ta bc nh en trng => bc nh ny mang thng tin v
chi, sau ta dng mu t => cho ta sc mu , ta t mu
tht m cho ta bo ho mu cao, nu t mu nht th bo ho
mu thp.
Truyn hnh en trng ch truyn i thng tin v chi, cn truyn
hnh mu th truyn y cc thng tin ca nh.
b) nhy tng phn .
Mt bc nh c nhiu chi tit nh v cc chi tit nh c chi khc
nhau, tng phn l t l gia chi cao nht so vi chi
thp nht, t l ny cng ln th tng phn cng cao, ngoi t
nhin th chnh lch ny l khong 10.000 ln nhng trong truyn
hnh (Ti vi) th thay i ny l khong trn 100 ln, trong mn
hnh my tnh th thay i l 256 ln.

nh c tng phn cao

nh c tng phn thp

Mt ngi c kh nng phn bit c hai im sng c tng

phn hn km nhau khong 0,02 ln.
c) Kh nng phn gii ca mt .
l kh nng mt ngi phn bit c hai im ring bit khi
nhn t mt gc hp.

Mt ngi nhn hai im A, B theo mt gc hp

Mt ngi ch c kh nng phn bit c hai im A, B trn khi
nhn t mt gc > 1,5' , nu gc < 1,5' th mt ngi khng c kh
nng phn bit c hai im ring r, da vo c im ny trong
truyn hnh ngi ta ch pht li cc im nh ri rc sao cho t mt
ngi nhn vo cc im nh vi mt gc nhn nh ta khng
thy c l hai im phn bit.
=> T nghin cu trn ngi ta tnh c trn mt mn hnh,
ngi ta khng cn pht li tt c cc im nh m ngi ta ch pht
li khong 600 im nh theo chiu dc v 800 im nh theo chiu
ngang, mn hnh c phn gii cng cao th s im nh cng ln.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

d) Qun tnh ca mt .
Khi ta nhn mt bc nh, nu bc nh vt tt th hnh nh vn
tn ti trong con ngi khong 0,1 giy, l hin tng lu nh
trong vng mc hay cn gi l qun tnh ca mt.
=> Li dng tnh cht ny, nu ta cho bc nh xut hin ri rc
khong 10 ln trong 1 giy th ta c cm nhn l mt bc nh lin
tc.
=> Trong truyn hnh, ngi ta truyn i 25 bc hnh / giy, do
hnh nh ta cm nhn l lin tc.
Th d di y cho thy cng mt bc nh nhng c cc tc
xut hin khc nhau :

nh xut hin 1 ln / giy

nh xut hin 5 ln / giy

2. Nguyn l truyn hnh.

* Cc tham s ca hnh nh .
z

chi trung bnh : Mi im nh u c chi ring

cu thnh ton b nh, trong truyn hnh en trng ngi ta
truyn i tn hiu c trng cho chi ca mi im nh.
Mu sc : Mu sc ca cc phn t nh, tham s ny ch cn
thit vi truyn hnh mu.
Hnh phng : Truyn hnh l truyn bc hnh phng theo
khng gian hai chiu, truyn tng im nh ln lt theo chiu
ngang v chiu dc, chiu ngang gi l qut dng, chiu dc
gi l qut mnh.
nh ng Truyn hnh l truyn i cc bc nh ng , mt
ngi cm nhn s chuyn ng l lin tc th cn truyn i s
bc nh sao cho mt khng thy c s nhp nhy ca nh.
- Th d bc nh IC trn c tc l 5 hnh / giy, ta cm
thy hnh nhp nhy, nhng nu ta tng ln ti 25 hnh/ giy th
ta s thy bc nh l lin tc.

* Nguyn l truyn hnh nh .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Ngi ta khng truyn ton b bc hnh m truyn ln lt tng

dng t trn xung di nh ta c mt quyn sch.
Mt bc hnh c chia lm 625 dng qut t trn xung di, sau
truyn i tn hiu ca tng dng qut n my thu vi tc
15625 dng / giy, my thu ti to li c hnh nh c th cng
phi qut li 625 dng cho mt mn nh v cng phi qut vi tn s
15625 dng / giy, qu trnh ny gi l ng b gia tn hiu thu v
pht.
* Nguyn l qut .

Nguyn l qut nh.

Bc nh trn minh ho c qut vi tc 10 dng / giy v ch
qut c 8 dng cho mt lt t trn xung di, trong truyn hnh
cng c nguyn l qut tng t nhng c tc qut l 15625 dng/
giy, v qut 312,5 dng cho mt lt t trn xung ( mt bc hnh
chia lm 625 dng v c qut lm hai lt, mt lt qut cc dng
chn v mt lt qut cc dng l )
Tn hiu truyn hnh.
* S to thnh tn hiu th tn ( Video ) .

