Tai Nguyen Nuoc Va Hien Trang Su Dung Nuoc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.
H CH MINH
KHOA HC MI TRNG
BI BO CO:
TI NGUYN NC V HIN TRNG

S DNG NC
GVHD: L QUC TUN
THC HIN: NHM:
1. V DNG MNG HUYN(12124183)

2. TRN TH TR MI(12124226)
3. NGUYN TH LIN(12124041)
4. TRN THC KHNH HU(12115002)
5. V TH NGC LUYN(12124218)
6. NGUYN HU NHN(12124246)
7. HUNH PHNG THY(12124113)
TP. HCM 4/2013
TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

PH LC
LI M U........................................................................................................................................ 4
1. GII THIU CHUNG V TI NGUYN NC ............................................................................ 5
1.1 Nc ngt ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Nc mn ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Nc mt ....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Nc ngm .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.VAI TR CA TI NGUYN NC......................................................................................... 10
2.1 Vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi ............................................................................................ 10
2.2 Vai tr ca nc i vi sinh vt ................................................................................................ 11
2.3 Vai tr ca nc i vi sn xut phc v cho i sng con ngi .......................................... 12
3.HIN TRNG V TI NGUYN NC ................................................................................... 13
3.1 Hin trng v ti nguyn nc trn th gii ............................................................................... 13
3.2. 17 triu tr em cha c s dng nc sch ........................................................................... 15
3.3 Hin trng v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam ............................................................................. 17
4. TNH HNH S DNG NC TRN TH GII V VIT NAM..................................... 20
4.1 . Tnh hnh s dng nc trn th gii ........................................................................................ 20
4.2 Tnh hnh s dng nc Vit Nam ........................................................................................... 23
4.2.2 Nc ngm .......................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Nc khong v nc nng .............................................................................................. 24
4.2.4. Tnh hnh s dng nc trong cc hot ng kinh t...................................................... 25
4.2.5. Tnh hnh khai thc s dng nc trong i sng sinh hot .......................................... 26
5. CC VN LIN QUAN N TI NGUYN NC ......................................................... 27
5.1 Hn hn....................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Ngp lt ....................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3 S ngp ng nc ....................................................................................................................... 31
5.4. Nc ngt b nhim ................................................................................................................. 31
5.5.Tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu ...................................................................................32
6. NHIM TI NGUYN NC ................................................................................................. 34
6.1. Khi nim nhim ti nguyn nc .......................................................................................... 34
6.2.Nguyn nhn nhim ti nguyn nc .................................................................................... 34
6.3. nh hng ca nhim ngun nc v bin php khc phc ............................................ 39
6.3.1. nh hng ca nhim ngun nc n sc kho con ngi . .................................. 39
6.3.2. Cc bin php bo v ngun nc ................................................................................... 41
Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc
Trang - 2 -
7. TNH TRNG SUY GIM NGUN NC CC LU VC SNG ................................ 46

7.1. Thc trng suy gim nghim trng ngun nc h du cc lu vc sng . ............................ 46
7.2. Nguyn nhn suy gim ngun nc lu vc sng ................................................................. 48
7.3. Hu qu ca tnh trng suy gim ngun nc .......................................................................... 52
7.4 Gii php gim suy gim ngun nc lu vc sng ......................................................................... 54
7.4.1. Bin php cng trnh ......................................................................................................... 54
7.4.2 Bin php qun l ............................................................................................................... 55
7.5. Cn kit ngun nc Vit Nam nguy c ang n .............................................................. 57
KT LUN .......................................................................................................................................... 59
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................................. 60
Trang - 3 -
TRNG I
HC NNG
G LM TP. HCM
M
LI M
U
T nguyn nc
Ti
n
l ccc ngun n
c m con ngi
n
s dng hoc c th s dnng
vo nh
ng mc ch
khc nhau. N
c c dng
d
trongg cc hott ng nnng
nghip, cng
c
nghip, dn dngg, gii tr v mi trn
ng. Hu ht cc hot ng trn u
cn ncc ngt. 97%
% nc trnn Tri t l nc muui, ch 3%
% cn li l nc ngt .
nhng hin
h nay nguun ti nguyn nc ggn nh b cn
c kit bii nhiu l do,
d mt tronng
nhng l do quan trrng nht l do hot ng ca conn ngi.
V s dn
Vic
ng ti nguyn nc khng hp l dn ti nhiu hu qu nghim
m
trng nnh hng n mi tr
ng sng ca con ng
i v ton bb sinh vt trn tri t.
Do ti Ti nguyn
n
n
c v hin trng
t
s d
ng nc vi mc tiu gii thiu
i hin nay. T gip
s lc v ti nguyyn nc v vic s dng nc ca con ng
y c s quuan trng cca ti nguyyn nc, gp
g phn nng cao nhn
cho con ngi thy
ng vic boo v ti nguy
yn nc cng nh bo
o v mi tr
ng sng ca mnh.
thc tron
Ti nguyn nc v hin
h trng s
dng ncc
Trang - 4 -
TRNG I
HC NNG
G LM TP. HCM
M
1. GIII THIU CHUNG

C
V
TI NGU
UYN N
C
T nguyn nc
Ti
n
l ccc ngun n
c m con ngi
n
s dng hoc c th s dnng
vo nh
ng mc cch khc nhaau. Nc c
dng trong
t
cc hot
h
ng nng
n
nghipp,
cng ng
ghip, dn dng,
d
gii tr
t v mi ttrng. Hu ht cc hhot ng trn
t
u cn
nc ngt.
N
Nc
bao phh 71% din tch ca qu
q t tronng c 977% l nc mn, cn li
l nc ngt. Ncc gi cho khh hu tnng i n nh
v pha long cc yu
y t gy
m trng,, n cn l thnh phn cu to chnh yu trong c th
t sinh vt,
nhim mi
chim t
50%-97%
% trng ln
ng ca c th,
t chng hn
h nh ngi
n
ncc chim 70%
%
trng l
ng c th v Sa bin
b nc chhim ti 97
7%. Trong 33% lng nc
n
ngt cc
trn qu t th c khong hnn 3/4 lngg nc m con ngi kkhng s dng
d
c v
v
n nm qu su troong lng t, b ng bng, dn
ng hi tronng kh quyn v dnng
5 nc nggt hin din trong snng, sui, ao
o, h m coon
tuyt trn lc i... ch c 0, 5%
ngi v ang s
s dng. Tuuy nhin, nu
n ta tr ph
hn nc b
b nhim ra th ch c
c
khong 0,003% l nc ngt sch m coon ngi c
th s dng c v nu tnh ra
r
nh mi ng
i c cun
ng cp 879.000 lt n
c ngt ss dng (Miiller, 1988).
trung bn
Hnh
H
1: T l gia cc looi nc trn th gii (Lim, 19990)
Ti nguyn nc v hin
h trng s
dng ncc
Trang - 5 -
Theo hiu bit hin nay th nc trn hnh tinh ca chng ta pht sinh t 3
ngun: bn trong lng t, t cc thin thch ngoi qu t mang vo v t tng trn
ca kh quyn; trong th ngun gc t bn trong lng t l ch yu. Nc c
ngun gc bn trong lng t c hnh thnh lp v gia ca qu t do qu trnh
phn ha cc lp nham thch nhit cao to ra, sau theo cc khe nt ca lp v
ngoi nc thot dn qua lp v ngoi th bin thnh th hi, bc hi v cui cng
ngng t li thnh th lng v ri xung mt t. Trn mt t, nc chy trn t ni
cao n ni thp v trn ngp cc vng trng to nn cc i dng mnh mng v
cc sng h nguyn thy. Theo s tnh ton th khi lng nc trng thi t do ph
ln trn tri t khong 1,4 t km3, nhng so vi tr lng nc lp v gia ca qa
t ( khong 200 t km3) th chng ng k v n ch chim khng n 1%. Tng
lng nc t nhin trn th gii theo c tnh c khc nhau theo cc tc gi v dao
ng t 1.385.985.000 km3 (Lvovits, Xokolov - 1974) n 1.457.802.450 km3 (F.
Sargent - 1974).
Bng 1. Tr lng nc trn th gii (theo F. Sargent, 1974)
Loi nc
Tr lng (km3)
Bin v i dng
1.370.322.000
Nc ngm
60.000.000
Bng v bng h
26.660.000
H nc ngt
125.000
H nc mn
105.000
Kh m trong t
75.000
Hi nc trong kh m
14.000
Nc sng
1.000
Tuyt trn lc a
250
Trang - 6 -
1.1 Nc ngt
Nc ngt hay nc nht l loi nc cha mt lng ti thiu cc mui ha
tan, c bit l clorua natri (thng c nng cc loi mui hay cn gi l mn
trong khong 0,01 - 0,5 ppt hoc ti 1 ppt), v th n c phn bit tng i r rng
vi nc l hay cc loi nc mn v nc mui. Tt c cc ngun nc ngt c xut
pht im l t cc cn ma c to ra do s ngng t ti hn ca hi nc trong
khng kh, ri xung ao, h, sng ca mt t cng nh trong cc ngun nc ngm
hoc do s tan chy ca bng hay tuyt. Nc ngt l ngun ti nguyn ti to, tuy
vy m vic cung cp nc ngt v sch trn th gii ang tng bc gim i. Nhu
cu nc vt cung mt vi ni trn th gii, trong khi dn s th gii vn ang
tip tc tng lm cho nhu cu nc cng tng. S nhn thc v tm quan trng ca
vic bo v ngun nc cho nhu cu h sinh thi ch mi c ln ting gn y.
Trong sut th k 20, hn mt na cc vng t ngp nc trn th gii b bin
mt cng vi cc mi trng h tr c gi tr ca chng. Cc h sinh thi nc ngt
mang m tnh a dng sinh hc hin ang suy gim nhanh hn cc h sinh thi bin
v t lin.
1.2 Nc mn
Nc mn l thut ng chung ch nc cha mt hm lng ng k cc
mui ha tan (ch yu l NaCl). Hm lng ny thng thng c biu din di
dng phn nghn (ppt) hay phn triu (ppm) hoc phn trm (%) hay g/l.
Cc mc hm lng mui c USGS Hoa K s dng phn loi nc mn
thnh ba th loi. Nc hi mn cha mui trong phm vi 1.000 ti 3.000 ppm (1 ti
3 ppt). Nc mn va phi cha khong 3.000 ti 10.000 ppm (3 ti 10 ppt). Nc
mn nhiu cha khong 10.000 ti 35.000 ppm (10 ti 35 ppt) mui.
Trn Tri t, nc bin trong cc i dng l ngun nc mn ph bin
nht v cng l ngun nc ln nht. mn trung bnh ca i dng l khong
35.000 ppm hay 35 ppt hoc 3,5%, tng ng vi 35 g/l. Hm lng nc mn t
nhin cao nht c ti h Assal Djibouti vi nng 34,8%
Trang - 7 -
1.3 Nc mt
Nc mt l nc trong sng, h hoc nc ngt trong vng t ngp nc.
Nc mt c b sung mt cch t nhin bi ging thy v chng mt i khi chy
vo i dng, bc hi v thm xung t.Lng ging thy ny c thu hi bi cc
lu vc, tng lng nc trong h thng ny ti mt thi im cng ty thuc vo
mt s yu t khc. Cc yu t ny nh kh nng cha ca cc h, vng t ngp
nc v cc h cha nhn to, thm ca t bn di cc th cha nc ny, cc
c im ca dng chy mt trong lu vc, thi lng ging thy v tc bc hi
a phng. Tt c cc yu t ny u nh hng n t l mt nc.
S bc hi nc trong t, ao, h, sng, bin; s thot hi nc thc vt v
ng vt..., hi nc vo trong khng kh sau b ngng t li tr v th lng ri
xung mt t hnh thnh ma, nc ma chy trn trn mt t t ni cao n ni
thp to nn cc dng chy hnh thnh nn thc, ghnh, sui, sng v c tch t li
nhng ni thp trn lc a hnh thnh h hoc c a thng ra bin hnh thnh
nn lp nc trn b mt ca v tri t.
Trong qu trnh chy trn, nc ha tan cc mui khong trong cc nham thch
ni n chy qua, mt s vt liu nh khng ha tan c cun theo dng chy v bi
lng ni khc thp hn, s tch t mui khong trong nc bin sau mt thi gian
di ca qu trnh lch s ca qu t dn dn lm cho nc bin cng tr nn mn. C
hai loi nc mt l nc ngt hin din trong sng, ao, h trn cc lc a v nc
mn hin din trong bin, cc i dng mnh mng, trong cc h nc mn trn cc
lc a.
1.4 Nc ngm
Nc ngm hay cn gi l nc di t, l nc ngt c cha trong cc l
rng ca t hoc . N cng c th l nc cha trong cc tng ngm nc bn
di mc nc ngm. i khi ngi ta cn phn bit nc ngm nng, nc ngm
su v nc chn vi. "Nc ngm l mt dng nc di t, tch tr trong cc lp
t trm tch b ri nh cn, sn, ct bt kt, trong cc khe nt, hang caxt di b
mt tri t, c th khai thc cho cc hot ng sng ca con ngi".
Trang - 8 -
Nc ngm cng c nhng c im ging nh nc mt nh: ngun vo (b

cp), ngun ra v cha. S khc bit ch yu vi nc mt l do tc lun chuyn
chm (dng thm rt chm so vi nc mt), kh nng gi nc ngm nhn chung ln
hn nc mt khi so snh v lng nc u vo. Ngun cung cp nc cho nc
ngm l nc mt thm vo tng cha. Cc ngun thot t nhin nh sui v thm
vo cc i dng.
Theo su phn b, c th chia nc ngm thnh nc ngm tng mt v
nc ngm tng su. c im chung ca nc ngm l kh nng di chuyn nhanh
trong cc lp t xp, to thnh dng chy ngm theo a hnh. Nc ngm tng mt
thng khng c lp ngn cch vi a hnh b mt. Do vy, thnh phn v mc nc
bin i nhiu, ph thuc vo trng thi ca nc mt. Loi nc ngm tng mt rt
d b nhim. Nc ngm tng su thng nm trong lp t xp c ngn cch
bn trn v pha di bi cc lp khng thm nc. Theo khng gian phn b, mt
lp nc ngm tng su thng c ba vng chc nng:
Vng thu nhn nc.
Vng chuyn ti nc.
Vng khai thc nc c p.

