Chng 1

L thuyt v c s d liu phn tn

Mc tiu ca phn ny l trnh by khi qut v l thuyt c s d liu

phn tn.
Phn ny s cp n cc vn sau:
Gii thiu v c s d liu phn tn:
Gii thiu cc khi nim v c s d liu phn tn, so snh c s d liu
phn tn vi c s d liu tp trung t rt ra nhng l do pht
trin mt h thng da trn c s d liu phn tn, cui cng trnh by
khi qut v h qun tr c s d liu phn tn.
Kin trc v c s d liu phn tn
Kin trc ca h qun tr c s d liu phn tn.
1.1 Gii thiu v c s d liu phn tn
Trong nhng nm gn y, c s d liu phn tn tr thnh mt lnh vc x l
thng tin quan trng v chng ta d dng nhn ra tm quan trng ca n ngy cng ln
mnh. Chng ta c l do v t chc cng nh v k thut pht trin theo xu hng
ny: c s d liu phn tn loi i nhiu thiu st ca c s d liu tp trung v ph
hp hn qua cc cu trc phi tp trung cng vi cc ng dng phn tn.
Chng ta c th nh ngha s nt v c s d liu phn tn nh sau: Mt c s d liu
phn tn l mt tp hp d liu ca mt h thng nhng c phn b trn nhiu a
im (site) ca mt mng my tnh. nh ngha ny nhn mnh hai kha cnh quan
trng ca c s d liu phn tn l :
1. S phn tn: d liu khng lu tr trn cng mt a im v th chng ta c
th phn bit n vi c s d liu tp trung.
2. Mi tng quan lun l (logical correlation): Cc d liu c mt s thuc tnh
rng buc vi nhau t cc c s d liu cc b m c lu tr ti cc a im
khc nhau trn mng.
V d :
1

Xt mt ngn hng c ba chi nhnh nm ba ni khc nhau (hnh 1.1). Ti mi chi

nhnh, mt h thng my tnh iu khin cc trm thu hay rt tin v qun l c s d
liu v ti khon. Mi h thng ny vi c s d liu ti khon cc b to thnh mt
site ca c s d liu phn tn. Cc h thng my tnh ny c kt ni bi mt mng
truyn thng. Vi nhng hot ng thng thng, cc yu cu t cc trm ch cn truy
xut n c s d liu ti chi nhnh ca chng. V th ng dng ny c gi l ng
dng cc b.
Vi v d trn ny sinh hai cu hi sau: mi nhnh ch lu tr c s d liu cc b c
cha? C s d liu phn tn c phi l mt tp cc c s d liu cc b?
tr li cc cu hi ny chng ta tm hiu xem vic x l trn c s d liu cc b
khc g trn c s d liu phn tn. V mt k thut, chng ta thy cn c cc ng dng
m truy xut d liu ang t nhiu nhnh. Cc ng dng ny c gi l ng dng
ton cc hay ng dng phn tn.
Mt ng dng ton cc thng thng trong v d trn l vic chuyn tin t mt ti
khon ny n ti khon khc. ng dng ny yu cu cp nht c s d liu c hai
nhnh.
Hn na ng dng ton cc gip cho ngi s dng khng phn bit c d liu
cc b hay t xa. l tnh trong sut d liu trong c s d liu phn tn. V ng
nhin khi ng dng ton cc truy cp d liu cc b s nhanh hn ng dng t xa iu
ny ni ln s nhn bn d liu cc ni cng lm tng tc x l chng trnh.

DB2

DB1

T
Communication
Network

T
T
DB3
T

Hnh 1.1 C s d liu phn tn ca ngn hng c ba chi nhnh

1.1.1 nh ngha v c s d liu phn tn
Mt c s d liu phn tn l tp hp d liu quan h ln nhau mt cch lun l trn
cng mt h thng nhng c tri rng trn nhiu v tr ca mt mng my tnh.
Mi v tr c quyn t qun c s liu cc b ca mnh v thc thi cc ng dng cc
b. Mi v tr cng phi tham gia vo vic thc thi t nht mt ng dng ton cc: yu
cu truy xut d liu ti nhiu v tr qua mng.
Hnh nh ca c s d liu phn tn (hnh 1.2) minh ha mi quan h ca c s d liu
phn tn vi mi trng kt ni mng my tnh v cc ng dng phn tn.

