-

2005 - 2007 .

2008


-
2005 - 2007 .

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

National Institute of Archaeology and Museum

Provadia-Solnitsata
Prehistoric Salt-Producing Center
The 2005 - 2007 Excavation Seasons

Edited by

Vassil Nikolov

, 2008
, 2008
, 2008
, 2008
ISBN: 978-954-92181-3-8

2005 - 2007 .

2008

4 3.
4:

4 60 2 E 3, E 4, F 3, F 4.
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1999:
1999, 1, 93-96.

Layer 4: Description (Summary)

Petar Leshtakov
Layer 4 has been investigated in an area of about 60 sq m in Squares E 3, E 4, F 3, F 4. It is a
layer of grayish-beige homogeneous coarse-structured clay soil. The layers thickness varies from 18 to
25-30 cm. It occurs immediately upon the upper surface of the Neolithic deposits.
Two accumulations of stones were discovered in the layer. A human mandible was found
between two stones in its central part. The other accumulation of stones includes about 15 average-sized
stones which form a row of single larger stones or smaller fractured stones arranged in parallel pairs. A
human mandible was uncovered among the stones lying on its left side as well as about ten fragments
of skull bones scattered in a small area around and belonging to one individual. The full investigation of
the layer showed that the human bones discovered had not come from a disturbed burial.
The purpose of these stone accumulations was not clarified during the investigation and they can
be regarded as features of possibly ritual nature or parts of the destructed wall of a building with human
bones immured (foundation offering). However, since no reliable data exist to support this hypothesis,
their arbitrary character should not be excluded.
Parts of a dwelling floor and an oven were uncovered in Layer 4 which are labeled as Building
3.

178

3:

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2000-2005: . . , . - , 2000-2005, 63-73.
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, 1991, 17.

Building 3: Architectural remains (Summary)

Petar Leshatkov
Building 3 has been uncovered in Squares F 3, E 3 and E 4 and probably continues into part of
the uninvestigated area. It has been distinguished only by separate sectors of the floor level and remains
of an oven. The largest preserved floor area has dimensions of 4.50 m x 1.85 m. It is made of slightly
rammed clay of grayish-black to dark brown color. An overlying layer of fine ash or decayed organics
has been established.
The oven was discovered at the boundary between Squares F 3 and E 3. It is rectangular in
shape with rounded corners and NE-SW aligned. Its opening is from the southwestern side. It is 1.40 m
long and 1.45-1.50 m wide. The lower southeastern wall of the dome is totally intact. The northeastern
domes wall is partially preserved and the northwestern wall is completely destroyed, its outlines ascertained by the well-preserved base of grayish-green clay. Only one foundation plastering of 1.5-2 cm
thickness has been registered.
A shallow trench with NW-SE orientation has been uncovered immediately next to the northeastern wall of the oven. No postholes have been established. The oven and the trench are structurally
connected by a layer of bright yellowish clay.
At this stage of investigation the architectural design and construction technology of Building
3 have not been clarified but certain indirect data allow making the assumption that its area is not less
than 55-60 sq m.

180

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(Slavchev 20042005, fig. 3 3).
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192

. .

 II.1 .
1 ,
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VIII (Slavchev 2004, fig. 1-4),
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IV,

V-VII , V-VII
, II-III

(
, - - 4).
, - (
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( . ).

,
( 1986,
118-119; 2000-2001, 137).

:
,
1991: . , . .
.
, . : 1990 .
, 1991, 17.
1984: . . . , . Studia
Praehistorica, 7, 1984, 81-98.

,
2005: . , .
.



. - . , 97, 1, 2005, 77-84.
,
1960: . , . . . .
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193

2000-2001: .
. . -
- , 36-37 (51-52), 2000-2001, 135-163.
1986: . . -
(
). , 1986.
,
1971: . , . .
, . , 1971, 2, 66-76.
. 1975: . , . , . , . , . , . .
( , 5). , 1975.
. 1983: . , . , . , . , .
.