Khong cch gia vng thu nhn v vng khai thc nc thng kh xa, t vi
chc n vi trm km. Cc l khoan nc vng khai thc thng c p lc. y l

loi nc ngm c cht lng tt v lu lng n nh. Trong cc khu vc pht trin
cacbonat thng tn ti loi nc ngm caxt di chuyn theo cc khe nt caxt.
Trong cc di cn ct vng ven bin thng c cc thu knh nc ngt nm trn mc
nc bin.
C hai loi nc ngm: nc ngm khng c p lc v nc ngm c p lc.
Nc ngm khng c p lc: l dng nc c gi li trong cc lp ngm
nc v lp ny nm bn trn lp khng thm nh lp dip thch hoc lp st
nn cht. Loi nc ngm ny c p sut rt yu, nn mun khai thc n phi th phi
o ging xuyn qua lp ngm ri dng bm ht nc ln. Nc ngm loi ny
thng khng su di mt t, c nhiu trong ma ma v t dn trong ma kh.
Trang - 9 -
Nc ngm c p lc: l dng nc c gi li trong cc lp ngm nc

v lp ny b kp gia hai lp st hoc dip thch khng thm. Do b kp cht gia
hai lp khng thm nn nc c mt p lc rt ln v th khi khai thc ngi ta
dng khoan xuyn qua lp khng thm bn trn v chm vo lp nc ny n s t
phun ln m khng cn phi bm. Loi nc ngm ny thng su di mt t, c
tr lng ln v thi gian hnh thnh n phi mt hng trm nm thm ch hng nghn
nm.
2. VAI TR CA TI NGUYN NC
Nc l ngun ti nguyn v cng quan trng cho tt c cc sinh vt trn qu
t. Nu khng c nc th chc chn khng c s sng xut hin trn qu t, thiu
nc th c nn vn minh hin nay cng khng tn ti c. T xa, con ngi
bit n vai tr quan trng ca nc; cc nh khoa hc c i coi nc l thnh
phn c bn ca vt cht v trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi th cc nn
vn minh ln ca nhn loi u xut hin v pht trin trn lu vc ca cc con sng
ln nh: nn vn minh Lng h Ty nm lu vc hai con sng ln l Tigre v
Euphrate (thuc Irak hin nay); nn vn minh Ai Cp h lu sng Nil; nn vn minh
sng Hng n ; nn vn minh Hong h Trung Quc; nn vn minh sng Hng
Vit Nam ...
2.1 Vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi
Nc c vai tr c bit quan trng vi c th, con ngi c th nhn n c
vi ngy, nhng khng th nhn ung nc. Nc chim khong 70% trng lng c
th, 65-75% trng lng c, 50% trng lng m, 50% trng lng xng. Nc tn
ti hai dng: nc trong t bo v nc ngoi t bo. Nc ngoi t bo c trong
huyt tng mu, dch limpho, nc bt Huyt tng chim khong 20% lng
dch ngoi t bo ca c th (3-4 lt). Nc l cht quan trng cc phn ng ha
hc v s trao i cht din ra khng ngng trong c th. Nc l mt dung mi, nh
tt c cc cht dinh dng c a vo c th, sau c chuyn vo mu di
dng dung dch nc. Mt ngi nng 60 kg cn cung cp 2-3 lt nc i mi
lng nc ca c th, v duy tr cc hot ng sng bnh thng.
Trang - 10 -
Hnh 2: Con ngi khng th nhn ung nc qu nm ngy

Ung khng nc nh hng n chc nng ca t bo cng nh chc nng
cc h thng trong c th. nh suy gim chc nng thn. Nhng ngi thng xuyn
ung khng nc da thng kh, tc d gy, xut hin cm gic mt mi, au u,
c th xut hin to bn, hnh thnh si thn v ti mt. Khi c th mt trn 10%
lng nc c kh nng gy try tim mch, h huyt p, nhp tim tng cao. Nguy
him hn, bn c th t vong nu lng nc mt trn 20%. Bn cnh oxy, nc
ng vai tr quan trng th hai duy tr s sng.
Tm li, nc rt cn cho c th, mi ngi phi tp cho mnh mt thi quen
ung nc c th khng b thiu nc. C th nhn bit c th b thiu nc qua
cm gic kht hoc mu ca nc tiu, nc tiu c mu vng m chng t c th
ang b thiu nc.Duy tr cho c th lun trng thi cn bng nc l yu t quan
trng bo m sc khe ca mi ngi.
2.2 Vai tr ca nc i vi sinh vt
Nc cha trong c th sinh vt mt hm lng rt cao, t 50 - 90%
khi lng c th sinh vt l nc, c trng hp nc chim t l cao hn, ti 98%

nh mt s cy mng nc, rut khoang (v d: thy tc).
Nc l dung mi cho cc cht v c, cc cht hu c c mang gc
phn cc (a nc) nh hydroxyl, amin, cc boxyl
Trang - 11 -
Nc l nguyn liu cho cy trong qu trnh quang hp to ra cc cht
hu c. Nc l mi trng ho tan cht v c v phng tin vn chuyn cht v c

v hu c trong cy, vn chuyn mu v cc cht dinh dng ng vt.
Nc bo m cho thc vt c mt hnh dng v cu trc nht
nh. Do nc chim mt lng ln trong t bo thc vt, duy tr trng

ca t bo cho nn lm cho thc vt c mt hnh dng nht nh.
Nc ni lin cy vi t v kh quyn gp phn tch cc trong
vic bo m mi lin h khng kht s thng nht gia c th v mi

trng. Trong qu trnh trao i gia cy v mi trng t c s tham gia tch cc
ca ion H+ v OH- do nc phn ly ra.
Nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nng lng v iu ha nhit
Nc cn l mi trng sng ca rt nhiu loi sinh vt.
Cui cng nc gi vai tr tch cc trong vic pht tn ni ging ca
c th.
cc sinh vt, nc cn l mi trng sng ca nhiu loi sinh vt.

Vvycccthsinhvtthngxuyncnnc.
2.3 Vai tr ca nc i vi sn xut phc v cho i sng con ngi
Trong nng nghip: tt c cc cy trng v vt nui u cn nc
pht trin. T mt ht ci bp pht trin thnh mt cy rau thng phm cn 25 lt

nc; la cn 4.500 lt nc cho ra 1 kg ht. Dn gian ta c cu: Nht nc, nh
phn, tam cn, t ging, qua chng ta c th thy c vai tr ca nc trong
nng nghip. Theo FAO, ti nc v phn bn l hai yu t quyt nh hng u l
nhu cu thit yu, ng thi cn c vai tr iu tit cc ch nhit, nh sng, cht
dinh dng, vi sinh vt, thong kh trong t, lm cho tc tng sn lng lng
thc vt qua tc tng dn s th gii. i vi VIt Nam, nc cng vi con
ngi lm ln nn Vn minh la nc ti chu th sng Hng cc ni Vn minh ca
dn tc, ca t nc, lm nn cc h sinh thi nng nghip c nng xut v tnh
bn vng vo loi cao nht th gii, lm nn mt nc Vit Nam c xut khu go
Trang - 12 -
ng nht nh th gii hin nay. Nc Vit Nam theo ngha en ng ca n l nc

H2O.
Trong Cng nghip: Nc cho nhu cu sn xut cng nghip rt ln.
Nc dng lm ngui cc ng c, lm quay cc tubin, l dung mi lm tan cc

ha cht mu v cc phn ng ha hc. sn xut 1 tn gang cn 300 tn nc, mt
tn xt cn 800 tn nc. Ngi ta c tnh rng 15% s dng nc trn ton th gii
cng nghip nh: cc nh my in, s dng nc lm mt hoc nh mt ngun
nng lng, qung v nh my lc du, s dng nc trong qu trnh ha hc, v cc
nh my sn xut, s dng nc nh mt dung mi. Mi ngnh cng nghip, mi loi
hnh sn xut v mi cng ngh yu cu mt lng nc, loi nc khc nhau. Nc
gp phn lm ng lc thc y s pht trin kinh t. Nu khng c nc th chc
chn ton b cc h thng sn xut cng nghip, nng nghiptrn hnh tinh ny u
ngng hot ng v khng tn ti.
T 3.000 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi Ai Cp bit dng h thng ti
nc trng trt v ngy nay con ngi khm ph thm nhiu kh nng ca nc
m bo cho s pht trin ca x hi trong tng lai: nc l ngun cung cp thc
phm v nguyn liu cng nghip di do, nc rt quan trng trong nng nghip,
cng nghip, trong sinh hot, th thao, gii tr v cho rt nhiu hot ng khc ca con
ngi. Ngoi ra nc cn c coi l mt khong sn c bit v n tng tr mt
ngun nng lng ln v li ha tan nhiu vt cht c th khai thc phc v cho nhu
cu nhiu mt ca con ngi.
2.
HIN TRNG V TI NGUYN NC
3.1 Hin trng v ti nguyn nc trn th gii

Trung bnh mi ngy trn tri t c khong 2 triu tn cht thi sinh hot
ra sng h v bin c, 70% lng cht thi cng nghip khng qua x l b trc tip
vo cc ngun nc ti cc quc gia ang pht trin. y l thng k ca Vin
Nc quc t (SIWI) c cng b ti Tun l Nc th gii (World Water Week)
khai mc ti Stockholm, th Thy in ngy 5/9.
Trang - 13 -
Hnh 3: Dng sng Tiete cch Sao Paulo, Brazil 40 km, b nhim trm trng.
nh chp ngy 2-9-2010
Hnh 4: Nhiu ni trn th gii ang phi i ph vi s kh cn v thiu nc.

Thc t trn khin ngun nc dng trong sinh hot ca con ngi b nhim
nghim trng. Mt na s bnh nhn nm vin cc nc ang pht trin l do khng
c tip cn nhng iu kin v sinh ph hp (v thiu nc) v cc bnh lin quan
n nc.Thiu v sinh v thiu nc sch l nguyn nhn gy t vong cho hn 1,6
triu tr em mi nm.T chc Lng Nng LHQ (FAO) cnh bo trong 15 nm ti s
c gn 2 t ngi phi sng ti cc khu vc khan him ngun nc v 2/3 c dn trn
hnh tinh c th b thiu nc.
Trang - 14 -
3.2. 17 triu tr em cha c s dng nc sch

Theo c tnh ca Qu Nhi ng Lin Hp Quc (UNICEF) Vit Nam c
khong 17 triu (52%) tr em cha c s dng nc sch v khong 20 triu (59%)
cha c nh tiu hp v sinh.
Hnh 5: Mt cu bn ang tha thch tm mt ti mt vi nc cng cng Sri