Camera i hnh nh thnh tn hiu Video

truyn hnh nh i xa trc tin hnh nh phi c i thnh
tn hiu in - gi l tn hiu Video , hnh nh c thu vo qua ng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

knh v hi t trn mt lp phin c bit, sau ta dng nguyn l

qut chuyn t thng tin hnh nh thnh tn hiu in.

Dng tia in t qut trn lp phin to thnh tn hiu Video

Lp phin l mt mng kim loi c bit c in tr thay i theo
cng sng, khi c tia in t qut qua, cc im sng ti c tr
khng khc nhau to thnh dng in mnh yu khc nhau i qua, tn
hiu in ly ra t lp phim c dng in bin i t l vi thng tin
v sng ca hnh nh, tn hiu ny c a vo mch iu ch
to thnh tn hiu Video ng ra ca Camera.
* Thnh phn ca tn hiu truyn hnh y

Tn hiu truyn hnh y bao gm tn hiu th

tn (mu xanh), xung ng b dng (mu ),
xung ng b mnh ( mu tm)
z

Thi gian qut thun t t1 n t2 l 54s

Thi gian qut ngc dng t t2 n t3 l 10s

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Thi gian qut ngc mnh t t4 n t5 l 25s

Xung ng b dng v mnh c chn vo tn hiu video
trong thi gian tia in t qut ngc.

Tia qut ngc dng mu tm, tia qut ngc mnh

mu xanh l , tia qut dng thun l tia mu trng
Tn hiu truyn hnh y bao gm :
z

Tn hiu th tn : thu c t nguyn l qut nh nh trn cn

gi l tn hiu video ( on tn hiu t t1 n t2 )
Xung ng b dng H.Syn (Horyontal Synsep : ng b
dng): l xung chn vo tn hiu video trong thi gian tia in
t qut ngc (on t2 n t3 ) xung ny c gii sang my
thu ng b tn s qut dng.
Xung ng b mnh V.Syn (Vertical Synsep) l xung chn
vo tn hiu Video khi qut xong mt mn hnh t trn xung
di (on t4 n t5) xung ny c gi sang my thu ng
b tn s qut mnh.

iu ch tn hiu pht i truyn hnh .

Tn hiu ting c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz rt hp so vi ton
b di tn ca tn hiu hnh t 0 n 6MHz , v vy bo ton tn
hiu ting khi pht chung vi tn hiu hnh, ngi ta phi iu ch tn
hiu ting vo sng mang tn s t 4,5MHz n 6,5MHz theo
phng php iu tn thnh sng FM ri mi trn vi tn hiu hnh
to thnh tn hiu video tng hp .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

iu ch tn s tn hiu ting
Nh vy tn hiu video tng hp bao gm (Video + H.syn + V.syn +
FM)
pht ton b tn hiu ny i xa, i pht ngi ta tin hnh
iu ch tn hiu video tng hp trn vo tn s siu cao tn di
VHF t 48MHz n 230MHz hoc di UHF t 400MHz n
880MHz theo phng php iu bin. v chia lm nhiu knh, mi
knh chim mt gii tn khong 8MHz.

Ph tn hiu ca mt knh truyn hnh.

Nguyn l pht ca i truyn hnh.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Sau khi tn hiu Video tng hp c iu ch vo mt knh sng :

Th d knh 9 (nm ph tn hiu t 199,25MHz n 205,75MHz) ta
c sng mang , sng mang tip tc c khuch i cng xut
hng chc KW ri a ra Anten pht pht thnh sng in t
truyn i trong khng gian vi vn tc nh sng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Chng XVII - Ti vi en trng

1. S khi Ti vi en trng.

S khi my thu hnh en trng .

My thu hnh en trng l hi t tt c nhng kin thc c bn ca
k thut truyn hnh, hiu my thu hnh en trng l c s tip cn
vi my thu hnh mu v my thu hnh k thut s.
My thu hnh en trng bao gm cc khi chnh sau :
z

B knh : C nhim v thu tn hiu sng mang t cc i pht

sau i tn v tn hiu IF, cung cp cho mch khuch i
trung tn.
Khi trung tn : Khuch i tn hiu trung tn v tch sng th
tn tch tn hiu Video tng hp ra khi sng mang , tn hiu
thu c sau tch sng gm c tn hiu Video, xung H.syn,
xung V.syn v tn hiu FM.
Tng khuch i th tn : T tn hiu Video tng hp, tn
hiu video c tch ra i vo tng khuch i th tn, tng K
th tn khuch i tn hiu video ln bin mnh ri a
vo Katt n hnh iu khin dng pht x, ti to li hnh
nh trn mn hnh.
n hnh : Chuyn i tn hiu truyn hnh thnh hnh nh
quang hc, khi phc li nh ging pha pht.
Khi ng b : Hai xung ng b c gi sang my thu t
pha pht c nhim v iu khin khi qut dng v qut mnh
ca my thu qut cng tn s nh bn pht khi phc li
hnh nh, hai xung ny c tch ra sau tch sng th tn v
c khuch i qua khi ng b, sau xung H.syn i ti
iu khin mch dao ng dng, xung V.syn i ti iu khin

