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SnCDo2 gB , o- hb5ni f kcfJ 65 84n

rDf--gpUfDOL WfD Snjo nY}kBCDkWfD
ko!Tj W
cfD
ah]n n kW_ ~_ -n :YShg ,UfD
anj kW_
k }W_Dn_k
nojLgMFkW_
,o hbLbn kJQ nzU R Sn o -go
UfDjD R_qLo
Kk;gB_y$BKho FL Sn
nhwUfDOLn ' WfDShh F
k !Tk
WfB o }Gka_- koL_~nKWjD ]F
W_- o i.L:WfBng ]g fHphXF
n go \
n Mh@^L:U Yyfn Lk Wf
O_Shk'Mjs cf
W_D
k Sn ;'UcfhWfO
_George Homsy j WfO_Gordon McCreight DOdKn.n k Wf

O_Mathilde CallieshEtienne
Reyssat ]jWgoUgMjKc_gBFj/
WfO_Pierre-Gilles de GenneshFrancoise Brochard-Wyart Sn k
W_D

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hb5ni

, o9 Kj

W eQ[3
hb5
ni f

n10
nFan9 kWfD

n
nk
0TYko k&`

YK YPk&g
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65~gnjLdDfD
Snjo -n
kBCDj
kY

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a
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y%jLb

a OLb

Sngo hb5nX(n0PnDOdK:Y Hp h o
bdSh
k 'KknK Sn knKhocMgMg]kY

W]

-
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1.

2. n

3. hb5

4. '

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4
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5. djL_

6. n w

7. '

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y%jLb
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11. hb

1.

OLb p. 1

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

gqW_Sno 9000; o
nJ d Bu_nL=
YPIHfD Sno
2.1 g
Uw UO ]n_ hb5L/Mg
z KQikKKZo bd
nn4 ko o~c_Opjc
fO

y%jLb
a

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2.

OLb p. 1

-
H

Lbnf

hko y%ji4L_WfB L gj
O nxLQpLO{i i W_LcfL
OjcfD ~Z Snhk RO@rU_n
hgdO Snno
4DL
iL jD n oND Sno
hnIWDn kTY~g MY ]Sg
ob~ n'MUgBjLh
bM
Yb d~hj kj !k
X
\pW2dn\cfD (Plateau)
L1850t k HW_Sn.no 4Wc
_gnni n vkW_

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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3.

hb5

OLb p. 4

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

x4nec_4K^n Yh
kW[
fB`Qnn!tkxLgM Gtnkt
BQh on5kcf c5
n k
Y SnFj hbn kLb c5
]n YFkO XMwUB_n h
b5h|v

y%jLb
a

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4.

'

OLb p. 6

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

BKX YIn}DYg~[_L
g^D` kdjLcfD
YhY
Pknz L RWfDO So
LN'KkBSh:WfD SS]
nG( (1.5))gB oW| W_Lc
f xnhbM
U

y%jLb
a

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5.

djL_

OLb p. 7

-
H

Lbnf

UDgU_ dno
xn h
hbML UOjFkrhdkjFhY
ko 'MDL UDk8Uf B
Do ]n gU]Fj LY iak2K
zfDno LaplacenG( (1.5))gB SnG
kp UD n o'MD
'LD cf
UDL'MD{F
k8U 'MDLShL gM

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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6.

OLb p. 7

-
H

Lbnf

p_ nnk
L ~fD SnnB
U
gcfF(300
) nSMn90%
`fDoBhhk wW
BLdh(sGW
f)25-60n'MUkj Sn
o F'M
Unpjn'nUDkcfwS S
n4 o
UDK'MDnx ]
ffD4nLfAf
UDoLf
Y

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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7.

Sn

'

OLb p. 9

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

J nK4nLA=a
P 9000 gfF oX
o `c_L hb5nqQf
Sa
WfWO/Y UD4hj u_d
n'Mjnk[ nFj UjLb UfD
Shk WF

y%jLb
a

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8.

nb

OLb p. 14

-
H

Lbnf

JR = 4 cm n dn*nkx5 Gn*
K MWfDO 2D hY
*n
tkz LoDSgDngn n'LI
WO 'og cfhgB
(1.10)gp = 0hW_4 kS
dn*nL
UO2D < 1.3Rn4 ko xob
(1.19)
kj LS'MOjh bo4Y

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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9.

OLb p. 17

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

n k .^npjSnnO So
K k hb5o = 12
mN/m
= 37 mN/m
4 = 72
mN/m
4 = 485 mN/m gB Sohb5
LND{iOL Shbhna WOo
on kcf H
(1.23)

y%jLb
a

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10a.
a

OLb p. 23

-
H

Lbnf

n+ kO
W
_J0TfeQh hbknDfDPo)
_ K R rhdn
So )
_ gohb5L UOj ]nP K
DhSK_DhSk KFhbLOKgB
dn
Shon WfDnL
gB
UD7hn-ke 7o
k g]n nhbY SSg~_
_D k Kc_hbAL,gM SFW_ao
h|p

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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10b.
a

OLb p. 23

-
H

Lbnf

n+ kO
W
_J0TfeQh hbknDfDPo)
_ K R rhdn
So )
_ gohb5L UOj ]nP K
DhSK_DhSk KFhbLOKgB
Shon WfDnL
dn
gB
UD7hn-ke 7o
k g]n nhbY SSg~_
_D k Kc_hbAL,gM SFW_ao
h|p

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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11.
a

hb
OLb p. 24

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

n nn n4o kWKjDL So
hbL _igZfDKgB k WKV
YShgZdOh oOFkj
( 5 >nYh sZfW~F) SkW
kcf UfDp 4':Y S
on gB

y%jLb
a

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LbnboWpWphL DdQfz~cfD
SoB Skcf D LShB

Sn_

'Mjo4hj

-
H

12. h4

13. 4

14. ~b

15.

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

16. n

17. S

18.

19.

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12.

h4

ah p. 34

-
H

Lbnf

nhb kSMnpj dn4_

Y
jo w1
(2.1) 4n4 2.7mm
hyf UD Sngoonbkq
WjDng o n nFk8Oj o1
h
K]'MOjh ks_Oj
4kj ]nUo na_
YdDf hj

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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13.

4n

ah p. 36 & 151

-
H

Lbnf

SMLIWD 2000 mm3 4 .^n'Lpj

hb F
knO Sn .^
nikY4no 45 90 120gB
nJowkyf'MDng okcf
zWSkj
BjUo
(2.10)gU
Fk n kcfUcfDShLk
gM 4nwo2.7mmgBShK (2.10)c
fU,Yh ]^2, 3.8, 4.7mmhjL S
ogU$k' D jJ
j
nnoJ]22mmgB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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14.

~bnb

ah p. 42

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

OY hb5 = 20 mN/m
= 970 kg/m3 ' = 1000 mPa s nec_k
S ;btn[jwb Y L U
D4 na_Y_ Skcf~bLb
U
BjUo 2mm kj
2.20 h
O F ~bnbo
2.21 ghUkD
bgB

y%jLb
a

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15.

ah p. 48 & 128

-
H

Lbnf

0.15 K0.6mm nnpjJ d4 ,n

OYkU[ o-
BU dDL DfBhS ~g
Y
JL UD{i oO
Y SJurin n
G
2.31
hDF SnGn k
BjU
hnJnMLphj ]L22 Snn
w1 o1.5 mm hIWOjShLgMoZgB
~_ bn
oL0D{iEDShgM
5.42
WashburnnG

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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16.

ah p. 49

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

Brook TaylorL1712tkLc_ Y
X
10kD_ n OY@rU
_SkY SonjYL UQp UD
nUonn
{i O~g
Y
kY
2.31
SnPo tbKS
hLgM hj

y%jLb
a

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17.

ah p. 53

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb

4b k 4 kYn
Y 4b g ohbn h LW_
kj
dnno Shb k
nO dnSPnFk pjLbnbM
Y
Fk M D
Bko Y

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18.

ah p. 57

-
H

Lbnf

Snko 1.5mmnkv Lc_

nL cfD Snnbo nbkW
FhY hb5 h ] M8p]FhY
LTW_PgB Snko hb5
80 mN/m K 13 mN/m ~g
U[_4 nLaplace

2.49
nn
:WfB nb
k jO F5n$LX(YShLK ]n$
o24 mN/m gB nhb5n$ 25 C
g23mN/m k' DPhjcfD Lc_
o Lb5n,YxjnrhdgB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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19.

ah p. 57

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

4n20 n' dL
nK YPfF SnFk
LASh hDF
Sn o4500/g
nfo g nFj L
qUfD
gMf ]n Ld~h c_n o[
UD kj

y%jLb
a

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eth

n>'

Sngo koShbn ek cKKcfb~'LBSh:Y

Uo]LinFkWfb U_KkXY et

cf

n'M

-
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20.

