Lch s hot ng bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng ca nhn loi

bc qua nhng mc c bit quan trng, c bit l cc hi ngh

thng nh ti Stockhom nm 1972, ti Rio De Janeiro nm 1992 v ti
Johannesbour nm 2002. Trong ba hi ngh k trn, hi ngh RIO v mi
trng v pht trin c coi l mc son sng chi v quan trng, vi
nhng thnh cng c bit c ngha trong lnh vc pht trin bn vng.
Ti hi ngh ny, cc nguyn th v i din ca 178 quc gia trn th gii
i n s thng nht cao v quan im v nh hng hnh ng nhm
kin to mt nn vn minh mi bn vng trn tri t. Hai vn kin lch s
quan trng, lin quan trc tip n pht trin bn vng c k kt;
l: Chng trnh ngh s 21 v Tuyn b chung v 27 nguyn tc c bn
ca pht trin bn vng. Cc vn bn ny hin c cp nht ti
Trang tin in t ca vn phng 21 Vit Nam. Vit Nam, vic nghin
cu, th ch ha chng trnh ngh s quc gia v a phng t c
nhng thnh tu quan trng. Bi vit ny tp trung vo tho lun v h
thng cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng v vic nh gi pht trin bn
vng.
Pht trin bn vng l mt khi nim pht trin mi, mang tnh nh
hng. Theo y ban Brundtland: Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin ca
th h hin ti m khng lm tn hi c hi pht trin ca th h tng
lai. Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam, sa i nm 2005, lm r hn
khi nim ny khi nh ngha: Pht trin bn vng l pht trin p ng
c nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh nng p
ng nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai trn c s kt hp cht ch, hi
ho gia tng trng kinh t, bo m tin b x hi v bo v mi
trng.
Pht trin, t thn n l mt qu trnh, nn pht trin bn vng cng l
mt qu trnh. Khng th c mt ci ch duy nht cho pht trin, v ch
hng ti ca pht trin s ci thin tt hn ci ang c, tha mn nhng
nhu cu lin tc thay i, nng cao ca loi ngi. Khi nim pht trin
bn vng c din gii nh l mt nguyn tc, mt cch thc pht trin
mang tnh o c; Pht trin, ci thin c tnh trng ca mnh m
khng lm cho tnh trng ca cc ch th pht trin khc b xu i (Ti u
Pareto). Khai thc ti nguyn m khng lm cho ti nguyn ti to b cn
kit v s cn kit ca ti nguyn khng ti to khng lm tn thng nn
kinh t, tn thng qu trnh pht trin. V vy, nh hng qu trnh

pht trin bn vng, cn thit lp c h thng cc nguyn tc o c

cho pht trin bn vng.
H thng cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng, theo tc gi, phi p ng
c 2 tiu ch sau:

V nguyn tc, pht trin bn vng l qu trnh vn hnh ng thi

ba bnh din pht trin: kinh t tng trng bn vng, x hi thnh
vng, cng bng, n nh, vn ha a dng v mi trng c
trong lnh, ti nguyn c duy tr bn vng. Do vy, mt h thng
hon chnh cc nguyn tc o c cho pht trin bn vng phi bao
gm cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng trong c ba th chn king
kinh t, x hi, mi trng nu trn.

Nghin cu cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng l mt lnh vc nghin

cu m, ai cng c th tham gia, kt qu nghin cu lin tc c
gii thiu; vic in n pht hnh chng tun th theo cc th tc,
nguyn tc chung. Gi tr khoa hc ca cc cng trnh nghin cu y
nhn chung l rt ng knh n. Tuy nhin, gi tr thc tin ca n
phi ph thuc vo vic n c x hi chp nhn mc no.
Trong gii khoa hc quc t, c mt tiu ch nh gi cng trnh khoa
hc, l s ln cng trnh c trch dn trong cc n phm khoa hc
quc t khc. Ngoi ra, trong lnh vc nghin cu pht trin bn
vng, tc gi cho rng mt h thng cc nguyn tc o c v pht
trin bn vng ch c xem l c x hi chp nhn tm v m,
khi n c thng qua ti cc hi ngh quc t ln, c bit l hi
ngh thng nh, c s tham gia, khng nh v cam kt cng thc
hin ca nhng nh lnh o c thm quyn ca cc Chnh ph, quc
gia.

S lc lch s pht trin h thng nguyn tc pht trin bn vng

Ti hi ngh thng nh ti Stockhom v Con ngi v mi trng, cc
nguyn th v nh lnh o cao cp ca 113 quc gia cng nhau k
Tuyn b chung Stockhom vi 7 nhn nh chung v 26 nguyn tc pht
trin. Ti y, ra i mt nhn thc mi: Bo v v ci thin mi
trng l vn quan trng, tc ng n hnh phc mi ngi v pht
trin kinh t trn ton th gii. 26 quan im v pht trin c thng

