Buoi 2 - Ton Kho Trong SCM

TN KHO TRONG CHUI CUNG NG
Phn loai tn kho va nhu cu

Kha nng sn co cua hang hoa
anh i trong tn kho

H thng Pull vs. Push.
im tai t hang va h thng
kim tra inh ky.

H thng Just-In-Time
1
J.F. Campbell, UM St. Louis 2006
Vn
Lam sao quan ly qua nhiu mt hang
tao nhiu im khac nhau trong sut
chui cung ng
Vi yu cu moi mt hang phai ung s
lng, ung ni, ung luc va ung gia
Khng u s lng ung ni la gy ra tn
kem
Qua nhiu tai mt ni cung gy ra tn kem
2
Vi du
Mt mt hang (trong s hang ngan mt hang)
ang tr tai ca hang. Gia s nhu cu d
kin la 5.000sp/nm
Ban nn t hang kiu nao?

Mt ln 5000 sp cho ca nm?
Hai ln, mi ln 2500 sp?
Nm ln, mi ln 1000 sp ?
96.15 sp hang tun?
13.7 sp hang ngay?
Va kip luc, nhng khng c ht hang?

3
Tn kho
Bao gm:
Nguyn vt liu, linh kin, ban thanh
phm, thanh phm.
Hin din:
Trong nha kho, khu vc san xut, trn
phng tin vn chuyn, trn k hang.
Chi phi tn khi chim t 20-40% gia

tri cua san phm
4
Tai sao phai gi tn kho

Tn dung tinh kinh t nh quy m trong san
xut va vn chuyn.
Phi hp gia cung va cu
Khc phuc s khng chc chn v nhu cu
va b sung
Cung cp s ap ng nhanh vi khach hang
Hang rao ngn chn lam phat va tng gia
(u c)
Mt phn cua san xut
5
Bt li cua tn kho
Chi phi cao:
Tin (va khng gian) bi chn trong
hang tn kho co th c s dung tt
hn nhng ni khac trong t chc.
Rui ro hang hoa li thi.

Vi du hang in t, may tinh, san phm
CNTT.
Che du nhng khim khuyt trong

h thng quan ly
6
Phn loai tn kho

Tn kho thng (chu ky): ap ng nhu cu d
kin gia cac n t hang.
c s dung dn dn, nhng b sung vi s lng ln.
Tn kho an toan: bao v chng lai cac nhu

cu t xut t nhu cu d kin s ln hn hoc
dai hn thi gian b sung d kin.
Tn kho trong qua trinh lun chuyn

Tn kho do u c
Hang hoa li thi, hao hut, mt mat
7
Phn loai nhu cu

Lin tuc:
Gia tri trung binh va s bin ng cua nhu cu
Co th tinh toan c.
S dung t hang lp lai.
Theo chu ky/mua

t hang 1 ln/1 vai ln trong mua.
Lumpy (lm chm): kho d oan.

S bin ng ln hn gia tri trung binh.
Kt thuc:
Nhu cu s ht tai mt thi im bit trc.
Phu thuc
Phu thuc vao nhu cu cua nhng hang hoa khac.
o lng hiu qua

Nhu cu hang nm
Ty l quay vong hang hoa =
Tn kho trung binh
Cang cao cang tt
Mc sn co: % trong kho

i vi 1 mt hang: Service Level = SL
Mt n hang co nhiu mt hang: Fill Rate = FR
Tt ca n hang: Weighted Average Fill Rate = WAFR
Cang cao cang tt
Chi phi t hang, chi phi tn tr, ht hang.

Cang thp cang tt.
9
Mc phuc vu Service Level: SL

Hang hoa lun sn co ung s lng, ung ni va ung
thi im.
i vi 1 mt hang: SLi = Service Level cho mt

hang i
SLi = Xac sut mt hang i co trong kho.
= 1 Xac sut mt hang i ht hang.
SLi = 1 -
c lng s lng thiu hut/nm i vi mt hang i

Nhu cu hang nm i vi mt hang i
Vi du: nu nhu cu la 2400/nm, trung binh thiu

hut trung binh 6 sp/thang, thi SL=97%
10
Mc sn co: FR va WAFR
i vi 1 n hang co nhiu mt hang: FRj = Fill
Rate cho n hang j
FRj = SL1 x SL2 x SL3 x ...
Cho tt ca n hang: WAFR (Weighted Average