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

mch dao ng mnh.

z

Khi qut dng : Nhim v ca khi qut dng l to ra cc

mc in p cao cung co cho n hnh hot ng, ng thi
cung cp xung dng cho cun li ngang li tia in t qut
theo chiu ngang.
Khi qut mnh : Nhim v ca khi qut mnh l to ra xung
mnh cung cp cho cun li tia, li tia in t dn theo chiu
dc
Khi ng ting : Khuch i tn hiu iu tn FM, sau
tch sng iu tn ly ra tn hiu m tn v khuch i qua
tng cng xut ri a ra loa.
M t s hot ng ca i truyn hnh

Bui truyn hnh trc tip Cat Singer

2. S khi ca b knh.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S khi ca b knh
z

Mch vo : C nhim v chn knh theo nguyn l cng

hng sng, ti anten c nhiu sng mang t cc i pht khc
nhau i ti, sng mang no c tn s trng vi tn s dao ng
ca mch vo s c chn i vo mch khuch i.cao tn.
Mch K cao tn : Khuch i sng mang t i pht sau khi
c thu vo qua mch cng hng .
Mch dao ng : C nhim v to dao ng ni a vo
mch trn tn.
Mch trn tn : C nhim v trn tn s dao ng vi tn hiu
cao tn ly ra tn s trung tn IF
IF = F0 - RF
F0 : L tn s dao ng ni
RF : L tn hiu cao tn ( sng mang )
IF : L tn s trung tn, tn s IF c
di tn c nh t 31,5MHz n 38MHz

3. Mch vo & K. i cao tn.

Mch vo thc cht l mt by cng hng, khi ta chuyn knh,
cc cun dy c cm khng khc nhau c tip xc vo mch cng
hng lm thay i tn s cng hng, nu tn s cng hng trng
vi tn s sng mang th tn hiu sng mang c thu vo v c
khuch i qua tng Q1 , u ra tng K cao tn Q1 c thm mt
mch cng hng na nng bin tn hiu ln mc cao nht.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

B chuyn knh c kh trong my thu hnh en trng.

4. Mch dao ng ni .

Mch to dao ng
Mch to dao ng cung cp dao ng ni cho mch i tn, khi ta
chuyn knh, cun L1 c thay th to ra mch cng hng c tn
s thay i
5. Mch i tn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch i tn
Mch i tn c tn hiu RF v tn s dao ng ni OSC cng
c a vo cc B ca n i tn, tn hiu trung tn IF ly ra trn
cc C c gi tr bng hiu hai tn s u vo
IF = OSC - RF
Nu tn s RF tng th tn s dao ng OSC cng tng tng ng
m bo tn s IF lun lun khng i, tn s trung tn IF chim
mt gii tn t 31,5MHz n 38MHz

Gii tn ca tn hiu IF
6. Hin tng khi hng b knh
Khi hng b knh ta thy mn hnh c cc biu hin nh sau :
Bnh 1 ) Mn nh ch c nhiu, khng c hnh.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mn nh c nhiu, khng c hnh.

Phn tch nguyn nhn : Nhiu bt ngun t mch khuch i
trung tn, mn nh c nhiu chng t t mch khuch i trung tn
cho ti n hnh hot ng tt, khng c hnh tc l khng thu
c tn hiu t i pht => Suy ra hin tng ny l do hng b
knh hoc t Anten.
Hng sa cha :
z

Kim tra in p Vcc cho b knh

Kim tra in p t iu khuch AGC c khong 6V

Kim tra Anten

Cc yu t trn tt th ta thay th b knh.

Bnh 2 ) Mn nh c hnh nhng rt nhiu, ting r.

Mn nh c hnh nhng rt nhiu ting r.