qua ti hi ngh ny, nh l mt h thng cc nguyn tc c tin tng,

cp n c ba lnh vc pht trin bn vng.Tuy nhin, n cha phi
l h thng y cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng, v cc ni dung
ca n trong cc lnh vc pht trin cn cha y , v c s khoa hc
cn cha hon ton r rng. N cng khng c gi l nguyn tc pht
trin ca pht trin bn vng, v cho n thi im , khi nim pht
trin bn vng hy cn ang c thai nghn. Khi nim pht trin bn
vng ch chnh thc c khai sinh trong bo co ca y ban Brundtland
(WCED World Commission on Environment and Development) Tng lai
chung ca chng ta vo nm 1997.
Nm 1991, mt n phm quan trng lin quan n pht trin bn vng, l
cun Cu ly tri t Chin lc cho cuc sng bn vng, ng n
phm ca UCN, UNEF, WWF, c xut bn. Cun sch c Trung
tm nghin cu ti nguyn v mi trng dch, lm ti liu ging dy trong
nhiu kha o to sau i hc v sinh thi mi trng v pht trin ca
mnh. Chn chng u cun sch c xem l Nhng nguyn tc ca
mt x hi bn vng, nhm mc tiu va cu ly tri t, va v mt x
hi bn vng. Chn nguyn tc l: 1-Tn trng v quan tm n cuc
sng cng ng; 2- Ci thin cht lng cuc sng con ngi; 3- Bo v
sc sng v tnh a dng ca tri t; 4- Qun l ti nguyn khng ti to;
5- Tn trng kh nng chu ng ca tri t; 6- Thay i tp qun v thi
quen c nhn; 7- cho cc cng ng t qun l ly mi trng ca
mnh; 8- To ra mt khun mu quc gia thng nht, thun li cho pht
trin bn vng; 9- Xy dng khi lin minh ton cu bo v mi trng.
Cc nguyn tc pht trin trong cun sch c nu rt c ng, v th,
trong qu trnh phn tch, dn gii, cc tc gi ca n phi a ra mt
h thng 60 hnh ng h tr chi tit ha v lm r ngha. V chn
nguyn tc, hay chn tn gi ca cc chng u cun sch, ch thc s c
vai tr nh hng hnh ng x hi khi c xem xt cng vi cc hnh
ng ca chng. Ngoi ra, bn cnh chn nguyn tc pht trin x hi bn
vng, cun sch cn c phn II, gm 7 chng, a ra 62 hnh ng b
sung cho cuc sng bn vng. Chn nguyn tc pht trin ca cun sch
ny lu nay c rt nhiu tc gi Vit Nam trch dn, k tha, xem nh
kim ch nam cho s pht trin bn vng, nhng thng th ngi ta b qua
60 hnh ng trong mi nguyn tc v 62 hnh ng b sung. Chnh iu
ny lm hn ch sc mnh ca cc gi tr khoa hc trong cun Cu ly
tri t, lm cho n tr nn kh hiu v kh thc hnh.

Hi ngh thng nh RIO 92 l hi ngh v Mi trng v Pht trin.

Nhng cng chnh ti hi ngh ny nhng vn bn quan trng nht ca
pht trin bn vng ra i: l Chng trnh ngh s 21 quc t v
Tuyn b chung v pht trin bn vng (Hp 1). Gi tr v tm ngha ca
ca hai vn bn ny c nh gi mc cao nht, cp ton cu, bi s
ng thun cng nhn v nht tr cam kt thc hin ca cc nguyn th v
ngi lnh o cao cp ca phn ln cc quc gia trn th gii. Tuyn b
27 nguyn tc cp ti tt c cc lnh vc pht trin bn vng, bao
gm kinh t, x hi, mi trng, c bit quan tm ti cc mc tiu ha
bnh, xa ngho i, cng bng x hi v trch nhim chung c phn bit
trong vn bo v mi trng.
Sau RIO, c thm rt nhiu c gng mi trong nghin cu cc nguyn
tc pht trin bn vng, nhm mc tiu b sung hon thin, hoc chi tit
ha lm r ngha hn, hoc gin lc ha, lm cho n d hiu v d p
dng hn. Mt trong nhng c gng theo hng gin lc cc nguyn tc
ca pht trin bn vng c thc hin bi Luc Hens, mt gio s
ngnh sinh thi nhn vn hc ngi B, v c PGS. Nguyn nh He
cp n nhiu nht trong cc n phm ca mnh. l cc nguyn tc: 1S y thc ca nhn dn; 2- Phng nga; 3- Bnh ng gia cc th h; 4Bnh ng trong ni b mt th h; 5- Phn quyn v y quyn; 6- Ngi
gy nhim phi tr tin; 7- Ngi s dng phi tr tin. Tuy nhin, theo
tc gi bi vit ny, v l mt h thng nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
gin lc, nh chnh mc tiu m Luc Hens t t ra, nn cc nguyn
tc pht trin bn vng ca Luc Hens khng th thay th cho 27 nguyn
tc pht trin bn vng ca RIO 92 c. Mt khc, chng ta thy r l
Luc Hens quan tm nhiu ti kha cnh th ch, nn 7 nguyn tc ca ng
khng bao trm c ht cc lnh vc kinh t, x hi v mi trng bn
vng. Nguyn tc 6 v 7 khng c din t r ngha, nhiu ngi c s
cho rng n l nhng vn m kinh t mi trng phi gii quyt. Kh
nng iu tit trch nhim gia ngi s dng v ngi gy nhim trong
vic tr tin b chi phi mnh bi Bn tay v hnh trong nn kinh t th
trng. Ngoi ra, chng ta u bit rng B lut Hnh s ca Vit Nam
c chng v ti phm mi trng. iu c ngha l ngi gy nhim
phi chu tt c cc trch nhim, c dn s v kinh t, ch khng ch c
trch nhim tr tin nh Luc Hens ngh, v nhng nc ang pht trin,
nh Vit Nam, th cng bc u th ch ha nguyn tc ny.

Ngn hng th gii, trong cc n lc hng hot ng ti chnh ca

mnh ti s m bo pht trin bn vng ti cc nc ang pht trin,
cng xut ra Mi nguyn tc pht trin bn vng. l: 1- Xy
dng cc nh hng u tin pht trin mt cch thn trng; 2- S dng
cng c kinh t th trng nu c th; 3- Tng cng tit kim; 4- Tinh
gim b my qun l iu hnh; 5- Khai thc mi c hi cng c li to
ra hiu ng s nhn; 6- To c hi cho khu vc t nhn hot ng mi
trng; 7- u t vo hip hi mi trng; 8- Qun l quan trng hn cng
ngh; 9- Phng bnh hn cha bnh; 10- X hi ha cng tc bo v mi
trng. R rng l tm mc tiu c th ha v gin lc ha cc nguyn
tc pht trin bn vng, cc tc gi thng nhn mnh, dnh u tin c
bit cho lnh vc mc tiu ca mnh. Luc Hens l mt nh sinh thi nhn
vn hc, ng quan tm nhiu n cc kha cnh x hi ca vn . Ngn
hng th gii u tin mc tiu bo ton vn v cao cc cng c kinh t
mi trng, nn h quan tm nhiu hn n cc kha cnh kinh t v hiu
qu ca pht trin. Trong mi nguyn tc pht trin bn vng ca ngn
hng th gii, nguyn tc Hiu ng s nhnl nghe c v rt mi l,
nhng thc ra, n c din gii l nhng u t theo kiu Mt mi tn
bn chng nhiu ch, mi khon u t phi to ra v thc hin nhiu
hn mt mc tiu chnh v khng c gy tn hi cho mi trng pht
trin.
H thng cc nguyn tc RIO v pht trin bn vng:
Hp 1: Tuyn b Rio v Mi trng v Pht trinLi ni u: Hi ngh Lin
Hp Quc v Mi trng v Pht trin hp ti Rio de Janeiro t 3 14/6/1992 cng nhn bn cht ton b v ph thuc ln nhau ca tri t,
ngi nh chung ca chng ta. Hi ngh khng nh tnh ng n ca
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh Lin Hp Quc v Mi trng v Con ngi ti
Stockhom ngy 16/6/72, v tm cch pht huy Tuyn b y nhm thit lp
s chung sc ton cu v bnh ng thng qua vic to lp mc hp
tc mi gia cc quc gia, gia nhng thnh phn chnh trong x hi v
trong nhn dn. Hi ngh thng nht s cng hot ng tch cc t ti
nhng hip nh quc t tn trng quyn li ca mi ngi v bo v s
ton vn ca h thng mi trng v s pht trin ton cu.Tuyn b RIO