( , 9). , 1983.
Marinesu-Blcu 1978: S. Marinescu-Blcu. Le debut et les etapes de la culture Precucuteni ainsi que ses
relation avec la culture de Tripolje. Thracia Praehistorica. Supplementum Pulpudeva, 3, 1978, 23-44.
Slavchev 1997: V. Slavchev. The links between Dobrudja and the forest-steeppe zone of Eastern Europe
during the Middle Aeneolithic (Based on data from the pottery from tell Golemiya ostrov near tha
village of Durankulak, Varna region). Archaeologia Bulgarica, 1997, 3, 1-14.
Slavev 2003: V. Slavev. Charakteristik der Keramik von Schicht VII aus dem Die Groe Insel bei
Durankulak, Nordostbulgarien. - , 21, 2003, 145-175.
Slavchev 2004: V. Slavchev. The features of cultural development of modern Southern Dobrudja during
the first half of the 5000 BC (According to the pottery of the tell Golemiya ostrov near the village
Durankulak). In: I. Cndea, V. Srbu, M. Neagu (eds.). Prinos lui Petre Diaconu la 80 de ani. Brila,
2004, 25-29.
Slavchev 2004-2005: V. Slavchev. Monuments of the final phase of cultures Hamangia and Sava on the
territory of Bulgaria. Pontica, 27-28, 2004-2005, 9-19.
Todorova 2002: H. Todorova (Hrsg.). Durankulak, Band II. Die prhistorischen Grberfelder von
Durankulak, Teil 2. Sofia, 2002.
Vajsova 1967: H. Vajsova. Keramika typu Varna v Severovychodnom Bulharsku. Archeologicke
rozhledy, 13, 1967, 329-351.

Layer 4 and Building 3: Ceramic assemblage (Summary)

Petar Leshatkov
A large amount of highly fragmented pottery has been found in Layer 4. More shapes that can
be reconstructed graphically have been uncovered in Building 3. The assemblages features and their
reference to the same stratigraphic layer make it possible to consider them together.
The first part of the paper discusses the three groups of features of the prehistoric ceramic vessels: technological, formal, and ornamental. An attempt is made in the second part to combine them in a
single system and to find parallels in similar ceramic assemblages of the same period. Based on a comparative analysis, I have tried to clarify the relative chronology of the ceramic assemblage investigated
as well as the layer it comes from.
The ceramic assemblage of Layer 4 and Building 3 is hand-made. Purified clays were used to
make pots, to which, depending on the vessels purpose, admixtures were intentionally added such as
fine quartz sand, grog or small pebbles.
The following surface treatments have been distinguished: roughly smoothed, smoothed, very
well smoothed and burnished. The larger part of the pottery is slipped and on some vessels a second
color slip is brushed on whose basic component is pyrolusite or goethite.
The following shapes have been identified in Layer 4 and Building 3: dishes with three basic
series (inverted conical, semispherical and complex-profiled) represented by several types each; bowls

194

with five basic series (semispherical and elongated spherical, cylindrical-conical, biconical, bicylindrical-conical and with a flat biconical body and high inverted conical neck) represented by several types
each; pots with a biconical body and short inverted conical neck represented by one type; lids with two
basic series (two-section with a cylindrical/conical lower and conical upper part and flat with a cylindrical knob) represented by several types each.
According to the technique used addition, removal or painting on the surface the decoration of the ceramic assemblage of Layer 4 and Building 3 has been subdivided into three main groups:
positive decoration including barbotine and plastered patterns; negative decoration including channeled,
impressed, needled, incised and excised; painted decoration including graphite-painted, red-ochre
painted and slipped.
The comparative analysis of the pottery from Layer 4 and Building 3 outlines several main
tendencies:
First, there is a well-defined continuity with the upper Middle Chalcolithic horizon of the tell
(Layer 2).
The closest parallels have been found at Suvorovo located about 25 km to the southeast.
Clearly defined are the similar features with the pottery from phase IV of the Hamangia culture.
The closest parallels have been established among the material from horizon VII of Tell DurankulakGolemia Ostrov and in some middle Chalcolithic burials from its cemetery. However, there are no typological and decorative similarities with the pottery from horizon VIII published so far which are referred
to the end of Hamangia III.
Strong connections can be traced with the settlements from the Polyanitsa IV culture which
enable me to synchronize the investigated assemblage with horizon V-VII of Tell Polyanitsa, horizon VVII of Tell Ovcharovo, horizon II-III of Tell Radingrad and with the middle Chalcolithic layers of some
sites in the Yantra river valley (Tell Dzhulyunitsa, Kachitsa-Veliko Tarnovo and Orlovets-Erendzhika).
Some features characteristic of the earlier phase of the Sava culture (phase III) are present which
continued to exist during the first half of the following one.
The ceramic assemblage discussed can be referred to the first half of the middle Chalcolithic
(according to H. Todorovas periodization). Its cultural reference is presently difficult to determine
because of the unification trends which occurred in the last phases of the Hamangia and Sava cultures.

3:

3 .
,
, 4
- , ,
- .
,
,
( 1 1).
, .
, .
.
III-IV (
. 1975, . 18 5, 11, 13).
195

 , ,
. ( 1 2-3), ( 1 4).
(
).

( 1 2). . , -
(Hochstetter 1987, 86-88).