21. bnoZ

22. b

23. j`

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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20.

et

n>' p. 67

-
H

Lbnf

hcfnSM U[h SSgo4

hb knD_
obU
L1U $kTY~g]nMnkhi~
Sn$M2h|s a hO LcOM
2Y4
oSnkWf c_M2k'
D$h kS8D R4 k
obU L1U N$kj~g]
nMnkhi~ 8D RQh o Y
Snno
L UDhMkor khf
D SnhfX joS dn!nL,
gM ]noeth|p

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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21.

nbnoZ

n>' p. 67

-
H

Lbnf

J3mm 4nw2.7mmkD$ n4L

n knKfD SnZKkQh
nML^kjShg Uk FL
U d~ okWLdD_~~gB
MnLhF$oM2h kc
f6PQ(3.1) B~kQh Mn
nLSnPLH oM M
hMnnonSMkcfD WKW
B~k UDn4 oLijkMdOf
kOcdD_~~gB _hHp ok
OcdDfh~

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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22.

ekb

n>' p. 69 & 144

-
H

Lbnf

kOD W_ k 500m
nOgM ]n4K
M RPfF SnSo4n1000 n
' dgB o 100 m/sn Ug
c5fD k cKKc_o Kn
Ln kjc_hMk8sMcf
o 0DLd~hFkj ]n
]L Wf Ujk K ]n
ocOxhWfDO
6.21

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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23a.

j`

n>' p. 76

-
H

w nBShb kJDf nbo

wxn cKKhn>'n kcfz~
4K M R_S H_Wf
U[h nMoKgojD o
6%nMnx}hv~g Bbn~~gKj
D S dngfF
n
ko 'MU10 m nn kOD wL
kMnU_ 4K50 m/sn Ug
MYPqW_ jnko
nwap_ dhk 1 KnA
500 m/sn UgD`hMnPqW_ g
n nnL'MDShLocMh
K So Sk'LjD4 koorh
_sM`Yhhfb~kODKgB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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23b.

j`

n>' p. 76

-
H

w nBShb kJDf nbo

wxn cKKhn>'n kcfz~
4K M R_S H_Wf
U[h nMoKgojD o
6%nMnx}hv~g Bbn~~gKj
D S dngfF
n
ko 'MU10 m nn kOD wL
kMnU_ 4K50 m/sn Ug
MYPqW_ jnko
nwap_ dhk 1 KnA
500 m/sn UgD`hMnPqW_ g
n nnL'MDShLocMh
K So Sk'LjD4 koorh
_sM`Yhhfb~kODKgB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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Lbnf

Sngo ak
DOdK:Y

'

ajin

LbgnAkYa

-
H

24.

25. J-n g

26. '

27. '

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

28. WashburnnG

29. c'x

30. /

31. hb5

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24.

'

LbnASf p. 113

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

4n100 n' dkP

h oUL250 mnb\Y~gL ]K
rcOYh nqk cOh
GcWO&`n Sx
WfDO
no13mmg nw
(5.18)
= 2 21 hIWD jJ Snn
w1 o1.5mmgB

y%jLb
a

I
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25.

J-n

gn

'

LbnASf p. 116

-
H

Lbnf

4n100 n' dYS n

f J100 mnJ- gU[h J-k
LgM
(5.37)
nGjo jng
LSa Gjk&` UDk K
SL 'gB n4
ko wLA k'MQp SdShkcfL
bnbML
(5.22)
Bjnboonduloidale
h|p
(1.15)

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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26.

gnn

'

LbnASf p. 119 & 125

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb

YS n n
J d
jn-gU[h ngo
nbkL5 Snno
(5.37)gz
~
Sno hb
kY_zk
kj GcWO#jc_nk K

I
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27.

'

LbnASf p. 119

-
H

KA4no
nkcf
pnk K SSk:
W _ n K B _ b B o5 ms
gB SoB(R3 /)1/2 hoOBcfD
h ohb5h R onJ

Sn nBo4 ms gB R = 1 mm
= 72 mN/m = 1000 kg/m3
SSg n/n
h L Bh
kjcfDSh XW
fJO ~_ nbL
O ^8k kj
Sh K So LXThk L
-YKgB 4n'oNDng Sno
(5.58)g:W_Fk hfcOhWfDO

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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28.

WashburnnG

LbnASf p. 128

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

4sj R = 0.23 mm 4n50 n' d

nec_ UDkeQfU[h
oakn-kx W ]n Uo!,kEOj ~
bnMnoBn1/ Wg
YShLSnK
K SoWashburnnGkcfD
(5.42)

y%jLb
a

I
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29.

c'x

LbnASf p. 129

-
H

Lbnf

_W_k J0.7 mmnW_h

Mnx nP 1000;/gc_:Y
KnLNBLDFao ~bL n
g2ShLgM
(5.44)
KB_2L
o
13 cm/sgB SnkWf
5.44 g
,U$n1/2n$gB SoJ]O~bnM
njL 2 Uko YShkwY
LNBLwOjh~bn oEOj u
__sWashburnnGhO FFkj
(5.42)

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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30.

n/

LbnASf p. 133 & 234

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

Sn o3mmn4LK U_
n1= nP:WfD L U_n
n bLg o/WjL= Y 4500
/gqU_Sn KB_/nh o 12
ms gB Sn$o n, = (R3 /)1/2
kD Sn kp J1.5 mmn4( = 72
mN/m
= 1000 kg/m3 kWf = 15 mshj

y%jLb
a

I
;
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B

31.

hb5

LbnASf p. 133

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

4_W_'MjRh1 rad/sgU[ Sn
4
-K12 Js32 cm LBMn n4@k
JQSn o ]^
12h32 cm/shj
8o -K_nn Agn,U
SnPo ( (5.55))n - k
$ c = 23 cm/s LX(YShht ' d d~
A L]n
$ UDh8L XjD

y%jLb
a

I
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nf

DfDSn o WfhY Sno 'hndBDgz~

-
H

32.

33. hj

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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32.

nf p. 136

-
H

Lbnf

hb5L = 20 mN/mg'L = 5000 mPa snO

Ynec_hkSW_P:Y
Sn~bo gShbkWfD
SV = 50 m/sg MU[h p Ca = V / o
0.01
o8D kTY V 'MOYh

Y ! nD (V ) o
(6.7) gh
U E = 0 jngSnSoOY) Sn
o Hp V = 50 m/s Js 100 m/skW ]
^ D = 55 4 h 72 4,W o
`kwY) Sn KB_$hO F

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
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33a.

hj

nf p. 146

-
H

BKXW_nHcf
kn UDnM
jn
Lzk XX LPUgY
hj
n nFkXXx
Y hDFho Snak1eY Sn
ngo hbnkcfU
5nfo 7D
kcfyQ Sn^
bj/ Do
6.37 kcf U

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

jn o
Xn'MD
BDo]
LS gLP:WfD
Sn4
okj n'MUow
'MD
5GopjcfO

I
;
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B

33b.

hj

nf p. 146

-
H

BKXW_nHcf
jn
kn UDnM
Lzk XX LPUgY
hj
n nFkXXx
Y hDFho Snak1eY Sn
ngo hbnkcfU
5nfo 7D
kcfyQ Sn^
bj/ Do
6.37 kcf U

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

jn o
Xn'MD
BDo]
LS gLP:WfD
Sn4
okj n'MUow
'MD
5GopjcfO

I
;
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B

jDSn
k X_~D_
wSc_Y

k! S\h o WFhY o
KwSc_ hb
hSKwSc_ BDo Dn4
hbnNLEU_k

-
H

Lbnf

34. 4

35.

36.

37. 4

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

38. c'4

39. '

40. P

41. tnD_

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34.
4

4
p. 156

-
H

Lbnf

RO@rW_ jDShb
}D
kcfR SFWfgMn
Uo gB SnShb kJQ4
nUD
7.1
Yja o4W
FhY d gSk9MdQ ~D
_ \YShg 4U[ Sn t
o n g wW
7.21
L L d~

tn-.kBc_ SLf h Lb
U ]no BhhkY jJ tL
GjbWfDnoShbn G 'k

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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35a.
4

n4
p. 165 & 170

-
H

BKXOWc_k
U 40nb WfJO )
140Cka IfUcf KqW_ t
Lzk
wWfOPLH d~

Sn o nq g
hbnNL'YShg
h
Kj
g4Y 4 LB
hhk
W
7.27
tOh L
hjShk WF n Bo5 gB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

Sn Uk 2jnnFk h L
W W
bn!L Sn bn o
Sn/g UfJ n 'k
Y d n Bo8 gB

I
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35b.
4

n4
p. 165 & 170

-
H

BKXOWc_
k U
nb Wf
JO )140Cka IfUcf K
qW_ tLzk
wWfOPLH
d~
Sn o
nq g hbnNL'YShg

hKj
g4Y
4 LBhhk
W
7.27
t
Oh L hjShk WF n B
o5 gB
Sn Uk 2jnnFk h L
W W
bn!L Sn bn o
Sn/g UfJ n 'k
Y d n Bo8 gB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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36.
4

4
p. 170

-
H

Lbnf

Sn o kcf kW W
_n U4 L4Y
P )52Cg PUgW_ngB
;o
kqU ]nroU:W
LB{i O 4o hbnNnEk
cf X ]nP
pntL BkO
4
Sn;K Sno MWn
hbgojOnXd g4YShL,g
M Yja hj pseudo-partiel wetting
nKkB 92g
;no1 mgB
n Bo 4BgB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

37.
4

4
p. 175

-
H

KA4nL AWnk=afDO
P Y 3mmnnFk0D4L4sj
Sd oLcfhfDb\
]Wf]nUo]Knhhk S
n n tnK_ go Sn
o{hihj ]noYj4n
Uhj
2.10
On h`On
o n kcfU_
S4hDF nth tnhK
nXG
7.52h 7.53 M YShk
nJL U ]nJonAhh
k'Y

