Avohiy fir Blektrotechnik 70 (4987) 413—424 APicktrotectnike (© Springer-Verlag 1987 ‘The general equations of 3-phase transformers with a symmetrical and linear magnetie cireuit for use in network calculations 6.6. Pagp, Detft ‘Contents: Ta this paper genersl differential equstion® are ved for the S:phase traneormer with the help of the Symumetsical component transformation. With respect 0 ‘hele psa sifting properties the Spase sransfcrmere ca be divided into two Daale groups, doponiting on. whether fo not the phase displcenwat it an even aulple of 3/0, ‘This holds for both the steady stato and for the tetanents. Only the appearance of a zero sequence component system ‘nay intrdord differences, Tae dorvation of the eqaatint ives a clear insight into the infernal behaviout of the tans Tornoe. The appsiebility ef the general equations ir dewson strated in an example. Die allgemsinen Gletehungon tr drelphasige ‘runstor. smatoren mt symmetrisehem wn Hnearem maguetischen [ed fr Nefaberechaungen Udersiebts In diesem Aufats wird mit Hilf der Trans: formation symmetescher Komponenten cin allgemines Gleichungssystom fOr drviphasige ‘Transormatoren ent vwiskele. Desilich der Phascadeebiung lassen sich alle dee. Dhasigen Trenstormstoren in ar mei Gruppen ltl, Twobel innerbalb einer Gruppe dio Trausfarmatoren in. {nd dasielbe iationaro und dynamische Verhaton haben. Ledglch ein Neleystem kann innerhalb ciuot Gruppo Unter halo tinbringen Bel Kntwickng dev Gleichangen ile man eine gute Eicsiht in das innere Verhtten a Untersehedliehen Transformstoren, Asiana eines Beispiele ‘wid die Anwendungstihigheit dee allgemeinen Gleichangs systeme ersutert 1. Infroduetion ‘The use of symmetrical componente in steady state studies of distribution networks is well known (1). However, in transiont calculations it is not very com= ‘mon, especially for asymmetrical faults where an approach in @,by-components is preferred. In this peper a general sot of equations is proposed for tho S.phaco transformer which can be used for transient studies. Tho influence of winding connections an, ceusily be implemented, Quantitios which are well 32 Known from steady-state theory, where sinusoidal earrents and voltages are presupposed (such as the phase voltage ratio, the phase shift between primary ‘und secondary voltages etc.), can be recognized in the general equations, 2 Mathematical model For the description of the S-phase transformer the construction of the magnetic eirout is assumed to bo symmetrical, as givon in Fig. 18. In Fig. 1b tho place of the various cols is shown schometicalty, along with ‘the chosen direction of the core fluxes snd the nie dineotional los, Po Fle, fea Model ofthe eymmetrial magneto sitet W asa: getvent of the coil of a -phave tnnaformeraa ‘Tho voltage oquations of this transformer are in mateix notation: VU = BI + ajanua) o where = [eas as teas Yas al = Lise fan is fa as fae” @ Mm ing [Ras Re» Bye Ray Ras Pa) biel ° Le my my “Mom om n(n es] ” [zs]: me au “ Tn the above equations the following symbols are used: LR, is the mognetio resistance of a limb and two yoko parts, ‘Roy it the magnetic resistance of the unidirectional sux path. 1, aro tho primary winding turns. sy are the secondary winding turns Zn, is the leakage inductance of the primary winding. gs the leskoge inductance of the secondary winding. 