Nguyn tc 1: Con ngi l trung tm ca s pht trin bn vng.

Con ngi c quyn c hng 1 cuc sng hu ch, lnh mnh, hi
ho vi thin nhin.

Nguyn tc 2: Ph hp vi Hin chng Lin Hp Quc v nhng

nguyn tc ca Lut php quc t, cc quc gia c ch quyn khai
thc ti nguyn ca mnh theo cch ring, nhng phi m bo rng
nhng hot ng ca mnh khng gy tc hi g n mi trng ca
quc gia khc, hoc nhng khu vc ngoi phm vi quyn hn quc
gia ca mnh.

Nguyn tc 3: Cn phi thc hin quyn c pht trin p ng

mt cch bnh ng nhng nhu cu v mi trng v pht trin ca
cc th h hin nay v tng lai.

Nguyn tc 4: thc hin pht trin bn vng, vic bo v mi

trng nht thit phi l b phn cu thnh ca qu trnh v khng
th xem xt tch ri qu trnh .

Nguyn tc 5: Tt c cc quc gia v dn tc cn hp tc xo b

ngho nn, gim chnh lch v mc sng, nh mt yu cu khng
th thiu cho s pht trin bn vng v p ng tt hn nhu cu
ca i a s nhn dn trn th gii.

Nguyn tc 6: Cn dnh u tin c bit cho nhu cu ca cc nc

ang pht trin, nht l cc nc km pht trin nht v nhng nc
d b tn hi v mi trng; ng thi cng nn ch n quyn li
v yu cu ca tt c cc nc.

Nguyn tc 7: Cc QG cn hp tc ton cu gi gn, BV v phc

hi s lnh mnh v tnh ton b ca HST ca Tri t. V s ng
gp khc nhau nhng vn MT ton cu, cc QG c nhng trch
nhim chung nhng khc bit nhau. Cc nc PT cng nhn trch
nhim ca h trong cc n lc QT v PTBV, do nhng p lc m XH
ca h gy cho MT ton cu v do nhng cng ngh v nhng ngun
ti chnh ca h chi phi, iu khin.

Nguyn tc 8: PTBV cc QG nn gim dn v loi tr nhng

phng thc SX v tiu dng khng bn vng, y mnh nhng chnh
sch DS thch hp.

Nguyn tc 9: Cc QG nn hp tc cng c, XD nng lc cho PTBV

bng cch nng cao s hiu bit khoa hc, thng qua trao i kin
thc khoa hc, cng ngh v y mnh pht trin, thch nghi, truyn
b v chuyn giao cng ngh, k c nhng cng ngh mi v ci tin.

Nguyn tc 10: Cc vn MT s c gii quyt tt nht vi s

tham gia ca dn chng c lin quan v cp thch hp. cp
QG, mi c nhn c quyn c cc nh chc trch cung cp cc
thng tin thch hp lin quan n MT, bao gm thng tin v nhng
nguyn liu v hot ng nguy him trong cng ng, v c hi tham
gia vo cc qu trnh quyt nh. Cc QG cn khuyn khch, tuyn
truyn v to iu kin cho s tham gia ca nhn dn bng cch ph
bin thng tin rng ri. Nhn dn cn c to iu kin tip cn c
hiu qu vi nhng vn bn lut php hnh chnh, k c kh nng
un nn v sa cha.

Nguyn tc 11: Cc QG cn ban hnh lut MT, TCMT. Nhng mc tiu

QL v nhng u tin phi phn nh ni dung MT v PT m chng gn
vi. Nhng TC m mt vi nc p dng c th khng ph hp v
gy tn ph v kinh t x hi khng bin minh c cho cc nc
khc, nht l cc nc ang pht trin.

Nguyn tc 12: Cc nc nn hp tc pht huy mt HT kinh t th

gii thong v gip dn n s PT kinh t v PTBV tt c cc
nc, nhm ng hn vo nhng vn MT. Nhng bin php chnh
sch v thng mi vi nhng mc ch MT khng nn tr thnh
phng tin phn bit i x c on hay v l, hoc mt s ngn
cn tr hnh i vi thng mi QT. Cn trnh hot ng n phng
v nn gii quyt nhng vn MT ngoi bin gii hay ton cu da
trn s nht tr QT cao nht c th t c.

Nguyn tc 13: Cc nc cn son tho lut QG v trch nhim php

l v bi thng cho nhng nn nhn ca ON v tc hi MT khc. Cc
QG cng cn hp tc mt cch khn trng v kin quyt hn

pht trin hn na lut QG v trch nhim php l v bi thng v

nhng tc hi MT do nhng hot ng trong phm vi quyn hn hay
kim sot ca h gy ra cho nhng vng ngoi phm vi quyn hn
ca h.

Nguyn tc 14: Cc QG nn hp tc mt cch c hiu qu ngn

cn s thay th v chuyn giao cho cc QG khc bt c mt hot
ng hoc cht no gy s thoi ho MT nghim trng hoc xt thy
c hi cho sc kho con ngi.

Nguyn tc 15: BVMT, cc QG cn p dng rng ri tip cn ngn

nga tu theo kh nng ca mnh. ch no c nguy c gy tc hi
nghim trng hay khng sa cha c, th khng th nu l do l v
thiu s chc chn khoa hc hon ton tr hon p dng cc bin
php hu hiu nhm ngn chn s thoi ho mi trng.