Kt ni
V
Mng

C s
D liu
Phn tn

ng dng
phn tn

Hnh 1.2 Mi lin h gia mng my tnh, c s d liu phn tn v ng dng phn tn

1.1.2 Cc im c trng ca c s d liu phn tn so vi c s d liu tp trung

C s d liu phn tn khng n gin l vic phn tn cc c s d liu tp trung bi
v n cho php thit k cc h thng c cc tnh cht khc vi h thng tp trung truyn
thng. V th nn xem li cc tnh cht c trng ca c s d liu tp trung truyn
thng v so snh n vi cc tnh cht ca c s d liu phn tn. Cc tnh cht c
trng ca c s d liu tp trung l iu khin tp trung, c lp d liu, chun ha
loi b s d tha d liu, cc cu trc lu tr vt l phc tp p ng cho vic truy
xut hiu qu, ton vn, phc hi, iu khin ng thi v an ton.
Di y l bng so snh cc tnh cht c trng ca c s d liu tp trung v c s
d liu phn tn:
Tnh cht c
trng
iu khin tp trung

c lp d liu

S d tha d liu

C s d liu tp trung

C s d liu phn tn

- Kh nng cung cp s iu
khin tp trung trn cc ti
nguyn thng tin.
- Cn c ngi qun tr c s
d liu.
- T chc d liu trong sut
vi cc lp trnh vin. Cc
chng trnh c vit c ci
nhn quan nim v d liu.
- Li im: cc chng trnh
khng b nh hng bi s
thay i t chc vt l ca d
liu
Gim thiu s d tha d liu
do:
- Tnh nht qun d liu cao
- Tit kim dung lng nh.

- Cu trc iu khin phn cp:

qun tr c s d liu ton cc v
qun tr c s d liu cc b
phn tn.
- Ngoi tnh cht c lp d liu
nh trong c s d liu tp
trung, cn c tnh cht trong
sut phn tn ngha l cc
chng trnh c vit nh c
s d liu khng h c phn
tn.
- Gim thiu s d tha d liu
m bo tnh nht qun.
- Nhng li nhn bn d liu n
cc a im m cc ng dng
cn n, gip cho vic thc thi
cc ng dng khng dng nu c
mt a im b hng. T vn
qun l nht qun d liu s
phc tp hn.

Cc cu trc vt l phc Cc cu trc vt l phc tp Cc cu trc vt l phc tp gip

tp v truy xut hiu qu
gip cho vic truy xut d liu lin lc d liu trong c s d
c hiu qu.
liu phn tn .
Tnh ton vn, phc hi, Da vo giao tc.
ng thi

Da vo giao tc phn tn.

T bng so snh trn, chng ta thy vic chn la c s d liu phn tn s thch hp
hn i vi cc ng dng pht trin trong mt h thng mng din rng do gim c
chi ph truyn thng truy xut d liu.
4