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn hon ton tng t nh bnh 1,
nhng mc hng nh hn, cc bc kim tra v sa cha tng t
Bnh 1

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

7. S mch khuch i trung tn

Mch khuch i trung tn s dng IC

IC Khuch i trung tn bao gm cc mch .
z

IF AMPLY l mch khuch i tn hiu trung tn t b knh

a sang, sau cung cp tn hiu cho mch tch sng.
Detector L mch tch sng, tch tn hiu Video tng hp ra
khi sng mang ca i pht, bin p T2 cng hng cho mch
tch sng.
Vdeo Amply L mch khuch i tn hiu Video trc khi a
ra ngoi
IF AGC (Auto Gain Control ) L mch to in p t iu
chnh khuch i cho mch trung tn
RF AGC L mch to in p t iu chnh khuch i cho
mch RF Amply ca b knh
Mch trung gian gia b knh v tng khuch i trung tn l
b lc gii thng, mch ny c nhim v cho tn hiu trung tn
thuc gii 31,5MHz n 38MHz i qua v loi b cc tn s ln
cn, mch ny bao gm cc linh kin, C1,L1,C2,C3, L2, T1 to
thnh cc mch cng hng nng cao bin tn hiu trong
di sng trung tn, tn hiu vo c a vo cc chn 8 v 9
ca IC
Tn hiu ra chn s 3 l tn hiu Video tng hp bao gm Tn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

hiu th tn (Video), xung H.syn, xung V.syn, tn hiu iu tn

FM.

Cc thnh phn trong tn hiu Video tng hp

8. Biu hin khi hng trung tn.
Trung tn l ngun sinh ra nhiu trn mn hnh ng thi cng l
mch khuch i tn hiu thu t b knh, v vy khi hng trung tn
mn hnh thng c biu hin khng c nhiu, khng c hnh, khng
c ting, ch cn mn nh sng min .

Ti vi hng trung tn, ch cn mn sng mn, khng c nhiu.

9. Cc bc sa cha mch trung tn.
z

Xc nh ng nguyn nhn l h hng mch trung tn : da

vo biu hin nh trn , mn nh sng mn khng c nhiu,
khng c hnh, khng c ting.
Xc nh v tr ca mch trung tn trn v my : L khu vc c
cc bin p cng hng trung tn bng hp st vung c li
ferit chnh c
Kim tra ngun nui Vcc 12V cho IC : in p ny o trn t
ho lc ngun cnh IC
Thay IC trung tn

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

10. Tng khuch i th tn (Video)

Nhim v ca mch khuch i th tn :
z

Khuch i tn hiu Video sau tch sng ln bin ln =>

cung cp cho n hnh ti to li hnh nh.
Tip nhn xung dng v xung mnh a v xo tia qut
ngc
Thc hin cc chc nng iu chnh tng phn, sng.

Tng khuch i th tn my Samsung 359R

Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch :
z

C1 : L t ni tng
CF1 : L thch anh, lc tn hiu ting khng cho ting nh
hng sang ng hnh
n Q khuch i tn hiu th tn, R2 l in tr nh thin, R3
l tr ghnh, R4 l tr n nh nhit , R5 l in tr phn p.
Trit p Contras iu chnh bin tn hiu ra => L trit p
chnh tng phn trn mn hnh
Xung dng H.P (Horyontal Pull ) i qua R6 v D1, xung mnh
V.B (Vert Blanking) i qua R7 v D2 : hai xung cng i qua t
C3 vo cc E n K th tn lm nhim v xo tia qut ngc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

T C4 a tn hiu th tn vo Katt n hnh v ngn in p

mt chiu
Trit p Bright lm thay i in p mt chiu trn Katt => L
trit p chnh sng mn hnh

Phn tch cc h hng ca tng khuch i th tn :

1) Trng hp tng khuch i th tn khng hot ng :
n K th tn khng hot ng khi
z

Mt ngun Vcc 110V

Hng n K th tn

t in tr nh thin

t in tr ghnh

Biu hin trn mn hnh l : Mn nh ch c mn sng mn ,

khng hnh, c tia qut ngc.

Biu hin khi hng tng khuch i th tn.

Phng php kim tra tng khuch i th tn :
z

Kim tra ngun Vcc cho tng khuch i th tn phi c 110V

Kim tra ch in p trn n Q phi c UBE 0,6V v
UCE 2/3 Vcc 70V

2) C hnh nhng c tia qut ngc xen vo

C hnh : Chng t tng K th tn vn hot ng bnh thng
C tia qut ngc : L do mt xung mnh a v n K th tn
xo tia qut ngc.=> Cn kim tra mch a xung mnh t cng
xut mnh v tng K th tn kim tra.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

11. Cu to v hot ng ca n hnh

Cu to v hot ng ca n hnh
Cu to ca n hnh :
n hnh l mt bu thu tinh ht chn khng v c cc cc chnh
l :
z

Cc Ant : c cung cp in p HV ( Height Vol : 10KV )

to ra sc ht cc tia in t bay v m hnh.
Katt : L cc pht x ra dng tia in t bay v pha mn
hnh, tia in t bt ra khi b mt Katt th Katt phi c
nung nng nh si t, Tn hiu th tn c a vo Katt
iu khin dng tia in t pht x, ti to li hnh nh trn
mn hnh .
Li G1 cn gi l li khin c u Mass, khi tt my G1
c cung cp in p -100V chn li tia in t cn d
trn n hnh, trnh hin tng xut hin m sng khi tt my.
Li G2 gi l li gia tc : c cung cp in p +110V
tng tc tia in t
Mn hnh : c ph mt lp Phospho ng nht, khi c tia
in t bn vo th lp Phospho pht sng, cng sng t l
vi cng dng tia in t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Cun li tia : Nm ngoi c n hnh, gm hai cun li dng

v li mnh, c nhim v li tia in t qut t tri sang phi,
t trn xung di, nu khng c hai cun li tia th tia in t
i thng v pht sng thnh mt im trn mn hnh.