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

38a.
4

c'4
p. 178

-
H

Sno perfluorodecaline
k5_4nDn4nP:WfD
nU[fSnktBQh p
AgtL'MOjPLK
o25 EOWfB
jngo 4o@r
U
wYt -nFjn
Drn
L jngo Sn
Kg Bf nHIqW_
t

j tnyk DI*o-K tk K
cfM2W ]nMko4nhbLX(Y Sntn
ko
MDf nhbk,
nn L SoSnc'anygB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

38b.
4

c'4
p. 178

-
H

Sno perfluorodecaline
k5_4nDn4nP:WfD
nU[fSnktBQh p
AgtL'MOjPLK
o25 EOWfB
jngo 4o@r
U
wYt -nFjn
Drn
L jngo Sn
Kg Bf nHIqW_
t

j tnyk DI*o-K tk K
cfM2W ]nMko4nhbLX(Y Sntn
ko
MDf nhbk,
nn L SoSnc'anygB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

39.
4

'n4
p. 182

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

4n100
n' d-g'Mjz
L
YShkb U_ n
'n 10 n f
F L kcfLJS ]n
o
g4W tno ppg'Y
7.60
W_bo gB )=ajL
D_hSkWLgMfDShk WF

y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

40.
4

nN
p. 183

-
H

o 4-g Lb;'d Pn2dLXfD

ng ]no 1K100ngB

W_hS Snokhf<fD WK
W ]n/ Do' pjcfD
jn
go
I PkcfIcfD LWWO
DfDPL So nhb
ohf UDKgB( 10 nN/m d~
n100
n1 ) ]nPp n
NLwS Snhb5nNUK XFrh
dn0PL jnk:UfD
)
nQk tQh go!
gMLSSgo/MkjcfD5kst
L~n` Sno1
gB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

41.
4

ktQ
p. 185

-
H

o 4-g Lb;'d Pn2dLXfD

ng ]no 1K100ngB

W_hS Snokhf<fD WK
W ]n/ Do' pjcfD
jn
go
I PkcfIcfD LWWO
DfDPL So nhb
ohf UDKgB( 10 nN/m d~
n100
n1 ) ]nPp n
NLwS Snhb5nNUK XFrh
dn0PL jnk:UfD
)
nQk tQh go!
gMLSSgo/MkjcfD5kst
L~n` Sno1
gB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

Lb;'d

Lb;'do LbkBhLbn5 R PgB Sngo

YSh - gMSh
dhWfF~OOSh:Y

Lb;'dL

hbk'

-
H

42. Lb;'

43.

44. nJxq

45.

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

46. n

47. n4

48. n4

I
;
"
B

42.

Lb;'

Lb;'d p. 194

-
H

Lbnf

4_W_'Mjh(1 m)k
nP /KQfhbkpdQ Uk
'nLb;'d+`4hn-k_Y
h ohnhbhSkL Sn o
j
n gW_ngB
|o ong`hSFShLgMSh
:W_ngB ko hWfxL
_

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

43a.

Lb;'d p. 195

-
H

Lbnf

jnoreQU_4_W_h K
qWfD ]nhbk
Gnn
Ky ko k-n Y
-WMMFML UfD
nG
k
dp_Y -o Lb;'dkwYh
bn'kUfM2Y jnkJ
Df Microvelia n . o
U~jDF
k
R_k SncfD
gk
cdOjiWfD`_[_4
kotkLb;'
d>a '
O2 Sn on 25
EOWfB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

43b.

Lb;'d p. 195

-
H

Lbnf

jnoreQU_4_W_h K
qWfD ]nhbk
Gnn
Ky ko k-n Y
-WMMFML UfD
nG
k
dp_Y -o Lb;'dkwYh
bn'kUfM2Y jnkJ
Df Microvelia n . o
U~jDF
k
R_k SncfD
gk
cdOjiWfD`_[_4
kotkLb;'
d>a '
O2 Sn on 25
EOWfB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

44.

nJxq

Lb;'d p. 199

-
H

Lbnf

nJxqoqh
ix%Y_k)(U
gB
hWf 4-k[q PbS nPLB
4 LqWfB oyk[qk8@YLb
;'d+_ [qP4'kY
nz hnkeYhn_
Y 4'kjcfD[qPonhbkOc
dM hqkKp nfo kqLM
NNjDFktU
nBg
Fk PU[

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

45a.

Lb;'d p. 201

-
H

Lbnf

dnoWpWp gB
jn
go n iL knK x
4kxUfD 4nhb5L'EkN
A
YShk -nnL aF
iKfO4nFk n\`Y j
ngo UF
nx(D ~HZ
ch'MjhnknD_
jh k
nL>UPL,U ]nWpOWf
gL4YPK o2
k
WfB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

45b.

Lb;'d p. 201

-
H

Lbnf

dnoWpWp gB
jn
go n iL knK x
4kxUfD 4nhb5L'EkN
A
YShk -nnL aF
iKfO4nFk n\`Y j
ngo UF
nx(D ~HZ
ch'MjhnknD_
jh k
nL>UPL,U ]nWpOWf
k
gL4YPK o2
WfB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

46a.

xn

Lb;'d p. 206 & 208

-
H

ULpcmn [ k5_xokcf
A hbnr
nkcf nnP
gM nUL 100nm kjh o} ~_
or kj UkO pnm jhnroD
kj
kB ' go DL H
pdDYjiWf UkOj U
kOj ShLgM ~_ nn

2,n[nt Uk n
g XfDb}Dak WF Sn4@k
BoS8DgDf n@@j

MwW hnND \ S
Lhj
KL XfD jn
go SnD nnrhdL
XUn kTY~g
YPL:UfD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

46b.

xn

Lb;'d p. 206 & 208

-
H

ULpcmn [ k5_xokcf
A hbnr
nkcf nnP
gM nUL 100nm kjh o} ~_
or kj UkO pnm jhnroD
kj
kB ' go DL H
pdDYjiWf UkOj U
kOj ShLgM ~_ nn

2,n[nt Uk n
g XfDb}Dak WF Sn4@k
BoS8DgDf n@@j

MwW hnND \ S
Lhj
KL XfD jn
go SnD nnrhdL
XUn kTY~g
YPL:UfD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

47.

xn4

Lb;'d p. 208

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

*k x5
UjgtBQ_hMnP
4500/ gqW_ tLb U

gLcfDO SoCulicknG
8.37 k
iJgB ,U4 o 8.5 m/sgB
Sn15 cm n*n4Bo9 mshj CulicknG
kp SnU 1 mnxn4 ,gM
ngB

y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

48.

n4

Lb;'d p. 210

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

Y_ z n
n dm
kn'MjhhSk_Y MLb
U_Snh-k=hY o
h XnhSgh~ SnFkWfU[
_ 4 cm knHgtBQ Sn
(4500/)gqU_K 4L
gwScfDShLK CulicknG

y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

y%jLb

Sngo yk
hngB

jDqF

cf

So

Lc_m_Y

LbL>'

dS

-
H

49. 4

50. _UNN_f

51.

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

52. '

53. L

54. OKjm

y%jLb
a

I
;
"

55. WDm

56. x

57. n

49a.

4'hb

y%jLb p. 219

rhdngo , k 4'nsfjhbk
nM ,k ]nhbkdQ_hb
k4nDfD ,nhbo , nhbh f
k
jbk nw_OU\Shk

UfJ Sn_hboyrk DfD ,

n4 k,ULD gB4 ko

U_hbgnohf'MO ohbw
n
knW_KgnKfD ( 9.9)
u_dno SnFj cqn k

L nFjKkBLzYP:WfD
Sn oUcfqU
KnnJ
o 200gB wnULND4 ko

L KoYOj
zL2 B
Ln'MU cf B'Mj') kTY
honFkhbnwkM:U Wenzel
K 9.2 kY SnKo ' 'Mj
etkcfyQ So n-ke
hbL4'gBcf n$o{|kT
Y cf ( Hh Sn kBFj
k HFhbL U

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

49b.

4'hb

y%jLb p. 219

rhdngo , k 4'nsfjhbk
nM ,k ]nhbkdQ_hb
k4nDfD , nhbo ,nhbh f
k
jbk nw_OU\Shk

UfJ Sn_hboyrk DfD ,

n4 k,ULD gB4 ko

U_hbgnohf'MO ohbw
n
knW_KgnKfD ( 9.9)
u_dno SnFj cqn k

L nFjKkBLzYP:WfD
Sn oUcfqU
KnnJ
o 200gB wnULND4 ko

L KoYOj
zL2 B
Ln'MU cf B'Mj')kTYh
onFkhbnwkM:U Wenzel
K 9.2 kY SnKo ' 'Mjetk
cfyQ So n-ke hbL4
'gBcf n$o{|kTY cf
( Hh Sn kBFjk HFh
bL U

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

50.