Nguyn tc 16: Cc nh chc trch QG nn c gng y mnh s QT

ho nhng chi ph MTv SD cc bin php kinh t, cn c vo quan
im cho rng v nguyn tc ngi gy ON phi chu ph tn ON, vi
s quan tm ng mc i vi quyn li chung v khng nh hng
xu n nn thng mi v u t quc t.

Nguyn tc 17: Cn TM ca nhng hot ng c th gy tc ng

xu i vi MT v tun theo quyt nh ca mt c quan QG c thm
quyn.

Nguyn tc 18: Cc QG cn thng bo ngay cho cc QG khc v bt

c mt thin tai no hay tnh hnh khn cp no c th gy nhng tc
hi t ngt i vi MT ca nc . Cng ng QT phi ra sc gip
cc QG b tai ha ny.

Nguyn tc 19: Cc QG cn phi thng bo trc, kp thi v cung

cp thng tin c lin quan cho cc QG c kh nng b nh hng v
nhng hot ng c th gy nh hng xu ng k n MT vt ra
ngoi bin gii v cn tham kho kin ca cc QG ny sm v c
thin .

Nguyn tc 20: Ph n c mt vai tr quan trng trong qun l v

pht trin mi trng. Do vic h tham gia y l cn thit
t c s pht trin bn vng.

Nguyn tc 21: Cn huy ng tnh sng to, nhng l tng v s can

m ca thnh nin th gii to nn mt s chung lng u ct
t c s pht trin bn vng v m bo mt tng lai tt p
hn cho tt c mi ngi.

Nguyn tc 22: Nhn dn bn x v nhng cng ng ca h v cc

cng ng khc ca F c vai tr quan trng trong QL v PTMT nh
tri thc bn a v tp tc truyn thng ca h. Cc QG nn cng
nhn v ng h thch ng bn sc vn ho v nhng mi quan tm
ca h, gip h tham gia c hiu qu vo PTBV.

Nguyn tc 23: MT& TNTN ca cc dn tc b p bc, thng tr, chim

ng cn phi c BV.

Nguyn tc 24: Chin tranh l yu t ph hoi PTBV. Cc QG cn phi

tn trng lut php QT, BVMT trong thi gian c xung t v trang v
hp tc PTMT hn na, nh cc QG cm thy cn thit.

Nguyn tc 25: Ho bnh, pht trin v BVMT ph thuc nhau v

khng th chia ct c.

Nguyn tc 26: Cc QG cn phi gii quyt mi bt ho v MT mt

cch ho bnh v bng cc bin php thch hp theo Hin chng Lin
Hp Quc.

Nguyn tc 27: Cc QG, dn tc cn hp tc c thin , vi tinh thn

chung lng u ct trong vic thc hin cc nguyn tc c th hin
trong bn tuyn b ny v trong s pht trin hn na lut php QT
trong lnh vc PTBV.

Tng hp phn tch 27 nguyn tc pht trin bn vng ca RIO 92 c th

thy nhng quan im ch o sau:

m bo cng bng trong cng mt th h v gia cc th h.

Pht trin l quyn ca tt c cc quc gia, dn tc; V con ngi l

trung tm ca s pht trin. u , tng c quan im cc oan

rng pht trin s lun song hnh vi nhim, khng hong mi

trng, nn cn phi ngng pht trin l hon ton sai lm.

Bo v mi trng l hot ng khng th tch ri ca pht trin bn

vng.

PTBV cn c mt th ch lut php v b my hnh php thng nht,

vn hnh hiu qu v s tham gia ca mi lc lng XH, c bit l
ph n, thanh nin, ngi dn a phng

Duy tr, gn gi ha bnh, m bo kim sot tc ng ca chin

tranh, xung t, p bc bc lt hn ch tc ng xu n ti
nguyn mi trng

Xa ngho, gim chnh lch mc sng l mt mc tiu cn v c

bit cp bch ca pht trin bn vng.

S dng cc cng c qun l, lut php, kinh t bo v mi trng,

m bo cng bng x hi v pht trin bn vng

Mc d cn p ng cc nguyn tc trn, trong Tuyn b ca mnh,

cc nguyn th quc gia vn khng nh Cc quc gia c nhng
trch nhim chung nhng khc bit nhau, v s ng gp khc nhau
vo nhng vn mi trng ton cu. Cc nc pht trin cng
nhn trch nhim ca mnh trong n lc quc t v bo v mi
trng, do nhng p lc m x hi ca h gy ra cho mi trng ton
cu v do nhng cng ngh v ngun ti chnh m h chi phi, iu
khin

Nguyn tc phng nga c pht biu vi mc i hi kht khe Khi

c nguy c gy tc hi nghim trng, hay khng sa cha c, th
khng th v l do cha c c s khoa hc chc chn tr hon vic
p dng cc bin php bo v mi trng

c bit, Tuyn b RIO cam kt Hp tc a quc gia pht huy

mt h thng kinh t th gii thong, gip dn n s pht trin
bn vng tt c cc nc. Chnh sch thng mi, vi nhng mc
ch mi trng, khng nn tr thnh phng tin phn bit i x
c on, v l, hoc ngn cn tr hnh i vi thng mi quc t

nh gi pht trin bn vng

gim st v nh gi pht trin bn vng, cc t chc mi trng quc
t c gng xy dng nhng b ch tiu (c nhm thnh mt tp hp
lin quan vi nhau theo nhiu chiu nh gi ton din, hoc mt lnh vc
pht trin kinh t, x hi, mi trng v th ch ring bit) v cc ch s
(l mt o tng hp mc cao, kt hp nhiu ch tiu). Nguyn tc
chung thit lp cc tiu ch v ch s l chng phi c c s khoa hc,
d hiu, d iu tra (hoc l ch tiu thng k quc gia c s liu hng
nm). Theo Thomas M.Parris v Robert W.Kates, Hc vin khoa hc ti
Boston, Hoa K (Tp ch Thng tin Khoa Hc Cng ngh Thy sn):
lit k c hn 500 tiu ch nh gi pht trin bn vng; Trong c 67
tiu ch qui m ton cu, 103 tiu ch qui m quc gia, 72 tiu ch qui m
bang/tnh v 289 tiu ch qui m a phng/thnh ph.
Nhng b ch th nh gi pht trin bn vng ng quan tm nht gm
c:

B 58 ch th nh gi pht trin bn vng ca U ban pht trin bn

vng Lin hp quc (CSD). B ch th ny lc u gm134 ch th, sau
ci tin, gin lc cn 58, bao qut cc kha cnh kinh t x hi,
mi trng v th ch ca pht trin bn vng. y l b ch th c
nhiu quc gia, trong c Vit Nam la chn xy dng b tiu
ch nh gi pht trin bn vng cho quc gia mnh.