Hot ng ca n hnh : n hnh hot ng ( cho hnh nh )

trc ht ta cn phn cc cho n hnh sng ln , sau a tn hiu
th tn vo Katt iu khin dng tia in t pht x to li hnh
nh .
n hnh pht sng th ta cn cung cp cho n hnh 4
iu kin sau :
z

C in p HV = 10KV cung cp cho Ant

C in p 110V cung cp cho li G2

C in p 12V cung cp cho si t

Katt c thot xung mass

12. H hng thng gp ca n hnh :

n hnh thng hng dng tia pht x b yu i , lm cho
sng mn hnh gim hoc mt nh sng.
Kim tra n hnh :
kim tra n hnh, ngi ta kim tra ccin p phn cc cho n
hnh, nu cc in p ny vn y m n hnh khng sng => l
n hnh hng, nu mn hnh sng yu => l mn hnh b gi.

13. Nhim v ca khi qut dng

Nhim v chnh ca khi qut dng l to ra cc mmc in p
cao phn cc cho n hnh hot ng, ngoi ra khi qut dng cn
cung cp xung dng cho cun li ngang li tia in t qut theo
chiu ngang mn hnh.
Phn tch s khi qut dng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S khi ca khi qut dng

z

Mch so pha : So snh gia hai tn s l xung H.syn t i

pht gi ti vi xung AFC t cao p hi tip v to ra in
p iu khin, nu tn s AFC bng H.syn th p iu khin
khng i => tn s qut dng khng i, nu tn s AFC > tn
s H.Syn th mch so pha to ra in p iu khin gim =>
lm tn s dao ng dng gim v ngc li. ( AFC l vit tt
ca Auto Frequency Control : T ng iu chnh tn s dng,
H.syn l vit tt ca Horyontal Synsep : Xung ng b dng )
Mch to dao ng dng : To ra xung dng c tn s bng
15625Hz , tn s ny c gi c nh nh in p iu khin
t mch so pha, trng hp hng mch so pha hoc mt xung
H.syn hay xung AFC th tn s dng bi sai => sinh hin tng
mt ng b => nh b xin hoc tri ngang.
Tng kch dng : khuch i xung dng cho mnh sau
a ti iu khin n cng xut ng m
Tng cng xut : Hot ng ch ngt m iu khin
bin th cao p hot ng .
B cao p : L bin th hot ng tn s cao 15625Hz cung
cp cc mc in p cao cho n hnh, nh p HV = 10.000V,
p G2 = 110V, v cung cp xung dng iu khin cun li
ngang.

14. S chi tit khi qut dng my Samsung 359R

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S khi qut dng my Samsung 359R

Phn tch s chi tit :
z

R1, R2, D1, C1 l mch so pha, mch ny so snh xung H.syn

v xung AFC ( mu tm ) to ra in p iu khin i qua R3
v R4 vo iu khin n dao ng Q1
R3, C2 l mch lc tch phn loi b thnh phn xung xoay
chiu , gi li thnh phn mt chiu
Q1 l n to dao ng, t C4 v cun L1 to thnh mch dao
ng LC, t C3 hi tip dng, tn s dao ng ph thuc vo
cc t C3, C4, v cun dy L1, nm chnh H.Hold chnh l iu
chnh li cun dy L1 => lm cm khng L1 thay i => lm

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

tn s dao ng thay i, tn s c n nh nh in p iu
khin t mch so pha a sang , dao ng c ly trn chn E
i qua R8 a sang tng kch dng.
z

Q2 l n kch dng, khuch i xung dng ln mnh sau

ghp qua bin p kch T1 sang iu khin n cng xut Q3
Q3 l n cng xut, hot ng ngt m nh mt cng tc in
t => to ra dng in xoay chiu chy qua cao p T2, t C5 l
t b, C6 v D3 l t v Diode nht, D4 v C7 l mch chnh
lu in p B2 =110V cung cp cho G2, C8 v D5 to ra in
p m a vo G1 khi tt my, in p HV ly trn cun th
cp khong 10KV in p ny dng v n hnh lm cc m
ca t lc v vy v n hnh phi lun lun c tip mass .