Fill Rate)
Tng tt ca n hang (FRj) x (Tn sut n hang j).
11
Vi du WAFR
Co 3 mt hang
I1 (SL=0.98);
n hang Tn sut
I1
0.4
I1,I2,I2
0.1
I1,I3
0.2
I1,I2,I3
0.3
D liu
I2 (SL = 0.90); I3 (SL = 0.95)
FR
Tn sut xFR
0.98
0.392
0.98x0.90x0.90=0.7938
0.07938
0.98x0.95=0.931
0.1862
0.98x0.90x0.95=0.8379
0.25137
WAFR = 0.90895
Tinh toan
12
anh i - Tradeoff
Mc phuc vu SL va chi phi
SL cao hn
Tn kho nhiu hn.
Chi phi cao hn.
SL cao hn
Mc sn co tt
hn.
It ht hang hn.
Doanh thu cao hn.
Mc phuc vu SL
13
anh i - Tradeoff
Mc phuc vu SL va chi phi
Li nhun cao nht

cha hn la mc
phuc vu cao nht
Li
nhun
Mc phuc vu
14
Chi phi tn kho

Chi phi t hang:
Bao gm:
Chi phi vn chuyn va tn tr:

Ti l thun vi gia tri hang tn kho.
Chi phi vn (80%).

Chi phi s dung khng gian.
Chi phi dich vu, bao him, hang h hong, li thi...
Chi phi ht hang.

Mt doanh thu (hin tai va tng lai).
Chi phi t hang lai, x ly, vn chuyn
15
anh i chi phi

Tn kho ln hn nghia la dich vu tt hn, doanh
thu cao hn nhng keo theo nhiu chi phi khac
Chi phi tn tr
hang
vs.
Chi phi t hang va ht
Tn kho ln hn
Chi phi tn tr ln hn.
Tn kho ln hn
Chi phi t hang thp hn.
Tn kho ln hn
hn.
Hang hoa sn co nhiu

giam chi phi ht hang.
16
Ht hang h thng ban le

Trung binh co 8-12% mt hang khng co sn
trn k hang
Nhng san phm thng xuyn co sn trong

nha kho.
Chi co khoang 3% thi gian la san phm khng co
trong kho.
Nhng nguyn nhn ht hang:

?
17
H thng keo va y Pull vs. Push

Keo:
Co nhiu im tn kho c lp vi nhau.
Mi n hang c lp vi nhau.
Thng dung trong nganh ban le.
Phu hp vi nhom nhu cu lin tuc.
Push:
Thit lp cac mc hang tn kho chung.
Tn dung tinh kinh t nh quy m.

.
18
Kim soat tn kho trong h thng y

Co c mt lng ln.
Phn b s lng tai cac im tn kho da
trn:
D bao nhu cu va s bin ng (standard
deviation- lch chun).
Tn kho hin co.
Mc phuc vu SL.
Cho phep tn tr ln u c
19
Kim soat tn kho trong h thng keo

t hang bao nhiu (mi ln)?
100 sp, 50 sp, ...
Khi nao t hang?

Hang ngay, tun, thang, ...
Hay khi mc tn kho giam. (giam nh th nao?)
Hai m hinh tn kho cho h thng keo .

im tai t hang (Reorder point-ROP)
(kim soat lin tuc): lng t hang c inh,
thi im t hang thay i
Kim soat inh ky (Periodic review): Thi
im t hang c inh, lng t hang thay i
da trn lng tn kho trong tay.
20
So sanh
Reorder Point
Periodic Review
Khac nhau v khoang thi

gian.
C inh khoang thi

gian t hang.
C inh ln n hang.
Linh ng kich thc

l hang.
Phn chia tn sut n

hang cho tng mt hang.
Nhn c nhiu chit
khu v s lng.
Giam tn kho an toan.
Cn phai bit mc hang
tn kho kich hoat tai
t hang giam sat tng.
Chi phi tn kho giam.
Thun tin cho quan

ly giam sat giam.
Co th kt hp t
nhiu mt hang khac
nhau tai tng thi
im.
Cn phai bit chinh
xac mc hang tn
kho tai thi im t
21
hng.
Kim soat tn kho trong h thng

keo: m hinh Reorder Point
Thich hp cho nhu cu lin tuc.
Cac im tn kho c lp.
Xem xet 1 san phm tai 1 vi tri.

Xac inh:
Lng t hang = Q
Thi im t hang = ROP
1. Tim gia tri ti u cho Q va ROP.
2. Xem xet iu chinh phu hp vi c im

t chc.
22

t hang 1 lng c inh Q khi tn kho
giam ti mt mc gii han nao o (reorder
point =ROP).
Theo doi sat mc tn kho a n mc gii han
cha.
Nu nhu cu ln, hang tn kho giam nhanh thi
n t hang s c phat ra lin tuc.
Va ngc lai.
Thng s dung cho: hang hoa quan trong,

t tin (chim dung vn), hoc nhu cu
cao, thng xuyn.
Nhng chi phi giam sat cung cao.