Bng 1: B ch th PTBV ca U ban Pht trin bn vng LHQ (UN CSD)

Ch
1.Cng bng

Ch nhnh
Lnh vc x hi
1. Ngho i

2. Cng bng gii

2. Y t

3.Tnh trng dinh

dng
4. T l cht

Ch tiu
1. T l ngi ngho
2. Ch s Gini v bt cn i thu nhp
3. T l tht nghip
4. T l lng trung bnh ca n so vi
nam
5. Tnh trng dinh dng ca tr em

6. T l cht <5tui
7. K vng sng ca tr mi sinh
5. iu kin v sinh 8. % dn s c thit b v sinh ph hp

6. Nc sch
7.Tip cn dch v
YT
3. Gio dc

8. Cp gio dc

4. Nh
5. An ninh
6. Dn s

9. Bit ch
10. iu kin sng
11. Ti phm
12. Thay i dn s

7. KK

8.t

9.idng,
bin,b bin

10.Nc sch

11. DSH

9. Dn s c dng nc sch
10. % dn s c tip cn dch v y t
ban u
11. Tim chng cho tr em
12. T l s dng cc bin php trnh thai
13. Ph cp tiu hc i vi tr em
14. T l ngi trng thnh t mc gio
dc cp II
15. T l bit ch ca ngi trng thnh
16. Din tch nh bnh qun u ngi
17. S ti phm trong 100.000 dn s.
18. T l tng dn s
19. Dn s th chnh thc v khng
chnh thc

Lnh vc mi trng
13. Thay i kh hu 20. Pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh
14. Ph hu tng zn 21. Mc tn ph tng zn
22. Mc tp trung ca cht thi kh khu
15. Cht lng KK
vc th
16. Nng nghip
23. t canh tc v din tch cy lu nm
24. S dng phn ho hc
25. S dng thuc tr su
17.Rng
26. T l che ph rng
27. Cng khai thc g
18. Hoang ho
28. t b hoang ho
29. Din tch th chnh thc v phi
19. th ho
chnh thc
30. Mc tp trung ca to trong nc
20. Khu vc b bin
bin
31.% dn s sng khu vc b bin
21. Ng nghip
32. Loi hi sn chnh b bt hng nm
33. Mc cn kit ca ngun nc ngm
v nc mt so vi tng ngun nc
22. Cht lng nc 34. BOD ca khi nc
35. Mc tp trung ca Faecal Coliform
36. Din tch h sinh thi ch yu c
23. H sinh thi
la chn
37. Din tch c bo v so vi tng din

tch
38. S a dng ca s loi c la chn

24. Loi
Lnh vc kinh t
12.CcuKT
25. Hin trng kinh t 39. GDP bnh qun u ngi
40. T l u t trong GDP
41. Cn cn thng mi hng ho v dch
26. Thng mi
v
42. T l n trong GNP
27. Tnh trng ti
43. Tng vin tr ODA hoc nhn vin tr
chnh
ODA so vi GNP
28. Tiu dng vt
44. Mc s dng vt cht
cht
29.S dng nng
45. Tiu th nng lng bnh qun u
lng
ngi/ nm
46. T l tiu dng ngun nng lng c
th ti sinh.
47. Mc s dng nng lng
13.Muhnh
30. X thi v qun l
48. X thi rn ca cng nghip v th
SXtiu dng
x thi
49. Cht thi nguy him
50. Cht thi phng x
51. Cht thi ti sinh
52. Khong cch vn chuyn/ngi theo
31. Giao thng vn ti
mt cch thc vn chuyn
Lnh vc th ch
32. Qu trnh thc
14.Khun kh th
hin chin lc
53. Chin lc PTBV quc gia
ch
PTBV
54. Thc thi cc cng c quc t k
33. Hp tc quc t
kt
15. Nng lc th
55. S lng ngi truy cp
33. Tip cn thng tin
ch
Internet/1.000dn
35. C s h tng
56. ng in thoi chnh/1.000 dn
thng tin lin lc
36. Khoa hc& cng 57.u t cho nghin cu v pht trin
ngh
tnh theo%GDP
37.Phng chng thm 58. Thit hi v ngi v ca do cc thm
ho
ho thin tai
BNG 1

B 46 ch th ca Nhm t vn v ch tiu PTBV (CGSDI): CGSDI l

nhm quc t gm 12 chuyn gia, ra i nm 1996, vi s ti tr ca
Qu Wallace ton cu, nhm hi ho nhng hot ng quc t v lp
ch th v ch s pht trin bn vng. H bin son ra mt b 46
ch th v mi trng, kinh t, x hi v th ch cho hn 100 quc gia.
Song song vi n, CGSDI xy dng mt phn mm trn gi cho
php ngi s dng la chn cc phng php khc nhau tnh
ton cc im tng th t cc ch th ring bit ti phn tch ho
cc kt qu tng hp.

B Ch s thnh vng 88 ch th ca IUCN (Thc o BS): T chc

bo tn thin nhin th gii ti tr cho hot ng nh gi s
thnh vng. Kt qu nghin cu c xut bn trong cun S
thnh vng ca cc dn tc: Mt ch s v cht lng cuc sng v
mi trng ca tng quc gia. Ch s thnh vng l mt tp hp gm
88 ch th, c dng nh gi cho 180 quc gia. Cc ch th c
kt hp li thnh 2 nhm l cc ch th thnh vng nhn vn v phc
li sinh thi. Ch s v thnh vng nhn vn bao gm mt tp hp
cc o v sc kho v dn s, s giu c, kin thc v vn ho,
cng ng v s bnh ng. Ch s phc li sinh thi gm mt tp hp
cc o v t ai, ngun nc, khng kh, a dng sinh hc v
vic s dng ngun li sinh vt. Theo ch s thnh vng, nhng nc
PTBV nht l cc nc Bc u ( Thu in, Phn Lan, Na uy v Ai x
len) v cc nc PT km BV nht l Ugana, Afganistan, Xyri v I rc.
Trong 180 nc th Hoa k ng hng th 27, Hungari hng th 44
v Braxin v tr 92. Vit Nam hin c mt s cng trnh nghin cu
c s dng cc nguyn tc ca thc o BS ny, nhng ch dng c
10/88 ch th nn kt qu cn rt khim tn v cn qu hn ch c
th coi l mt cng c nh gi pht trin bn vng ton din.