Tng dao ng dng

15. H hng thng gp ca khi qut dng.
1) My c vo in nhng khng ln mn sng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

My c vo in nhng khng ln mn sng

Nguyn nhn : C hai nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l
z

Hng khi qut dng => cao p khng hot ng

Hng n hnh.

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra in p B2 ( o p B2 trn t C7 bng 110V ) xc

nh xem cao p c hot ng hay khng ? nu p B2 = 0V l
cao p khng hot ng .
Kim tra in p cung cp cho cc tng cng xut, tng kch,
tng dao ng xem c khng ?
o ch in p UBE v UCE trn cc n Q1 v Q2, thng
thng in p ny c UBE 0,6V v UCE 2/3 Vcc

2) Mt ng b dng, hnh nh b hnh sc da

Hnh nh b hnh sc da do mt ng b dng

Nguyn nhn : Hin tng trn l do sai tn s dng c th do hng
z

Hng mch so pha

Mt xung ng b H.syn t mch tch xung ng b a sang
mch so pha

Mt xung AFC t cao p a v so pha

Chnh sai nm H.Hold

Kim tra :
z

Chnh li trit p H.Hold ( trit p chnh dao ng dng )

Kim tra cc linh kin trong mch so pha R1, R2, D1, C1

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Kim tra mch cung cp xung ng b H.syn

Kim tra t , tr dn xung dng AFC v mch so pha .

16. Nhim v ca khi qut mnh :

Nhim v ca khi qut mnh l li tia in t qut theo chiu dc,
khi qut mnh bao gm :
z

Mch to dao ng : To ra xung mnh c tn s 50Hz cung

co cho tng cng xut
Mch tin K : Khuch i xung mnh cho kho hn trc
khi a vo tng cng xut.
Tng cng xut : Khuch i xung mnh cho ln ri a
n cun li mnh li tia tia in t dn theo chiu dc.
Xung ng b : iu khin cho mch dao ng , dao ng
ng tn s.

S khi - khi qut mnh.

17. S chi tit khi qut mnh s dng n bn dn :

S chi tit khi qut mnh dng n bn dn.

Phn tch s mch :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Q1 l tng dao ng, hot ng theo nguyn l dao ng nght,

L1 l cun dy to dao ng, VR1 l trit p iu chnh tn s
cn gi l trit p V.Hold
VR2 l trit p a xung dao ng sang tng tin Ki, khi
chnh VR2 s lm thay i bin dao ng ra => VR2 l trit
p chnh chiu cao mn hnh.
VR3 l trit p chnh tuyn tnh, khi chnh VR3 th dng xung
thay i => tuyn tnh mnh thay i, tuyn tnh l dn u
gia cc im nh theo chiu dc.
Q2 l tng tin khuch i , K o pha tn hiu trc khi a
vo hai n cng xut.

Q3 v Q4 l hai n Ki cng xut, mc theo kiu y ko

L2 l cun li mnh gn trn c n hnh

Mch hi tip qua C1 c tc dng sa mo tuyn tnh .

Xung ng b mnh c a vo mt u ca cun dy L1

18. S khi qut mnh dng IC trong Ti vi Samsung 359R

S khi qut mnh dng IC trong Ti vi Samsung 359R

Phn tch s trn :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Trong IC c tch hp ba mch : To dao ng : V.OSC,

tng tin Ki V.Amply v tng cng xut V.OUT, cc linh
kin in tr, t in c a ra ngoi.
Xung ng b V.SYN i qua mch lc tch phn R1, C1 sau
i qua t vo chn s 5 => i vo mch dao ng gim c
nh tn s mnh.
Trit p V.HOLD chn 6 c tc dng iu chnh thay i tn
s mnh.
Trit p V.SIZE chn 4 c tc dng iu chnh thay i
kch thc dc mn hnh.
Trit p V.LIN t sau cun li tia c tc dng thay i in p
hi tip => Lm thay i tuyn tnh dc mn hnh, C3, C4 l
cc t hi tip .

19. Cc h hng thng gp ca khi qut mnh.

1) Mn hnh ch cn mt vch sng ngang

Mn nh cn mt vch sng ngang

Nguyn nhn :
z

Mt in p cung cp cho khi qut mnh

Hng IC cng xut mnh

Hng cc linh kin R, C xung quanh IC

Kim tra :
z

Xc nh ng IC cng xut mnh ( d ngc t zc li mnh

v )
Kim tra Vcc cho IC ( vi my en trng l 12V vi Ti vi mu

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

l 24V) o Vcc trn t lc ngun to nht cnh IC

z

Thay IC cng xut mnh nu cc ch in p c .

