Professional Documents
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12-12-14
period 1
Jonathan Sanchez
12-12-14
period 1
In the 2D Cartesian coordinate system there is a horizontal axis called the X axis
and a vertical axis called the Y axis.
2.
Jonathan Sanchez
12-12-14
period 1
displayed, numbers are always given in the order of X first then Y, then Z
(with a comma placed between each number).
d. Axes may be rotated or oriented differently within 3D space depending upon
whether you are working with an individual object, a viewpoint, or objects
within a scene.
1. Local (user) coordinate system-assign axes to particular object.
2. World (global) coordinate system-assigns axes to the scene.
e. Many 3D modeling programs allow you to constrain movement (rotation,
scaling, and transformations) along one axis, two axes, or three axes. For
example, you could lock the X and Y axes thereby restricting movement or
deformation to only a Z direction.
f. Relative coordinates are used to transform an object starting at its current
position. Absolute coordinates are used to transform an object relative to the
origin.
B. Basic Modeling Objects and Shapes
1. All 3D modeling programs contain certain basic geometric shapes that can be
combined with or subtracted from other shapes to form more complex objects.
2. Some programs contain more objects than others, but a sample list of basic
primitives includes:
a. Sphere
b. Cube or box
c. Cylinder3
Torus
d. Cone
e. Plane
3. 2D shapes can also be created:
a. Arcs, ellipses, circles, curves, and freehand curves are basic 2D shapes
typically provided within modeling programs. Shapes may be combined to
create complex objects.
b. Polygons are plane figures made with three or more straight sides (curves).
c. Regular polygons have equal length sides and equal angles.
d. Splines are curves or polygons that are composed of segments that can be
manipulated by control points placed along the curve. Control points may be
made active and then dragged using a handle attached to the point.
4. Some programs require the user to define parameters of the primitive prior to
importing it into the scene; others will bring in a standard sized object and place
it in a selected position.
Jonathan Sanchez
12-12-14
period 1
4. Revolve or lathe operations allow the user to create a 2D shape and then revolve it
around an axis.
Jonathan Sanchez
12-12-14
period 1
c. Lathe operations are often used to model objects such as bowls, bottles, and
dishes.
5. Transformations or Transforms are actions that scale, rotate, and move objects.
a. Scale changes the size or proportions of an object along one or more axes.
b. Rotate refers to tilting or changing the direction that an object is facing.
1. Rotation is usually assigned to a particular axis. For example, the object might be
rotated along its X axis.
2. Most programs assign a default location for rotational axes. This location (pivot
point) may need to be relocated to create to the desired movement.
3. Rotation is usually specified using degrees relative to a beginning point.
c. Move is used to advance an object from one position to another.
1. Linear distance along the X, Y, or Z axis is used to measure movement.
2. Movement may be constrained by a snap or grid setting. Snap allows the object
to be moved only at set intervals of distance. Movement can also be restricted to
a grid so that the object jumps from grid line to grid line.
6. Deformations are used to modify an existing shape.
a. Selected vertices, control points, polygon faces, or cross sections of an object
may be used to control and influence the deformation process
b. Deformation tools emulate the process of working a piece of clay.
c. Examples include taperbend, twist, smooth, and stretch.
7. Copy or Clone tools allow selected objects to be reproduced in their exact size and
form.
8. Mirror tools allow selected shapes to be copied or flipped about a defined center.
D. Viewing Tools
Jonathan Sanchez
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2.
1. You can see colors (and some surface properties) and the impact that lights might
have on the scene.
2. Object construction using deformations and sculpting are easier to visualize in
solid mode than in wireframe
3. Solid mode takes more RAM than wireframe.
c. Miscellaneous other displays are available depending upon the software.
They might include transparent transparent wireframe, etc.
2. View navigation tools allow you to control how you view the scene.
a. Zoom controls the amount of magnification of the active viewport.
b. Rotate allows objects to remain in their correct, relative positions within the
scene while you rotate your point of view around them.
c. Panning (Eye Move) allows you to drag the scene vertically and horizontally
within the viewport (window), changing your viewing point but not changing
the positions of the objects within the scene or your viewing angle.
3. Object selection must take place before transformation or deformation operations
can occur on objects.
a. When an object is chosen, it typically __________________ to identify itself
as the selected object.
b. Multiple selections of objects can be made depending upon the software being
used.
1. Keyboard commands, such as holding down the Ctrl key are often used to make
multiple selections.
2. Selection windows can be generated using the cursor For example, selecting a
point within the window and dragging the mouse will generate a selection
rectangle whose limits define the selection area.
Jonathan Sanchez
12-12-14
period 1