Lanka. Bo co ca UNICEF cho bit, tnh trng mt v sinh do thiu nc sinh hot
gy ra ci cht ca 1,2 triu tr em di 5 tui mi nm. L do gy ra vic ny l
ngun cung cp nc khng th theo kp tnh trng bng n dn s.
Hng nm, 4.000 tr em t vong v nc bn v v sinh km.y l con s
c Qu Nhi ng Lin Hp Quc UNICEF cng b.
Gim c iu hnh UNICEF, b Ann M. Veneman cho bit: Trn th gii,
c 15 giy li c mt tr em t vong bi cc bnh do nc khng sch gy ra v nc
khng sch l th phm ca hu ht cc bnh v nn suy dinh dng. Mt tr em ln
ln trong nhng iu kin nh th s c t c hi thot khi cnh i ngho.
Trang - 15 -
c tnh c khong 17 triu (52%) tr em cha c s dng nc sch v

khong 20 triu (59%) cha c nh tiu hp v sinh. Con s ny cn cao hn vng
cc dn tc t ngi v vng su vng xa.
Hnh 6: Pakixtan ang i mt vi tnh trng

thiu nc nghim trng
Hin c ti 10% tr em thnh ph khng c nh tiu. Con s ny nng thn
l 40%. Thiu nc sch v v sinh nh hng rt ln n tnh trng sc khe ca tr
em Vit Nam (44% tr em b nhim giun v 27% tr em di 5 tui b suy dinh
dng).
Thng k ca UNICEF ti khu vc Nam v ng cho thy cht lng nc
khu vc ny ngy cng tr thnh mi e da ln i vi tr em. Tnh trng nhim
a-sen (thch tn) v flo (fluoride) trong nc ngm ang e da nghim trng tnh
trng sc khe ca 50 triu ngi dn trong khu vc.
Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi y cho thy nhng bnh do s dng nc
bn gy ra nh hng n sc khe v lm gim kh nng hc hnh ca cc
em.Hng ngy c rt nhiu em cc nc ang pht trin khng c n trng v
Trang - 16 -
b cc bnh nh tiu chy, nhim trng ng rut. Hn na, nhiu hc sinh gi

khng th n trng i hc nu khng c cng trnh nc v v sinh ring bit cho
cc em.
Ti din n ca Tr em th gii v nc t chc ti Mehico ngy 21/3,
UNICEF cho bit 400 triu tr em trn th gii ang phi vt ln vi s sng v khng
c nc sch.Theo , tr em l ngi phi tr gi cao nht khi khng c s dng
nc sch.Kt qu nghin cu cho thy tr em di nm tui d b mc tiu chy nht
(cn bnh ny gy t vong cho 4500 tr em mi ngy.
Hnh 7: Ch b ny ang c gng ung c cng nhiu nc cng tt ti mt

im phn pht nc Bc Darfur, Sudan trong mt chin dch phn pht 40.000 lt
nc sch n cng ng. D s lng hn hp, nhiu ngi phi vt qung ng
t nht 15km c th n c im pht nc gn nht.
3.3 Hin trng v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
Ging nh mt s nc trn th gii, Vit Nam cng ang ng trc thch
thc ht sc ln v nn nhim mi trng nc, c bit l ti cc khu cng nghip
v th.
Trang - 17 -
Thc trng nhim nc mt : Hin nay cht lng nc vng thng lu

cc con song chnh cn kh tt. Tuy nhin cc vng h lu v ang c nhiu
vng b nhim nng n. c bit mc nhim ti cc con sng tng cao vo ma
kh khi lng nc v cc con sng gim. Cht lng nc suy gim mnh, nhiu
ch tiu nh : BOD, COD, NH4, N, P cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu ln.
nhim nc mt khu th: cc con sng chnh Vit Nam u b
nhim. V d nh sng Th Vi, l con song nhim nng nht trong h thng song
ng Nai, c mt on song cht di trn 10km. Gi tr o thng xuyn di
0.5mg/l, gi tr thp nht khu cng Vedan ( 0.04 mg/l) Vi gi tr gn bng 0 nh
vy, cc loi sinh vt khng cn kh nng sinh sng.
Hnh 8: Vedan x nc thi cha qua x l ra thng sng Th Vi

trong nhiu nm.
Thc trng nhim nc di t: Hin nay ngun nc di t Vit Nam

cng ang phi i mt vi nhng vn nh b nhim mn, nhim thuc tr su,
cc cht c hi khc Vic khai thc qu mc v khng c quy hoch lm cho
mc nc di t b h thp. Hin tng ny cc khu vc ng bng bc b v
ng bng song Cu Long. Khai thc nc qu mc cng s dn n hin tng xm
Trang - 18 -
nhp mn cc vng ven bin. Nc di t b nhim do vic chon lp gia cm

b dch bnh khng ng quy cch.
Thc trng nhim nc bin: Nc bin Vit Nam b nhim bi cht rn
l lng (ng bng song Cu Long v sng Hng), nitrat, nitrit, colifom ( ch yu l
ng bng song Cu Long), du v kim loi km
Hu ht sng h cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni v TP HCM, ni c dn c
ng c v nhiu khu cng nghip ln u b nhim. Phn ln lng nc thi
sinh hot (khong 600.000 m3 mi ngy, vi khong 250 tn rc c thi ra cc sng
khu vc H Ni) v cng nghip (khong 260.000 m3 nhng ch c 10% c x
l) u khng c x l, m thng vo cc ao h, sau chy ra cc con sng ln
ti vng Chu Th sng Hng v sng M Kng. Ngoi ra, nhiu nh my v c s
sn xut nh cc l m v ngay bnh vin (khong 7.000 m3 mi ngy, ch 30% l
c x l) cng khng c trang b h thng x l nc thi.
Hnh 9: Cuc sng con ngi ang b e da bi s nhim

ngun nc.
Nhiu ao h v sng ngi ti H Ni b nhim nng, ng lu l h thng
h trong cng vin Yn S. y c coi l thng cha nc thi ca H Ni vi hn
Trang - 19 -
50% lng nc thi ca thnh ph. Ngi dn trong khu vc ny khng c nc

sch cho nhu cu sinh hot v ti tiu. iu kin sng ca h cng b e da nghim
trng v nhiu khu vc trong cng vin l ni nui dng mm mng ca dch bnh.
Mc d m ca t nm 2002 nhng cng vin Yn S khng c s dng hiu qu
do s nhim v mi u bc ln t h. V vy, qu trnh pht trin vn dm chn ti
ch. Nhiu sng h pha Nam thnh ph nh T Lch v Kim Ngu cng ang nm
trong tnh trng nhim nh vy.
4. TNH HNH S DNG NC TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
Ti nguyn nc l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c th ti to nhng cng c
th b cn kit ty vo tc khai thc ca con ngi v kh nng ti to ca mi
trng. Ngy nay, s dng nc cho mi hot ng tr nn ph bin. Tuy nhin,
vic s dng khai thc ngun ti nguyn ny gy ra nhng hu qu nh hng nghim
trng ti ngun ti nguyn nc.
4.1 . Tnh hnh s dng nc trn th gii
Khi con ngi bt u trng trt v chn nui th ng rung dn dn pht
trin min ng bng mu m, k bn lu vc cc con sng ln. Lc u c dn
cn t v nc th y p trn cc sng h, ng rung, cho d c gp thi gian kh
hn ko di th cng ch cn chuyn c khng xa lm l tm c ni mi tt p
hn. V vy, nc c xem l ngun ti nguyn v tn v c nh th qua mt thi
gian di, vn nc cha c g l quan trng.
Tnh hnh thay i nhanh chng khi cuc cch mng cng nghip xut hin v
cng ngy cng pht trin nh v bo. Hp dn bi nn cng nghip mi ra i, tng
dng ngi t nng thn x vo cc thnh ph v khuynh hng ny vn cn tip
tc cho n ngy nay. th tr thnh nhng ni tp trung dn c qu ng c, tnh
trng ny tc ng trc tip n vn v nc cng ngy cng tr nn nan gii.
Trang - 20 -
Hnh 10: Hai cng nhn ang cht thi v sinh t nh my ra mt con sui
khu chut Korogocho, Nairobi, Kenya. y c l l mt trong nhng ngun gy
ra ci cht cho 1,5 triu tr em hng nm do bnh k sinh t nhim ngun nc.
Nhu cu nc cng ngy cng tng theo pht trin ca nn cng nghip,
nng nghip v s nng cao mc sng ca con ngi. Theo s c tnh, bnh qun
trn ton th gii c chng khong 40% lng nc cung cp c s dng cho cng
nghip, 50% cho nng nghip v 10%cho sinh hot. Tuy nhin, nhu cu nc s dng
li thay i ty thuc vo s pht trin ca mi quc gia. Th d: Hoa K, khong
44% nc c s dng cho cng nghip, 47% s dng cho nng nghip v 9% cho
sinh hot v gii tr (Chiras, 1991). Trung Quc th 7% nc c dng cho cng
nghip, 87% cho cng nghip, 6% s dng cho sinh hot v gii tr. (Chiras, 1991).
Nhu cu v nc trong cng nghip: S pht trin cng ngy cng cao ca nn
cng nghip trn ton th gii cng lm tng nhu cu v nc, c bit i vi mt s
ngnh sn xut nh ch bin thc phm, du m, giy, luyn kim, ha cht..., ch 5
ngnh sn xut ny tiu th ngt 90% tng lng nc s dng cho cng nghip.
Th d: cn 1.700 lt nc sn xut mt thng bia chng 120 lt, cn 3.000 lt nc
lc mt thng du m chng 160 lt, cn 300.000 lt nc sn xut 1 tn giy
hoc 1,5 tn thp, cn 2.000.000 lt nc sn xut 1 tn nha tng hp. Theo
Trang - 21 -
pht trin ca nn cng nghip hin nay trn th gii c th d on n nm 2000

nhu cu nc s dng cho cng nghip tng 1.900 km3/nm c ngha l tng hn 60
ln so vi nm 1900. Phn nc tiu hao khng hon li do sn xut cng nghip
chim khong t 1 - 2% tng lng nc tiu hao khng hon li v lng nc cn
li sau khi s dng c quay v sng h di dng nc thi cha y nhng
cht gy nhim ( Cao Lim, Trn c Vin - 1990 ).
Nhu cu v nc trong nng nghip: S pht trin trong sn xut nng nghip
nh s thm canh tng v v m rng din tch t canh tc cng i hi mt lng
nc ngy cng cao. Theo M.I.Lvovits (1974), trong tng lai do thm canh nng
nghip m dng chy c nm ca cc con sng trn ton th gii c th gim i
khong 700 km3/nm. Phn ln nhu cu v nc c tha mn nh ma vng c
kh hu m, nhng cng thng c b sung bi nc sng hoc nc ngm bng
bin php thy li nht l vo ma kh. Ngi ta c tnh c mi quan h gia
lng nc s dng vi lng sn phm thu c trong qu trnh canh tc nh sau:
sn xut 1 tn la m cn n 1.500 tn nc, 1 tn go cn n 4.000 tn nc v
1 tn bng vi cn n 10.000 tn nc. S d cn s lng ln nc nh vy ch yu
l do s i hi ca qu trnh thot hi nc ca cy, s bc hi nc ca lp nc
mt trn ng rung, s trc di ca nc xung cc lp t bn di v phn nh tch
t li trong cc sn phm nng nghip. D bo nhu cu v nc trong nng nghip
n nm 2000 s ln ti 3.400 km3/nm, chim 58% tng nhu cu v nc trn ton
th gii.
Nhu cu v nc Sinh hot v gii tr: Theo s c tnh th cc c dn sinh
sng kiu nguyn thy ch cn 5-10 lt nc/ ngi/ ngy. Ngy nay, do s pht trin
ca x hi loi ngi ngy cng cao nn nhu cu v nc sinh hot v gii tr ngy
cng cng tng theo nht l cc th trn v cc th ln, nc sinh hot tng gp
hng chc n hng trm ln nhiu hn. Theo s c tnh th n nm 2000, nhu
cu v nc sinh hot v gii tr s tng gn 20 ln so vi nm 1900, tc l chim 7%
tng nhu cu nc trn th gii (Cao Lim, Trn c Vin - 1990).
Trang - 22 -
Ngoi ra, cn rt nhiu nhu cu khc v nc trong cc hot ng khc ca

con ngi nh giao thng vn ti, gii tr ngoi tri nh ua thuyn, trt vn, bi
li ... nhu cu ny cng ngy cng tng theo s pht trin ca x hi.
4.2 Tnh hnh s dng nc Vit Nam
Vit Nam nm trong vng nhit i m c lng ma tng i ln trung bnh
t 1.800mm - 2.000mm, nhng li phn b khng ng u m tp trung ch yu vo
ma ma t thng 4-5 n thng 10, ring vng duyn hi Trung b th ma ma bt
u v kt thc chm hn vi ba thng.
S phn b khng ng u lng ma v dao ng phc tp theo thi gian l
nguyn nhn gy nn nn l lt v hn hn tht thng gy nhiu thit hi ln n
ma mng v ti sn nh hng n nn kinh t quc gia, ngoi ra cn gy nhiu tr
ngi cho vic tr thy, khai thc dng sng.
Theo s c tnh th lng nc ma hng nm trn ton lnh th khong 640
km3, to ra mt lng dng chy ca cc sng h khong 313 km3. Nu tnh c lng
nc t bn ngoi chy vo lnh th nc ta qua hai con sng ln l sng Cu long (
550 km3) v sng Hng ( 50 km3) th tng lng nc ma nhn c hng nm
khong 1.240 km3 v lng nc m cc con sng ra bin hng nm khong 900
km3. Nh vy so vi nhiu nc, Vit nam c ngun nc ngt kh di do lng
nc bnh qun cho mi u ngi t ti 17.000 m3/ ngi/ nm. Do nn kinh t
nc ta cha pht trin nn nhu cu v lng nc s dng cha cao, hin nay mi
ch khai thc c 500 m3/ngi/nm ngha l ch khai thc c 3% lng nc
c t nhin cung cp v ch yu l ch khai thc lp nc mt ca cc dng sng
v phn ln tp trung cho sn xut nng nghip(Cao Lim- Trn c Vin, 1990)
4.2.2 Nc ngm
Nc tng tr trong lng t cng l mt b phn quan trng ca ngun ti
nguyn nc Vit Nam. Mc d nc ngm c khai thc s dng cho sinh
hot c t lu i nay; tuy nhin vic iu tra nghin c ngun ti nguyn ny
mt cch ton din v c h thng ch mi c tin hnh trong chng chc nm gn
y. Hin nay phong tro o ging khai thc nc ngm c thc hin nhiu
Trang - 23 -
ni nht l vng nng thn bng cc phng tin th cng, cn s khai thc bng
cc phng tin hin i cng c tin hnh nhng cn rt hn ch ch nhm
phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot cc trung tm cng nghip v khu dn c ln m
thi.
4.2.3 Nc khong v nc nng
Theo thng k cha y th Vit Nam c khong 350 ngun nc khong
v nc nng, trong nhm cha Carbonic tp trung nam Trung b, ng Nam b
v nam Ty nguyn; nhm cha Sulfur Hydro Ty Bc v min ni Trung b; nhm
cha Silic trung v nam Trung b; nhm cha St ng bng Bc b; nhm cha
Brom, Iod v Bor c trong cc trm tch min vng H Ni v ven bin vng Qung
Ninh; nhm cha Fluor nam Trung b....Phn ln nc khong cng l ngun nc
nng, gm 63 im m vi nhit t 300c 400c; 70 im nng va vi nhit t
410c 60 0C v 36 im rt nng vi nhit t 600c 1000c; hu ht l mch ngm
ch c 2 mch l thin thuc loi m gp trung Trung b v ng Nam b. T
nhng s liu trn cho thy rng ti nguyn nc khong v nc nng ca Vit Nam
rt a dng v kiu loi v phong ph c tc dng cha bnh, ng thi c tc dng
gii kht v nhiu cng dng khc.
Trong nhng nm gn y nhu cu nc s dng cho cng nghip v sinh hot
khng ngng tng ln theo pht trin ca cng nghip, s gia tng dn s, mc
sng ca ngi dn khng ngng c nng cao v s pht trin ca cc th.
Nc s dng cho nng nghip cng tng ln do vic m rng din tch t
canh tc v s thm canh tng v. Theo s c tnh ca cc nh chuyn mn th t
nay n nm 2000 a din tch ti cho nng nghip ln 6,5 triu ha th tng
lng nc cn khong 60km3, cho chn nui khong 10 -15 km3, nhu cu v nc
cho 80 triu dn khong 8 km3; tnh chung nhu cu v nc s tng ln khong t 90 100 km3. Nh vy n nm 2000 lng nc cn cho s pht trin t xp x khong
30% lng nc c cung cp trn ton lnh th. iu c bit l nhu cu ny phn
ln tp trung vo ma kh trong khi mc nc trong cc sng ngi xung thp nn c
ni nc s khng dng, iu ny cho thy nu khng qun l v phn phi tt s
xy ra tnh trng thiu nc gay gt nh hin nay
Trang - 24 -
4.2.4. Tnh hnh s dng nc trong cc hot ng kinh t