1.1.3 Ti sao cn c c s d liu phn tn ?

1.1.3.1 L do t chc kinh t
Nhiu t chc c c cu t chc phi tp trung nn gii php c s d liu phn tn
thch hp hn. Nhng nm gn y do s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh my tnh
cng vi s pht trin rng ri ca cc t chc kinh t trn th gii nn vic lu tr
thng tin trn c s d liu tp trung cn xem xt li v mt hiu qu.
1.1.3.2 L do kt ni cc c s d liu hin c
C s d liu phn tn l gii php t nhin khi t chc c sn cc c s d liu v
cn m rng n cho cc ng dng ph qut hn. Trong trng hp ny c s d liu
phn tn c xy dng theo phng php t di ln, da trn cc c s d liu cc
b c sn. Qu trnh ny c th yu cu cu trc li c s d liu cc b tuy nhin cng
vic ny li n gin hn xy dng mt c s d liu tp trung hon ton mi.
1.1.3.3 L do tng trng t chc
Nu mt t chc pht trin bng cch thm vo nhng n v t chc t qun nh chi
nhnh, kho bi th cch tip cn theo c s d liu phn tn h tr cho vic tng trng
c s d liu vi mc nh hng nh nht. Trong khi cch tip cn theo c s d
liu tp trung th ngay t u phi quan tm n s pht trin ca n trong tng lai m
vic ny th kh d on v tn km, nu khng d liu trc th s gy ra hu qu
nghim trng khng ch cho nhng ng dng mi m cn cho c h thng c sn.
1.1.3.4 L do ti truyn thng
Vi mt h c s d liu phn tn v mt a l th cc ng dng truy cp s gim chi
ph truyn thng so vi c s d liu tp trung.
1.1.3.5 nh gi v hiu sut
S tn ti ca cc b x l t qun nng hiu sut ln nh mc x l song song. C
s d liu phn tn c u th l phn tn d liu ti cc a im nn cc ng dng c
th chy ring r trn tng a im v s giao tip gia cc b x l l nh nht.
1.1.3.6 tin cy v tnh hiu qu
Mc du vic phn tn d liu lm tng vic d tha d liu trn ton h thng nhng
li cho chng ta tin cy v tnh hiu qu cao hn trong c s d liu tp trung. Tuy
nhin t c mc tiu trn khng phi d dng m i hi cc k thut kh phc
tp. S hng hc trong c s d liu phn tn c th xy ra thng hn trong c s d
liu tp trung v s a im tng ln nhng khng bao gi nh hng ln ton h
thng bi th nn n c tin cy v tnh hiu qu cao hn c s d liu tp trung.
1.1.3.7 So snh u v nhc im ca vic phn tn d liu
u im
- Chia s d liu v iu khin phn tn: Ngi s dng ti mt v tr ny c
th truy xut d liu (c php) v tr khc. Hn na vic qun tr c s
d liu c th c phn tn v thc hin t qun ti mi v tr.
5

- tin cy v tnh sn sng: Nu mt v tr b hng th cc v tr cn li trong

h thng c s d liu phn tn vn tip tc hot ng. Nu d liu c
nhn bn mt s v tr th mt giao dch cn truy xut mt mc d liu c
th tm thy bt k v tr no trong s v tr . Nh th s c ti mt v tr
khng nh hng n h thng.
- Tng tc x l truy vn: Nu mt truy vn cn d liu mt s v tr th
c th chia cu truy vn thnh cc cu truy vn con ri thc thi n song
song ti cc v tr.
Nhc im
- Chi ph pht trin phn mm: Vic pht trin mt h thng c s d liu
phn tn kh phc tp v th cn chi ph ln.
- Kh pht hin li: Vic pht hin li v m bo tnh ng n ca cc thut
ton song song s rt kh khn.
- Chi ph x l tng: S trao i cc thng bo v x l phi hp gia cc v
tr s tng chi ph x l hn trong cc h thng tp trung.
1.1.4 H qun tr c s d liu phn tn
H qun tr c s d liu phn tn h tr vic to v duy tr c s d liu phn tn. Cc
h qun tr c s d liu phn tn hin nay c pht trin bi cc nh sn xut cc h
qun tr c s d liu tp trung. Chng cha cc thnh phn b sung m rng cc kh
nng ca cc h qun tr c s d liu tp trung nh h tr s truyn thng v s cng
tc gia cc h qun tr c s d liu trn cc a im khc nhau qua mng my tnh.
Cc thnh phn c bn cn thit cho vic xy dng mt c s d liu phn tn l :
1. Thnh phn qun tr c s d liu (DB Database Management)
2. Thnh phn truyn d liu (DC Data Communication)
3. T in d liu (DD Data Dictionnary) m rng biu din thng tin v s
phn tn d liu trn mng.
4. Thnh phn c s d liu phn tn (DDB Distributed Database)
T T