Du chn sinh thi: c tnh bng tng din tch t v nc cn

sn xut ra ngun ti nguyn m con ngi tiu th, ng thi hp
th lng cht thi pht sinh trong cuc sng ; Biu din qua n
v din tch quy i gha, l din tch khu vc cho nng sut sinh hc
tng ng vi nng sut trung bnh th gii. Du chn sinh thi
c tnh cho hn 150 quc gia trn Th gii, bt u t 1961, trong
tiu th ca mi quc gia c tnh bng lng sn phm sn xut

+ lng sn phm nhp khu lng sn phm xut khu. Mt quc

gia s c d tr sinh thi nu Du chn sinh thi nh hn sc ti
sinh hc, ngc li, n s trong tnh trng thm ht sinh thi". Hin
nay, hu ht cc quc gia (v tnh trung bnh cho ton Th gii) u
ang trong tnh trng thm ht sinh thi ny. Nm 2003, Du chn
sinh thi ca con ngi (2,2gha/ngi) vt so vi sc ti sinh thi
tri t (1,8gha/ngi) trn 25%. Vi mc ch tm hiu v tnh ton
du chn sinh thi, sinh vin Trn Xun Vit lp c mt Website
tng i th v v vn ang trn ng hon thin. Nhn hi ngh
ny, cc tc gi cng mun gii thiu qua v n v ku gi s ng
gp hon thin cho n, mt cng trnh nghin cu ca mt sinh vin
nm th 3, h c nhn cht lng cao ca Khoa Mi trng.

Hnh 1

Hnh 1. Du chn sinh thi v sc ti sinh thi Hnh 2: Du chn sinh thi
ca cc quc gia c
ton cu [Global Footprint Network ]thu nhp thp, trung bnh v cao
[WWF 2006 ]

Ch s nh gi pht trin: B ch s nh gi pht trin con ngi

c tnh ton v cng b thng nin trong Bo co pht trin con
ngi ca Lin Hp Quc. Ngoi ch s nh gi pht trin con ngi
HDI c bit n v trch dn nhiu nht, bo co cn xy dng
c cc ch s nh gi pht trin sau: Ch s ngho nhn vn dnh
cho cc nc ang pht trin HPI-1, cho cc nc pht trin HPI-2;
Ch s pht trin con ngi theo gii GDI (Gender related
Development index) v ch s quyn lc gii GEM (Gender
Empowerment measure)

B ch th nh gi pht trin bn vng v ti nguyn mi trng

Vn phng pht trin bn vng B Ti nguyn ang ly kin trao i v

b ch th ny trc khi c s la chn cui cng.
Bng 2: D tho b ch th PTBV v Ch s nh gi tnh BV v TN&MT
Vit Nam (ESIVN).
S lng ch s,
Kt qu nh gi d kin
ch th
I. Ch s nh gi tnh BV v TN&MT
im tng hp theo
01 ch s
(ESIVN)
thang xp hng 0 100
II. Cc ch th tch hp t 10 ch
10 ch th tng
T l phn trm (%)
chnh (EIVN)
hp
Trin khai Quyt nh s 153/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph
Cc ch th
III. Ch (EIC)
Cc ch th MT d kin (EVs)
(EIs)
Mc tiu phn u

1. T l DT t (gm c NN) chu tc

ng rt mnh do hot ng ca con
ngi trn tng s DT, (%)
1. Nguy c
2. DT t b nhim mn, phn/tng DT
thoi ho t
t trng trt, (%)
3. Tc tng SD phn bn ho hc,
thuc BVTV/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
I. Thoi ho t, SD hiu
qu v BV TN t
4. Tc tng nng sut SD t NN/5
2. Hiu qu
nm gn nht, (%/nm)
SD t
5. DT t cha SD, (%)
6. Tc tng c cu SD t phi NN (II),
3. Nng lc
(%/nm)
SD BV TN
7. Tc tng DS/5 nm gn nht,
t
(%/nm)
8. Ch th CL nc mt theo TCVN
4. CL nc mt
5942-1995, (%)
9. Ch th CL nc ngm theo
5. CL nc ngm
TCVN 5944-1995, (%)
10. T l nc thi T, CN, DL v
bnh vin c x l t tiu
6. Ci thin CL
chun, (%)
MT nc mt v
11. Tc tng t l h dn c h
II. BV MT nc v SD BV nc ngm
x v chung tri hp v sinh/5 nm
TN nc
gn nht, (%/nm)
12. Tc tng khai thc nc
ngm/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
13. Tc tng khai thc nc
7. Nng lc SD
mt/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
BV TN nc
14. Tc tng t l h dn c
hng ngun nc sch/5 nm gn
nht (%/nm)
15. Tc tng sn lng khai thc
khong sn/5 nm gn nht,
8. Nng lc khai
(%/nm)
3. Khai thc hp l v SD thc BV TN
16. Ch th cht lng KK trong
tit kim, BV TN khong khong sn
khai thc v vn chuyn khong
sn
sn, (%)
9. Hiu qu SD 17. T l thu hi mt s khong sn
TN khong sn chnh/tng tr lng mt s khong

sn chnh, (%)

