CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

CHNG 2: THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

2.1 Gii thiu chng
Trong chng ny s trnh by mt cch kh chi tit v thit b pht
quang nh LED, LD hay thit b thu PIN, APD cng nh nguyn tc hot ng ca
n t chng ta c th la chn c thit b ph hp vi h thng v yu cu
thit k.
2.2 Thit b pht quang
2.2.1 C ch pht x nh sng
Gi thuyt c mt in t ang nm mc nng lng thp ( E1 ), khng c
in t no nm mc nng lng mc cao hn ( E 2 ), th iu kin nu c
mt nng lng bng vi mc nng lng chnh lch cp cho in t th in t
ny s nhy ln mc nng lng E 2 . Vic cung cp nng lng t bn ngoi
truyn nng lng cn ti mt mc cao hn c gi l kch thch s dch chuyn
ca in t ti mt mc nng lng khc c gi l s chuyn di.
in t ri khi mc nng lng cao E 2 b ht nhn nguyn t ht v quay
v trng thi ban u. Khi quay v trng thi E1 th mt nng lng ng bng E 2 E1 c gii phng. l hin tng pht x t pht v nng lng c gii

phng tn ti dng nh sng gi l nh sng pht x t pht. Theo c hc lng

t, bc sng nh sng pht x c tnh theo cng thc:

h
E 2 E1

(2.1)

Trong , h 6,625 .10 34 js (hng s Planck)

c 3.108 l vn tc nh sng

Bc sng t l nghch vi lch nng lng ca cc nguyn t cu to

nn linh kin pht quang. Do bc sng nh sng pht x phn nh bn cht ca
vt liu.

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

Hnh 2.1 Mc nng lng v qu trnh dch chuyn

Khi nh sng c nng lng tng bng E 2 E1 p vo mt in t trng
thi kch thch, in t trng thi kch thch E 2 theo xu hng s chuyn di v
trng thi E1 nay b kch thch chuyn v trng thi E 2 . Sau khi hp th nng lng
nh sng p vo (hnh 2.1c). l hin tng pht x kch thch. Nng lng nh
sng pht ra ti thi im ny ln hn nng lng nh sng pht ra t nhin. Cn
i vi c ch pht x ca bn dn: l nh kh nng ti hp bc x pht quang ca
cc ht dn trng thi kch thch. T iu kin cn bng nhit, in t tp trung
hu ht vng ho tr c mc nng lng thp v mt s t vng dn mc nng
lng cao. Gi s rng trong bn dn c N in t trong c n1 in t vng
ho tr n 2 in t vng dn. Khi nh sng chiu t bn ngoi vo bn dn trng
thi ny, t l gia bc x cng bc v hp th t l thun vi t s n 2 v n1 . Vic
hp th chim a s v nh sng pht ra gim i.
2.2.2 iode LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LED (hay diode pht quang) l cc iot c kh nng pht ra nh sng hay tia
hng ngoi,t ngoi.
C hai loi cu trc led c s dng rng ri l led tip xc mt v led
pht x ra ELED
*Led tip xc mt:

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

Hnh 2. 2 Cu trc ca LED tip xc mt

Led pht x mt c mt phng ca vng pht ra nh sng vung gc vi trc
ca si dn quang.Vng tch cc thng c dng phin trn,ng knh khong
50 m v dy khong 25 m.
*Led pht x ra ELED

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc d th kp ca led pht x ra

Led pht x ra c cu trc gm mt vng tip gip tch cc c vai tr l
ngun pht nh sng khng kt hp v hai lp dn u c chit sut thp hn ch s
chit sut ca vng tch cc nhng li cao hn chit sut ca cc vng vt liu bao
quang.
*Nguyn l hot ng ca led: da vo hiu ng pht sng khi c hin tng ti
hp cc in t v l trng vng tip gip p-n.Do vy,LED s pht sng nu c
phn cc thun.Khi c phn cc thun cc ht mang a s s khuch tn t qua
tip gip p-n:in t khuch tn t pha n sang pha p v ngc li,l trng khuch
tn t pha p sang pha n,chng gp nhau,ti hp v pht sinh nh sng.
*ng dng ca LED
Thng th nh sng pht x ca LED l nh sng khng kt hp v l nh sng t
pht.Do cng sut pht x ca LED thp, rng ph rng v hiu ng lng t
thp.N thng ch c p dng cho cc mng c khong cch ngn nh mng
LAN.Tuy nhin do cng sut u ra ca n t ph thuc vo nhit v c ch to
n gin, n nh cao,LED vn c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng truyn
tc thp.
3.2.3 it Laser
Ni chung, Laser c rt nhiu dng v cc kch c. Chng tn ti
dng kh, cht lng, tinh th hoc bn dn. i vi cc h thng thng tin quang,
cc ngun pht Laser l cc Laser bn dn v thng gi chng l LD. Cc loi