Vit Nam l nc NA c chi ph nhiu nht cho thy li. C nc hin nay
c 75 h thng thy nng vi 659 h, p ln v va, trn 3500 h p nh 1000
cng tiu, trn 2000 trm bm ln nh, trn 10000 my bm cc loi c kh nng
cung cp 60-70 t m3/nm. Tuy nhin, h thng thy nng xung cp nghim
trng, ch p ng 50-60% cng sut thit k.
Lng nc s dng hng nm cho nng nghip khong 93 t m3, cho cng
nghip khong 17,3 t m3, cho dch v l 2 t m3, cho sinh hot l 3,09 t m3. Tnh
n nm 2030 c cu dng nc s thay i theo xu hng Nng nghip 75%, Cng
nghip 16%, tiu dng 9%. Nhu cu dng nc s tng gp i, chim khong 1/10
lng nc sng ngi, 1/3 lng nc ni a, 1/3 lng nc chy n nh.
Do lng ma ln, a hnh dc, nc ta l mt trong 14 nc c tim nng
thu in ln. Cc nh my thy in hin nay sn xut khong 11 t kWh, chim 72
n 75% sn lng in c nc. Vi tng chiu di cc sng v knh khong
40000km, a v khai thc vn ti 1500 km, trong qun l trn 800km. c
nhng sng sui t nhin, thc nc, c s dng lm cc im tham quan du
lch.
Hnh 11: Gn 80km sng b kh hn do thy in k Mi 4 chn dng
Trang - 25 -
V nui trng thy hi sn, nc ta c 1 triu ha mt nc ngt, 400000 ha mt

nc l v 1470 000 ha mt nc sng ngi c hn 14 triu ha mt nc ni thy v
lnh hi. Tuy nhin cho n nay mi s dng 12,5% din tch mt nc l, nc mn
v 31% din tch mt nc ngt.
Nhiu h v p nh hn trn khp ton quc phc v ti tiu nh Cm Sn
(Bc Giang), Bn En v Ca t (Thanh Ha), Lng (Ngh An) Theo s liu
thng k, Vit Nam hin c hn 3500 h cha nh v khong 650 h cha c ln v
trung bnh dng sn xut thy in, kim sot l lt, giao thng ng thy thy
li v nui trng thy sn(FAO, 1999).
4.2.5. Tnh hnh khai thc s dng nc trong i sng sinh hot
i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi s dng rt nhiu nc sinh hot.
v mt sinh l mi ngi cn 1-2 lt nc/ ngy. V trung bnh nhu cu s dng nc
sinh hot ca mt ngi trong mt ngy 10-15 lt cho v sinh c nhn, 20-200 lt cho
tm, 20-50 lt cho lm cm, 40-80 lt cho git bng my.
4.2.5.1 khu vc thnh th
Vit Nam c 708 th bao gm 5 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, 86 thnh
ph v th x thuc tnh, 617 th trn vi 21,59 triu ngi( chim 26,3% dn s ton
quc . C trn 240 nh my cp nc th vi tng cng sut thit k l 3,42 triu
m3/ ngy. Trong 92 nh my s dng ngun nc mt vi tng cng sut khong
1,95 triu m3/ngy v 148 nh my s dng ngun nc di t vi tng cng sut
khong 1,47 triu m3/ngy.
Mt s a phng khai thc 100% nc di t cung cp cho sinh hot
sn xut nh H Ni, H Ty, Hng Yn, Vnh Phc..cc tnh thnh Hi Phng, H
Nam, Nam nh, Gia Lai, Thi Bnh khai thc 100% nc mt. Nhiu a phng
dng c hai ngun nc.
Tng cng sut nc hin c ca cc nh my cp nc c th cung cp
khong 150 lt nc sch mi ngy. Tuy nhin, do c s h tng xung cp lc hu
nn t l tht thot nc sch kh cao ( c ni t l ln ti 40%). Nn thc t nhiu
th ch c khong 40-50 lt/ngi/ngy.
Trang - 26 -
4.2.5.2 khu vc nng thn

i vi khu vc nng thn VN c khong 36.7 triu ngi dn c cp nc
sch (trn tng s ngi dn 60,44 triu). T l dn s nng thn c cp nc sinh
hot ln nht vng Nam B chim khong 66,7%, ng bng sng hng 65,1%
ng bng sng cu long 62,1%.
Ti H Ni, tng lng nc dois t c khai thc l 1 100 000 m3/ngy
m. Trong , pha nam sng hng khai thc vi lu lng 700 000m3/ngy m.
Trn a bn h ni hin nay khong trn 100 000 ging khoan khai thc nc kiu
UNICEF ca cc h gia nh, hn 200 ging khoan ca cng ty nc sch qun l v
500 ging khoan khai thc nc ca cc trm pht nc nng thn.
Cc tnh ven bin min ty nam b nh: Kin Giang, Tr Vinh, Bn Tre, Long
An do ngun nc ngt trn cc sng rch ao h khng phc v nhu cu ca i
sng v sn xut, v vy ngun nc cung cp ch yu c khai thc t ngun di
t. Khong 80% dn s 4 tnh Tr Vinh, Sc Trng ,Bc Liu, C Mau ang s
dng nc ngm mi ngy.
5. CC VN LIN QUAN N TI NGUYN NC
5.1 Hn hn
Theo cc nh nghin cu th kh nng cung cp nc ngt hin nay l mt vn
nghim trng trn ton th gii. C t nht 80 nc vng sa mc v bn sa mc
(chim khong 40% dn s th gii) thuc hai lc i Chu v Phi Chu thng
xuyn b hn hn v tht ma nn thng xuyn khng cung cp lng thc
nui sng dn ca h.
Trang - 27 -
Hnh 12: Ngi dn ca mt lng nh ti tnh Yunnan, Trung Quc ang gnh nc
ly t ging v lng. Hn hn ko di khu vc ny lm kh hn 273 con sng,
413 b cha v khin cho 3,19 triu ngi cng vi 1,58 triu vt nui lm vo cnh
thiu nc ung trm trng.
Trong nhng thp nin 1970 thm ha hn hn e da trn khong 24, 4 triu
ngi v hng nm git cht hn 23.000 ngi, hu qu ny vn cn ko di n
1980. Nm 1985 hn 154 triu ngi thuc 21 quc gia Phi Chu ri vo nn i do
hn hn, thm vo s gia tng dn s qu mc v chin tranh lan rng, mt khc
cn do vic qun l v s dng ngun ti nguyn v pht trin nng nghip km hiu
qu. cc nc ny, ngi dn ngho phi mt nhiu thi gian i tm nc thng
l nhng dng sng v sui b nhim v c c nc nhng ngi ph n
v tr em phi i b t 16 km - 25 km mt ngy v ch mang c mt bnh y nc
trn ng tr v( Miller, 1988 ).
Trang - 28 -
Hnh 13: Hn hn Chu Phi (nh: Baomoi.com)
Hnh 14: Mt ngi t nn tri Dagahaley, Kenya vi chic can nha i xin nc.
Cuc ni chin ko di cng vi nn hn hn din ra hn 60 nm qua khin cho
cuc sng ca 12 triu ngi dn Somalia b e da trm trng.
5.2 Ngp lt
Ngc li, nhng quc gia khc c v lng ma tng i ln th mt
lng ln nc ma nhn c ch trong mt thi gian ngn trong nm. Chng hn
Trang - 29 -
nh n , 90% lng nc ma tp trung vo gia thng 6 n thng 9 thng

gy nn ngp lt.
Trong nhng thp nin 1970, thm ha lt li e da trn 15, 4 triu ngi
v hng nm git cht trung bnh 4.700 ngi, lm thit hi trung bnh 15 t USD, hu
qu ny vn cn ko di n nm 1980. Nguyn nhn dn n lt li l do con ngi
ph rng, t rng ly t canh tc, khai thc qung m, m rng th ... Mc d
lt li c xem l mt thin tai gy cht ngi v lm thit hi hoa mu, ti sn ca
ngi dn nhng sau cc trn lt, do s lng ng ca ph sa lm tng thm mu
m cho t ( Miller, 1988 ). ngn nga v lm gim s tn ph ca lt li nhng
quc gia ny, nhiu bin php c thc hin nh xn kinh thot nc, xy p v h
cha nc, trng cy gy rng trn cc i trc, gi li rng u ngun.
Hnh 16: Nghch l nhng trn l lt l tuy nc rt nhiu, nhng tnh trng
thiu nc ung li din ra rt trm trng do nhng quan ngi v bnh dch. Trong
nh l mt ngi ph n ang vn chuyn nc trong trn l ti mt khu nm pha
Bc Th Manila ca Philippines.
Trang - 30 -
Hnh 17: Mt gia nh ngi trn thuyn Tin Tukra, bang Assam ngy 30/6/2012. nh: AP
5.3 S ngp ng nc
nhng vng c a hnh thp hoc ni c mc nc ngm qu cao lm cho
mt t lun b ph kn bi mt lp nc t ng lu ngy to nn trng thi ng
nc, t b ng nc nn lun ym kh.
Trn nhng vng t b ng nc thng c nhng thc vt thy sinh c
trng nh mt s cc loi rong to, nn, lc rt pht trin v th nn t ni di do
mn , m v cc acid hu c v th lm cho t v nc b chua, t ngho ln
nhng li giu nhng cht c nh H2S, CH4, Fe 2+. Do nhng tnh cht vt l v
ha hc ca nc v t ca vng b ng nc khng tt cho s trng trt cng
nh s dng nc cho cng nghip v sinh hot.
5.4. Nc ngt b nhim
Theo nhp pht trin ca nn cng nghip, nng nghip v s nng cao mc
sng ca con ngi th nhu cu v nc s dng ngy mt tng. Vn v nc ngy
cng tr nn nghim trng, c bit l nc mt ngy cng thoi ha v mc
nhim nc ngy cng tng. Theo t chc y t th gii (WHO -1980) c tnh rng
cc quc gia km pht trin th 70% dn chng cc vng ven thnh ph v 25% dn
c cc th khng c nc sch s dng.
Trang - 31 -
Vit Nam, do nn cng nghip mi pht trin, s th v cc khu cng

nghip cn t v cc im tp trung dn c cha nhiu nn lng nc dng cho cng
nghip v sinh hot cn qu t so vi tr lng trong t nhin. Tuy vy, s nhim bn
ngun nc bt u xut hin do vic s dng thuc tr su trong nng nghip;
lng nc thi ra mi trng ca cc nh my luyn kim, nhit in, ha cht, thc
phm ; cng vi lng nc thi do sinh hot... tr thnh mt vn cp bch cn
phi c quan tm.
5.5.Tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu
S bin i ca kh hu ton cu , ang v s tc ng mnh m n ti
nguyn nc. Theo nh gi bc u, vo khong nm 2070, vi kch bn nhit
khng kh tng thm 2,5 - 4,50c, lng dng chy sng ngi cng s bin i tu theo
mc bin i ca lng ma, nu lng ma gim 10% th dng chy nm c th
gim 17 - 53% i vi kch bn nhit khng kh tng 2,50cv gim 26 - 90% vi
kch bn nhit khng kh tng 4,50c. Mc bin i mnh nht xy ra Nam
Trung B v ng Nam B.
Ngoi ra, tri t nng ln s lm cho nc bin c th dng cao thm 0,3 - 1,0
m v do nhiu vng thp ng bng sng Cu Long, vng ng bng chu th
Bc B v ven bin Trung B s b ngp chm trong nc bin. Nu nc bin dng 1
m, din tch ngp lt l 40.000km2, ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long, 1700 km2
vng t ngp nc cng b e do v 17 triu ngi s chu hu qu ca l lt.
Cui cng, s cn kit, nhim ngun nc cng nh s khan him ngun
nc s cng trm trng nu khng c cc bin php qun l tt ti nguyn nc.
Cng v l m ngi ta cho rng, khng hong nc hin nay khng ch do nc
qu t khng tho mn nhu cu ca con ngi m cn do s qun l ngun nc
qu km gy nn hng t ngi v mi trng gnh chu hu qu.
Trang - 32 -
Hnh 18: Mt pht ngh ngi him hoi ca c gi hi tr ngi n . S thay i kh