18. Tc tng t sut sn lng khong

sn/ 1.000 t VN GDP/5 nm gn nht,
(%/nm)
10. Cht lng
19. Ch th cht lng nc bin
nc bin ven b ven b TCVN 5943-1995, (%)
20. T l nc thi T, cng
nghip, bnh vin v khu du lch
11. Ci thin cht
ven bin c x l t tiu chun,
lng MT bin,
(%)
4. BV MT bin, ven bin, ven bin, hi o
21. Tc tng DS vng ven
hi o v PT TN bin
bin/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
22. Tc tng nh bt thu hi
sn/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)
12. Nng lc
23. Tc tng sn lng nui
PTBV TN bin
trng thu hi sn/5 nm gn nht,
(%/nm)
24. che ph rng, (%)
13. Ci thin cht
25. Tc tng khai thc rng/5
lng rng
nm gn nht, (%/nm)
5. BV v PT rng
26. Tc trng rng/5 nm gn
14. Nng lc PT
nht, (%/nm)
rng
27. che ph rng bo ho, (%)
15. Cht lng 28. Ch th cht lng KK ti cc T
KK T
ln theo TCVN 5937, 38 2005, (%)
29. Tc tng DS T/5 nm gn
16. Gim N
nht, (%/nm)
KK cc T
30. T l DT cy xanh T, (%)
6. Gim N KK cc T
31. Ch th cht lng KK ti cc
17. Cht lng
v KCN
KCN theo TCVN 5937, 38 2005,
KK KCN
(%)
32. T l cc doanh nghip, KCN p
18. Gim N dng tiu chun ISO 14.001, (%)
KK cc KCN 33. Tng t l DT cy xanh trong cc
doanh nghip, KCN, (%)

34. T l CTR SH, cng nghip

c thu gom, x l hp v sinh,
19. Gim N do
(%)
CTR v cht thi
35. T l cht thi nguy hi cng
nguy hi
nghip, y t c thu gom, x l
7. QL CTR v cht thi
hp v sinh, (%)
nguy hi
36. T l DT bi rc hp v
20. Nng lc QL sinh/tng DT t, (%)
CTR
37. T l DT cm x l cht thi
nguy hi/ tng DT t, (%)
21. Nng lc bo 38. T l DT t cc khu bo tn
tn a dng sinh thin nhin/Tng DT t, (%)
hc
39. che ph cy xanh, (%)
8. Bo tn a dng sinh hc
40. Ch th a dng sinh hc, (%)
22. Nng lc BV 41. T l DT cc h sinh thi cn
a dng sinh hc c phc hi a dng sinh hc,
(%)
42. T l pht thi kh cacbon/Tng
ti lng N kh thi d bo, (%)
23. Gim nh
43. T l pht thi bi l lng v
bin i kh hu
kh axt/Tng ti lng N kh thi
d bo, (%)
44. T l SD nng lng than,
9. Hot ng lm gim nh
BKH, v hn ch nh
24. Hn ch nh ci/tng sn lng nng lng SD,
hng c hi ca BKH, hng c hi ca (%)
phng, gim nh hu qu bin i kh hu 45. Ch th QL MT trn din rng
thin tai
AEQM, (%)
46. Ch th ri ro MT d bo, (%)
25. Nng lc
47. T l tn tht v ngi v ti
phng chng v
sn do thin tai, ri ro, s c MT
gim nh hu qu
gy ra c quy i ra tin/GDP
do thin tai, s c
trong 5 nm gn nht, (%/nm)

48. Tc tng tng s lng nng

26. Nng lc
lng SX thng mi/5 nm gn nht,
khai thc nng
(%/nm)
lng
49. T l h dn c SD in, (%)
10. Khai thc hp l v SD
50. T l SX nng lng thy in v
tit kim, BV TN nng
cc ngun nng lng c th ti
lng
27. Hiu qu sinh/tng lng nng lng tiu th,
SD tit kim v (%)
BV nng lng 51. Tc tng t sut tiu th nng
lng/1.000 t VN GDP/5 nm gn
nht, (%/nm)
BNG 2
M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ch s nh gi tnh BV
v MT (ESIVN) c xut nh trn hnh 2 di y.
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Hnh 2 : M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ca ch s nh gi
tnh BV v MT ti VN (ESIVN).
BNG 3
Phn tch 51 ch th nh gi s dng ti nguyn mi trng bn vng, tc
gi bi vit ny cho rng ch th 6, 7 trong ch 1 cha hp l. Nng lc
s dng bn vng ti nguyn t khng th nh gi c theo hai ch th
l 6- Tc tng c cu SD t phi NN (II), (%/nm) v 7- Tc tng
DS/5 nm gn nht, (%/nm). Trong khi ch th nh gi hiu qu s
dng t n gin nht l li nhun/ha v ch th nh gi tim nng lao
ng hiu qu l t l lao ng c o to ngh li khng c s
dng.
Kt lun
Nhng vn l lun v nguyn tc pht trin bn vng v nh gi pht
trin bn vng Vit Nam cha hon ton c pht trin v thng nht.
cng l c trng ca pht trin. Tuy nhin, c th thc hin tt
nhim v o to, c mt chun mc cho cc k thi c, rt cn thit phi
c mt s thng nht quan im trong tng giai on lch s.
9
nguyn
tc
pht
trin
bn
vng
17/04/2007
Pht trin bn vng mi quc gia v trn quy m ton cu c th tr thnh hin thc thng qua
vic xy dng x hi pht trin bn vng. y l mt x hi bit kt hp hi ho vic pht trin