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

Laser c th l khc nhau nhng nguyn l hot ng c bn ca chng l nh

nhau. Hot ng ca Laser l kt qu ca ba qu trnh mu cht l: hp th phton,
pht x t pht v pht x kch thch. Ba qu trnh ny tng t c ch pht x nh
sng v c trnh by mc 2.2.1.
Cc h thng thng tin quang thng l c tc rt cao, hin nay nhiu h
thng thng tin quang c tc 2.5Gbit/s n 5Gbit/s c a vo khai thc.
Bng tn ca h thng thng tin quang i hi kh ln, nh vy cc LD phun s ph
hp hn l cc it pht quang LED. Cc LD thng thng c thi gian p ng
nh hn 1ns, rng ph trung bnh t 1nm n 2 nm v nh hn, cng sut ghp
vo si quang t vi miliwatt.
So snh LED v LD
Cc thng s
Dng ngng
in p st
Cng sut pht
Gc pht quang
Hiu sut ghp quang
rng ph
Tuyn tnh
Thi gian chuyn
nh hng nhit
Gi thnh
Sn xut
Nguyn l pht x
ng dng

LED
30mA-300mA
1,5V-2,5V
1mW-10mW
Tip xc mt t 120
Pht x ra 30
Tip xc mt 1-5%
Pht x ra 5-15%
35-100nm
Tt
Chm
t
Thp
D
T nhin
H thng tc
thp,tuyn truyn dn gn

LD
10mA-20mA
1,5V-2,5V
1mW-50mW
5-10
Si n mode 30-50%
Si a mode 60-90%
1-4nm
Tt
Nhanh(1ns)
Nhiu
Cao
Kh
Kch thch
H thng tc cao,tuyn
truyn dn di

2.2.4 Nhiu trong ngun pht Laser

Khi cc LD c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang c tc
cao, th mt s hot ng ca Laser bt u xut hin v tc bin i cng cao
th chng cng th hin r v c th gy ra nhiu u ra ca b thu. Cc hin
tng ny c gi l nhiu mode, nhiu cnh tranh mode v nhiu phn x. V nh

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

sng lan truyn dc theo si dn quang nn s kt hp ca cc suy hao mode ph

thuc, thay i pha gia cc mode v s bt n nh v phn b nng lng trong
cc mode khc nhau s lm thay i nhiu mode. Nhiu mode xut hin khi c s
suy hao bt k no trong tuyn. Cc ngun pht quang bng hp c tnh kt hp
cao nh cc Laser n mode s gy ra nhiu mode ln hn cc ngun pht bng
rng.
Ngoi ra, hin tng phn x nh tr li Laser do cc mt phn x t ngoi
c th gy ra s thay i ng k nhiu mode v v th cng lm thay i c tnh
ca h thng. Nhiu phn x c lin quan ti mo tuyn tnh u ra LD gy ra do
mt lng nh sng phn x tr li v i vo hc cng hng Laser t cc im ni
si. C th gim c nhiu phn x khi dng cc b cch ly quang gia LD v si
dn quang.
Kt lun: Ngun pht quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng i vi h
thng thng tin quang, phn ny ta quan tm ch yu n LD, Laser n mode.
T , ta c th la chn ngun pht sao cho ph hp vi h thng.
2.3 Thit b thu quang
Thit b thu quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong h thng thng tin
quang, n c chc nng bin i tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in. Trong lnh
vc thng tin quang ta s nghin cu vn thu quang theo hiu ng quang in.
2.3.1 C ch thu quang
C s ca hiu ng quang in l qu trnh hp th nh sng trong cht
bn dn. Khi nh sng p vo mt vt th bn dn, cc in t trong vng ho tr
c chuyn di ti vng dn nhng nu khng c mt s tc ng sy ra th s
khng thu c kt qu g m ch c cc in t chuyn ng ra xung quanh v ti
hp tr li vi cc l trng vng ho tr. Do bin i nng lng quang thnh
in ta phi tn dng trng thi khi m l trng v in t cha kp ti hp. Trong
linh kin thu quang, lp chuyn tip p-n c s dng tch in t ra khi l
trng. Khi nh sng p vo vng p s b hp th trong qu trnh lan truyn n
vng n. Trong qu trnh , cc in t v l trng c to ra v ti vng ngho