3. Symmetrical component transformation A substantial simplification of the sot of voltage ‘equations is obtained by introducing new variables, ‘which will be denoted as follows: Us hs a os (hs vb ms © Vsti Be aT. ‘These now variables are connected to the old ones by the way of transformation matrix A: U=auy I=ar 6) Archi fe Mlkteotechk 70 (1987) whore A is given by: Be a-Pal o whew hao >t oo «| and a = exp (i. Lat © ‘This toanformation ie unitary, #0 Bot = BP, Tn lteravre this tansformation ie often used for thesteady slate although without the factor 1/3. In that ease the transformation is, unlike the one used hte, not power invariant, ‘Afler transformation the next seb of equations appears: WRT + alan) 6 where Li = AMA and B= AMRA = RL ‘This ean be worked out as: i; © Hl o where fy, = ding [Dy Ly, La]i by = ding Uo, Lay Bal Sw digg iy a Tag = Han + Lass Ly = bag + igs SNE Lina = Rall Beg + BB HRs Lin = wH1Ty (10) My = Rall Rg + BBs) rata Bagi HE = wl Jn goneral it holds for this transformation that 9 uj" and ip 47; thus as the negative eaquence component does not provide any different information than the positive aequonee component, it can be removed. The equations become: my it Re We “ ~ Rh a a a & a te lle any a i For symmetry reasons the equations of the positive fand the sero sequence component are not coupled. For each component the equations can now be worked out in such a way that an equivalent cireuit that eon- tains only quantities which con be olitained from the usual transformer technioal data can bp definad. For this reason the equations of the positive sequenceG.C.Ponp: Tho genersl equations of S-phase tranaormers a5 i ' . pil ; ig. 20 and b, Hqnivalent circus for the positive sequence component, b the wera sequence component ‘component will be rewritten as fellows: uy = Buy + Ly alanis + i’) whore Gf Ulm a3, in which w= Ly/aT. After introducing wf? —n uj; the moondary voltage equation becomes uy! + Ryis + De aaaige) + Ly Alay + aj") (13) where Reals Ly ay, + Ty ‘For these equations the equivalent civeuit as given in Fig. 2a applies. For tho zero sequence component a similar eqnivae lent circuit can be developed (Fig. 2). The ratio ‘%6— Lrally dopends. in this case steongly om the ingnitede of Lay. ‘When 2 and 2 in Bq. (11) ane neglected the ratios 1 and ng aro equal to tho phise vollage rato which ‘are knovn from steady-state theory, with sinusoidal curmonis and voltages. 80 m= Wnltgs Sd fllows from the homopolar test, ‘These ratios atv approx. mately equal to w/t if Ey 3> yd Ly > Lu «aay 4 Throe-winding transtormer ‘The deseription of the three-winding transformer is nothing moro than an extension of the two-winding transformer. Consequently, only the resulta will be ‘mentioned. The voltage equation in matrix notation is: U= RE+ diana where: = Uy, Ua, Ua: Us = [i ton Ma TS Ub ta Lis Ls = Lie fe fed B= diag My Ry Rals Ry = ding [2 2,2) p=12,3 oy sar 1 Mie May Dm ms [Ms Le May |e Ba [omy Zp my Mig May Ty rm; my Ti Sf my ites may mz mij After applying symmetrical component transformation the voltage equation becomes US RT + gaye) where iy Shy Shs \ [et =} Ms es “aio a-| s (a8) iy My, ‘The various inductances can be obtained from (10). 41 Equivalent circuit for the positive sequence component ‘The voltage equations for the positive sequence com- ponent, where the (++) has been omitted for brevity, uy = Bais + Dy diattin) 5 = Riis + Ly Alig) + Lay aK, +59) + Big alas) (18) WSS RUGS + Ly URW) + Jae URNS + 4) + Hey alais whore ee us = matte 5 ratty with my = fal Tye ond tag > Eyl M a,Arohir fi Rlektrotechnik 70 (1987) be fe Fd | | l f i ; no: Ratt ig. 8. The equivalent clrenit of the positive enquence component for the S-winding tranaormer A similar equivalent cirouit can be derived for the zero sequence component too, where instead of Ly, Zyy appears along with the ratios nays end ys for the zero sequence component, 5 Winding conneetions In tho provious mods) the voltages were defined as voltage drope over the terminals af the various coils, which were not electrically comected to each other. In transformers with coro arrangement, however, these coils are connected to a primary, «secondary and often a tertiary winding. For network caleuletions te voltages are usually defined