Local
database 1

T T

DC

DB

DDB
DD
Site 1
Site 2

DD
Local
database 2

DDB
DB

DC

6
T T

T T

Hnh 1.3 Cc thnh phn ca h qun tr c s d liu

Cc thnh phn ny c minh ha hnh 1.3 i vi hai a im trn mng.
Cc dch v c h tr cho h thng trn thng thng l:
- Dch v truy xut c s d liu t xa: tnh cht ny l mt tnh cht quan trng nht
v c cung cp bi tt c cc h thng c thnh phn c s d liu phn tn.
- Mc trong sut ca s phn tn: tnh cht ny c h tr bi cc h thng khc
nhau v l s cn bng cc yu t t c s kt hp tt nht gia s trong sut
phn tn v hiu sut.
- H tr vic qun tr v iu khin c s d liu: tnh cht ny bao gm cc cng c
gim st c s d liu, ly thng tin v vic s dng c s d liu, cung cp mt ci
nhn ton cc v cc file d liu lu tr trn cc v tr khc nhau.
- H tr cho vic iu khin ng thi v phc hi cc giao tc phn tn.
(a) Truy xut t xa qua cc lnh c sn ca h qun tr c s d liu
Application
Program
Aplication
Program

DATABASE
ACCESS
PRIMITIVE
REQUEST FOR
EXECUTION OF
AUXILIARY
PROGRAM

DBMS 1

DBMS 1

Site 1
Site 2

Site 1
Site 2

Auxiliary
program

GLOBAL RESULT

DBMS 2
DBMS 2

RESULT
DATABASE
ACCESS
PRIMITIVES
AND RESULTS

Database 2
Databas
e 2Database 2

(b) Truy xut t xa qua chng trnh b tr

Hnh 1.4 Cc kiu truy xut n c s d liu phn tn

Vic truy xut n mt c s d liu t xa bi mt ng dng c th c thc hin bi

mt trong hai cch c bn minh ha hnh 1.4. Hnh 1.4a minh ha mt ng dng a
ra mt yu cu tham kho d liu t xa. Yu cu ny c nh tuyn bi h qun tr
c s d liu phn tn n v tr m d liu c lu tr, sau yu cu c thc
thi ti v tr v tr kt qu v. Trong cch ny, n v c bn lin lc gia cc h
thng l cc nghi thc truy xut c s d liu v kt qu nhn v cng t nghi thc
ny. Nu cc tip cn ny c s dng cho vic truy xut t xa, s trong sut phn tn
c th c thc hin bng cch cung cp cc tn file ton cc; cc nghi thc s t
ng nh v cc v tr t xa thch hp.
Hnh 1.4b minh ha mt tip cn khc, ng dng yu cu s thc thi ca mt chng
trnh b tr (auxiliary program) ti v tr t xa. Chng trnh b tr ny truy xut c s
d liu t xa v tr kt qu cho ng dng yu cu.
Li ch ca cch tip cn th nht l cung cp s trong sut phn tn nhiu hn trong
khi cch tip cn th hai c th linh ng hn nu nhiu truy xut c s d liu c
yu cu v ng dng b tr c th thc hin tt c cc truy xut yu cu v ch gi kt
qu v.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca h qun tr c s d liu phn tn trong h thng l chng
cng loi hay khc loi. Cc h qun tr c s d liu phn tn khc loi phi thm vn
thng dch gia cc m hnh d liu khc nhau, cc cu trc d liu khc nhau. y
l mt vn rt kh gii quyt, nn n c khc phc bng cch h tr s truyn
thng gia cc thnh phn truyn thng d liu (data communication component DC)
khc nhau. Bi ton ny cng c cng ty Microsoft gii quyt bng cc thnh
phn truy xut d liu (Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC)). Cho nn mt h
thng bao gm cc h qun tr c s d liu cc b khc nhau s thch hp hn cho
vic pht trin h thng thng tin mt cch linh ng v t tr.

