Chng 1: Cht bn dn

CHNG 1: CHT BN DN
1.1. S lc v lch s pht trin ca ngh nh in t
Vo nm 1947, ti phng th nghim ca Bell, John Bardeen v Walter Brattain
thnh cng trong vic pht minh Transistor l ng cc BJT(Bipolar Junction
Transistor). y l mt bc ngot nh du s bt u ca thi i bn dn. Pht
minh ny v mt chui pht trin ca cng ngh vi in t tht s lm thay i
cuc sng loi ngi.
1948 Transistor u tin ra i. y l mt cuc Cch mng ca ng nh in t.
1950 Mch in t chuyn sang dng transistor
H my tnh dng linh kin bn dn dng ri rc ra i (th h II)
1960 Mch tch hp ra i (IC:Intergrated Circuit)
H my tnh dng IC ra i(th h III)
1970 Cc mch tch hp mt cao h n ra i (MSI, LSI, VLSI)
MSI: Medium Scale Intergrated Circuit
LSI: Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
VSI:Very Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
1980 n nay in t c ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh y t, iu
khin t ng, pht thanh, truyn h nh
1.2. Linh kin in t:
Ta xt hai loi linh kin c bn sau:
Linh kin th ng:
C cc thng s khng i di tc dng dng in: in tr, t, cun cm
Linh kin tch cc:
C cc thng s thay i di tc dng dng in: Diod, Transistor lng cc
BJT( Bipolar Junction Transistor):
1.3. Cht bn dn:
1.3.1.Cht bn dn thun:
Nng lng

Vng dn ca Si

Vng cm

Vng ho tr ca Si

Hnh 1.1. Gin nng lng ca Si

Bi ging mn K thut in t

Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Hai cht bn dn tiu biu l: Silicon(Si) v Ge(Germanium).
Si l cht bn dn m ti nhit phng c rt t e vng dn trong mng tinh
th. V dng in t l vi s lng e nn dng in trong tinh th rt nh. nhit
phng, e vng ho tr nhy ln vng dn li l trng ti v tr cha n
mang in tch dng. Hin tng ny gi l s pht sinh in t-l trng.
Nng lng

Si

Vng dn ca Si
E
V
Vng ho tr ca Si

Hnh 1.2. S di chuyn ca in t v l trng trong Si khi c ngun in

Nu t ngun in nh hnh v th e di chuyn v cc dng ca ngun. E
vng ho tr cng c th di chuyn v cc d ng ca ngun nu n c nng
lng t mc nng lng ca n ln mc nng lng ca l trng. Khi e n y
nhp vo l trng th n li mt l trng pha sau. V th lm l trng di
chuyn v cc m ca ngun. D ng in trong cht bn dn l tng 2 thnh phn:
dng do e trong vng dn v dng do l trng trong vng ho tr. E di chuyn v
cc dng nhanh hn l trng di chuyn v cc m v kh nng e c nng
lng cn thit nhy l n vng dn ln hn kh nng e c nng lng
nhy n v tr trng trong v ng ha tr. V vy dng e ln hn dng l trng trong
Si. Tuy nhin dng ny vn nh nn Si l cch in.
1.3.2 Cht bn dn tp:
1.3.2.1. Cht bn dn tp loi N
Nng lng
Vng dn ca Si
Mc nng lng ca
tp cht donor

Vng ho tr ca Si
Hnh 1.3. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi N
Bi ging mn K thut in t

Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Cht bn dn tp loi N l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp P vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu n y tng ng lm
xut hin mc nng lng ca tp cht donor st y v ng dn. V th nhit
phng cc e ca nguyn t P nhy ln vng dn ca Si. V vy nguyn t tp cht
d b ion ho thnh ion dng. Ngoi ra c ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l
trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn thun vi mc yu h n v mc
nng lng ca tp cht donor st yv ng dn.
Gi nn: mt in t trong vng dn, pn: mt l trng trong vng ho
tr, th nn>>pn.Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi N ch yu do in t to n n
gi l ht dn a s, cn l trng gi l ht thiu s.
1.3.2.2. Cht bn dn tp loi P:
Cht bn dn tp loi P l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm III trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp cc nguyn t As vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu n y
tng ng lm xut hin mc nng lng gi l mc tp cht acceptor st nh
vng ho tr. V vy nguyn t tp cht d b ion ho th nh ion m . Ngoi ra c
ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn
thun vi mc yu hn v mc tp cht loi P st nh v ng ho tr.
Gi np: mt in t trong vng dn.
Gi pp: mt l trng trong vng ho tr., th np>>pp
Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi P ch yu do l trng to n n gi l
ht dn a s, cn in t gi l ht thiu s.
Nng lng
Vng dn ca Si