between one terminal tnd a seference mil. ‘The “ntwork” quantitios aro denoted by s aubscript “and the “coil” quantities by subseript "", j= _ bq Ie cea 4.1 yoconnection ‘From Fig. 60 tho following ean he dovived: Use = Uy + Ue Lay = Tas wher an Uyy = Lays tha aa After transformation the following relations aise: Ui. = Ui + Uy whore Vip = [19.0 0,0)" and Uy ‘This ean be written ae: visa ms me is cis) Whon tho neutral ie connected it hold that: and if = 1/3 na + fe + fae) sind when iia not connected that =O and why = 1/VK (mine + he + ed Star eonnocton, D DeitarcomneetionGe. 2 The general equations of S.phase tminsoraners 52 Asconnection From Fig. 5b the following can be derived: den Uy = Sy 19) 1-1 0 o 1-4 104 which after transformation becomes: Ky = hy: Ui, = CFU, with © = ding (0, 1— a, 1 =a) with 20) or written out = (10) tay OF ey /VB exp (jn/0). AAs af, and u}, are not coupled with af, and iy no zero sequence voltage or currant can penetrate from the Delta terminal into tho Delta connection and vie Tn the Delta connection it holds for the “col cqoantities that ea and AV Gane + fon + ind 5. -conneetion "The description of the equations for the Zigzag con: noction is based on the three-winding transformer, in which the following properties are assumed: By = May Ung = Uys tty = en With these assumptions the inductivitis of the Zigang connection can be determined from the three-winding Seung Sut ie Sune hh a7 translormer Dy = y= Lag t bg He Low ey The voltage equations then hecooie [=P II To further develop the equations the influence of the primary winding has to be taken into account. Let the winding connections be as given in Fig. 6, "Thon the following relations ean he determined S Shei Uh = Ua +8, a= Bh Un + on Une = US + Uae: te = fey where o oot -1 0 0 on 0 ‘Wlinvination of ly and Uy, gives fed -[Mll vow SD ws Mis Pig. 6. Star-Zigeng connectiona8 My My R, = ding [2/, 2Ry, 2%) in which er MG = May ma = m0 /R MY Tag hs Rae From this result appeam — aa known — that, as zg baw boon tenoved fron the fnutvitieg, «nic ‘Atttiont fh can neither be ble p nor edn the Zigang conection. A-unidivetonal current only Tinks este ek ‘Aer pineal voltage eqtion bomen nponent transformation the Gof |) gage (ln BE J a | Ml aya ( ne where dling {0, (1 — 08) Mj, (1 a) Mi} B= ding Leo Lay Fed and Ly 2hy, Lb, My + ls ‘rons df, it appears that the primary zero sequence component is not linked with the ‘secondary one. By = 2K tnd Lay = Bay can be introduced as the sistance and the Jeukage inductance of the s-con- nection, After referring the secondary quantities to. the primary side the voltage equations of the positive soquence component become: Bild + Lyd, + i) (20 Rligl + Dg BAM) + Ly AAW, +36) 27) ’ + Ly Bal = N*M Term and B= NNR Ty bye + gs by = NV "The ratio X an be written as: ya Dette vine eo and after introducing w. Zignag, connection V3 Beary as the turns of the x yin, bot (2s) Archiv fr Blektrotecnik 70 (1987) "The ratio ¥ van he sven as tho complex phase voltage rio known from steady-state theory, which includes the phase disphiooment between the primary and corresponding: secondary phase voltages. Fig 6 repr resents the F,— 11 type. GA Y¥—Aconnection "To arzive at @ description of the complete Star-Delta connection according to Fig. 3a and 51 the “network” ‘quantities have to be substituted for the “coil” ‘quantities (12) and (13) in the general equations ha Balsa + Ly AIA jy + N* Nag) Mig = WRN igg + La Wiig + Mie) hem 1 a tan waKT 5) Wane =y8 hie, After referring the secondary parameters tothe primary side with the holp of N, the voltage equations hhecome: aig = Rukiy + La Alig +30) sl = Rigg + Ly Aldi, + iy) + Da Ala) where wad ad NN" tnt fad SN Ms NP yl8 + Lae Jf tho secondary winding is of the Delta type this transformation includes an implicit 1 — 7 transe Formation, 6 General equations for the two-winding transformer On the basis of the previous contomplations generat ‘equations ean now he drawn up for the two-winding. transformer, in which the voltage equations of the “coif” quantities (12) and (13) will be the starting point. The positive and zero sequence components will be treated! soparately. 