_UNN_f

y%jLb p. 223

-
H

eta
Lbnf

ohbni j egbU Sn
o
Zd_WfDOPqW_Sn
g:UfD 4oW n ~
gaShLgM KQ90
]iSK
LShgM KQ180
So9.8
nujgB E = 0 Kd = 0hjcfD Sn
P n go0h180nnijg

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

51a.

y%jLb p. 227

-
H

eta
Lbnf

D ^8k)
300C nhb k4
_Y 4ocOhWKzWjD So
hnkB L ! kv WfD_
gB W_Lcf Sn o PhWf hk
jD 180 knD_ShkjcfD
Sn_ 4o' MYOj nX(
:Y_ko hf'Mj4_[pD ]n4
ko
kB nn 'L
hj L-.KpW
WfO ~_ S
n'MDL zk/WShgM

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

51b.

y%jLb p. 227

-
H

eta
Lbnf

D ^8k)
300C nhb k4
_Y 4ocOhWKzWjD So
hnkB L ! kv WfD_
gB W_Lcf Sn o PhWf hk
jD 180 knD_ShkjcfD
Sn_ 4o' MYOj nX(
:Y_ko hf'Mj4_[pD ]n4
ko
kB n 'L
hj L-.KpW
WfO ~_ S
n'MDL zk/WShgM

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

52.

'SnM

y%jLb p. 230

-
H

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb

n4'ngDdnS
dO M 10nhb knM SLL=
aP KqW_ o UDL
D
9.16
'MDnc}D nMF
h SnLWjLM2WfDShL
K

I
;
"
B

53a.

y%jLb p. 231

-
H

4hn S
n+ gFShkS\ShLgM
Sn hOjDo LjD_
nBhb'
OQ ]nPhWf
5Fj bLwS
jn go
Kgo
gBc_L = nFjbgsmP
L jn go WnFjb
WfD SL gY_k`LM
SnFjbkj jn4
oJ2 mm h
bnMo 30
o 1 m/sgB Sn
o18000/gqU_ Sndnbo n
{F = LgB SL
jn
nSo d~
sYh
hFkWf= kj

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

53b.

y%jLb p. 231

-
H

4hn S
n+ gFShkS\ShLgM
Sn hOjDo LjD_
nBhb'
OQ ]nPhWf
5Fj bLwS
jn go
Kgo
gBc_L = nFjbgsmP
L jn go WnFjb
WfD SL gY_k`LM
SnFjbkj jn4
oJ2 mm h
bnMo 30
o 1 m/sgB Sn
o18000/gqU_ Sndnbo n
{F = LgB SL
jn
nSo d~
sYh
hFkWf= kj

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

53c.

y%jLb p. 231

-
H

4hn S
n+ gFShkS\ShLgM
Sn hOjDo LjD_
nBhb'
OQ ]nPhWf
5Fj bLwS
jn go
Kgo
gBc_L = nFjbgsmP
L jn go WnFjb
WfD SL gY_k`LM
SnFjbkj jn4
oJ2 mm h
bnMo 30
o 1 m/sgB Sn
o18000/gqU_ Sndnbo n
{F = LgB SL
sYh
jn
nSo d~
hFkWf= kj

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

54a.

nOKjm

y%jLb p. 232

-
H

eta
Lbnf

4L4'hb k= Yh
UDnF
km ]nPo
kcfpj ch
ck Hp Khhbnng
BWeberpkXY
7.19
N
5 cm/s oX
n
d~WeberL UDhMko o{h
i b[Zkm L WeberpL
n4
]
20 cm/skS jn
]Bn bo s
Dnkj

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

54b.

nOKjm

y%jLb p. 232

-
H

eta
Lbnf

4L4'hb k= Yh
UDnFk
m ]nPo
kcfpj chc
k Hp KhhbnngB
WeberpkXY
7.19
N
5 cm/s
jn

d~WeberL UDhMko o{hi

b[Zkm L WeberpL
n4
] 20
cm/skS jn
]Bn bo sD
nkj

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

55a.

nWDm

y%jLb p. 233

-
H

eta
Lbnf

Weberp
9.17 L1'MDhM 4hbkSa
dQ_n bo'
sDnhj WKW
jL mLRShojD WeberpL4
nhM ] 40cm/s
jn
Lnb
z

D d~ WeberpL4 'M
D h sm LMkoWWO8s jn

So j h]Bn>'
n 1 MwSY

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

55b.

nWDm

y%jLb p. 233

-
H

eta
Lbnf

Weberp
9.17 L1'MDhM 4hbkSa
dQ_n bo'
sDnhj WKW
jL mLRShojD WeberpL4
nhM ] 40cm/s
jn
Lnb
z

D d~ WeberpL4 'M
D h sm LMkoWWO8s jn

So j h]Bn>'
n 1 MwSY

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

56.

xnx

y%jLb p. 234

-
H

eta
Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

Sn go YS 4 kdQ_4 nx
n P x n f oWashburn n G k
F
5.42
WKW
TSn 'n_k
n4 hoDDjUDLBShk eO Hp
x nHocWkjcfD ~_ TL
gB_knL!gMf
hS
kx L2

y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

57.

y%jLb p. 234

-
H

eta
Lbnf

SSgo
~_Sn4n:Y SnS
o U 100n n
g U[_hk ~
cfD 'MU 10n e k np
dQ_n L n n4 D
gY SL4nhj
en~
D_ o * DwSU[
9.55
nh
nprkH o4Bnh n L
gB

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

Sngo hb5nMLSKYanDOdK:Y

-
H

58. n

59. M

60. M

61.

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

62. p

63. U~F

64.

65. a

I
;
"
B

58a.

a p.260

-
H

kP SSgoh
g@rW_4n50/50n
Snec
_ODfWf BDo YKkcf
DfDL LfnbnLgMf nh
bk=a o4oOzYng
no n{FLhb5L'MOj
4NDhb5 d
L
YK

cf
K k KFAL X
S a R SnFkWf a R_SL
n k~cfOh Lfnbkjcf=a
Sno kYk m L j
n
n nhb5L7D_k ]
s
U[FhYAL XngB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

58b.

a p.260

-
H

kP SSgoh
g@rW_4n50/50n
Snec
_ODfWf BDo YKkcf
DfDL LfnbnLgMf nh
bk=a o4oOzYng
no n{FLhb5L'MOj
4NDhb5 d
L
YK

cf
K k KFAL X
S a R SnFkWf a R_SL
n k~cfOh Lfnbkjcf=a
Sno kYk m L j
n
n nhb5L7D_k ]
s
U[FhYAL XngB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

59a.

gnK

a p.262

hbn!tknK_2 dn4L:YFk 4'h

bk 4'hbk&y 3dn42dn
nknD_4
o 4'n xW
hbL fkG kjcfD4@k0TYhb~

jn
jngfD
hbko kp7Skcf 1cm
k10mN/m ZdYOjFjMLdO
fD SnFkWf KkLOkW_Lcf
4kYo120K20xh#k
Y
oetkcfMbfW~FShB
L LMYhYPk M2-nL Lcf
DOPLOH

-
H

Lbnf

jno 'nM d_Dhb

1cm x4 L.Wf XK:WfD Sn
N n Uo n kWfDWD
Gj
P g UDL W ]nP'MOjc_
LYOjcfD tnx c5
SnnBgo nfb_Shk
ocMhKLKkjcfD SnFj
no h-gnn94nn i
n_k)(gMKWjD

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

59b.

gnK

a p.262

hbn!tknK_2dn4L:YFk 4'hb
k 4'hbk&y 3dn42dn
nknD_4
o 4'n xW h
bL fkG kjcfD4@k0TYhb~(
jn) jngfDhbk
o kp7Skcf 1cmk10mN/m
ZdYOjFjMLdOfD S
nFkWf KkLOkW_Lcf 4kY
o120K20xh#k
Y o
etkcfMbfW~FShBL L
MYhYPk M2-nL LcfDOPL
OH

-
H

Lbnf

jno 'nM d_Dhb

1cm x4 L.Wf XK:WfD Sn
N n Uo n kWfDWD
Gj
P g UDL W ]nP'MOjc_
LYOjcfD tnx c5
SnnBgo nfb_Shk
ocMhKLKkjcfD SnFj
no h-gnn94nn i
n_k)(gMKWjD

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

59c.

gnK

a p.262

hbn!tknK_2 dn4L:YFk 4'h

bk 4'hbk&y 3dn42dn
nknD_4
o 4'n xW
hbL fkG kjcfD4@k0TYhb~

jn
jngfD
hbko kp7Skcf 1cm
k10mN/m ZdYOjFjMLdO
fD SnFkWf KkLOkW_Lcf
4kYo120K20xh#k
Y
oetkcfMbfW~FShB
L LMYhYPk M2-nL Lcf
DOPLOH

-
H

Lbnf

jno 'nM d_Dhb

1cm x4 L.Wf XK:WfD Sn
Gj
N n Uo n kWfDWD
P g UDL W ]nP'MOjc_
LYOjcfD tnx c5
SnnBgo nfb_Shk
ocMhKLKkjcfD SnFj
no h-gnn94nn i
n_k)(gMKWjD

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

60a.

a p.267

-
H

Lbnf

BKX fig Df\c_'nSn k

nnO SnSn kg !\
xg Yh o 267K271
gy_KMkD
U_ K_D
xM2Y Sno nhS K n
BgqW_ng
cfD o1cm gB
jng:YFk Sch kgM
jng:YFk Snan
)(Wf pk QShgM

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

60b.

a p.267

-
H

Lbnf

BKX fig Df\c_'nSn k

nnO SnSn kg !\
xg Yh o 267K271
gy_KMkD
U_ K_D
xM2Y Sno nhS K n
BgqW_ng
cfD o1cm gB
jng:YFk Sch kgM
jng:YFk Snan
)(Wf pk QShgM