hu, hay c th l nhng t nng nng ko di dn n hn hn, thiu nc ti tiu
lm cho sn lng tr ti n gim st nghim trng.
Theo bo co ca Lin Hip Quc cng b ngy 5/3/2003 c tho lun ti

din n th gii ln th 3 v nc, t chc ti Kyoto (Nht Bn) t ngy 1623/3/2003 cho thy, ngun nc sch ton cu ang cn kit mt cch ng lo ngi do
s bng n dn s, tnh trng nhim mi trng cng vi nhit tri t nng ln
s lm mt i khong 1/3 ngun nc s dng trong 20 nm ti. Hin nay c
khong 12.000 km3 nc sch trn th gii b nhim, hng nm c hn 2,2 triu
ngi cht do cc cn bnh c lin quan n ngun nc b nhim v iu kin v
sinh ngho nn.
Tm li, khan him v thiu nc l mi e do rt nghim trng i vi s
tn ti ca con ngi trong tng lai. V l , cn c cc gii php qun l, khai thc
v bo v tt ti nguyn nc. Trc ht, cn phi cng c, b sung mng li iu
tra quan trc ti nguyn nc, bao gm c nc mt v nc di t, c lng v
cht, hnh thnh mng li quan trc iu tra ti nguyn nc thng nht trong phm
vi c nc, tin hnh kim k nh gi ti nguyn nc trong cc lu vc sng, cc
vng v ton lnh th. Trn c s kim k nh gi ti nguyn nc v cn bng kinh
Trang - 33 -
t nc m xy dng chin lc, chnh sch pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc quc
gia ni chung v cho cc lu vc ni ring. Cn thc hin nghim chnh Lut Ti
nguyn Nc v y mnh hot ng ca Hi ng Ti nguyn Nc Quc gia v
Ban qun l lu vc cc sng.
6. NHIM TI NGUYN NC
6.1. Khi nim nhim ti nguyn nc
nhim ti nguyn nc l hin tng cc vng nc nh sng, h, bin,
nc ngm ... b cc hot ng ca con ngi lm nhim cc cht c th gy hi cho
con ngi v cuc sng cc sinh vt trong t nhin.
nhim ti nguyn nc l s thay i thnh phn v cht lng nc khng
p ng cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau, vt qu tiu chun cho php v c
nh hng xu n i sng con ngi v sinh vt.
6.2.
Nguyn nhn nhim ti nguyn nc

C nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan dn n tnh trng nhim mi
trng nc nh s gia tng dn s, mt tri ca qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i

ho, c s h tng yu km, lc hu, nhn thc ca ngi dn v vn mi trng
cn cha cao ng ch l s bt cp trong hot ng qun l, bo v mi trng.
Nhn thc ca nhiu c quan qun l, t chc v c nhn c trch nhim v nhim v
bo v mi trng nc cha su sc v y , cha thy r nhim mi trng
nc l loi nhim gy nguy him trc tip, hng ngy v kh khc phc i vi i
sng con ngi cng nh s pht trin bn vng ca t nc.
Trong qu trnh sinh hot hng ngy, nc dng trong sinh hot ca dn c
ngy cng tng nhanh, do tng dn s v cc th. T nc thi sinh hot cng vi
nc thi ca cc c s tiu th cng nghip trong khu dn c l c trng ca s
nhim, ca cc th nc ta. Cc loi nc thi u c trc tip thi ra mi
trng, cha qua x l.di tc pht trin nh hin nay con ngi v tnh lm
nhim ngun nc bng cc ha cht, cht thi t cc nh my, x nghip. Cc n v
c nhn s dng nc ngm di hnh thc khoan ging, sau khi ngng khng s
Trang - 34 -
dng khng bt kn cc l khoan li lm cho nc bn chy ln vo lm nhim

ngun nc ngm. Cc nh my x nghip x khi bi cng nghip vo khng kh lm
nhim khng kh, khi tri ma, cc cht nhim ny s ln vo trong nc ma
cng gp phn lm nhim ngun nc.
Hnh 19: Rc thi trn ngp trn dng knh Nhiu Lc - Th

Ngh
Nc ta li l nc c nn nng nghip pht trin. Ngnh nng nghip l
ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht, dng ti tiu hoa mu v la ch yu l vng
ng bng. Vic s dng nng dc v phn bn ho hc ngy cng gp thm phn
nhim mi trng nc nng thn. Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi
thuc bo v thc vt, cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh
hng ln n mi trng nc v sc kho con ngi. Do nui trng thu sn t,
thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng tiu
cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch cc loi
ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao, h, lng
sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin mt s loi
sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c.
Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha: " nhim nc l s bin i
ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy
Trang - 35 -
him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, cho ng vt nui v cc loi
hoang d."
nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt
a vo mi trng nc cc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt c hi k c xc cht ca

chng.
nhim nc c ngun gc nhn to: qu trnh thi cc cht c hi
ch yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao
thng vo mi trng nc.
Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi
nhim nc: nhim v c, hu c, nhim ha cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi

cc tc nhn vt l.
nhim nc mt, nhim nc ngm v bin.
Hnh 20: Nc sng nhim chuyn mu en, rc thi tri lnh bnh
Cc tc nhn gy nhim nc c th chia ra lm nhiu loi: Kim loi nng
(As, Pb, Cr, Sb, cd, Hg, Mo, Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, Al, Mn...), anion (CN-, F-, NO3, Cl-,
SO4), mt s ho cht c (thuc tr su, thuc dit c, Dioxin), cc sinh vt gy bnh
(vi khun, k sinh trng).
Trang - 36 -
Kim loi nng tch lu theo chui thc n trong c th con ngi khi t
liu lng nht nh s gy bnh. Mt s kim loi c kh nng gy ung th nh Cr,

Cd, Pb, Ni.
Kim loi nng tch lu theo chui thc n trong c th con ngi khi t
liu lng nht nh s gy bnh. Mt s kim loi c kh nng gy ung th nh Cr,

Cd, Pb, Ni.
Mt s anion c c tnh cao in hnh l xyanua (CN-). Ng c sn l
do sn cha nhiu ion gc xyanua. Ion (F-) khi c nng cao gy c, nhng nng
thp lm hng men rng. Nitrat (NO-3) c th chuyn thnh (NO-2) kch ng bnh
methoglobin v hnh thnh hp cht nitrozamen c kh nng to thnh bnh ung th.
Cc ion (Cl-) v (SO2-4) khng c nhng nng cao gy bnh ung th. Cc nhm
hp cht phenon hoc ancaloit c vi ngi v gia sc.
Cc thuc tr su c kh nng tch lu chui thc n gy c. Mt s
loi clo hu c nh 2,4D gy ung th.
Hnh 21: Dng sng bn nht th gii thuc v sng Citarum

Indonesia. Gn 500 triu ngi ang sinh sng cnh Citarum v xem
y l ngun nc chnh. nh: AP.
Trang - 37 -
Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p

lc ngy cng nng n i vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc
nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh
thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, ng dn cht thi do sinh hot cng l mt
nguyn nhn quan trng ang gy nhim mi trng nc. nhim nc do sn
xut cng nghip l rt nng. V nh cc ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng
nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11, ch s nhu cu
xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v
2.500mg/1, hm lng cht rn l lng cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php. Hm
lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt
4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng n
cc ngun nc b mt trong vng dn c.
c nhng kho st mt s lng ngh st thp, c ng, nhm, ch, giy, dt
nhum mt s a phng cho thy c lng nc thi hng ngn m3/ ngy khng
qua x l, gy nhim ngun nc v mi trng trong khu vc. Khng ch cc
thnh ph ln m hu ht cc th khc, nc thi do cc c s cng nghip cng
khng c x l, nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu
chun cho php (TCCP), cc thng s cht l lng (SS), xy ho tan (DO) u vt
t 5-10 ln, thm ch 20 ln TCCP.
Trang - 38 -
Hnh 22: Sng Yamuna, n . Th New Delhi c 15 triu dn th ch c

55% dn s sng cc khu vc c x l nc thi. Phn cn li, nc thi u chy
thng ra sng Yamuna. y chnh l nguyn nhn khin con sng ni ting ca n
ang ngy mt nhim hn nhiu. Lng rc xung sng t nm 1993 n
2005 tng gp i.
Tnh trng nhim nc cc th, nc thi, rc thi sinh hot khng c

h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng).
Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin
v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi, mt lng rc thi rn ln trong
thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim
ngun nc.V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng
nghip, hin nay nc ta c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c
s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c
x l nn thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v
mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao.
6.3. nh hng ca nhim ngun nc v bin php khc phc
6.3.1. nh hng ca nhim ngun nc n sc kho con ngi
Hu qu chung ca tnh trng nhim nc l t l ngi mc cc bnh cp v
Trang - 39 -
mn tnh lin quan n nhim nc nh vim mng kt, tiu chy, ung th ngy
cng tng. Ngi dn sinh sng quanh khu vc nhim ngy cng mc nhiu loi
bnh tnh nghi l do dng nc bn trong mi sinh hot. Ngoi ra nhim ngun
nc cn gy tn tht ln cho cc ngnh sn xut kinh doanh, cc h nui trng thy
sn.
Cc nghin cu khoa hc cng cho thy, khi s dng nc nhim asen n
ung, con ngi c th mc bnh ung th trong thng gp l ung th da. Ngoi
ra, asen cn gy nhim c h thng tun hon khi ung phi ngun nc c hm
lng asen 0,1mg/l. V vy, cn phi x l nc nhim asen trc khi dng cho sinh
hot v n ung. Ngi nhim ch lu ngy c th mc bnh thn, thn kinh, nhim
Amoni, Nitrat, Nitrit gy mc bnh xanh da, thiu mu, c th gy ung th. Metyl
tert-butyl ete (MTBE) l cht ph gia ph bin trong khai thc du la c kh nng
gy ung th rt cao. Nhim Natri (Na) gy bnh cao huyt p, bnh tim mch, lu
hunh gy bnh v ng tiu ho, Kali, Cadimi gy bnh thoi ho ct sng, au
lng. Hp cht hu c, thuc tr su, thuc dit cn trng, dit c, thuc kch thch
tng trng, thuc bo qun thc phm, pht pho gy ng c, vim gan, nn ma.
Tip xc lu di s gy ung th nghim trng cc c quan ni tng. Cht ty trng
Xenon peroxide, sodium percarbonate gy vim ng h hp, oxalate kt hp vi
calcium to ra calcium oxalate gy au thn, si mt. Vi khun, k sinh trng cc loi
l nguyn nhn gy cc bnh ng tiu ha, nhim giun, sn. Kim loi nng cc loi:
Titan, St, ch, cadimi, asen, thu ngn, km gy au thn kinh, thn, h bi tit, vim
xng, thiu mu.
Trang - 40 -
Hnh 23: Lng bn tay ni cc nt sn ging mn cm khi b nhim

c asen. nh: KH.
6.3.2. Cc bin php bo v ngun nc

6.3.2.1 Quan tm bo v ngun nc
Chin lc lu di l c th cung cp nhng ngun nc sinh hot an ton
qua x l v ci thin h thng v sinh. Chin lc ngn hn l s dng nhng
phng php x l nc n gin ti h gia nh nh lc nc, un si nc bng
nhit lng. Bn cnh , chin dch truyn thng nng cao nhn thc, cng ng c
thc bo v ngun nc, c bit l cn phi p dng nhng quy nh nghim ngt
hn i vi vn kim sot nhim, buc tt c mi doanh nghip t quy m nh
n ln phi p ng c nhng tiu chun ti thiu v ngun nc thi trong sn
sut kinh doanh, trnh nhim mi trng. Xt cho cng, nc sch v khng kh
trong lnh l nhng iu thit yu c c mt cuc sng khe mnh.
Cc bin php trong nng nghip
Trang - 41 -
Quy hoch sn xut nng nghip cho tng tiu vng cn phi xt n
tnh ph hp v iu kin th nhng, tp qun canh tc, ngun nc cp, mc tng

trng dn s trong nhng nm ti.
Cc vng t trng, phn nng cn xy dng cc h sinh thi pht trin
tng hp: Pht trin thu sn, ly nc ti vo thi k hn v s dng nc sinh

hot.
Thit k, quy hoch ca cc ngnh nh nng nghip, thu li, giao
thng, thu sn, xy dng nn c xt ng b nhm xy dng mt k hoch hon

chnh, lu di, khng chng cho khng xy ra hin tng lng ph v nh hng
ti mi trng.
Canh tc trn vng t phn phi thc hin theo cc hng dn k thut
nhm hn ch s x phn, tiu thot cc c t t trong t ra ngun nc mt do qu

trnh thau ra phn.
Khuyn co nng dn s dng phn bn vi sinh, s dng thuc tr su
v thuc dit c c thi gian phn gii ngn.