Global
schema

Fragmentation
schema

Site
independent
schema

Allocation
schema

Local
mapping
schema 1

Local
mapping
schema 2

DBMS of
Site 1

DBMS of
site 2

Local
database
at site 1

Local
database
at site 2

(Other site)
:
:

1.2 Kin trc ca h c s d liu phn tn v h qun tr c s d liu phn tn

1.2.1 Kin trc tham kho cho h c s d liu phn tn
Hnh 1.5 m t kin trc tham kho cho c s d liu phn tn. Kin trc tham kho
ny khng p dng cho mi c s d liu phn tn. Tuy nhin cc mc ca n gip cho
ta hiu t chc mt c s d liu phn tn bt k. V th chng ta s phn tch v tm
hiu tt c cc thnh phn trong kin trc ny.
Mi quan h ton cc c th c chia thnh cc thnh phn khng trng nhau c
gi l cc phn mnh. C nhiu cch phn mnh m chng ta s bn n sau. nh
x t cc quan h ton cc n cc phn mnh c nh ngha trong lc phn
mnh. Php nh x ny l mt-nhiu ngha l c mt s phn mnh tng ng vi mt
quan h ton cc nhng ch c mt quan h ton cc ng vi mt phn mnh. Cc
phn mnh c ch nh bi tn quan h ton cc vi mt ch mc (ch mc phn
mnh) v d Ri ch phn mnh th i ca quan h ton cc R.
Hnh 1.5 Kin trc tham kho cho mt c s d liu
Cc phn mnh l cc thnh phn ca cc quan h ton cc m c lu tr vt l ti
mt hay mt s a im. Lc cp pht (allocation scheme) xc nh v tr ca mt
phn mnh. Kiu nh x nh ngha trong lc nh v xc nh c s d liu phn
tn c d tha hay khng. Trong trng hp nh x l mt-nhiu th n d tha, ngc
li nu nh x c kiu mt-mt th n khng d tha. Tt c cc phn mnh tng ng
9

vi cng mt quan h ton cc R v c lu tr ti a im j to thnh nh vt l ca

quan h R ti a im j. V th c mt nh x mt-mt gia mt nh vt l v mt cp
(quan h ton cc, a im); cc nh vt l c th c ch ra bi tn quan h ton cc
v ch s a im. phn bit cc mnh, chng ta s s dng mt ch s m; v d,
Rj ch nh vt l ca quan h ton cc R ti a im j.
Mt v d ca mi quan h gia cc kiu i tng nh ngha trn c minh ha
hnh 3.2. Mt lc quan h R c phn thnh bn mnh R 1, R2, R3 v R4. Bn
phn mnh ny c lu tr d tha ti ba a im trn mng my tnh, v th to ra
ba nh vt l R1, R2, R3.
lm r k thut ny, hy xt mt bn sao ca mt phn mnh ti mt a im v
ch thch n bng cch s dng tn ca quan h ton cc v hai ch s (ch s phn
mnh v ch s a im). V d, trong hnh 1.6, ch thch R 32 ch mt bn sao ca phn
mnh R2 lu tr ti a im 3.
(R11)
R

R1

R2

R3

R4

R1 (Site 1)
(R21)
(R12)
R2 (site 2)
(R22)

(R23)

R3 (Site 3)

(R33)
(R43)
Global relation

Fragments

Physical images

Hnh 1.6 Cc phn mnh v cc nh vt l i vi mt quan h ton cc

Cui cng s thy hai nh vt l bt k c th c phn bit. Trong trng hp ny ta
s ni mt nh vt l l mt bn sao ca mt nh vt l khc. V d trong hnh 1.6, R 1
l mt bn sao ca R2.
10