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

60c.

a p.267

-
H

Lbnf

BKX fig Df\c_'nSn k

nnO SnSn kg !\
xg Yh o 267K271
gy_KMkD
U_ K_D
xM2Y Sno nhS K n
BgqW_ng
cfD o1cm gB
jng:YFk Sch kgM
jng:YFk Snan
)(Wf pk QShgM

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
"
B

61a.

a p.271

-
H

OS SSgo okWf~
b\ S ko)MLB )T o 1cm
Yk50COjcfD
Upn
SL
W Sno50
S
no )Mkhb5nMkcf c5
fD kcfSLMUShgh
wLb U ]Ln 'k
wkzUWfD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb

Sn(hWf kg Bf 1cmk10Cn)
MdQShgM jn
g *
kYh
!nw HShLgM
Uj
SvSvLgMfK LsWfO SnFk
)(YShg IkSn\L
kj

I
;
"
B

61b.

a p.271

-
H

OS SSgo okWf~
b\ S ko)MLB )T o 1cm
Upn
Yk50COjcfD
SL
W Sno50
Sn
o )Mkhb5nMkcf c5
fD kcfSLMUShgh w
Lb U ]Ln 'k
wkzUWfD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb

Sn(hWf kg Bf 1cmk10Cn)
MdQShgM jn
g *
kYh
!nw HShLgM
Uj
SvSvLgMfK LsWfO SnFk
)(YShg IkSn\L
kj

I
;
"
B

62a.

a p.275

-
H

4sjn k f n .g k
8@WhbkOOY + n
nnO onKhYPk oz
kM nkoL8@W o
4'n K RY ]nMogB
o L W_hzY
Bk
hbnKBkY_ko9MKQh L
c_ goLW | Ln4@ O
P2Y
jno k4'nLOmc_S
LK_4 gB ]Sx+`n
nOh ozkSn p L NYh
So4'k ng Snno WKHjD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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62b.

Sp

a p.275

-
H

4sjn k f n .g k
8@WhbkOOY + n
nnO onKhYPk oz
kM nkoL8@W o
4'n K RY ]nMogB
o L W_hzY
Bk
hbnKBkY_ko9MKQh L
c_ goLW | Ln4@ O
P2Y
jno k4'nLOmc_S
LK_4 gB ]Sx+`n
nOh ozkSn p L NYh
So4'k ng Snno WKHjD

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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63.

U~F

a p.275

-
H

nn g
U[_4 knO LXkWfW~jD
FkY
o4nhb5 Y_
Ln ntkLh o

j 4hk_4hnhb5nUDk
c5 LzYkW_Lcf o
c_hSs Fkj Sno

xj phpjcfD n
go hb5oAk X_[-k HS
hogMZ o
Uj
k K
SUj
rWjLM~ Sn og
qU_ngB no15cmgB

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

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64.

a p.278

-
H

Lbnf

4
Lb;'d

( dDrdQ_bxn) LJ
nkeUfD Sh&vFk
hb5nNDjnS
eY Sn #P} o gzk
Y
10.53
LdO~cfOShK

_ kcfLUfDShL K

y%jLb
a

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;
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B

65.

a p.282

-
H

Lbnf

^uc_v kd
n4LnKfD tnkU[f
nU 840 V ~g k U[h
o50
Y n0k;Yh
o
$k; nh hbJsY
n
k(U ) kY
G cos (U ) cos (0) = kU 2 L SSgk o;
k 1/hnFk v nUhk

Lb;'d
y%jLb
a

I
;
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II.

nzU
2mm
-
H

,2 o A S L b n
g n n z U _9
nKj ~Z
,1 Y n k
eOh FL

'
y%j

h
nJS
Hn vk
ak
fD

yp'
~_
(knD_
v
ASf

uPjkdDfn
v
uP
9
Y

'
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y%j

y%j

]
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ASf
nJS

yp'

uP

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ASf

nJS

uP

Lbh n '

Sngo Anq g LBDoL

bW_M W_Y:Y

2mm
-
H

'
y%j
unw

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DThbgn4

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66.
Lbh

unw
n

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2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

Sn o;koJjXnunwL_P:Wf
D nBhb g(g@rW_)
gUHfAbfD
]n hLA
Y SokcfWhing h
kwLb U_k ]L Y
D
d~ OA
5.3 Lb U
Shk unwnbo png
Gkj

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67.
Lbh

n
n

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2mm
-
H

'
y%j

kLb;'dKW_nL
BKXX(Ynn L
cfDOPWF Lb;'do^'g
o0.1cmcgB(cmco 8.14gUL
) 4rnDL n; HkL ;
n L w\jL WfD L
koLbo M8pUng ]n gnLb;
'dL L Uk Lb;'dnoDg
DKWjD S2dnnFa ,
nk4rnLgMf ,nk
wLb U

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68a.
Lbh

'

'

2mm
-
H

)khb5n
kcf X
janrh
do g nYShg,gM
jn o WfDc_hMnP
gB DOdn KL ]n'MUo
nnh
W 8jxh
UfDO

'
y%j

]
h

KnefW_jn go
nAL kgM
UfLNOjc_
SLhb YShghb5nN L U
f D K_D xn AL X
Xkcf
Kn X_ALY jOU
*Kh kcfz~'MUn
ALH Sn 'o )LG
UfW~
jD kSLA
O
YhMn Sn
ak )n$L ] n)gohb
oYKj~~hj

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68b.
Lbh

'

'

2mm
-
H

)khb5n
kcf X
janrh
do g nYShg,gM
jn o WfDc_hMnP
gB DOdn KL ]n'MUo
nnh
W 8jxh
UfDO

efW_jn go
KnnAL kgM
UfLNOjc_
SLhb YShghb5nN L U
f D K_D xn AL X
Xkcf
Kn X_ALY jOU
*Kh kcfz~'MUn
ALH Sn 'o )LG
UfW~
jD kSLA
O
YhMn Sn
ak )n$L ] n)gohb
oYKj~~hj

'
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69a.
Lbh

'

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

On( yknkWf jno

'nNDAS 4~_oz
cf'SYS
hgB SSgo h o 2nLDk
n nknK_ngB Sn
hko4n50 n' dqi r L_U
fD z -KeYh e LEDhM
koz o kY ch OeYh z /
nLbo W s~_o nFjbkj
oLfhKfLO Saffman-Taylorn
'h Sn ' ykjn K
nwkdDfo p n vL UQfD

h
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69b.
Lbh

'

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

On( yknkWf jno

'nNDAS 4~_oz
cf'SYS
hgB SSgo h o 2nLDk
n nknK_ngB Sn
hko4n50 n' dqi r L_U
fD z -KeYh e LEDhM
koz o kY ch OeYh z /
nLbo W s~_o nFjbkj
oLfhKfLO Saffman-Taylorn
'h Sn ' ykjn K
nwkdDfo p n vL UQfD

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70.
Lbh

DThbgn4
n

'

2mm
-
H

'
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]
h
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ASf

nn k n 60
@Wf 5njD <P
kMnY Sn220Cka IfUg
Yh zk4LwS 4W_ go Y
P kBL2kjcfD ]n
kcf4nb k UfD
o 100 n kjcfD

nJS
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71.
Lbh

L
n

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

KaaA4nFj nSo
z -go~cYP k=afDOL SnFj

LShb AhMkoLYShLB Sn
oSnahH_ngB 2sb
2nka ]nkx4n
AWf
D ALB Dh 10
oLW Ln DoAkcf wW t
n
Lf nEgLYFkj -.
n
AYh tn
L
nPkoLjOj kYj Sn
ani wh jfo ~`* gB

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72.
Lbh

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

[kYh
o@0WfhPO hP
nJo LlD{i'MD pL'MDuPg
o 'Sn^<n/ DY W
U_oA kwOjhYPkHYFk
hPM Sn bkYBo
*OYnkjBD k

WZdK`VQfDOh
omX b
W SnFj 'gM
ko~UkSn
aL:UfD SSgo 4n1000 n' d
1 m/s (Ca = 50)gk_WfD
nqnULOjYNh LhP
OShk WF

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73a.
Lbh

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

SL Qcao_OUB Sna yk
Q_ n'MUn
/MYG YSho
`
jngo ,n4n
nD
LvdK
UjL>UfD
SnLb U ]nh go /
n L`kcf M8pUfD Sn
LPlateau-Rayleighn 'kcf k Y
SnDog'kY_k

]
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jnoWvMLinFkgMK:W
fD Qfn L/k8sM PlateauRayleighn 'kcfppkj Sn
o k3000gqU_ngB

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73b.
Lbh

'

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

SL Qcao_OUB Sna yk
Q_ n'MUn
/MYG YSho
jngo ,n4n
`
nD
LvdK
UjL>UfD
SnLb U ]nh go /
n L`kcf M8pUfD Sn
LPlateau-Rayleighn 'kcf k Y
SnDog'kY_k

]
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jnoWvMLinFkgMK:W
fD Qfn L/k8sM PlateauRayleighn 'kcfppkj Sn
o k3000gqU_ngB

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y%j

SSgo A
f
_YP:Y

BDoMjin

kcf

bW_D

2mm
-
H

'
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n8w

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y%j

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74.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