6.3.2.2. Bin php qun l v gio dc cng ng
Cn c s hp tc ton din gia Ban qun l cc d n vi cc ban
ngnh c lin quan ca a phng bn v vn t chc thc hin, v tin thi

cng, v bin php thi cng v v gim st thi cng cng trnh.
Gim st vic thc thi cc hng mc cng trnh theo ni dung thit k,
khi c cc vn nhim mi trng xy ra cn xut ngay cc gii php c th

mang tnh kh thi khc phc m khng phi ch i ko di thi gian tng thm
mc nghim trng.
Thng bo cho ngi dn trong vng d n v nhng k hoch, tin
xy dng cc cng trnh v li ch ca cc cng trnh ny i vi i sng dn sinh

kinh t.
Trang - 42 -
Tuyn truyn vn ng qun chng hng ng cc chng trnh chng
nhim mi trng nc: Khng thi cc cht thi sinh hot, cht thi chn nui v
cht thi rn xung cc knh rch.
Di ri cc nh pha lng knh vo pha trong trnh hin tng x
thi xung lng knh v tai nn giao thng thu.
Xy dng cc khu ti nh c cn phi b tr h thng thu gom x l
nc thi, rc thi, xy dng h thng nc cp sinh hot.
Cn xy dng k hoch thu thp, phn tch nh k v cht lng nc
trong vng. Phn tch din bin v thnh phn cc loi sinh vt nc.
6.3.2.3. Mt s bin php x l nc n gin
6.3.2.3.1 i vi nc nhim st, phn
i vi nc nhim phn, ta x l nc bng vi sng.ly 10gam vi sng cho
vao 140 lt nc, sau nc lng xung, gn ly nc trong.
i vi nc nhim st, thng c mu vng mi tanh.cch on gin nht
lm sch nc nhim st l nc vo thng, khong ln nhiu ln ri lng,cht
ly nc trong.
C th dng phn chua x l nc nhim phn st.Phn chua gi nh(na
tha cho 25 lt nc) vo thng quy nhiu ln st v phn kt ta lng dn
xung y.
Ngoi ra x l bng phng php sc kh, qua gin ma v bn lng, lc
kh st lc kh st.Lm gin ma bng ng nha,khoan 150-200 l c ng knh
t 1,5mm n 2mm ty theo cng sut my bm ang s dng.Di cng lp b lc
l lp si dy khong 1 gang trn lp si dy la lp ct dy khong 2,5 n 3
gang.Phng php ny c th x l c mt s cht khc vi hm lng thp nh
:Hidrogen sulfte H2S ,Amoniac, asen.
6.3.2.3.2 X l Hidrogen sulfte H2S
Nc cha H2S khng gy tc hi cho sc khe nhng n lm cho nc c mi
v v trng thi.Nc cp c cha hm lng H2S thp khang 1,0 ppm c tn
Trang - 43 -
H2S n mn, xn mu cc dng bng bc hay ng, lm cho qun o v

gm c vt en.
Nc c hm lng H2S thp c th x l bng cch cho lc qua than.H2S
c hp th trn b mt ca cc ht than.Chng ta phi nh k thay cc ht than
trong b lc (ty vo kh nng hp th ca than v hm lngH2S trong nc.
6.3.2.3.3 X l nc cng
Nc cng l thut ng dng ch nc c cha hm lng ln cc ion nh
Ca2+,mg2+ :loi nc ny thng nh hng tui th ca cc thit b s dng nc
hng ngy.Cch x l n gin nht:
Cch 1:un si nc cho cc ion ny kt ta
Cch 2:dng thit b c ngn cha cc ht lc cationit. Theo qu trnh trao i
ion ht cationit tch in m s ht cc thnh phn vi trong nc, lm sch nc.
6.3.2.3.4 Kh trng nc sinh hot
t tiu chun ca B Y t nc sinh hot bt buc phi c kh
trng.Phng phap kh thi r tin nht l dng nc Javen (hypochlorit natri ha
hc).Cch x l khc l sc clo kh hoc pha ch bt clorine vo nc.Cng c th
kh trng bng ozone hoc tia cc tm nhng khng ph hp vi vic nc sau kh
trng phi tip tc lu chuyn trong ng ng v b cha.
6.3.2.4. Mt s bin php khc
Tng cng cng tc phi hp qun l t cc s ngnh, a phng
Tng cng tun tra pht hin, x l cc hnh vi vi phm
Tng cng ngun kinh ph v xy dng c ch ring cho cng tc vt
c, rc, lc bnh, no vt thng thong sng knh rch
y nhanh tin d n cm mc b cao, sng knh rch
y nhanh tin cc d n x l nc thi, rc thi theo quy hoch
V lu di cn c gii php:
Ph cp gio dc v bo v mi trng
a cc c s sn xut nh l vo cc khu cng nghip khu ch xut
Trang - 44 -
Xy dng quy ch phi hp vi cc a phng ln cn v bo v mi
trng nc h thng sng knh rch chung.
H thng sng, knh rch c vai tr quan trng i vi i sng ca
con ngi, gip tiu thot nc, ti tiu cho nng nghip, cp nc cho sinh hot
v cng nghip, cng nh phc v giao thng thy. Nu cng tc qun l knh rch
thc hin tt, khng xy ra cc trng hp ln chim, x rc ba bi, lun lun
c duy tr cng tc no vt thng thong, lun m bo dng chy th vn
ngp, nhim trn a bn thnh ph s c bn c gii quyt.
Bo v mi trng l mt ni dung ca quy hoch tng th pht trin
kinh t bin nhm gim thiu tc ng xu i vi mi trng bin v tng hiu qu

kinh t bin.
Phng nga v hn ch cht thi t t lin v t cc hot ng trn
bin; ch ng, phi hp ng ph s c mi trng bin.
Bo v mi trng bin phi trn c s phn vng chc nng bo v v
s dng ti nguyn thin nhin.
Bo v mi trng bin phi gn vi qun l tng hp ti nguyn v
mi trng bin phc v pht trin bn vng.
Ngun thi t t lin, c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, th, khu
dn c ven bin, trn bin, trn o phi c iu tra, thng k, nh gi v c gii

php ngn nga, hn ch tc ng xu i vi mi trng bin.
Cht thi v cc yu t gy nhim khc t hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v, xy dng, giao thng, vn ti, khai thc trn bin phi c kim sot
v x l t tiu chun mi trng.
Du, m, dung dch khoan, ho cht v cc cht c hi khc c s
dng trong cc hot ng thm d, khai thc ti nguyn bin sau khi s dng phi
c thu gom, lu gi trong thit b chuyn dng v phi c x l theo quy nh v
qun l cht thi nguy hi.
Trang - 45 -
Nghim cm mi hnh thc cht thi trong vng bin nc Cng ho
x hi ch ngha Vit Nam
T chc, c nhn hot ng khai thc khong sn, ch phng tin vn
chuyn xng, du, ho cht, cht phng x v cc cht c hi khc trn bin phi c
k hoch, nhn lc, trang thit b bo m phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng.
Ngun thi trn lu vc sng phi c iu tra, thng k, nh gi v
c gii php kim sot, x l trc khi thi vo sng.
Cht thi t hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, xy dng, giao
thng vn ti, khai thc khong sn di lng sng v cht thi sinh hot ca cc h
gia nh sinh sng trn sng phi c kim sot v bo m yu cu v bo v mi
trng trc khi thi vo sng.
7. TNH TRNG SUY GIM NGUN NC CC LU VC SNG
7.1. Thc trng suy gim nghim trng ngun nc h du cc lu vc sng
Nc ta c ti nguyn nc thuc loi trung bnh trn th gii, song n cha
nhiu yu t km bn vng. Xt lng nc vo ma kh th nc ta thuc vo vng
phi i mt vi thiu nc, mt s khu vc thuc loi khan him nc. Cha bao gi
ti nguyn nc li tr nn qu him nh my nm gn y khi nhu cu nc khng
ngng tng ln m nhiu dng sng li b suy thoi, nhim, nc sch ngy mt
khan him. Hn hn, thiu nc din ra thng xuyn, nghim trng. An ninh v
nc cho pht trin bn vng v bo v mi trng ang khng c bo m
nhiu ni, nhiu vng nc ta.
Trang - 46 -
Hnh 23: Dng nc thi ra sng Hng ni y bt bn. nh: TG
Tnh trng suy gim, khan him nc h lu cc dng sng xy ra thng

xuyn trong khi iu kin kh hu trn lu vc din ra bnh thng hoc khng c
bin ng ln nh trong nhng nm hn hn, thiu nc nghim trng: 1987 - 1988,
1997 - 1998... S liu iu tra c bn 5 nm gn y 40 trm quan trc, ngun nc
ma trung bnh lnh th nc ta khong 585 t m3, xp x trung bnh nhiu nm l
592 t m3) tuy thng tp trung vo mt vi thng v ma ma kt thc sm hn bnh
thng; ma kh thng ko di vi hng thng khng ma hoc ma nh khng
ng k. Trong khi , ti nguyn nc mt h du cc cng trnh h cha thy in,
thy li trn nhng lu vc sng chnh nc ta, nh sng Hng, ng Nai - Si Gn,
Ba, Vu Gia - Thu Bn... ph bin thp hn trung bnh hng nm , c ni thp hn kh
nhiu. Ti h lu sng , Thao, L v Hng - Thi Bnh, ngun nc trong 5 nm
2003 - 2007 thp hn trung bnh hng nm t 9 - 20%; ti H Ni, thp hn ti 22%,
c nm thp hn ti 30%; trong ma kit, ngun nc cn thp hn trung bnh cng
k n 50 - 60%; trn cc lu vc sng khc nc ta, ngun nc mt ph bin
mc thp hn trung bnh hng nm 15 - 40%, ring cc sng Nam Trung b nh
tnh Bnh nh, Bnh Thun, lng dng chy thp hn trung bnh hng nm ti 55 80%.
Trang - 47 -
Trong ma kit nhng nm qua, ngun nc mt suy gim nghim trng

din ra h lu cc h cha thy in Ha Bnh, Thc B, Tuyn Quang, dn ti suy
gim lin tc h lu sng Hng. y l hin tng hon ton khc vi bnh thng
v v nguyn tc, cc cng trnh h cha u c nhim v b sung ngun nc vo
ma kit. Tnh trng trn cn kh ph bin a s cc lu vc sng khc nh sng
Hng, Vu Gia - Thu Bn, Tr Khc, sng Kn, sng Ba, ng Nai - Si Gn, S
San, Srepok... lm cho nhiu dng sng vn kh phong ph ngun nc nay mt dng
chy hoc cn n mc cha tng thy trong nhiu nm qua v li din ra trong thi
gian di, c khi nhiu thng. Dng sng Hng, sng Thao c nhng thi k di tr
y, ngun nc cn li qu nh, mc nc gim qu thp, cn kit trong nhiu thng
lin tc vo ma kh 6 - 7 nm gn y lm con sng lun sng lay lt, h lu sng
Hng ho hon mt cch t hi cha tng thy (mc nc thp nht nm ti H Ni
lin tc xung thp, nm sau thp hn nm trc, lp nhng k lc cn kit cha tng
thy trong chui s liu quan trc trong gn 110 nm qua). Khan him nc do ngun
nc h lu cc sng suy gim li b tc ng mnh ca nc thi nhim v xm
nhp mn lm cho vic cp nc sinh hot, cho sn xut gp nhng bt trc ln. Theo
s liu iu tra, tnh trng suy gim ngun nc dn ti thiu nc, hn hn , ang
xy ra trn khng ch mt vi lu vc sng m nhiu nm cn bao trm c vng,
min hoc khp c nc.
Theo d bo ca c quan chc nng, tnh trng suy gim ngun nc, hn hn,
thiu nc c th xy ra trn din rng nhiu vng trn c nc, nht l cc thng
cui ma kit. Thiu nc, suy gim ngun nc c th cng thng hn hu khp
cc khu vc lm nh hng ln ti cp nc sinh hot v sn xut vng h du nhiu
lu vc sng chnh nc ta.
7.2. Nguyn nhn suy gim ngun nc lu vc sng
C 5 nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy thoi ti nguyn nc lu vc sng Vit
Nam:
1. Do gia tng nhanh v dn s.
Trang - 48 -
2. Do khai thc qu mc ti nguyn nc v cc ti nguyn lin quan n nc

nh t, rng khin ti nguyn nc b suy kit. Ngoi ra, cc h thy in ln
khi vn hnh ch nhm phc v cho pht in cng gy cn kit dng chy cho
h lu.
Theo khuyn co ca UNEP, WRI... th ngng khai thc ti nguyn
nuc ch nn gii hn trong phm vi 30% ca dng chy, nhng Vit Nam c nhiu
ni nh min Trung, ng Nam B, Ty Nguyn... khai thc trn 50% lng dng
chy v ma kit, c bit l Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun khai thc ti 70-80%
lng dng chy v ma kit.
Nhiu ni do khai ph rng v t, c bit l t c, rng u ngun
lm suy kit dng chy. S suy gim lu lng v ma kit ti 50% ca mt s