( 1 5).
, ,
. .
.
1. .
.
.
. . . 1718. 4, . F 2. 4,8 .
, IV/ IV ( 1, 1).
2. . .
. . . . 1717. 4, . F 2.
5 , 0,45 , 1,1 . ,
IV/ IV ( 1, 2).
3. . .
. . . 1821. 4, . F 1. 4,4 ,
0,7 , 0,6 . , IV/
IV ( 1, 3).
4. . . . .
. 1716. 4, . F 2. 3,3 2,8 , 0,6 . ,
IV/ IV ( 1, 4).
5.
.
,

1. - . 3.
- 1. - 2-4.
- 5. .

196

 . . - ,
. . . 1893. 4, . F 1.
4,7 , 1,6 ,
0,9 . , IV/ IV ( 1, 5).

:
. 1975: . , . , . , . , . , . .
( , 5). , 1975.
Hochstetter 1987: A. Hochstetter. Kastanas. Ausgrabungen in einem Siedlungshgel der Bronze- und
Eisenzeit Makedoniens 1975-1979. Die Kleinfunde (Prhist. Arch. in Sdosteuropa 6). Berlin, 1987.

Building 3: Small finds (Summary)

Petar Leshtakov
A limited amount of small finds were found during the investigation of Building 1. On the one
hand, this is probably due to the fact that Layer 4 and the building uncovered in it are highly disturbed by
later digging. On the other hand, because of the natural death of the building, the more valuable objects
were removed before it had been demolished. A fragment of an upright anthropomorphic figurine, a clay
spoon sherd and three ceramic disks made of reused pottery sherds have been discovered.

3:

4 90
(38 3 52
), 15 (5 10 ) 1 ( ).
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197

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( 1 4, 6, 12).
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297

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:
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.

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Slavev 2003: V. Slavev. Charakteristik der Keramik von Schicht VII aus dem Die Groe Insel bei
Durankulak, Nordostbulgarien. - , 21, 2003, 145-175.
Todorova 2002: H. Todorova (Hrsg.). Durankulak, Band II. Die prhistorischen Grberfelder von
Durankulak, Teil 2. Sofia, 2002.
Todorova, Toneva 1975: H. Todorova, G. Toneva. Die neolithische Pfahlbausiedlung bei Ezerovo
im Varnasee. - Germania, 53, 1975, 30-46.
Vajsova 1966: H. Vajsova. Stand der Jungsteinzeitforschung in Bulgarien.- Slovenska archeologia,
14-1, 1966, 5-48.

Enclosure Ditch: Chalcolithic pottery (Summary)

Viktoria Petrova, Petar Leshtakov
A large quantity of prehistoric pottery has been found in the backfill of the Enclosure Ditch. It is
unstratified and appeared there accidentally during the collapsing of the Ditchs walls and its subsequent
natural filling. A small part of the material refers to the late Neolithic whereas the rest belong to the
middle and late Chalcolithic.
The middle Chalcolithic sherds belong to the ceramic assemblages of Layers 4, 3 and 2 but
due to their redeposition in the Ditch, they cannot be identified. Dishes, bowls, pots, lids and pithoi
are represented. Their technological characteristics do not differ from those of the middle Chalcolithic
pottery from Layers 4-2.
Besides the already known basic shapes of dishes (inverted conical, semispherical and complex
profiled), a new one has been recorded: a cylindrical-conical shape. Most vessels are decorated with
the well-known ornamental techniques. Exceptions to these are sherds of a conical dish decorated on
the inside and outside with incised and excised decoration typical of the Boyan III culture as well as a
sample of the newly-discovered shape: a cylindrical-conical dish which has specific incised decoration
demonstrating southern influence.
Besides the well-known semispherical, cylindrical-conical and biconical bowls, two new shapes
have been recorded. The first one is represented by vessels with a short semispherical middle part, an
inverted conical lower body and a short vertical neck. The second one is similar to the vessels having
an S-shaped profile and distinguished by their greater depth. The bowls are ornamented with stamped,
channeled and needled decoration. On some is encountered specific incised decoration with dots of
probably southern origin as well as decoration which suggests influence from Polyanitsa IV.
The pots are represented by sherds which do not allow reconstruction. Besides stamped
decoration, graphite ornamentation has also been found on them.