An-knK_JRn BDo o hb
kO'[-kcf bYShB
o SnFj b,gMn1950tkz
W_
dnpj kYShg .kYbL
dn k8wA F
n k'.AL Xn` Sno 150
mnL 2dnpj kWf:Y b
WfD 2dnSnh'o{|IWO Lb
5o4.6 mN/mgB o W M8pU ]n
o V L D{i'MD V R n'o M
8p]FhW R nLb5o bkhFhY
W_Lcf pCa = V / L UDh
n bo UOj Kk Sngo Ca
o 0.13h0.96hjcfD

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75.

n8w

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

o nkcfz Y85An-knK
h bY Sn bno pCa = V /
gB _`W hnSn' ]nyj
V hb5 hY ykCaLL$Cac H
h o b gMjOj SHMjOjc
fAk85U Snko Sn
aL:UfD _`W An7UoCa = 4Cac gB
wU/JnL6,7,10kTYhMkAb_h
MnPL K k:UfD SLk w
WfDOnLgM Lhf'MOj

jDP oCk; ]FgjD4

n 'Ln. O wYn
g
pnk Y

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76.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
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Sno Lb;'dL 85AkUU

_n bh k
j|YP:WfD
oXngo Lb;'dnLNO hb
5 o0.5 mN/mWKN WfDjD o
Kg
o4.6 mN/m
o M8pU Lb;'do!H~
gKp ]nHo cfMf LfHW
>W ]L Ujk4Y Snao
> streaming tip h|p
Yh nhb5
Lh,kYng pLL$k~
Sn_ ]n oUSd Lb;'dn

U[h n2 dngo o3.5 mN/m

h0.9 mN/m
oAkcf7O bW
n_kcf LwSL
n'MUh
]n
o AkcfL G kjcfDLb
;'dnX(kcfWWO
Y

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77.

'Lb

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
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]
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SSgo g_U_ E50{in

AkWgD 4o-xh
x+gD SndnioWf4k
Lb;'d x H Lb;'
dLX(YShkcf hSnbL W
Wf
D yk hLc_HLgfD AkKfLb;
'do2L ntk_~ Snhb5nND
o Akcf c5f Ukkj

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78a.

>Y

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

jngo 4h-x(0.125 M)n

L0.1 mM nx+n-g LcfD
xhinLwS^'nLb;'dLg
M ]n_4-n5L UOj L M8p
U Lfo Y SnoBg/
h ja:WfJ nK{in
nn>L XfDShLK
gqU_jngo
nAhLb;'dnn xnMkcf n
L c5f0D(> streaming tip)Lb
U ]Ln 'g'k
UfD

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78b.

>Y

y%j

2mm
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'
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jngo 4h-x(0.125 M)n

L0.1 mM nx+n-g LcfD
xhinLwS^'nLb;'dLg
M ]n_4-n5L UOj L M8p
U Lfo Y SnoBg/
h ja:WfJ nK{in
nn>L XfDShLK
gqU_jngo
nAhLb;'dnn xnMkcf n
L c5f0D(> streaming tip)Lb
U ]Ln 'g'k
UfD

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79a.

pn%.

y%j

2mm
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H

jnko 4nec_hnOk
DnD_PL UfD 4o
nw
d k8@Y'Lb;'d+gD
_ o4kj og
]n-kLb;'dh
WYD iLWfD
L8@d M2Yh oLb;'d
MeLY_ nM ~`Lb;'dL8@WfD
h {|~cUn k^'LgM
]SKL X OfD p n
4 hogk SLgM So L
~cUjKkjhYPkWDLb;'dL8@W
fhb_k4'kYKgB SnKn\b
o Lhn gKjOjcfW~FK iL
D_UfW~F4 kwS jng
o SoGnEnk_UfD
nFk Sn p o Lc_e_YM
k ShLgM
ShojD

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79b.

pn%.

y%j

2mm
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H

jnko 4nec_hnOk
DnD_PL UfD 4o
nw
d k8@Y'Lb;'d+gD
_ o4kj og
]n-kLb;'dh
WYD iLWfD
L8@d M2Yh oLb;'d
MeLY_ nM ~`Lb;'dL8@WfD
h {|~cUn k^'LgM
]SKL X OfD p n
4 hogk SLgM So L
~cUjKkjhYPkWDLb;'dL8@W
fhb_k4'kYKgB SnKn\b
o Lhn gKjOjcfW~FK iL
D_UfW~F4 kwS jng
o SoGnEnk_UfD
nFk Sn p o Lc_e_YM
ShojD
k ShLgM

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80.

w&

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
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G knK_o SnnFk
j/ DYShLB kxL_U_hn
k xn~ dDng gok
h|v L 4n 4 h|v nOknKf
D k oQf 4 kTY 4/4nLb5L
X_ 4n UOj Skcf
X_^'L 4 k k Qf2U[ ]n
4 ouk qW_L X

ASf
nJS
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81.

'

y%j

2mm
-
H

0
go n'MURL3 mmHShojD
SkW BoSn10 n'MUkjShB
8Kgnn Uo hz hniL
Wfz~cfD hb5oRn'MUg bkW
FhY
z hnio Sn4
kIW
D
bU[FhY d~ WR > gR3
L WfDp o bd d~ n'MU
Lw 1 UQpD jJ wo 4n
4
3 mmgB
Snko
n I _WfDjD
{in'MUnn= L cfD Sn'Mj
o 7O bY z o ]nskWf U
k kA ]nP ^8k j
nFjnLgMf n ko4Y
cf ^8k'MDo z nig bYkY~
Z Y SnShK hb5LkO
Uj`QL R < 1
0hk ~
hDF
pL gM

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82a.

/Y4

y%j

2mm
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H

'
y%j

[ k/U[Shgn n cKo
ZYShLgM Sngo knK
jn
_{in4n4 gB
go /L1YN_ /p11 Hz

o0.11 g
oZYShLgMjD etk
cfMbfW~Fn` jng
o
X/p`L
o0.33 g
n!un$
o 1HfJ L f Gk/
Y
jno
K:_n
g 4n'j b SSgo3 nPL
K
jhjno20 n
n gB
jo10 ngB

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82b.

/Y4

y%j

2mm
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H

'
y%j

[ k/U[Shgn n cKo
ZYShLgM Sngo knK
jn
_{in4n4 gB
go /L1YN_ /p11 Hz

o0.11 g
oZYShLgMjD etk
cfMbfW~Fn` jng
o
X/p`L
o0.33 g
n!un$
o 1HfJ L f Gk/
Y
jno
K:_n
g 4n'j b SSgo3 nPL
K
jhjno20 n
n gB
jo10 ngB

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82c.

/Y4

y%j

2mm
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H

'
y%j

[ k/U[Shgn n cKo
ZYShLgM Sngo knK
jn
_{in4n4 gB
go /L1YN_ /p11 Hz

o0.11 g
oZYShLgMjD etk
cfMbfW~Fn` jng
o
X/p`L
o0.33 g
n!un$
o 1HfJ L f Gk/
Y
jno
K:_n
g 4n'j b SSgo3 nPL
K
jhjno20 n
n gB
jo10 ngB

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83a.

/wK

y%j

2mm
-
H

etoWpWpnK;Y SkY
jn
_n dno /FShgB
o'nMLBh4'nnk
nD_hMnPgB UWjQp oYbW
fDL Gk'Yh /p1Hz YPk o
MY SnFkYShg nbK
h^bKnL76kwSK` ~
_ /cfK YShgM jn
go 2dnL4hb knK ]nhb
L* k/p70Hzg/WfDhMnPgB
/nbo h nMJgoogB Joc&
kjcfJ^' Y ]nP c'k
^'L X SLY ZOShk
UD
h'MDon kM2Y MnUDk

o]Wf W hn'MDnL
DfD_ xWQ

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83b.

/wK

y%j

2mm
-
H

etoWpWpnK;Y SkY
jn
_n dno /FShgB
o'nMLBh4'nnk
nD_hMnPgB UWjQp oYbW
fDL Gk'Yh /p1Hz YPk o
MY SnFkYShg nbK
h^bKnL76kwSK` ~
_ /cfK YShgM jn
go 2dnL4hb knK ]nhb
L* k/p70Hzg/WfDhMnPgB
/nbo h nMJgoogB Joc&
kjcfJ^' Y ]nP c'k
^'L X SLY ZOShk
UD
h'MDon kM2Y MnUDk

o]Wf W hn'MDnL
DfD_ xWQ

'
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84a.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

nKo )'kMdQShg MwSY

ShLgM _`W DZn4 ShSLWf
DLB WKW SZWgojD o
Xno )nS knK_Leidenfrostn
gB cf n knDfDKkBL ]
g 2KYShLgM SnKnW
Oou_dnk:UfD So
nkjcfJ SLSnK MwS
WfD ]n 1o ~`hko gMfDjD

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84b.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

nKo )'kMdQShg MwSY

ShLgM _`W DZn4 ShSLWf
DLB WKW SZWgojD o
Xno )nS knK_Leidenfrostn
gB cf n knDfDKkBL ]
g 2KYShLgM SnKnW
Oou_dnk:UfD So
nkjcfJ SLSnK MwS
WfD ]n 1o ~`hko gMfDjD

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85a.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

jno n nn
1cm LzYP KqW_ngB
Sn600
n o LzW_k nL
P:WfD Sno , keth
#WfD zL~cf okcf
bUQn` nn o- SMk
YhbnL'MDng -K x KFAL
X Sn
YA:WfDnL -kI
P\fqW_jngB L
n{FxMWf Tb W ~Y~Y7j
nb X SnFkWf
nn
hkL\

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85b.

y%j

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

jno n nn
1cm LzYP KqW_ngB
Sn600
n o LzW_k nL
P:WfD Sno , keth
#WfD zL~cf okcf
bUQn` nn o- SMk
YhbnL'MDng -K x KFAL
X Sn
YA:WfDnL -kI
P\fqW_jngB L
n{FxMWf Tb W ~Y~Y7j
nb X SnFkWf
nn
hkL\

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~_o^

dn nSnJLYh
,ko
~_ k L6U4 DOdK:Y

YL

SSgo

nfy

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

Pvn

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nJS
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Kaye

>'a

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86.