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

do hp th photon s chuyn ng v hai hng i ngc nhau di tc ng ca

in trng nn chng tch ri nhau. V khng c in trng bn ngoi vng
ngho nn cc in t v l trng c to ra do hiu ng quang in v s ti hp
trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca chng. Tuy nhin, s c mt vi in t di chuyn
vo in trng trong qu trnh chuyn ng v c kh nng thm nhp vo mi
vng. V do c mt in th s c to ra gia cc min p v n. Nu hai u
ca min c ni vi mch in ngoi th cc in t v l trng s c ti
hp mch ngoi v s c dng in chy qua.
2.3.2 Diode thu quang PIN
Diode thu quang PIN l b tch sng dng bin i tn hiu quang
thnh tn hiu in. Cu trc c bn ca Photoit PIN gm cc vng p v n t
cch nhau bng mt lp t dn i rt mng. thit b hot ng th cn phi cp
mt thin p ngc vng bn trong rt ht cc loi ht mang. Khi c nh sng i
vo diode thu quang PIN th s xy ra qu trnh nh sau. Nu mt photon trong
chm nh sng ti mang mt nng lng h ln hn hoc ngang bng vi nng
lng di cm ca lp vt liu bn dn trong Photoit th photon c th kch thch
in t t vng ho tr sang vng dn.Qu trnh ny s pht ra cc cp in t, l
trng. Thng thng, b tch sng quang c thit k sao cho cc ht mang ny
ch yu c pht ra ti vng ngho l ni m hu ht cc nh sng ti b hp th
(hnh 2.4). S c mt ca trng in cao trong vng ngho lm cho cc ht mang
tch nhau ra v thu nhn qua tip gip c thin p ngc. iu ny lm tng lung
dng mch ngoi, vi mt lung dng in s ng vi nhiu cp mang c pht
ra v dng ny gi l dng photon.

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

Hnh 2.4: S vng nng lng ca Photoit PIN.

Trong trng hp l tng, mi photon chiu vo phi sinh ra mt xung

in mch ngoi v gi tr trung bnh ca dng in sinh ra phi t l vi cng
sut ca nh sng chiu vo nhng trong thc t, khng t c nh vy m mt
phn nh sng b tn hao do phn x.
2.3.3 Diode thu quang APD(Diode quang thc)
tng nhy it quang ngi ta ng dng h thng ging nh hiu
ng nhn in t trong cc b nhn quang in.
Diode quang thc APD (Avalanche photodiote) c c tnh tt hn i vi
tn hiu nh. Sau khi bin i cc photon thnh cc in t th n khuch i ngay
dng photo bn trong n trc khi dng ny i vo mch khuch i tip sau v
iu ny lm tng mc tn hiu dn ti nhy my thu tng ln ng k. thu
c hiu ng nhn bn trong th cc ht mang phi c tng dn nng lng ti
mc ln ion ho cc in t xung quanh do va chm vi chng. Cc in t
xung quanh ny c y t vng ho tr ti vng dn ri to ra cc cp in t- l
trng mi sn sng dn in. Cc ht mang mi ny to ra tip tc c gia tc nh

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

in trng cao v li c th pht ra cc cp in t- l trng mi khc. Hiu ng

ny gi l hiu ng thc.

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc Photoit thc quang v trng in trong vng tri.
* So snh diode thu quang PIN v APD
Linh kin
Tnh nng
Cc c tnh

ng dng

Diode quang thc(APD)

Diode quang PIN

- nhy thu qnh sng cao

-Tp m ln
-in p hot ng cao
-Gi thnh cao
-H thng ng trc di
-H thng ng trc ngn

- nhy thu nh sng thp

-Tp m thp
-in p hot ng thp
-Gi thnh thp
-H thng thu bao
-H thng nhnh r ring

2.3.4 Tham s c bn ca thit b thu quang

2.3.4.1 Hiu sut lng t
c tnh bng t s gia lng in t tch ra v s photon c hp th
= ne/nph
trong :

: hiu sut lng t

nph

: s lng t photon hp th

ne

: s lng in t tch ra

2.3.4.2 p ng
p ng ca linh kin tch sng quang l t s ca dng in sinh ra v cng
sut quang a vo.