23

t hang Q khi tn kho ri xung mc ROP
Lng t hang c inh= Q.
Thi im t hang thay i.
100
ROP
90
Inventory Level
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
LT1
20
LT2
LT3
10
0
0
t n
hang
1
Q=50
ROP=42
10
20
Nhn n
hang
1
30
40
50
Time
(day)
t n
t
n
hang
hang
Nhn n
2
3
hang
2
Tn kho s tng ln 1 mc la Q
60
70
Nhn n
hang
3
80
90
LT: lead time

24

100
ROP
90
Inventory Level
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
LT1
20
LT2
LT3
10
0
0
t n
hang
1
10
Nhn n
hang
1
Thi gian gia ln

t hang 1 & 2
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Timet
(day)
t n
n
hang
hang Nhn n
Nhn n
2
3
hang
hang
3
2
Thi gian gia ln

t hang 2 & 3
25

t hang Q khi tn kho ri xung mc ROP.
Nu nhu cu hoc thi gian giao hang (lead time) ln
hn thi thiu hut, ht hang STOCKOUT xay ra.
100
ROP
90
Inventory Level
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
Thiu hut khi n

hang 2 v tr
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time (day)
Thiu hut khi nhu cu qua

ln khi n hang th 3 v
26
Tn kho an toan - Safety Stock

Safety stock, mc tn kho d tr ngn
nga ht hang do bin ng nhu cu va thi
gian giao hang.
Xac inh Safety stock da trn:

Trung binh va mc bin ng (standard deviation)
cua nhu cu.
Trung binh va mc bin ng cua lead time.
Xac sut mong mun co hang trong kho.
Nhu cu bin ng nhiu, lead time bin ng

nhiu dn n tn kho an toan tng tranh
ht hang.
ROP = c lng nhu cu trong thi gian
giao hang+ safety stock
27
Tim li giai ti u
Tinh Q ti thiu tng chi phi.
Chi phi bao gm:
Chi phi t hang.
Chi phi tr hang ( ap ng nhu cu banva2
tn kho an toan).
Chi phi ht hang.
Tinh toan ROP at c mc dich vu

mong mun SL.
Tim li giai ti u
28
Cac thng s tn kho

D = Nhu cu (hang nm) - or - d = mc nhu cu
S = chi phi t hang($/n hang)
I = Chi phi tn tr (% gia tri hang hoa/n vi hang hoa)
C = gia tri hang hoa ($)
LT = lead time (trung binh)
k = chi phi ht hang/n vi sp
P = Xat sut hang trong kho trong thi gian giao
hang
sd = lch chun (standard deviation) cua nhu cu
sLT = lch chun (standard deviation) cua thi gian giao
hang
Tinh sd = std. deviation cua nhu cu trong thi gian giao hang
=
LT x sd2 + d2 x sLT2
29
Tinh toan cac bin s tn kho

Q = lng t hang
ROP = Reorder point
TC = Tng chi phi tn kho (nm)
N = s lng n hang/year
Tinh toan Q TC min.

Tinh toan ROP da trn:
Nhu cu (d, sd),
Lead time (LT, sLT), and
Xac sut hang co trong kho (P). chung ta

mun SL
30
Tinh gia tri ti u

Q=
2DS
IC
Lng t hang kinh t
ROP = c lng nhu cu trong lead time + tn kho an toan

= d x LT
+
P x sd
Tn kho an toan: Safety stock = P x sd
P = Xac sut hang co trong kho.
Average Inventory Level (AIL) = Tn kho thng + safety

stock
Q
AIL =
+ P x sd
2
31
Lng t hang ti u
Tim Q TC min.
Cp t
hang +
D S
TC =
Q
Cp tn
tr
Q
IC 2
Cp tn
tr tn
kho an
toan
Chi phi
ht hang
ICPsd
D
k sd (1-P)
Q
P = Xac xut co hang trong kho
32
Chi phi t hang

Cp t hang=
D S
Q
Lng n hang hang nm = N =

Vi du: D = 1000/yr
D
Q
Q= 200
N = 1000/200 = 5 n hang/yr
Chi phi t hang cao do:

S lng t hang nho
33
Chi phi tn tr
Chi phi tn tr
Chi phi tn tr tn
+
tn kho thng
kho an toan
Q
IC 2
+
ICPsd
IC = chi phi lu gi 1 san phm/nm
Q/2 = mc ky vong nhu cu
Psd = safety stock
Chi phi tn tr cao do:
Lng t hang ln
Bin ng (nhu cu, leadtime) ln (sd) hay
mc dich vu cao (P) safety stock ln
34
Chi phi ht hang

c/phi ht hang = D k sd (1-P)
Q
D/Q = s n hang nm
k = chi phi ht hang n vi
sd (1-P) = c lng s hang bi ht trong 1 chu ky t
hang
Chi phi ht hang cao do:

Lng t hang nho
Bin ng nhiu (sd) hay mc dich vu thp (P)
tn kho an toan nho.
35
anh i chi phi

Chi phi tn tr
ht hang
vs.
Chi phi t hang va chi phi
t hang nhiu hn
.
Chi phi t hang giam.
Chi phi ht hang giam.
t hang nhiu hn
.
Chi phi tn tr tng.
36
Bn loai chi phi va Q

D
D S + IC Q
k sd (1-P)
+
ICzs
+
d
2
Q
Q
600
500
Total Cost
Order Cost
400
Cost
Reg Carrying Cost

300
SS Carrying Cost
Stockout Cost
200
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Q
37
Lng t hang ti u
tai Q* tng chi phi TC min.
600
500
Cost
400
300
200
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Q
38
Mc dich vu - Service Level

c th hin qua tham s P (Xac sut co
hang trong kho)
Cn xac inh ung service level (i.e. safety

stock) tit kim chi phi
Khi chi phi ht hang la cao thi chi phi tn kho
an toan s giup tit kim 1 lng ln
39
Vi du Reorder Point
D = 5000 sp/nm
S = $10/n hang
C = $5/san phm
I = 20% /nm
LT = 2 tun (c inh)
sd = 10 sp/tun
k = $2/sp; P = 80%
d = 96.15 sp/tun
sLT = 0
Tinh Q ti u, reorder point ROP va total cost TC.
40
Vi du
D = 5000 sp/nm
S = $10/n hang
C = $5/san phm
I = 20% /nm
LT = 2 tun (c inh)
sd = 10 sp/tun
k = $2/sp; P = 80%
Q=
d = 96.15 sp/tun
sLT = 0
2x5000x10
= 316.23 sp
0.2x5
sd = 10 2 = 14.14
ROP = d x LT + P x sd = 96.15(2) + 0.80(14.14) = 203.6

D
D S + IC Q
k sd (1-P)
+
ICPs
+
TC =
d
2
Q
Q
TC = 158.11 + 158.11 + 11.88 + 50.08 = $378.18/nm
41
Vi du
D = 5000 sp/nm
S = $10/n hang
C = $5/san phm
I = 20% /nm
LT = 2 tun (c inh)
sd = 10 sp/tun
k = $2/sp; P = 80%
d = 96.15 sp/tun
sLT = 0
t 316 sp khi tn kho con 203 sp.

Tng chi phi tn kho la 378 USD/nm.
42
Vi du thay i lng t hang

Mi n hang cach nhau 150 sp.
So sanh TC khi Q=300 va Q=450.
D = 5000 sp/nm
S = $10/n hang
C = $5/san phm
I = 20% /nm
LT = 2 tun (c inh)
sd = 10 sp/tun
k = $2/sp; P = 80%
TC
d = 96.15 sp/tun
316.23
sLT = 0
43
Thay i lng t hang

Q=300
300
+ 0.2x5x0.8x14.14
TC = 5000 10 + 0.2x5
2
300
5000
+
2x14.14x0.2
300
TC = 166.67 + 150 +11.88 + 52.79 = $381.34/nm
Q=450
450
+ 0.2x5x0.8x14.14
TC = 5000 10 + 0.2x5
2
450
5000
+
2x14.14x0.20
450
TC = 111.11 + 225 +11.88 + 35.19 = $383.18/nm
44
Vi du
k
.80
2
2
2
ROP
SS
TC($/year)
316.2
204.2
11.9
378.18
.80
300
218.5
11.9
381.34
.80
.9678
350
321.8
218.5
218.5
11.9
26.2
383.18
347.97
Nng mc phuc vu SL, co th giam chi phi!