2) Mn nh b mo tuyn tnh dc, co di chn, dn trn u :

Mn nh b mo tuyn tnh dc
Nguyn nhn :
z

Chnh sai trit p V.LIN

Kh cc t ho trn mch hi tip sa mo tuyn tnh.

Hng IC

Khc phc :
z

Chnh li trit p V.LIN

Thay cc t ca mch hi tip nh t C3, C4 s trn ( Cc
t hi tip l t ho thng c tr s nh t 1F n 22F nm
xung quanh khu vc IC cng xut mnh.)
Thay IC nu cc nguyn nhn trn c loi tr .

3) Hnh b tri theo chiu dc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

nh b tri theo chiu dc

Nguyn nhn :
z

Chnh sai trit p V.Hold => lm sai tn s dao ng mnh.

Mt xung ng b V.SYN

Kim tra :
z

Chnh li trit p V.Hold

Kim tra mch cung cp xung ng b mnh V.SYN cho mch
dao ng mnh.

20. Mch khuch i v tch xung ng b

Xung ng b bao gm xung ng b dng H.SYN v xung ng
b mnh V.SYN c gi sang my thu hnh cng vi tn hiu
Video, hai xung ng b ny c nhim v iu khin khi qut
dng v qut mnh qut ng tn s nh bn pht, iu ny rt
quan trng cho vic khi phc li hnh nh, nu bn my thu b sai
tn s qut dng s sinh mt ng b dng => hnh b xin, nu
sai tn s qut mnh s sinh mt ng b mnh => hnh b tri theo
chiu dc.
S khi ca khi ng b :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S khi ca khi ng b
z

Mch tch xung ng b : Tch tn hiu ng b chung ra

khi tn hiu Video tng hp .

Mch khuch i : Khuch i bin xung ng b chung

Mch tch phn : Cho tn hiu ng b mnh V.SYN i qua

Mch vi phn : Cho tn hiu ng b dng H.SYN i qua

S mch chi tit :

Khi ng b trong Ti vi Samsung 359R

z

R1, C1, R2, C2 l mch tch xung ng b, tch hai xung

V.SYN v H.SYN ra khi tn hiu Video tng hp
n Q1 l tng khuch i hai xung ng b trn
R7, C3 v R8, C4 l hai mt lc tch phn , cho tn s thp
V.SYN i qua v lc b tn s cao
C5, R9 l mt lc vi phn cho tn s cao H.SYN i qua v
ngn tn s thp li .
Xung V.SYN sau mch lc tch phn i ti mch dao ng
mnh
Xung V.SYN sau mch vi phn i ti mch so pha

21. H hng ca khi ng b :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

1) Mt tn hiu ng b chung => mn hnh va , va tri

nh va b , va b tri
Nguyn nhn :
z

Do kh t ca mch tch xung ng b

Do hng tng khuch i xung ng b chung

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra t C1 ca mch tch xung ng b

Kim tra mch khuch i xung ng b chung Q1

22. Khi ngun nui

Nhim v ca khi cp ngun l cung cp ngun 1chiu 12V n
nh cho my hot ng, in p vo l ngun xoay chiu 220V AC
khng n nh.

S khi - khi ngun nui

z

Bin p c nhim v i in 220V AC xung in p 18V AC

Mch chnh lu cu v lc chnh lu in p xoay chiu AC
thnh in p mt chiu DC
Mch n p tuyn tnh : c nhim v gi cho in p ra c nh
v bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th .

Mch gim p, chnh lu v mch lc .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Bin p v mch chnh lu cu, mch lc

z

Bin p ngun : in p vo = 220V 50Hz , in p ra = 18V

D1, D2, D3, D4 l mch chnh lu cu , chnh lu in AC
thnh DC
T C1 : 2200F/25V l t lc ngun chnh

Bin p v mch chnh lu cu, mch lc trong thc t.

Mch n p tuyn tnh :
Nhim v : Mch n p tuyn tnh c nhim v => To ra in p
u ra n nh v bng phng, khng ph thuc vo in p vo ,
khng ph thuc vo dng in tiu th
S tng qut

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

S tng qut mch n p tuyn tnh

z

in p vo l ngun DC khng n nh v cn gn xoay

chiu.
in p ra l ngun DC n nh v bng phng
Mch ly mu l ly ra mt phn in p u ra, in p ly
mu tng gim t l vi in p u ra .
Mch to p chun : l to ra mt in p c nh
Mch d sai : so snh in p ly mu vi in p chun
pht hin s bin i in p u ra v khuch i thnh in
p iu khin quay li iu chnh m ca n cng xut, nu
in p gim th p iu khin , Khin cho n cng xut dn
mnh, v ngc li .
n cng xut : khuch i v dng in v gi cho in p ra
c nh .