6.1 ‘Phe positive sxquence component (On aceount of the character of the winding connections the relations bet ween “network” and “oil” quantities can generally be written as: 9) te fanG.€, Paap: The general equations of 8phase transformers ‘Substituting these relations into (12) and (13) produces the general voltage equations for “network” quanti- ties: AAMRyng + AAG AM iag i) i, AMM didn, +i) (30) + (AA + BBM, alate) HSN Nags RES NAN ns AB = Lyi Rl AIB w waheg: AUB. The factors A and B ace to it that the relevant “coil” parameters, which belong to the sctual winding connections, are transformed into "phase" quantities ‘of an equivalent Star conneetion. Cenerally it holds that AA* and BB* are equal to 1/3 for a Delta con- nection and to 1 for a Star or a Zigzag connection, spectively. The equations in equivalent “phase™ pparametors (31) correspond with the well-known equiv rlont ciretie ia Fig, 7 Mae = Raina + Lae Alling + i) ly = Regie + Lag Ang + i) (any + (Daeg + Bh AAHE Below are some examples of the parameters in the ‘ueneral equations: Y@: A= As Lrsey = Hae Vasey = Vg Vy yaut Dytt: N= affine Io)9s Rg == Be li, Dall Wa 2/yB anew Brug = Ry: Lgyy = Eyl: Rg — RE = at Hig. 7 The general equivalent circuit for the positive sequence component 6.2 The sero sequence components From the foregoing considerations concerning the zero sequence compononts it fs evident that in many ‘eases the “network” quantitios are not linked with the “coil” quantities. The inductive linkage inside the transformer always appears, when prosent, wi 8 voltage ratio of ny = Ly/My. ny is negative when. tho primary and the sovondary’ coils are not wound in the aan direction, Because of the deviant character of the zoro se: ‘quence component it makos vense to maintain the equivalent citvnit for the “eoil” quantities, as given in Eig. 2b, ase baso unit in the final vieouit, See Fig. 8, Starting from this black box the well-known equiv- alent vircuite for Star and Delta connoetions ean, be derived, Yy connection ig. 9a shows the equivalent circuit when the neutral of hoth the primary and the secondary windings has been grounded. Then it holds for both sides that i — te Te the nowtral of the prin ‘grounded then it holds that uf has been deawn in Rig. h, Dy and Yd connections For the Delta connection it always holds that w= 0, which results in the equivalent circuit as given in Fig. 9e. The Star connection ean be determined on the basis of the previous example, ‘winding has not been WE VB a, whieh L Pig. The equivalent creuit for the ro sequen component “coil” quantitiesAre fe Rlektroecae 70 (1987) s] ae) Paryg fe av Yy-conneetion with groanded neutrals, 8 lary neateal grounded Ly ig. 10, Rquivalentcteut forthe rera sequence component for Ver or Deconuection in "eo quantities ¥sor De connection ‘The ¥s or Ds connection deviates in principle from tho provious arrangements sinew in tis ease the be haviour of the zero sequence component is deter ruined inside the transformer as well. The equivalent ircutt for the “coil” quantities is. given in Fig. 10 For the: wonnection it holds that x? = af and i? = i, The ¥ or D parcof the arrangement ean be represented as befor. 