kinh t - x hi vi vic bo v mi trng. xy dng mt x hi pht trin bn vng, sch

Cu
ly
Tri
t

nu
9
nguyn
tc
c
bn
sau
y:
1. Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng y l nguyn tc v cng quan trng, ni nn trch
nhim phi quan tm n mi ngi xung quanh v cc hnh thi khc nhau ca cuc sng, iu c
ngha l s pht trin ca nc ny khng lm phng hi n quyn li ca nhng nc khc, cng
nh s pht trin ca th h hin nay khng gy tn hi ti th h mai sau.
2. Nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi: Mc ch c bn ca s pht trin l ci thin cht
lng cuc sng ca con ngi. Mi dn tc c nhng mc tiu khc nhau trong s pht trin, nhng li
c mt s im thng nht. l mc tiu xy dng cuc sng lnh mnh, c mt nn gi dc tt, c
ti nguyn m bao cuc sng khng nhng cho ring mnh m cho c th h mai sau, c quyn t
do bnh ng, c m bo an ton v khng bo lc, mi thnh vin trong x hi u mong c cuc
sng
ngy
cng
tt
hn
3. Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng sinh hc ca Tri t: Pht trin trn c s bo v i hi phi song
hnh vi nhng hnh ng thch hp, thn trng bo tn chc nng v tnh a dng ca cc h sinh
thi trn Tri t c tp hp thnh sinh quyn v cc h thng nui dng s sng con ngi Chnh
h thng ny c vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic iu chnh kh hu, cn bng nc v lm cho
khng kh trong lnh, iu hoa dng chy, chu chuyn cc yu t c bn, cu to, ti to t mu v
phc
hi
cc
h
sinh
thi.
Bo v tnh a dng sinh hc c ngha l bo v tt c cc loi ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt trn hnh
tinh
ca
chng
ta
v
ton
b
vn
gen
di
truyn
c
trong
mi
loi.
4. Hn ch n mc thp nht vic lm suy gim cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti to: Ti nguyn khng
ti to nh qung, du, kh t, than ... trong qu trnh s dng s b bin i khng th bn vng
c. Theo d bo mt s khong sn ch yu trn Tri t vi tc khai thc v s dng hin nay s
b cn kit trong tng lai gn, v d kh t khong 30 nm, du m khong 50nm, than khong
150-200nm... Trong khi loi ngi cha tm c cc loi thay th, cn phi s dng ti nguyn khng
ti to mt cch hp l v tit kim bng nhiu cch nh quay vng, ti ch cht thi, s dng ti a cc
thnh phn c ch cha trong tng loi ti nguyn, dng ti nguyn ti to khc c th c thay th
chng...
5. Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng c ca Tri t: Nh bit, mc chu ng ca Tri t
ni chung hay ca mt h sinh thi no , d l t nhin hay nhn to, u c gii hn. Con ngi c
th m rng gii hn bng k thut truyn thng hay p dng cng ngh mi tho mn nhu cu
ca mnh. Nhng nu khng da trn quy lut pht trin ni ti ca t nhin th thng phi tr gi rt
t bng s suy thoi, ngho kit a dng sinh hc hoc suy gim chc nng cung cp ti nguyn ca
thin
nhin.
S bn vng s khng c c nu dn s th gii ngy cng tng. Do dn s tng, nhu cu s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn ngy cng ln vt qu kh nng chu ng ca Tri t. Mun tm gii php ng
n qun l, s dng bn vng cc ti nguyn, chng ta phi to ra mt di an ton gia ton b cc
tc ng ca con ngi vi ranh gii c lng mi trng Tri t c th chu ng c.
6. Thay i thi v hnh vi ca con ngi: Trc y ngay c hin ti, nhiu ngi trong chng ta
khng bit cch sng bn vng. S ngho kh buc con ngi phi tm mi cch tn ti nh: ph
rng lm nng ry, sn bn chim th... Nhng hot ng xy ra lin tc gy ra tc ng xu n
mi trng sinh thi lm ngho kit qu t, suy gim ngun ti nguyn. Nn i, ngho kh thng
xuyn xy ra vi cc nc c thu nhp thp. Cn vi cc nc c thu nhp cao th nhu cu s dng ti
nguyn ngy cng cao, h dng mt cch lng ph qu mc chu ng ca thin nhin, nn lm
nh hng ln n cng ng. V vy, con ngi nht thit phi thay i thi v hnh vi ca mnh,
khng nhng cho cc cng ng bit s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn m cn thay i cc
chnh
sch
h
tr
v
kinh
t
v
bun
bn
trn
th
gii.
7. cho cc cng ng t qun l mi trng ca mnh: Mi trng l ngi nh chung khng phi ca
ring c nhn, cng ng no. V vy vic cu ly Tri t v xy dng mt cuc sng bn vng ph
thuc vo nim tin v s ng gp ca mi c nhn. Khi no nhn dn bit t mnh t chc cuc sng
bn vng trong cng ng ca mnh, h s c mt sc sng manh m cho d cng ng ca h giu
hay
ngho,
thnh
th
hay
nng
thn.
Mt cng ng mun c sng bn vng, th trc ht phi quan tm bo v cuc sng ca chnh
mnh v khng lm nh hng n mi trng ca cng ng khc. H cn bit cch s dng ti

nguyn ca mnh mt cch tit kim, bn vng v c thc v vic thi cc cht thi c hi v x l
mt cch an ton. H phi tm cch bao v h thng nui dng s sng v tnh a dng ca h sinh
thi

a
phng.
8. Xy dng mt khun mu quc gia thng nht, thun li cho s pht trin v bo v: Mt x hi mun
pht trin bn vng phi bit kt hp hi ho gia pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng, phi xy dng
c mt s ng tm nht tr v o c cuc sng bn vng trong cc cng ng. Cc chnh quyn
Trung ng cng nh a phng phi c c cu thng nht v qun l mi trng, bo v cc dng ti
nguyn. Bn cnh h thng quyn lc cng cn phi c lut v bo v mi trng mt cch ton din. V
lut l cng c quan trng m bo thc hin nhng chnh sch, m bo mt cuc sng bn vng,
bo
v
v
khuyn
khch
mi
ngi
tun
theo
php
lut
9. Xy dng mt khi lin minh ton cu trong vic bo v mi trng: Nh nu trn, mun bo v
mi trng bn vng chng ta khng th lm ring l c, m phi c mt s lin minh gia cc nc.
Bu kh quyn v cc dng tc ng qua li ln nhau to ra kh hu trn Tri t. Nhiu con sng
ln l chung ca nhiu quc gia. V vy, bo v s trong sch ca dng sng, ca bin, ca bu kh
quyn l trch nhim ca nhiu nc. S bn vng trong mi nc lun lun ph thuc vo cc hip
c quc t qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ch yu. Cc quc gia cn tch cc tham gia k kt v thc
hin cc cng c a dng sinh hc, CITES, cng c bo v tng OZON, cng c RAMSA, cng c
lut bin...
Nguyn Hong c
Ngun tin: T/C Ti nguyn & Mi trng, s 3/2007

Theo ngn hng th gii WB: u tin mc tiu bo ton vn v cao cc cng c kinh t mi
trng, nn h quan tm nhiu hn n cc kha cnh kinh t v hiu qu ca pht trin. - Xy dng cc
nh
hng
u
tin
pht
trin
mt
cch
thn
trng
S
dng
cng
c
kinh
t
th
trng
nu
c
th
Tng
cng
tit
kim
Tinh
gim
b
my
qun
l
iu
hnh
Khai
thc
mi
c
hi
cng
c
li

to
ra
hiu
ng
s
nhn
To
c
hi
cho
khu
vc
t
nhn
hot
ng
mi
trng
u
t
vo
hip
hi
mi
trng
Qun
l
quan
trng
hn
cng
ngh
Phng
bnh
hn
cha
bnh
- X hi ha cng tc bo v mi trng.