S chi tit ca mch n p tuyn tnh my Samsung

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung 359R

z

Mach to p ly mu gm R5, VR1, R6 , in p ly mu c

a vo cc B n Q2 .
Mch to p chun gm Dz v R4, in p chun a vo cc
E n Q2
Q2 l n d sai , so snh hai in p ly mu v in p chun
to ra in p iu khin a qua R3 iu khin hot
ng ca n cng xut Q1

Q1 l n cng xut

R1 l in tr phn dng

T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh .

Nguyn tc n p nh sau : Gi s khi in p vo tng hoc dng

tiu th gim => in p ra tng ln => in p chun tng nhiu hn
in p ly mu => lm cho in p UBE n Q2 gim => n Q2 dn
gim => dng qua R3 gim => n Q1 dn gim ( v dng qua R3 l
dng nh thin cho n Q1 ) => kt qu l in p ra gim xung,
vng iu chnh ny din ra trong thi gian rt nhanh so vi thi gian
bin thin ca in p, v vy in p ra c c tuyn gn nh bng
phng.
Trng hp in p ra gim th mch iu chnh theo chiu hng
ngc li.
23. H hng thng gp ca khi cp ngun

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

1) Khng c in vo my, khng c ting, khng c mn sng.

My khng mn sng, khng hnh, khng vo in

Nguyn nhn :
z

Chy bin p ngun, hoc t cu ch.

Chy cc Diode ca mch chnh lu

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra bin p ngun : ng h thanh x1 v o vo hai

u phch cm in AC, nu kim ng h khng ln => l bin
p ngun b chy, nu kim ln vi chc ohm l bin p bnh
thng.
o kim tra trn cc Diode chnh lu cu
Cui cng ta cp in v o trn hai u t lc ngun chnh
phi c 18V DC

2) Hnh nh b un o, c ting loa .

Hnh nh b un o

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Nguyn nhn :
Bn cht ca hin tng trn l do in p cung cp cho my
b nhim xoay chiu 50Hz v vy nguyn nhn l :
z

Hng t lc ngun chnh 2200F/25V

Hng mt trong s cc Diode chnh lu cu

Hng mch n p tuyn tnh

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra cu Diode, nu cu Diode bnh thng th o st p

trn 4 Diode phi bng nhau, nu in p ny lch l c 1 hoc
2 trong s 4 Diode b hng
o in p DC trn t lc ngun chnh phi c 18V DC, nu
in p ny gim < 18V l t lc ngun b kh .
Kim tra in p DC u ra ca ngun n p tuyn tnh c
khong 11V => 12V, v iu chnh bin tr ngun (VR1) in
p u ra phi thay i, nu in p ra qu cao khong 15V
hoc qu thp khong 7V v iu chnh bin tr VR1 khng tc
dng l hng mch n p tuyn tnh.

24. S khi ng ting

S khi ng ting
Tn hiu iu tn FM i cng tn hiu Video tng hp c tch
qua t giy => i qua mch cng hng u vo i vo tng khuch
i trung tn ting => sau khi K ln bin ln tn hiu a sang
mch tch sng iu tn ly ra tn hiu m tn => sau tn hiu
m tn c khuch i qua mch cng xut ri a ra loa pht li
m thanh.
Mch trung tn ting dng Transistor

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Mch trung tn ting dng Transistor

z

T301 l bin p trung tn cng hng u vo , cng hng

tn s 6,5MHz
Q1 l n khuch i trung tn
T302 l bin p trung tn tch sng, sau bin p T302 l mch
tch sng iu tn
n Q2 l mch khuch i tn hiu m tn .

Khi ng ting dng IC

Khi ng ting trong Tivi Samsung 359R

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

CF1 l thch anh cng hng u vo, cng hng tn s

6,5MHz

IF Amply l tng K trung tn ting

FM DET l mch tch sng iu tn

CF2 l thch anh cng hng u ra

Tn hiu m tn sau tch sng c a n trit p Volume

sau a sang tng cng xut AUDIO OUT khuch i v
a ra loa.

Hin tng h hng khi ng ting

1) My c hnh, khng c ting.
Nguyn nhn :
z

Hng loa

Mt in p Vcc cung cp cho khi ng ting

Hng IC cng xut ting

Hng mch trung tn ting

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra loa : ng h thang x1 o vo hai u dy

loa, nu c m thanh st sot loa l loa bnh thng, nu kim
khng ln v khng c ting ng l loa hng.

o kim tra Vcc cho IC cng xut

Thay IC ting nu cc iu kin trn tt.

2) C ting r km theo ting ni , ting ni nh.

Nguyn nhn :
z

Do mch trung tn cng hng sai tn s, thch anh cng

hng khng ng h .

Kim tra :
z

Kim tra mch trung tn, kim tra cc thch anh cng hng,
nu thu cc i trong nc th thch anh l 6,5MHz.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959