7 Example Aw an example the configuration depicted in Big. 11 hhas been taken. The transformer is, soon frou the right side, of the Yat type, while Sia switch and F the place where disturhances will take place. ‘The ‘equations of the transformer ate, when the miagnet= Jang eurront haa boon naglected, in 5 Yao, Rguivalent cieulte for the zeru sequence component in "network" quanti ‘Yy-connestioa with seeondary neuteul grounded, ¢ Dy.coanecton with secon ponents: Byigy + Da Alain) + 05" vith By B+ Ry Ly = Ly t hig R= INTER, Lig = IN gly N= nd VBuys he =0. Wor the capacitors it holds that: OC, diatentys i= 0 Oy ajay): fg = GU a8 afer. Finally, the currents fulfil the following rel et a Str bia FU ‘Those equations can be solved in many weys, For this example the Laplace transformation will be used, a it allows the minthematical results ta he analysed. ‘The set of equations then becomes: uy = (Me + phe fin 45's i Stir tig + a as 3) f= Oud fig = 1 — a8) 95he general equations of Spans teanafermeny a po i OF 4 i % a i i {Fig 120 and b, Equivalent cients forthe network in fig. 11. positive sequence component, 6 zeew vequence compovent which is reflected in the equivalent cnvuitain Big. 12. In the steady state in the tine domain, after itis A three-phase short circuit occurring in F without transformed back into a,),- Lexy (eat — jth) + exp (Jot + Hal) tetany where Cy =) + 8C which after the symmetrical component transfor: ‘The injection curront 1 i determined as fellows uation gives: ‘Since a; — a" it follows from (33) that i and with ‘the boundary conditions that: Uae and W/E yg 40 that if = Y3/2-fagsue After Laplace Loansformation this becomes: illp) = —Re Wty — jen]. oH ubstitution of (84) in ( aj = Uy }3/2- oF and uz ws"(p) = Uni — jen) with Uy ©: JBY/2 Dg N and A =n PBs (the complex phase voltage ratio for the Yy-If connee- gives: siete re eat rds yy ait | Dae Pan Oe (35) (mw) rin PF where where [= Use 1s 9 = Ryley ——_ woe on = [tpl ul — (5+) a= VIF obs gmarcancxyny. > [IC (3 a= da joy zae Since before switching uj was equal to zero (35) ives the complete solution. or it holdsafter switching Sat ijp i, — pay or worked out: ip Ref Ste ip — je) « 1 + Re{ Pip a . las NPE =i} Fo) (38) Observe that the last term in (36) represents the eure ont before switching. After hack transformation to the time domain it follows that: ate ery ean (ow owe tien ae win = we + jo) eet Day, th 4 jen (me + jo) Cy m "This expremion is identical in form to that which arises when a swith is opened in a single phase net- work. For the restiking) voltage over ssiteh Sit Bold that te = tan — ty = YB th Forthe prinsry transformercurrentitisfound that fuelt ala — a) ve fo [=e ate | Tae Fie sols O: andl = 23 wth mit) = mt) = = 1/98 a1 fll) 05 f(t) = Re [heb]: full) = Reith So intl) = halle or the primary transformer cuerents it holds that: fant) ~ 2/)5 Re Life]: yl) = 2/15 Rete Maptt) fart) = 2fV3 Re le *isk9) ‘an for the secundary transformer eure — tii ial Archiv Fir Hlekteutctinie 70 (1985) ‘The results of this example are prosented in Fig. 18, where the following wales of the parameters are ser wa: U,=105KV ‘The resulte which are given in Fig. 13 arp ao-called “network” quantities which appoar at the terminals fof the transformer, Fig. 13a and h show the time functions ofa and w for the theee phases. Tt clearly reflects the influence of the phase shift inside the transformer. Fig, 130 gives the result for ay when at time =O msec) switch S, is opened. Be» ‘conse of a relatively high resistance in the circuit, soine damping effects can be observed. As after” = 0, jt, it olds that he =aHy = — the In Fig. 13d the restriking voltage over switch Sy inven. ‘The steady-state value is about 1.5 times the driven voltage, a8 expected. Fig. I3e gives the primary transformer eurrents in which the influence of the transients is noticeble ‘This ie of course in contrast to the currents at the place of the short circuit (Fig. 18f), For hoth current systems it holds, however, that after the switching. rnioment the current in phase “a” tends