Kin trc tham kho hnh 1.5 m t mi quan h gia cc i tng ti ba mc

trn cng ca kin trc ny. Ba mc ny c lp v tr, v th chng khng ph thuc
vo m hnh d liu ca cc h qun tr c s d liu cc b. mc thp hn, cn nh
x cc nh vt l n cc i tng c thao tc bi cc h qun tr c s d liu cc
b. nh x ny c gi l lc nh x cc b v n ph thuc vo kiu ca h
qun tr c s d liu cc b; v th trong h thng khng ng nht, c nhiu kiu nh
x cc b ti cc v tr khc nhau.
Kin trc ny cung cp mt m hnh quan nim tng qut hiu c c s d liu
phn tn. Ba i tng quan trng nht ca kin trc ny l s tch bit gia s phn
mnh d liu v s nh v d liu, iu khin d tha d liu v tnh c lp cc h
qun tr c s d liu cc b.
- S tch bit quan nim phn mnh d liu v quan nim nh v d liu: S tch bit
ny gip ta phn bit hai mc khc nhau ca s trong sut phn tn c gi l s
trong sut phn tn v s trong sut nh v. S trong sut phn tn l mc cao nht
ca s trong sut v bao gm cc yu t m ngi s dng v cc lp trnh vin lm
vic trn cc quan h ton cc. S trong sut nh v l mc thp hn v yu cu ngi
s dng v cc lp trnh vin lm vic trn cc phn mnh thay v trn cc quan h ton
cc. Tuy nhin h khng cn bit cc phn mnh ny lu tr u. S tch bit hai
quan nim phn mnh v nh v rt ph hp trong thit k c s d liu phn tn v s
xc nh cc thnh phn thch hp ca d liu c nhn bit t bi ton nh v ti u.
- iu khin tng minh s d tha d liu: Kin trc tham kho cung cp mt s iu
khin tng minh cho s d tha d liu ti mc phn mnh. V d trong hnh 1.6 hai
nh vt l R22 v R32 trng lp ngha l chng cha chung d liu. nh ngha cc phn
mnh mt cch tch bit khi xy dng cc khi vt l cho php tham kho tng minh
n tng phn trng lp ny tc phn mnh nhn bn R 2. iu khin s d tha d liu
rt hu dng trong mt s kha cnh qun tr c s d liu phn tn.

11

- Tnh c lp ti cc h qun tr c s d liu cc b: Tnh cht ny gi l s trong

sut nh x cc b, n cho php nghin cu mt s vn qun tr c s d liu m
khng quan tm n m hnh d liu c th ti cc h qun tr c s d liu cc b.
Mt kiu trong sut khc lin quan cht ch ti s trong sut nh v l s trong sut
nhn bn. S trong sut nhn bn c ngha l ngi s dng khng nhn thy c s
nhn bn ca cc phn mnh.
1.2.2 Kin trc ca h qun tr CSDL phn tn.
Phn ny s xem xt chi tit cc kin trc h thng l h khch/ch (client/server), cc
h c s d liu phn tn v cc phc h c s d liu.
1.2.2.1 Cc h khch/ch (Client/Server)
Trong h khch/ch, ta phn bit chc nng cn c cung cp v chia nhng chc
nng ny thnh hai lp: chc nng ch, chc nng khch. N cung cp mt kin trc
hai mc, to d dng cho vic qun l mc phc tp ca cc h qun tr c s d
liu hin i v phc tp ca vic phn tn d liu.
V th, c th nghin cu nhng khc bit v chc nng khch v chc nng ch. iu
u tin phi ch l my ch thc hin phn ln cc cng vic qun l d liu. iu
ny c ngha l mi vic x l v ti u ha vn tin, qun l giao tc v qun l thit b
lu tr u c thc hin ti my ch. Khch, ngoi giao din v ng dng, s c mt
module qun tr c s d liu, khch chu trch nhim qun l d liu c gi n v
i khi c vic qun l cc kho cht giao tc.
Kin trc khch/ch c biu din trong hnh 1.7. Kin trc ny rt thng dng trong
cc h thng quan h, vic giao tip gia khch v ch thng qua cc cu lnh
SQL. Ni cch khc, khch s chuyn cc yu cu cho my ch m khng tm hiu v
ti u ho chng. My ch thc hin hu ht cc cng vic v tr quan h kt qu v
cho khch.