Mc tp cht acceptor
Vng ho tr ca Si

Hnh 1.4. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi P

1.4.Tip xc p-n:

Bi ging mn K thut in t

Chng 1: Cht bn dn
Cho lp bn dn p, n tip xc nhau, ta c tip xc p -n.
1.4.1. Nguyn l lm vic:
1.4.1.1. Khi tip xc p-n cha c phn cc:
in trng

+
+
+

Vng ngho
Do c s chnh lch ln v nng (n n>>np, pp>>pn ) nn c hin tng
khuch tn cc ht dn a s qua n i tip xc, to nn dng khuch tn I kt hng
t min P sang min N.
Ti vng ln cn hai bn mt tip xc xut hin in tr ng ni E tx hng
t vng N sang vng P (do ion t p cht to ra). N cn tr chuyn ng ca d ng
khuch tn v gy ra dng tri I tr ca cc ht thiu s c chiu t N sang P qua
mt tip xc lm Itr tng, I kt gim.
Qu trnh ny tip din cho n khi t n trng thi cn bng ng. Lc
Ikt=Itr., dng qua tip xc bng 0, hiu th tip xc l 0.1V i vi Ge v 0.4 V
i vi Si
1.4.1.2. Khi tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch :
Eng

_
-

K
+

Etx

V
Hnh 1.5. Tip xc p-n b phn cc nghch
in trng ni cng chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc tng lm cho vng tip xc m rng ra, dng khuch tn gim v 0,

Bi ging mn K thut in t

Chng 1: Cht bn dn
dng tri do E tx gy ra tng n mt gi tr gi l dng ngc bo ho I S. Dng
ny rt nh.
Vy khi phn cc nghch tip xc th khng c dng chy qua (xem dng
bo ho ngc bng khng).
1.4.1.3. Khi tip xc c phn cc thun :
Eng

+
-

K
_

Etx

V
Hnh 1.6. Tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch
in trng ni ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc gim lm cho vng tip xc b thu hp li, cc ht a s d dng di
chuyn qua vng tip xc ny, dng khuch tn c chiu t A n K tng mnh,
dng tri do E tx gy ra khng ng k.
Vy khi phn cc thun tip xc th c dng chy qua tip xc p-n, n quan
h vi in p gia hai u tip xc nh sau:
v
q
vD
kT
VDT

iD ISe 1IS e 1

Trong :
vD: in p hai u tip xc.
IS: dng bo ho ngc.
k: hng s Boltman
k =1,38.10 -23J/0K.
q : in tch ca ht dn, q=1,6.10 -19C
VT: th nhit
nhit phng VT = 25,5mV.

Bi ging mn K thut in t

Chng 1: Cht bn dn
1.4.1.4. Kt lun:
Tip xc p-n ch cho dng in chy qua theo mt chiu t p n n.
chnh l tnh cht chnh lu ca tip xc p-n.
1.5. c tuyn V- A
c tuyn V-A ca tip xcp-n m t mi quan h gia dng v in p
trn hai u tip xc.
Ge
iD ID
Si
Thun
VBR
R

Nghch

0.2 0.7
v
v

vD

Hnh 1.7. c tuyn V-A ca tip xc p-n.

VBR: in th nh thng l in p ngc ti a m tip xc p-n c th
chu ng khi phn cc ng c m khng b hng. Lc ny, tip xc p-n dn in
c theo c chiu nghch.
1.6. Hin tng nh thng:
Khi in p ngc ln, dng ln lm cc e va chm vo cc e c nh khc lm
tng s e nn dng in tng vt, ngha l tip xc p-n dn in c theo c chiu
nghch, ph v c tnh chnh l u ca n, gi l hin tng nh thng.
Nguyn nhn nh thng c th do in hoc do nhit, v vy c ba loi nh
thng c bn: nh thng v in, nh thng v nhit, v nh thng nhit -in.
Trong s nh thng v nhit do s tch lu nhit trong v ng ngho. Khi c
in p ngc ln, dng in ngc tng lm nng cht bn dn, khin nng
ht dn thiu s tng v lm dng in ngc tng. Qu trnh c nh th lm cho
nhit vng ngho v dng ngc tng nhanh, dn ti nh thng.

Bi ging mn K thut in t