towards or is equal to aor and the currents in phase “b” ane in ‘ounterphase to the curronts in phaso “e” which was ‘expected; momover for the steady-state solution it holds that fye = —fp and fy =O. Kor tho transient art of the solution of the current, howover, it holds tht gees fT coon fll wre Ts lst two mths together with he om vertu derma si sya te “ey emis tannin rear wena pt pat Lis. This can he explained as follows, As in this eas no gero sequence component is involved, the ampere tues on each lin of the transformer suust be balanced. So, for the “coil” currents it holds tat: 1 Fara = 104 fare ier that dene ‘and ignwe ‘Using the relations between “network” and “coil” ‘quantities for this Delta vonnection will give the result as mentioned above.Doing the sane for the transient part will yield fare = are and fry = 0. ‘In observing the yoneral equations (31) it appears that the chameteristic behavionr of transformer with respec ase displace is an even multiple of 2/8 (& no distortion of he primary siguals take place by transforming the Fig. 18a variables, in moor) phase phase The seeondary voltages fered to the primary Ade {The reste voltagecvee suite Sy The primary ta {ormee currents pr f Tue cursents at F iy he soon: ‘Sang teanaformor current ip Rests of ealeulstions, (hosp size = 10.000 Dhane be ——s secondary side, This conteasts with the types wh k= odd. ‘These types have the properties as known from the Delta connection, which operates by adding and subtracting the signals whieh are present on the terminals as a filter, 8 Conclusions Applying: symmetrical components in network cal Calations to solve transient plionoment appears to results in the sane weleone feduetion of number ofPig. Had. Influence of diferent phase displacements phase at os phase bt = hase ‘a phase displacement factor k= 5, b phase displcement factor k—y ¢ phase dinplacement factor # =U, dp Aisplcemont Sartor 6-10 ‘equations us was obtained in steady-state calculations Tt is oven better while the negative sequence con ponent in the tine douaain is inclvded in the equations for the positive sequence component. Morover, the Archi fir Hlektrotechi 70 (1987) boundary vonditions ased to describe any disturbances whieh ocene, ean ensily be translated into sequence ‘components, For the transformer, in particular, all quantities Which aro known fron’ steady-state theory are cognizable in the differential equations and «sn therefore bo applied. Further, it can be concluded that all transformers with the same phase displace nent will give exactly the same result independently from their winding connections as long as no. 2040 ‘sequence component ia involved. Consequently, it appears that with respect to their behaviour only ‘ovo groups of transformers van be distinguished 1) transformers with k= even containing the types: Yys Dati De 2) transformers with &—odd containing the types: Yd; Vz; Dy. & gives the phase displacement in nutiples of 2/6. "Che influonee of the zero sequence system ean he different for each type. ‘From the exaniple whieh has been von itis lear that if @ solution method like for example the MNA: it models for rmiethod! js uted along vith the elements, large networks eun be analysed very logantly. Acknowledgement ‘The author would Hike to thank Prof i. M. B. Boerems for ic intert and helpaldiseassions. References 1. Radenberg: Blektrsehe Sehaltvonslings, Now York! erlin/Heidetberg: Springer 1074 2 White, Daz Woreog, Ho Rlectcomechanieal Feray Conversion, New York: Join Wiley & Sons 1958 b. Hindman J: Electrics! Machines New ¥ork: Pergamon Pre 1965, 4 Blend. O, Ls Electrical Energy Systems Theory, New York: Metiray-Hl 1072 ecrived January 5, 1987 fr. 6.6. Paap Dvife University of Teehnology Ponce Sytem Laborstory Melelieg 4 260s CD Delft ‘The Ne herland