~_o^

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h
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ASf
nJS
uP

o9MKQf4nU[ n4nke
Q Y&
dno Whb
R rhdkjc_o 'MO kc
fYSWskjcfD

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87.

nf

~_o^

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

14000 ;qgMg2 dn JR =
2mm L YPhH_n YhYPk
nJrL%k'Y Sn nc' go
Sn K n n`QLgB ]n K
no
nnnkYew hY
h
!ChWfo r2 hj oS
K
n c5or nFk
Yng fn
, o DdnFk!ChWfo
BthW
fr3 /t2 r hh[ t = 0gr = 0hY
o
n~Ufj r2 R
9.13 ggM S
FWf r(t)Lt1/2 kWf'YShL K S
ngSnGL cfD

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88a.

#
~_o^

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

Lk YPo X j oKk
kjShLB Sno
1000 nE
Wf rhdnL4bknK_hMn]n jF
YhH_ngB
Lgk
j ]nBh ]nLX~g c5f
L X Sn
ohbgm Lf
RfDz dUDnQf
k
\Y 5
n#L WUfD nXo j
ngKFk 47000gq

wL]n k-U[f c5
ShkcfL

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88b.

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

Lk YPo X j oKk
kjShLB Sno
1000 nE
Wf rhdnL4bknK_hMn]n jF
YhH_ngB
Lgk
j ]nBh ]nLX~g c5f
L X Sn
ohbgm Lf
RfDz dUDnQf
k
\Y 5
n#L WUfD nXo j
ngKFk 47000gq

wL]n k-U[f c5
ShkcfL

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89.

Pvn
~_o^

2mm
-
H

'

So {in'MUn3 nXPv
L 3nS-kcfMfDOPgB
o3
)o0.32K g Sn)goP
v n\L0kjcfD Sk
Pv n
fL kj o@@j)i XjO
K
j cf Pvonbhj SnbK
S Snhb5o0.06mN/m gB SnP
vo AW
MaNfk@0Y ]n g
F dnSnLb U jnSh
nPv
WjL Y WDPvLhMko
LXfY nfo
S/SLb Y hhbgnShni
8go HjDc8n nkc
f/MUfD

y%j

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90.

~_o^

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h
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ASf

2dnnL 2mmnk@Wf
D
tno10 gB
tnno35 gB
Sn)kcf
nLF xeD_hM
n LRfD hb)LoG gojO
j_AL X ]nAL MZz
nDdL 2dnnA kd Wf )L
- UfDPo R

nJS
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91a.

~_o^

2mm
-
H

oXo nn 45
'LD XnkJDf ]nk[/
H_hMnFYhH_ngB /EA
/p
rad hY
ZOShk o
[Zkm L SnaLno!nd
naL_U_hMgB ~Z LxgM_
kSn/n
L
cfDLB
dNk /LKj O ]kcf n k
Bz dL RYA jBLjOjcfDSh
gB Snz dL 8kfUfDp
owSjDngB

'
y%j

]
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nJS
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dno L dgojOdkjc_hMkw
San :WfD JnJno L\c_
n omfDf ,gMjDFjSKWf
D Sn nfn oSKgB

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91b.

~_o^

2mm
-
H

oXo nn 45
'LD XnkJDf ]nk[/
H_hMnFYhH_ngB /EA
/p
rad hY
ZOShk o
[Zkm L SnaLno!nd
naL_U_hMgB ~Z LxgM_
kSn/n
L
cfDLB
dNk /LKj O ]kcf n k
Bz dL RYA jBLjOjcfDSh
gB Snz dL 8kfUfDp
owSjDngB

'
y%j

]
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ASf
nJS
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dno L dgojOdkjc_hMkw
San :WfD JnJno L\c_
n omfDf ,gMjDFjSKWf
D Sn nfn oSKgB

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92.

Kaye
~_o^

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

'SnLKjn UgK XSn

hbkvdKhGjaLwS SoKayeh
|p Sngo o bk tQ
L ]nkkz MZ Snz o
L YnR om Sn
go 4n100 n' dn
L 1 m/s n UgkvdKcfD
Lmc_ nLbkWpO MWf
Kk WfD SnaK n kBz
ndLdUnkYBL,gM Sn
o gqU_ng 30 n
g WfD

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93a.

>'a
~_o^

2mm
-
H

Fnno h~cf_kj
jn
o SnFj a nG
g\c_ kP[fK M RSh
kcf:WfD Sno GhkY_
k 'kcf G LOcdO WKWjL
GLOcdO_ko GLWjOfoj
jD W_Lcf
BKo 'h>' b
nkcfz~ _n od
cfD OcdMBc_Gn2L cf4
n_dO ]L~_!n_\cfDn`
jno jn k
[_nPg WfD k
cf Lnhk__~cfDO L
zYkd
n 'L'W SLhk
1Y~g L.Q

'
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93b.

>'a
~_o^

2mm
-
H

Fnno h~cf_kj
jn
o SnFj a nG
g\c_ kP[fK M RSh
kcf:WfD Sno GhkY_
k 'kcf G LOcdO WKWjL
GLOcdO_ko GLWjOfoj
jD W_Lcf
BKo 'h>' b
nkcfz~ _n od
cfD OcdMBc_Gn2L cf4
n_dO ]L~_!n_\cfDn`
jno jn k
[_nPg WfD k
cf Lnhk__~cfDO L
zYkd
n 'L'W SLhk
1Y~g L.Q

'
y%j

]
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]nLShbk|YohMhWf~XD
RfM_ vnagB

k:YZOyM

o 10t

MK

2mm
-
H

'
y%j
ShSn]

'

Sn

]
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Sn

ShSn]

ShSn]

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94a.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

n]ni n vo WorthingtonnH v+
100t vUfMfD WKW wDtn
`Q !nFj 4jOkOTHFk
jcfDKhDFh ]FgojD Sk]W_
nLn 'oi`QK ] L'MDh
Mk WvMLvnoj\K ]Wf]oinFk
WfjnK inFkW_omnK Sn
o 1 2 3 m/s n Ug 4nL
k ]YhMnP:WfD ]BkgM
-bnSn 'o ] n k
cf'MOjcfDShLocMh K ~_
hkgM Lc_ L ] L DhMk
WfDShk eO rhdn gBj
L LbnASfn;jWU nK, 2L
Mbgn ' zn ' L WfD
ngB

'
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94b.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

n]ni n vo WorthingtonnH v+
100t vUfMfD WKW wDtn
`Q !nFj 4jOkOTHFk
jcfDKhDFh ]FgojD Sk]W_
nLn 'oi`QK ] L'MDh
Mk WvMLvnoj\K ]Wf]oinFk
WfjnK inFkW_omnK Sn
o 1 2 3 m/s n Ug 4nL
k ]YhMnP:WfD ]BkgM
-bnSn 'o ] n k
cf'MOjcfDShLocMh K ~_
hkgM Lc_ L ] L DhMk
WfDShk eO rhdn gBj
L LbnASfn;jWU nK, 2L
Mbgn ' zn ' L WfD
ngB

'
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94c.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

n]ni n vo WorthingtonnH v+
100t vUfMfD WKW wDtn
`Q !nFj 4jOkOTHFk
jcfDKhDFh ]FgojD Sk]W_
nLn 'oi`QK ] L'MDh
Mk WvMLvnoj\K ]Wf]oinFk
WfjnK inFkW_omnK Sn
o 1 2 3 m/s n Ug 4nL
k ]YhMnP:WfD ]BkgM
-bnSn 'o ] n k
cf'MOjcfDShLocMh K ~_
hkgM Lc_ L ] L DhMk
WfDShk eO rhdn gBj
L LbnASfn;jWU nK, 2L
Mbgn ' zn ' L WfD
ngB

'
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95a.

'

gn]

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

dno
1 m/sn Ugbk]Y
n gqW_ngB
k47000
yk hf0D LgMf ]
L pnk WfDOPL K Sn L X
_n oSKnOLgB

]
h
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ASf
nJS

dno ~nz n':WfD

Sno
dnh X z L
jgLc_ngBL ' 'n1/3
h]
kOWvMLjD Sn,o Sn.nO
Lg_s_s!UfM_hnASnyrkdDf
[~n`

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95b.