p dng nh Lin Sn, ng Cam v nhiu ni khc so vi thit k ban u l do
hu qu ca khai thc qu mc rng v t minh chng r cho iu ny.
Mc nc ca mt s sng nh sng Hng nhng nm gn y thp
nhiu so vi nhng nm trc y ngoi nguyn nhn suy gim lng ma cn do vic
vn hnh ca cc h Ha Bnh v cc h loi va v ln thng ngun thuc t
Trung Quc. Trong tng lai khi 3 p ln ca Trung Quc xy dng trn thng
ngun sng nh p Long M cao 140m, p Japudu cao 95m v p Gelantan cao
113m i vo vn hnh vi mc ch chnh l pht in th ngay c thy in Sn La v
Ha Bnh cng b nh hng do ch vn hnh ca cc h ny.
3. Do cha kim sot c cc ngun thi v cha quan tm u t tha ng
cho cc h thng thu gom, x l cc cht thi lng, thi rn.
Nhng nm qua v nhng nm sp ti, tc th ha, cng nghip
ha, lng ngh th cng ngy cng m rng, lng cht thi rn, thi lng cha kim
sot c thi vo ngun nc s gy nhim suy thoi nhanh cc ngun nc mt,
nc di t, lm gia tng tnh trng thiu nc v nhim nc, nht l v ma
kh, in hnh nht l sng Nhu, sng Th Vi (ti 15 cy s sau Nh my bt ngt
Vedan) ca sng th Vi, dng sng y thc s cht, nc sng tr nn en
ngm v hi thi, khng c sinh vt no sng c; cc sng ni ca nhiu thnh
Trang - 49 -
ph tr thnh cc cng h dn nc en ngm c mi kh chu.
Vic gia tng s dng phn ha hc, thuc tr su, git c trong thm
canh la v cc vn cy cng vic nui trng thy sn, git m gia sc, ch bin cc
sn phm nng nghip cng lm nhim thm cc ngun nc mt, nc di t.
nhim nc cc lu vc sng ang gia tng nhng vic qun l li
cha p ng v mt t chc, v nng lc, trang thit b, ch ti qun l v thiu

ngun kinh ph x l... nn nguy c nhim cn c th m rng, iu ny ang
gy ph hy cc ngun nc sch qu him m sau ny mun phc hi s rt tn
km.
4. Do tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu.
Kh hu ton cu ang nng ln v s tc ng nhiu n ti nguyn nc.
Nhiu d bo trn th gii v trong nc cho thy khi nhit khng kh tng bnh
qun 1,50c th tng lng dng chy c th gim khong 5%. Ngoi ra khi tri t nng
ln, bng tan nhiu hn s lm nc bin dng cao, mn s xm nhp su hn nhng
vng ng bng thp khin ngun nc ngt phn b trn cc sng chy ra bin s b y
li dn. Tt c nhng iu s lm suy thoi thm ngun nc, khin khng c
ngun nc ngt phc v cho sn xut i sng.
5. Do nhng nguyn nhn v qun l.
Trn th gii khi nh gi v nguyn nhn suy thoi ti nguyn nc nhn
nh l qun l c vai tr chi phi v c tc ng rt ln.
Trong qun l chng ta cn c nhiu tn ti v mt t chc, v quy hoch v th
ch qun l.
cc nc pht trin nh c qun l tt nn mc d ti nguyn nc
ca h khng di do, thm ch cn rt ngho nh c ch c 1301 m3/ngi, Anh:

2465 m3/ngi, Php: 3047 m3/ngi, Nht: 3393 m3/ngi. cc nc ny cng
nghip rt pht trin, th rt ng c nhng do s dng tt cc cng c v php l,
t chc v kinh t nn ti nguyn nc ca h khng h b suy thoi, nhng ni b suy
thoi c khi phc.
Trang - 50 -
Vit Nam tuy mi cng nghip ha v m rng cc th nhng
nhim nc v suy thoi nc pht trin rt nhanh, thm ch n mc bo ng

cng l do chng ta c nhng tn ti ln trong qun l v mt t chc, v quy hoch,
chnh sch, c th l:
9 V t chc:
Cha to ra t chc n nh cp B v t chc c hiu lc cp lu vc sng
qun l loi ti nguyn kh qun ny.
V qun l Trung ng (cp B): vic tch - nhp; v qun l
phn tn ko di.
V qun l cp lu vc sng: Do tn ti ca Lut ti nguyn nc
khng cp n qun l lu vc sng m ch ni n lp Ban Qun l quy hoch lu

vc sng nh mt n v s nghip ca B Nng Nghip & Pht Trin Nng Thn
nn hiu lc cc ban qun l lp ra b hn ch.
Nm 2002 khi thnh lp B Ti nguyn & Mi trng: iu 1 ca Ngh
nh 91 nu: "B Ti Nguyn & Mi Trng l c quan Chnh ph qun l nh nc

v ti nguyn nc..." nhng cc iu sau li nu khng y cc nhim v v c
lc lng chuyn mn thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc,
ti Ngh nh 86 li giao nhim v qun l lu vc sng cho B Nng Nghip & Pht
trin Nng Thn nn tnh trng chng cho phn tn vn tip din. Gn y (15-3-07)
Vn phng Chnh ph c thng bo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic
chuyn nhim v qun l lu vc sng t B Nng nghip&pht Trin Nng Thn v
B Ti Nguyn & Mi Trng hp nht nhim v qun l lu vc sng vi qun
l ti nguyn nc cho thng nht.
Thi gian qua do b phn tn nn hiu lc qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc
v qun l lu vc sng Vit Nam cn hn ch mc d thi gian qua c Nh
nc rt quan tm v c nhiu t chc quc t v cc nh ti tr gip .
9 V quy hoch:
Trong my chc nm qua, Nh nc u t nhiu kinh ph cho cc B,
ngnh lm quy hoch. Nhng do ni dung lp quy hoch v s phi hp gia cc
Trang - 51 -
ngnh trn lu vc sng cha gn b nn quy hoch ca cc ngnh cn nng v khai

thc phc v ring cho chuyn ngnh mnh, v vy n nay ta vn cha c v trnh
duyt c quy hoch tng hp lu vc sng trong c quy hoch bo v ti
nguyn nc, quy hoch thot v x l nc thi, cc cht thi (CTR) cho cc th,
khu cng nghip, lng ngh th cng lm c s cho vic qun l v a quy hoch
bo v ny vo k hoch thc hin hng nm nh l thc cc hin quy hoch pht
trin thy in, thy li, cp nc th, cng nghip...
9 V chnh sch v vn bn lin quan n qun l:
Thi gian qua B Ti nguyn & Mi trng, B Nng Nghip & Pht Trin
nng Thn v cc B lin quan xy dng c nhiu vn bn trong c nhng
vn bn rt quan trng c trnh Chnh ph ban hnh thnh Ngh nh, trong
c Ngh nh quan trng nh:
Ngh nh v cp php 149/2004/N-CP, Ngh nh v ph nc thi
67/2003/N-CP.Cc
Ngh
nh
thy
li
ph
112
143.
7.3. Hu qu ca tnh trng suy gim ngun nc

Hu qu tc hi do suy gim ngun nc l rt nghim trng i vi con ngi
v bo v mi trng v i sng dng sng; gy gia tng nguy c km bn vng
trong tng trng v pht trin kinh t, x hi v bo v mi trng. Nguy c thiu
nc, him nc ngy cng tng vo nhng thng cui ma kh. Sn xut nng
nghip nhiu vng b ngng tr v chu thit hi nng. Mt s vng thiu nc sn
xut la, phi chuyn i cy trng, ma v. Bo m ngun nc cho i sng,
cho sn xut ang l vn thi s nhiu vng. Vn bo m an ninh ngun
nc cho pht trin bn vng mt s vng quan trng ca t nc nh ng bng
Bc b, Nam b ang tr thnh vn c tnh quc gia. Nhng hu qu chnh thng
l:
- Lm suy kit tr lng nc trong mng sng, trong cc tng cha nc, trn
lu vc sng dn ti suy gim ngun nc c th din ta trong thi k di.
- Thay i nghim trng mi trng v h sinh thi nc h lu cc dng
sng.Lu vc sng l mt h thng nht vi cc b phn cu thnh quan h mt thit,
tng h vi nhau. Do vy, nu ngun nc vng h lu b suy gim trong thi k
Trang - 52 -
di u dn n tnh trng mi trng, ti nguyn nc suy thoi n mc khng th

khi phc c. Chng hn nh: lm gim ngun cung cp nc cho cc tng nc
di t; gim tr lng, h thp mc nc di t trn vng rng ln ven sng; gia
tng ln st mt t, st l b, lng dn... n mc kh kim sot; dn ti hy hoi ti
nguyn v mi trng sinh thi lu vc; gia tng xm nhp mn.
- Vi sinh vt : sinh vt c mt trong mi trng nc nhiu dng khc
nhau. Bn cnh cc sinh vt c ch th c nhiu nhm sinh vt gy bnh hoc truyn
bnh cho ngi v sinh vt khc. Trong s ny, ng ch l cc loi vi khun, siu
vi khun v k sinh trng gy bnh nh cc loi k sinh trng gy bnh t, l, thng
hn, st rt, siu vi khun vim gan B, siu vi khun vim no Nht Bn, giun ,
trng giun
Hin tng trn thng gp cc nc ang pht trin v chm pht trin trn
th gii. Theo bo co ca Ngn hng th gii nm 1992, nc b nhim gy bnh
tiu chy lm cht 3 triu ngi v 900 triu ngi mc bnh mi nm. c nm s
lng ngi mc bnh giun a ln ti 900 triu ngi v bnh sn mng l 600 triu
ngi. hn ch tc ng tiu cc ca nhim sinh vt ngun nc mt, cn nghin
cu cc bin php x l nc thi, ci thin tnh trng v sinh mi trng sng ca
dn c, t chc tt hot ng y t v dch v cng cng.
Tc ng n i sng, sc khe mi ngi dn, gia cm, gia sc, ma mng
vng b nh hng, ti tc tng trng, thm ch gy nh tr sn xut, pht trin,
dn ti buc ngi dn phi di c khi ni sinh sng lu nay. Thiu nc nghim
trng, lu di kh gii quyt c th dn ti xung t gia cc cng ng dn c; gia
tng nguy c km bn vng trong tng trng v pht trin kinh t, x hi v bo v
mi trng.
Suy thoi, cn kit ngun nc, khan him, thiu nc , ang lm ny sinh
nhiu vn phc tp. y thc cht l vn v s cng bng v cc quyn hp
php trong s dng nc, cc vn x hi; v nguyn tc ng x vi nc v vi
cng ng dn c nn cn phi c xem xt mt cch tha ng. Tc ng x hi v
mi trng thng rt su sc v kh nh gi, khc phc.
Trang - 53 -
7.4 Gii php gim suy gim ngun nc lu vc sng

Vit Nam, thng 4/2006 Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc
Quc gia v ti nguyn nc, trong nhim v v bo v ti nguyn nc c
a ln hng u, tip mi l cc nhim v v khai thc s dng v pht trin ti
nguyn nc, iu ni ln tm quan trng ca cng tc bo v ti nguyn nc
gim thiu suy thoi.
bo v v pht trin bn vng ngun ti nguyn nc, gim thiu kh khn
v suy thoi ti nguyn nc cho cc lu vc sng, trong Chin lc ti nguyn nc
ca mnh, cc quc gia u coi trng cc bin php cng trnh v phi cng trnh (cc
bin php v qun l).
7.4.1. Bin php cng trnh
1. Xy dng cc h cha thng lu iu tit ngun nc v vn hnh theo
quy trnh hp l ng thi xy dng cc cng trnh khai thc ly nc mt, nc di
t trung v h lu cc lu vc sng nhm p ng cho cc nhu cu s dng nc
v duy trnh dng chy mi trng; trong iu kin cn thit v cho php th cn phi
xy dng cc cng trnh chuyn nc lu vc gii quyt cho nhng vng khan
him nc m cc ngun nc trong lu vc khng p ng c.
n nay trn ton th gii, cc h cha c tng dung tch iu tit c 6.000
t m3, chim 14% tng lng dng chy.
Vit Nam tng dung tch iu tit ca cc h cha v ang xy dng cho
n nay t gn 30 t m3, chim 9% tng lng dng chy ni a, s dung tch iu
tit ny cng c hiu qu cao khi c s dng tng hp.
2. Pht trin cc h thng thu gom v x l cc loi cht thi.
i vi sng ni cn tng cng no vt, lm cng hp ln chuyn ti v
dn thm ngun nc sch sng h vo nhm pha long v y ngun nc bn ny
n nhng trm x l; y mnh vic xy dng cc trm x l; y mnh vic xy
dng cc trm x l nc thi v CTR tp trung v phn tn.
3. y mnh trng rng, nng cao che ph v s dng hp l ti nguyn t
nhm iu ha ngun nc, gim l, tng lu lng ma kit.
Trang - 54 -
Hnh 24: Nh my thy in Sn La v ch sm 3 nm lm

li hng ngn t ng cho t nc.
7.4.2 Bin php qun l

Ti Hi ngh Thng nh Jonhannesburg - Nam Phi 2002, nc c xp
v tr hng u trong pht trin; Lin Hip quc cng ly ngy 22-3 hng nm l
ngy quc t v nc mi ngi v cc c quan chc nng nng cao nhn thc v
trch nhim i vi vic qun l bo v v pht trin bn vng ngun ti nguyn
nc.
Cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua c
quan tm v t c nhiu tin b, tuy nhin do tnh cht phc tp v mi m nn
ang c tip tc hon thin dn.
7.4.2.1 V quy hoch
Hin nay quy hoch chuyn ngnh v thy li, thy in, cp thot
nc... c B Nng Nghip&Pht Trin Nng Thn, B Cng nghip, B Xy