308

The lids repeat the well-known shapes, decorated mostly with stamped ornamentation. Only on
one of these decoration is registered consisting of wide grooves filled with white paste typical of the
Polyanitsa IV culture.
The pithoi are illustrated by a sherd with inscribed angles depicted in red ochre flanked by
incisions.
A sherd has been uncovered, probably of a ladle, whose specific ornamentation is a combination
of graphite-painted and needled decoration supplemented by a band of red ochre thus enabling us to
refer it to the middle Chalcolithic.
This paper includes the most representative late Chalcolithic material from the Ditch.
Four technological groups have been identified: brown or dark-brown, very well smoothed or
burnished surface; black burnished surface; black surface with burnished upper and rough lower body;
dark-brown or brown surface with a burnished or smoothed mouth and rough lower body.
The fine ware is represented by dishes (cylindrical-conical; with a cylindrical mouth, rounded
middle part and inverted conical lower body; with a conical mouth, rounded middle part and inverted
conical lower body); bowls (with an inverted conical mouth and inverted conical lower body; of biconical
shape; a biconical bowl with concave wall in the upper body; with a conical mouth and cylindrical
middle part); deep bowls (with a conical mouth and inverted conical lower body; of biconical shape); a
pot with a conical upper and rounded lower body; a conical lid. The graphite decoration on the vessels
is positive (horizontal, vertical or inclined bands of varied thickness, angular, arch-shaped, triangular
and quadrangular motifs); positive-negative (thick lines of varied thickness, negative oval motifs, thick
oval motifs); negative (oval or unfolded spiral motifs). The needled (small round dots) and channeled
(horizontal lines) ornamentation is rarely encountered.
In the coarse ware we can distinguish between an inverted conical dish and spherical bowls. The
ornamentation is incised (triangular fields filled with incisions) and plastic (plastic buttons).
Some of the sherds presented which have been uncovered in the defensive Ditch refer to the
late Chalcolithic Varna culture. Some date back to its phase I (a pot with a small vertical handle) but
most refer to phases II-III of that cultural phenomenon (dishes with a profiled base and bud-like vertical
handle, dishes with a cylindrical mouth, rounded middle part and inverted conical lower body; tiered
vessels). The characteristics of another part of the represented sherds illustrate the strong influence of
the Kodzhadermen-Gumelnia-Karanovo V cultural complex. It is expressed in established parallels of
vessel shapes (cylindrical-conical dishes; biconical bowls) and ornamental motifs of graphite decoration
(unfolded spiral motifs, negative circles) with horizons VIII-X of Tell Ovcharovo and late Chalcolithic
material from Tell Kodzhadermen referred to phase II of the KGK V cultural complex.

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Popov 1978: N. Popov. Resultats principaux des fouilles du tell pres de la ville de Smiadovo, departmet
de umen. Studia Prahistorica, 1-2, 1978, 149-156.
Todorova, Vajsov 2001: H. Todorova, I. Vajsov. Der kupferzeitliche Schmuck Bulgariens (Prhistorische
Bronzefunde XX, 6). Stuttgart, 2001.
Todorova 2002: H. Todorova (Hrsg.). Durankulak, Band II. Die prhistorischen Grberfelder, Teil 2.
Sofia, 2002.

316

Enclosure Ditch: Small finds (Summary)

Vassil Nikolov, Petar Leshtakov
Late Neolithic finds. Seven larger fragments of altars (Plate 1 1-7) have been found. They are
parts of the receptacles walls, including corner elements; only one corner fragment includes a lower
leg part and another one has a whole leg. All originate from three-sided altars (so-called cult tables).
The checkered ornamentation predominates. Although only several fragments are available, their
ornamentation demonstrates stylistic and compositional similarities to approximately simultaneous sites
in the eastern parts of Thrace. Parts of two female anthropomorphic figurines have also been found. One
of them is almost a whole figurine with a missing head (Plate 1 9). The upper body was made in the
traditional iconography for Thrace of that time. The second fragment is the upper half of a similar but
apparently a little larger female figurine, with its head again missing (Plate 1 8).
Chalcolithic finds. The altars are represented by a fragment (Plate 2 1) of a four-sided cult table
with a sunken receptacle. It refers to the middle Chalcolithic. A fragment of a ceramic anthropomorphic
figurine has been discovered (Plate 2 2) which dates back to the late Chalcolithic. The zoomorphs are
represented by a lower part of a zoomorphic pot (Plate 2 4). It is referred to the middle Chalcolithic.
Several fragments of ornithomorphic pots have been uncovered, one of which is better preserved (Plate
2 5). It dates back to the middle Chalcolithic. Two fragments of ceramic discs and one complete sample
have been found (Plate 2 3). A shallowly incised cross has been recorded on the lower surface of a
ceramic vessels bottom (Plate 2 6). Fragment of a marble dish has also been found among the ditch
finds (Plate 2 8). Five finds of the jewellery category have been recovered: two bone plates, a bracelet
fragment and two beads (Plate 2 7, 9-12).

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