12

Client
H

Giao tip

Chng trnh

ngi dng

ng dng

...

iu

Client DBMS

Hnh

Phn mm truyn thng

Truy vn

Kt qu

SQL

quan h
Phn mm truyn thng

Server

B iu khin ng ngha d liu

B ti u ha cu hi
B qun l giao tc

iu

B phc hi
B x l h tr run time

Hnh

CSDL

Hnh 1.7 Kin trc khch/ch

1.2.2.2 H phn tn ngang hng
Chng ta bt u m t kin trc ny bng cch xem xt hnh nh t chc d liu.
Trc tin ta ch rng t chc d liu vt l trn mi my c th khc nhau. V th
cn c mt nh ngha ni ti ring ti mi v tr c gi l lc ni ti cc b LIS
(Local Internal Schema). Hnh nh ca m hnh d liu ton cc c m t bng lc
quan nim ton cc GCS (Global Conceptual Schema). x l hin tng nhn
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bn v phn mnh, cn phi m t vic t chc logic ca d liu ti mi v tr, v th

cn c mt tng th ba c gi l lc quan nim cc b LCS (Local Conceptual
Schema). Do vy trong m hnh kin trc ny, lc quan nim ton cc l hp ca
cc quan nim cc b. Cui cng cc ng dng v truy xut c s d liu c h tr
qua lc ngoi ES (External Schema). M hnh kin trc ny c trnh by hnh
1.8.
Cc thnh phn c th ca mt h qun tr c s d liu phn tn gm hai thnh phn
chnh (minh ha hnh 1.9): b phn giao tip ngi s dng (user processor) v b
phn x l d liu (data processor).
ES 1

ES 2
GCS

ES n

ES : External Schema

GCS : Global Conceptual schema

LCS 1

LCS 2

LCS n Local Conceptual Schema

LiS 1

LiS 2

LiS 3

Local internal Schema

Hnh 1.8 Kin trc tham kho c s d liu phn tn

Cc thnh phn ca b phn giao tip ngi s dng gm:

- B phn giao tip (user interface handler): chu trch nhim dch cc cu lnh
ngi s dng v nh dng d liu kt qu chuyn cho ngi s dng.
- B phn kim sot d liu ng ngha (semantic data controller): s dng cc rng
buc ton vn v thng tin quyn hn, c nh ngha nh thnh phn ca lc
quan nim ton cc kim tra xem cc cu truy vn c th x l c hay
khng.
- B phn phn r v ti u ho vn tin ton cc (global query optimizer and
decomposer): xc nh nh mt chin lc hot ng nhm gim thiu chi ph,
phin dch cc cu vn tin ton cc thnh cc cu vn tin cc b bng cch s
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dng cc lc quan nim ton cc, lc quan nim cc b v th mc ton

cc. B phn ti u vn tin ton cc cn chu trch nhim to ra mt chin lc
thc thi tt nht cho php ni phn tn.
- B phn gim st hot ng phn tn (distributed execution monitor): iu phi
vic thc hin phn tn cc yu cu ngi s dng v cng c gi l b qun l
giao tc phn tn (distributed transaction manager).
Thnh phn ch yu th hai ca h qun tr c s d liu phn tn l b x l d
liu (data processor), bao gm cc thnh phn:
- B phn ti u ho vn tin cc b (local query optimizer): thng hot ng nh
b chn ng truy xut, chu trch nhim chn ra mt ng truy xut thch hp
nht truy xut cc mc d liu.
- B phn khi phc cc b (local recovery manager) bo m cho cc c s d
liu cc b vn duy tr c tnh nht qun ngay c khi c s c xy ra.
- B phn h tr lc thc thi (run-time support processor): truy xut c s d liu
ty thuc vo cc lnh trong lch biu do b phn ti u vn tin to ra. N chnh l
b giao tip vi h iu hnh v cha b qun l vng m c s d liu, chu
trch nhim qun l vng m v qun l vic truy xut d liu.

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User
p ng
ca h thng

Yu cu ca User

B x l User
B iu khin
giao tip User
ES
b iu khin
ng nghi d liu
GCS
B ti u ha
vn tin ton cc
GD / D
B gim st
hot ng phn tn

T in d liu

B x l d liu
B x l Cu hi cc
b

B qun l phc hi
cc b

B x l h tr thi
gian chy

LCS

nht k h
thng

LiS

Hnh 1.9 Kin trc ca h qun tr c s d liu phn tn.

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