'

gn]

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

dno
1 m/sn Ugbk]Y
n gqW_ngB
k47000
yk hf0D LgMf ]
L pnk WfDOPL K Sn L X
_n oSKnOLgB

]
h
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ASf
nJS

dno ~nz n':WfD

Sno
dnh X z L
jgLc_ngBL ' 'n1/3
h]
kOWvMLjD Sn,o Sn.nO
Lg_s_s!UfM_hnASnyrkdDf
[~n`

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96a.

Sn]

2mm
-
H

'
6

P n ' M j P 4 10
TOZK H
h 0.1 g/L
'hb5oi jDnk
n]nPLWWO ShLB
dn
oSn:WfD tk cfD4hb
k]Y4om cfD
SkW
n i+gDtn4o
Lc_~~i.UHWjD SnL
ixn
kdnt'kWfgBFShokOjD

y%j

]
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nJS

dngo
k Sn k ~
_ XSL
Kn
J-nS
W
]nJ-n>'kcfLsrhdk~h~

LRfD Sn2dngo Akcf

M8pU PL85kWfD Snns
0kdDf KkYShoSKnLgB

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96b.

Sn]

2mm
-
H

P n ' M j P 4 106 T O Z K H
h 0.1 g/L
'hb5oi jDnk
n]nPLWWO ShLB
dn
oSn:WfD tk cfD4hb
k]Y4om cfD
SkW
n i+gDtn4o
Lc_~~i.UHWjD SnL
ixn
kdnt'kWfgBFShokOjD

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dngo
k Sn k ~
_ XSL
Kn
J-nS
W
]nJ-n>'kcfLsrhdk~h~

LRfD Sn2dngo Akcf

M8pU PL85kWfD Snns
0kdDf KkYShoSKnLgB

nJS
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97.

Sn

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

UjSk4n h Sn
Lb U ]nJoocMz~cfD
f ]n tgo SLk Y. n
gnS o {| ] h XgB S
kW Xk no KnkW Kkdf
8.37 kp h
Y CulicknG
ko nLB cf
L]
k YLX(W SnaknL
z~

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98.

Sn

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

LSk]WfgMbo Snbk
UjFh nbLgM So Savartk
cfoXf,U ]n Boussinesqkcf v
U_ ZOShk oUnyr_WfDjD S
nSho bLdSoUg
kgBShK
: UfD
cf nbo nb
XFhYhb5h ]nn d`n
dBDkcfz~cfD UkW_b B
DonFjb k]W_4 ko
n h kpY L7D_ s
jLb U

h
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ASf
nJS
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99.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h
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ASf

Sno {innL
g_U_ Ujhk]YP k4500
gqW_ngB ]nYPk Sn
Lb U ]n L Wf
Ujk Wf
D Sn L)W_ hb5L-kP
Wf[ ksYL X 10 n
Uk~gTY

nJS
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100a.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

Sno g 2000
Jp
nkdQ pn g M
LgDOPqW_ngB ]kc
f z LgM ]L -g W ]kcf7D
dnL
k XfD oXnk
o tnz LO cfJ dnko
nAknc_ tnz Lbn hjcfD
ShLO cfD 1908tkWorthington o Sh
<_aS L4k]YhMkWfD
(
v _ao z nb h) ]Wf ]n
n4nfn vLcfD

h
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100b.

ShSn]

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

Sno g 2000
Jp
nkdQ pn g M
LgDOPqW_ngB ]kc
f z LgM ]L -g W ]kcf7D
dnL
k XfD oXnk
o tnz LO cfJ dnko
nAknc_ tnz Lbn hjcfD
ShLO cfD 1908tkWorthington o Sh
<_aS L4k]YhMkWfD
(
v _ao z nb h) ]Wf ]n
n4nfn vLcfD

]
h
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101.

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

]kcfBS%nSg ShgM Sn
ko 4L Dk
_4k g vdKPqW_ngB
] LOKgk ~_LgML
kjh]nN LSnnFkhf kj
ShL K LbL bW ,inSmNLgM
d~ 4Lg ~ ]nL4k ~ ]n
4Lk ~fD Sn ]BkX_
z n kH
mNn, n2
@ke`4 mNn[ k LO

yp'
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nJS
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n
n

b Jso ~`*znDOdKnOL:Y
o
' ]Wfo hfj vgB

Yhhj

2mm
-
H

'

pU

y%j

]
h
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ASf

Pn

nJS
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1!C

3!C

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102a.

2mm
-
H

-xn o
On4 nbgz Y
]nPoSnn-ggM
hf Uj o hf UjnFgB
~h ]nohbLig

nX(}~jD d~
o wYMkHfW~
F d cf jdQp 8
o
G kwS d~
obn eK X
n4
On4
D_hMk
nnJ-LSn ehWfO
SnJ-o10 n-z a Sn
z K Lz Y SnPo Ucf
qW_2jnggM B 'MOj
h
oJ-K 'MOjjL
Y xL kfUQ
UKnSn.n en
X(Lhjcf nrhdnEgB
n#jLgM

'
y%j

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102b.

2mm
-
H

-xn o
On4 nbgz Y
]nPoSnn-ggM
hf Uj o hf UjnFgB
~h ]nohbLig

nX(}~jD d~
o wYMkHfW~
F d cf jdQp 8
o
G kwS d~
obn eK X
n4
On4
D_hMk
nnJ-LSn ehWfO
SnJ-o10 n-z a Sn
z K Lz Y SnPo Ucf
qW_2jnggM B 'MOj
h
oJ-K 'MOjjL
Y xL kfUQ
UKnSn.n en
X(Lhjcf nrhdnEgB
n#jLgM

'
y%j

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ASf
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103.

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h
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ASf
nJS

S-khp1 MHzn^8k'Mj/E
drh9MYh 100{in k200
bars n 'L X rhd BDoDOdn
L Xf h\(Y ]n Sng
KFk
Uj LqgM SnuPk
8hok G 8
L XfD
JDfo

uP

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104a.

pU

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

dnko -L OoU
XhMk
n8
OH 4FPL
cfD oUo^8k gX_
100 km/h
nL Xf J]5 barsnBernoulli 'L X
So G k
ijWg
L8
Yn
kA gB ALY~
'L UOjh

o6)Y Sk4F]o Snn7j

fhgB
n)o jh5000 CkTW ]n
_k^8kB IL X SnPo oU
cbKc_u_dnk cfD S
no4 n UgqW_

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104b.

pU

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

dnko -L OoU
XhMk
n8
OH 4FPL
cfD oUo^8k gX_
100 km/h
nL Xf J]5 barsnBernoulli 'L X
So G k
ijWg
L8
Yn
kA gB ALY~
'L UOjh

o6)Y Sk4F]o Snn7j

fhgB
n)o jh5000 CkTW ]n
_k^8kB IL X SnPo oU
cbKc_u_dnk cfD S
no4 n UgqW_

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105.

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h

nQ f 4_W_4nk '
Mj ^8k geY Sn o
bgo
jO nbWfD Sn.nbo nY
cf D W_dO`Y

o 'MOjjL
Y Sn
Kko

hkX(Y0KD nMh WD&L4

cfDShL K Sn&ko2dnLB
d
o ' U[ SkcfLY
F do Lb YSh W SLjQ
p Plateau-Rayleighn 'go WfW~F

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106.

2mm
-
H

'
y%j

]
h
yp'
ASf
nJS
uP

4-27 cm/sg
Y3 mmn LqH z
-= Yhok Snoz hnik
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133a.

ASf

2mm
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jnko u15 H_L cf

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133b.

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2mm
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jnko u15 H_L cf

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Ko n!tg'LpjShkcf X
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134a.

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2mm
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'cf A-nSxk\g
M Snk cfD nnbko I
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134b.

ASf

2mm
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'cf A-nSxk\g
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135.

ASf

2mm
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ko L gojO , ANDOR
h]nD [LgMkKKcfD Sn
go 3dnANDLkcfP UfD
AO cf- U_Sn
o ]^2dneh dnkSY dnA
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h]^AhCh|s tKneB D
hWF
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n nAeojD gB W A = 1 K
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136.

ASf

2mm
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SSgo ASfnkcf
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SSgo SLinFkWf4nhbknKvnKpW ]Wf nK`S

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2mm
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Sng:YFk D WOo 4 k
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137b.

nJS

2mm
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Sng:YFk D WOo 4 k
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138.

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2mm
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;b-.gJhjWOWfD Dnno
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139.

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2mm
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140.

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2mm
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141a.

39

nJS

2mm
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141b.

39

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2mm
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KjMK - nJS ntk n 3d

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yfU_hMgB jno 2Xn
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142.

nJS

2mm
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143a.

4bgm

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2mm
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143b.

4bgm

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2mm
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144.

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2mm
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146ab.

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2mm
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146c.

Lbn

uP

2mm
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n-k h
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g,Yh LbL
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146d.

Lbn

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2mm
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147.

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148.

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149.

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150a.

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150b.

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2mm
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151.

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2mm
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152a.

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152b.

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1-43

10a

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11

12

13

14

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16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23a

23b

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33a

33b

34

35a

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49a

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51a

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52

53a

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43-65
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53c

54a

54b

55a

55b

56

57

58a

58b

59a

59b

59c

60a

60b

60c

61a

61b

62a

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63

64

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66

67

68a

68b

69a

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71b

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72

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75b

75c

76a

76b

76c

77

78a

78b

79a

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80

81

82a

82b

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84a

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104a

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105

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108a

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109

110

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112

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133a

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