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

R=Ie/popt=ne.e/(nph.hv)
Trong :
R

: p ng

Ie

: dng quang in

Popt

: cng sut quang

2.3.4.3 nhy quang

nhy quang cho bit kh nng bin i cng sut quang thnh dng
in. Nu ti mt bc sng c s photon ri vo l N 0 v nng lng mi photon
l: m
E

v lng in tch sinh ra l:

(2.2)

c dN 0
dt

(2.3)

q 0 N 0e

(2.4)

PT h

th cng sut quang thu c l:

hc

e 1,6.10 19 c

vi

T ta tnh c dng in sinh ra t cc photon l:

i0

dq0
dN
.e 0
dt
dt

ip

..ePT
hc

(2.5)

SPT

gi S nhy quang c th nguyn [A/W] v S

..e
hc

(2.6)

2.3.4.4 Di ng
Di ng ca linh kin thu quang l khong chnh lch gia mc cng sut
cao nht v mc cng sut thp nht(tc nhy) m linh kin c th thu c
trong mt gii hn BER nht nh
2.3.4.5 Tp m ca tch sng quang
i vi cc b tch sng quang, b thu quang cn phi c nhy thu rt
cao, iu i hi cc photoit phi tch c tn hiu quang rt yu t pha
ng truyn ti. thc hin thu c cc tn hiu rt yu ny, cn phi ti u

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

ho c b tch sng quang v c cc mch khuch i tn hiu i km theo ,

iu ny cho php ta nhn c t l tn hiu trn tp m S/N:
Pp
S

N PTS PKD

(2.7)

vi Pp : Cng sut tn hiu do dng photo to ra.

PTS : Cng sut tp m ca b tch sng.

PKD : Cng sut tp m ca b khuch i.

t c t l S/N cao th phi hi cc iu kin sau:

S dng cc b tch sng quang c hiu sut lng t cao nhm to ra cng
sut tn hiu ln.
Phi hn ch c cc tp m ca b tch sng quang v b khuch i tn
hiu trong b thu quang cng nhiu cng tt.
Tp m ca cc b khuch i quang l tp m ca b tin khuych i v
ca cc b khuych i pha sau. Nhng trong thc t, phn ln tp m l do cc b
tch sng v cc b tin khuych i quyt nh.
2.3.5 B thu quang trong truyn dn tn hiu s
Hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay thc hin truyn dn tn
hiu s. Tn hiu c pht ra t pha pht l lung s nh phn vi cc gi tr 0 v
1 trong mt khong thi gian. Trong mt b thu quang, nh sng nhn c t pha
ng truyn s c tch v bin i thnh tn hiu in v c khi phc u
thu. B khuch i thc hin vic bin i dng ny thnh tn hiu in p vi mc
ph hp vi cc mch tip theo sau. Nhim v ca b lc nhm gii hn bng tn
ca b thu, lm gim ti thiu tp m pht ra t b tch sng v khuch i. Xung
clock c trch ly ra t chm tn hiu s trong mch quyt nh

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CHNG 3:

THIT B PHT QUANG V THIT B THU QUANG

Hnh 3.4: s khi ca b thu quang in hnh trong truyn dn s.

Vic la chn b tch sng quang thng c da vo cc yu t cn

c quan tm nh qu cng sut ca h thng, di thng theo yu cu, tnh phc
tp phn cng, hiu qu kinh t.
2.4 Kt lun chng
Vic xem xt cc c tnh k thut ca thit b thu quang l mt yu t rt
quan trng. Cht lng ca h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc thit b thu quang
m y ta xt ch yu n LD. Nu mt si quang ch truyn tn hiu trong mt
si dn quang th h thng khng p ng c nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy
cng cao v th cc phng php ghp knh quang ra i, trong phng php
ghp knh theo thi gian ang cng ngy cng th hin r tnh u vit ca n v vn
ny s c trnh by chi tit chng sau.

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