dng... v cc B lin quan trin khai mnh m. qun l tng hp lu vc sng, cn
sm hon chnh v trnh duyt chnh thc quy hoch cc lu vc sng trng im bao
gm quy hoch pht trin v c quy hoch bo v nhm hi ha li ch gia thng h
Trang - 55 -
lu, gia cc i tng s dng nc vic s dng c tit kim, t hiu qu v

bn vng.
Trc thc trng suy thoi ti nguyn nc lu vc sng ang gia tng
th quy hoch bo v cng phi c coi trng v cn c u t thc hin quy hoch
bo v vi t trng tha ng so vi tng ngun kinh ph u t cho pht trin. Vic
qun l thc hin quy hoch tng hp lu vc sng ngoi ngnh ch qun th cc
ngnh khai thc s dng nc v cc a phng lin quan u c nhim v tham gia
vi tinh thn cng tc v mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
Gn 50% din tch lu vc sng Hng nm trn lnh th Trung Quc,
ni y Trung Quc ang lm 3 p thy in ln c quy m cao 140m, 95m, 114m

trn sng L Tin (thng ngun sng ) v rt nhiu p loi va v nh trn sng
Nguyn (thng ngun sng Thao) v sng Bn Long (thng ngun sng L Gm)
phc v cho pht trin kinh t, pht in v khai thc khong sn. iu ny v s
gy nhiu bt li cho h lu nn cn sm nghin cu a cc trm thy vn trn cc
sng (Trm Mng T, Nm Giang), sng Gm (Trm Bc M) gn bin gii hn
v phi hp o c c lng v cht ca cc ngun nc vo cc h thng o c
thy vn hin nay.
7.4.2.2 V cc vn bn v chnh sch
Ti y cc B ngnh chc nng u c chng trnh hon thin cc
vn bn lin quan n qun l ca ngnh mnh. Ring v chnh sch ph nhim

chng ti thy cn c l trnh nng dn cng sm cng tt to ngun kinh ph cho
x l nc.
V thu ti nguyn nc Vit Nam cng cn nh gi li mc thu,
tnh hnh thu khng b st i vi nhiu i tng c th v cn thu.
Cui cng l cc ngun thu v ph nhim, thu ti nguyn nc cn
c s dng nh th no? Nhiu nc trn th gii, cc khon kinh ph thu c t

ph nhim v thu ti nguyn nc c Chnh ph a vo phc v cho qun l v
x l nc trn lu vc sng nhm c ngun kinh ph ch ng trong vic thc
hin cc bin php phng chng nhim trn lu vc sng.
Trang - 56 -
7.4.2.3 V s dng tit kim ngun ti nguyn nc
i vi mt s lu vc sng gp kh khn v ti nguyn nc: Cn xy
dng mc tiu s dng nc tit kim trong tt c cc i tng s dng nc nng

nghip, cng nghip, th, dch v... sao cho c hiu qu hn.
i vi vic tit kim nc trong nng nghip: Kinh nghim ch o
ca Cc Qun l Ti tiu v Cp nc nng thn Trung Quc v tit kim nc

c bo co ti Hi ngh Quc t v Ti tiu ln th 19 Bc Kinh nm 2005 cho
thy: Trong chng trnh hon chnh v hin i ha cc h thng thy nng Trung
Quc tng thm c 6,67 triu ha c ti v tit kim hng nm c 20 t m3
nc; Ti hi ngh quc t ny, Gio s Li Diaxin - Tng Gim c Cc Ti tiu v
Cp nc nng thn Trung Quc c nhn gii thng v tit kim nc
"Watsave" ca quc t. Vit Nam nu cng thc hin chng trnh ny nh Trung
Quc th chc chn chng ta s nng cao thm c din tch ti tiu v tit kim
c rt nhiu nc.
V vic min gim thy li ph cn cn nhc v c cc gii php sao
hn ch c vic xung cp ca cc h thng thy nng v lng ph nc trong ti

tiu.
Cc ngnh s dng nc khc nhau cng cn c chng trnh s dng
nc tit kim. Ring i vi Thy in th cn c quy trnh vn hnh hp l va

m bo yu cu ngnh in v phc v cc yu cu s dng nc h lu cng nh
duy tr dng chy sinh thi.
7.5. Cn kit ngun nc Vit Nam nguy c ang n
Trn th gii hin c 3 ngi th c mt ngi sng trong tnh trng thiu
nc. Chnh v vy, cn c s thay i mnh m v cch thc qun l ngun nc
ang ngy cng khan him khi m dn s th gii d kin s tng thm 2 3 t ngi
vo nm 2050. Vit Nam chng ta cng khng nm ngoi nguy c . Do t nc
ang trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha, nn nhu cu s dng
nc cho pht trin kinh t, phc v dn sinh ngy cng ln khin tnh trng nhim,
suy thoi, cn kit ngun nc din ra ph bin v nghim trng.
Trang - 57 -
Hnh 26: Ngi dn bn M Sang Cao i ly nc r ra t lng ni v sinh hot.

(nh: Nguyn Cng Hi/TTXVN)
Nc cn c s dng nhiu cho cng nghip. Theo mt nghin cu gn y,
nhm sng c t l dng nc cho cng nghip cao nht l lu vc sng Hng Thi
Bnh, chim gn tng lng nc s dng cho ngnh cng nghip c nc. Trong
25% s dng nc cng nghip din ra lu vc sng ng Nai; 7% nhm
sng ng Nam B v 10% lu vc Cu Long. c bit, t l s dng nc di
t cho cng nghip rt ln, ring TP H Ch Minh c n 57% doanh nghip s dng
nc di t.
D bo n nm 2015, khi lng nc s dng trong cng nghip s tng gp
i so vi nm 2006, mc tng s ch yu din ra lu vc sng vn l mt c
s cng nghip ln l cc lu vc sng Hng Thi Bnh, ng Nai, nhm sng
ng Nam B, Cu Long v Vu Gia Thu Bn.
Theo kho st ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, nc thi cng nghip (nht
l cc lnh vc giy, ha cht, sn m) cha nhiu cht gy nhim. C nc c
154 khu cng nghip v ch xut quy m ln nhng ch 43 khu c h thng x l
nc thi tp trung, v ch hot ng 70% cng sut. Trong vi nm ti, khi 100% t
Trang - 58 -
c s dng ht th ch 31% nc thi c x l. Doanh nghip quy m nh, trung

bnh th x trc tip.
Ngoi ra, nc thi t cc nh my ch bin thy sn cng gy nhim nng,
c bit lu vc sng Cu Long, sng Gianh v sng Hng. Pht trin nui trng thy
sn cng l nguyn nhn lm gim din tch rng ngp mn, h sinh thi cho cc loi
ng vt, ng thi cng l ni ng vai tr sng cn trong cc quy trnh hot ng
ca cc ca sng. Bo co ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cng cnh bo tnh trng
cng trnh xy dng xm ln cc h cha nc v tnh trng lng ph nc sch
th. y l nhng nguy c cn c ngn nga v sm c bin php iu chnh.
Nh vy, mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong qun l ti nguyn
nc l qun l lu vc sng iu ho, phn b ngun nc, phi hp iu tit
ngun nc trn sng s dng tng hp a mc tiu, p ng yu cu phng chng
l, cp nc cho h du v cc mc ch khc. Cn c s quy nh c th cc ni dung
v qun l lu vc sng, phn loi lu vc sng, t chc b my qun l, iu phi
hot ng c lin quan n ti nguyn nc trong lu vc sng; phng chng
nhim, suy thoi, cn kit v ng ph, khc phc s c nhim ngun nc v gn
trch nhim, thm quyn qun l nh nc v lu vc sng. ng thi cn iu
chnh, b sung cc quy nh v bo v nc di t, bo v ngun nc sinh hot;
kim sot cht ch vic cp php cc hot ng x nc thi c bit vi mi
ngi dn chng ta cn c thi nghim tc vi nguy c ang cn kit ngun nc
v hnh nh cc dng sng cht.
KT LUN
Nc - ti nguyn v gi m thin nhin ban tng cho con ngi khng phi l
v tn, chnh v th tit kim nc lun rt cn thit ngay c nhng ni c ngun
nc di do. Mi ngi cn nhn thc v c hnh ng tit kim nc, d nh,
nhng s gp phn rt ln trong vic bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu gi ny
v trnh c nhng nguy hi ln cho mi trng, nh hng v lu di n cuc
sng ca chnh chng ta.
Trang - 59 -
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. http://ruousach.com.vn/vai-tro-c%E1%BB%A7a-n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bcd%E1%BB%91i-v%E1%BB%9Bi-d%E1%BB%9Di-s%E1%BB%91ngc%E1%BB%A7a-con-ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di/
2. http://www.baomoi.com/Thieu-nuoc--Tac-hai-nghiem-trong-hon-bantuong/82/9267008.epi
3. http://www.thuviensinhhoc.com/chuyen-de-sinh-hoc/sinh-ly-hoc-thuc-vat/2856vai-tro-cua-nuoc-doi-voi-thuc-vat.html#ixzz2OlDT9WV3/
4. http://www.vacne.org.vn/default.aspx?newsid=7583
5. http://vietsciences1.free.fr/vietscience/giaokhoa/biology/moitruongvaconnguoi/
tainguyennuoc.htm
6. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_n%C6%B0%E1%B
B%9Bc
7. http://vea.gov.vn/vn/truyenthong/hoidapmt/Pages/C%C3%A1cv%E1%BA%A5
n%C4%91%E1%BB%81m%C3%B4itr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dngli%C3%AA
nquant%E1%BB%9Bit%C3%A0inguy%C3%AAnn%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bcg
%E1%BB%93mnh%E1%BB%AFngg%C3%AC.asp
8. http://cwrpi.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=905:nh
ung-van-de-cap-bach-can-giai-quyet-truoc-thuc-trang-suy-giam-nghiemtrong-nguon-nuoc-o-ha-luu-cac-luu-vuc-song-&catid=3:tin-tai-nguyennc&Itemid=7
9. http://laocai.gov.vn/sites/sotnmt/thongtinchuyenganh/tainguyennuoc/Trang/20
120118150127.aspx
10. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/tai-nguyen-nuoc.206060.html
11. http://www.ubmttq.hochiminhcity.gov.vn
12. http://www.vietlawnetwork.com
13. http://timtailieu.vn/tai-lieu/de-tai-su-dung-tai-nguyen-thien-nhien-nuoc-7092/
14. http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/17-trieu-tre-em-chua-duoc-su-dung-nuocsach/70043295/157
15. http://www.wrd.gov.vn/Noi-dung/Suy-thoai-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-oViet-Nam-nguyen-nhan-va-giai-phap-/29743.news
Trang - 60 -

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TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.

TI NGUYN NC V HIN TRNG

1. V DNG MNG HUYN(12124183)

TP. HCM 4/2013

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

7. TNH TRNG SUY GIM NGUN NC CC LU VC SNG ................................ 46

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

1. GIII THIU CHUNG

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Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Nc ngm cng c nhng c im ging nh nc mt nh: ngun vo (b

Vng thu nhn nc.

Vng chuyn ti nc.

Vng khai thc nc c p.

chc n vi trm km. Cc l khoan nc vng khai thc thng c p lc. y l

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Nc ngm c p lc: l dng nc c gi li trong cc lp ngm nc

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

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Hnh 2: Con ngi khng th nhn ung nc qu nm ngy

Nc cha trong c th sinh vt mt hm lng rt cao, t 50 - 90%

khi lng c th sinh vt l nc, c trng hp nc chim t l cao hn, ti 98%

Nc l dung mi cho cc cht v c, cc cht hu c c mang gc

phn cc (a nc) nh hydroxyl, amin, cc boxyl

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

Nc l nguyn liu cho cy trong qu trnh quang hp to ra cc cht

hu c. Nc l mi trng ho tan cht v c v phng tin vn chuyn cht v c

Nc bo m cho thc vt c mt hnh dng v cu trc nht

nh. Do nc chim mt lng ln trong t bo thc vt, duy tr trng

Nc ni lin cy vi t v kh quyn gp phn tch cc trong

vic bo m mi lin h khng kht s thng nht gia c th v mi

Nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nng lng v iu ha nhit

Nc cn l mi trng sng ca rt nhiu loi sinh vt.

Cui cng nc gi vai tr tch cc trong vic pht tn ni ging ca

cc sinh vt, nc cn l mi trng sng ca nhiu loi sinh vt.

Trong nng nghip: tt c cc cy trng v vt nui u cn nc

pht trin. T mt ht ci bp pht trin thnh mt cy rau thng phm cn 25 lt

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

ng nht nh th gii hin nay. Nc Vit Nam theo ngha en ng ca n l nc

Trong Cng nghip: Nc cho nhu cu sn xut cng nghip rt ln.

Nc dng lm ngui cc ng c, lm quay cc tubin, l dung mi lm tan cc

HIN TRNG V TI NGUYN NC

3.1 Hin trng v ti nguyn nc trn th gii

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

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Hnh 4: Nhiu ni trn th gii ang phi i ph vi s kh cn v thiu nc.

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3.2. 17 triu tr em cha c s dng nc sch

Hnh 5: Mt cu bn ang tha thch tm mt ti mt vi nc cng cng Sri

Ti nguyn nc v hin trng s dng nc

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c tnh c khong 17 triu (52%) tr em cha c s dng nc sch v

Hnh 6: Pakixtan ang i mt vi tnh trng

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b cc bnh nh tiu chy, nhim trng ng rut. Hn na, nhiu hc sinh gi

Hnh 7: Ch b ny ang c gng ung c cng nhiu nc cng tt ti mt