P = 96.78%, tit kin 8%.
iu chinh lng t hang, hiu qua giam chi

phi khng cao.
(<2%) tng chi phi.
45
Bin ng cua lead time

Hng s (sLT = 0).
Nu lead time bin ng:
Tng safety stock (Psd).
Chi phi tng ln.
sd = LT x sd2 + d2 x sLT2
Bin ng s lam tng tn kho an toansafety

stock, ROP va TC!
Cai gia cho s khng chc chn la rt t!
46
Vi du v bin n Lead Time

D = 5000 sp/nm
S = $10/n hang
C = $5/sp
I = 20% nm
LT = 2 tun (hng s )
sd = 10 san phm/tun
sLT = 1.2
k = $2/unit; P=80%
d = 96.15 sp/tun
Bin ng lead time gy ra:

sd =
LT x sd2 + d2 x sLT2
= 116.24
lead time:
sLT = 0 and sd = 14.14
47
Bin ng lead time

Bin ng:
P = 80%, sLT = 1.2 and sd = 116.24
TC = 158.11 + 158.11 + 97.64 + 411.69 = $825.55/year
Safety stock = P x sd = 0.80(116.24) = 93 units
Hng s
P = 80%, sLT = 0 and sd = 14.14
TC = 158.11 + 158.11 + 11.88 + 50.08 = $378.18/year

Safety stock = P x sd = 0.80(14.14) = 11.00 units
Tai sao chung ta phai ganh chiu chi phi

nay cho nha cung cp
48
Kim soat tn kho trong h thng keo: h

thng kim soat inh ky (Periodic Review )
Phu hp nhu cu lin tuc.
Mi im tn kho c lp.
Xem xet 1 sp tai 1 im.

Xac inh:
t hang bao nhiu= M lng hang ang
co
Khi nao t hang= T =khoang thi gian c
inh
1. xac inh gia tri ti u cho M va T .

2. iu chinh cho phu hp vi t chc.
49
thng kim soat inh ky

(Periodic Review )
Mi khoan thi gian T (c inh) t 1 lng
hang thay i bng M-hang co trong tay
Chi cn bit hang tn kho tai thi im t hang.
Nu nhu cu ln, tn kho giam nhanh thi lng
t hang ln.
Nu nhu cu nho, tn kho giam chm thi lng
t hang nho.
Hu ich cho vic t hang nhiu mt hang

vi nhau (cung mt khoang thi) va khi cac
nha cung cp truy cp inh ky.
50

(Periodic Review )
Lng t hang = M- (tn kho trong tay) mi khoan thi gian T.
C inh khoang thi gian t hang= T (T=20 ngay).
Lng t hang thay i.
100
Inventory Level
90
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
LT1
10
LT3
LT2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
t nTime (days)
nhn n
t n
hang
hang
hang
3
3
nhn n
nhn n
2
hang
hang 1 r
2
t n
hang 1
T=20 ngay
M=90
Vi s bin ng cua lead time, nhiu n hang

khng th v chinh xac sau khoang 20 ngay 51
90

(Periodic Review )
100
Inventory Level
90
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
LT1
10
LT3
LT2
0
0
t n
hang
1
10
20
40
t n
hang
nhn n
nhn n
2
hang
hang
1
2
Thi gian gia t

hang ln 1&2
(20 ngay)
30
50
60
70
80
90
Time (days)
t n
nhn n
hang
hang
3
3
Thi gian gia t

hang ln 1&2
(20 ngay)
52

(Periodic Review )
Lng t hang = M- (tn kho trong tay) mi khoan thi
gian T.
Ht hang xut hin khi nhu cu a lead time khng n inh
100
Inventory Level
90
INVENTORY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
Ht hang do
hang v qua tr
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time (days)
Ht hang do nhu cu
tng t bin
53
Tham s tn kho
D = nhu cu (hang nm) - or - d = ty l nhu cu
S = chi phi t hang ($/n hang)
I = ch phi tn tr (% gia tri/n vi thi gian)
C = gia tri hang hoa ($)
LT =lead time
k = chi phi ht hang n vi
P = Xac sut hang trong kho trong thi gian leadtime
sd = standard deviation cua nhu cu
sLT = standard deviation cua lead time
khi lead time la hng s: sLT =0

Tinh sd =
sd T+LT
54
Xac inh cac gia tri bin s

T = Khoan t hang (v thi gian)
M = Mc tn kho cc ai (sp)
TC = Tng chi phi (hang nm)
N = s lng n hang/nm
Tinh toan T TC min.

Tinh M da trn:
Nhu cu (d, sd),
Khoan t hang (T)
Lead time (LT), va

Xac sut co hang trong kho (P).
55
Periodic Review
Khoan t hang ti u:
2S
IDC
T=
Mc tn kho cc ai : M = d(T+LT) + P sd
S + IC dT + IC P s + 1 k s (1-P)
d
d
Tng cp tn kho: TC = T
2
T
S n hang nm:
N=
1
T
Std. deviation cua nhu cu trong giai oan sd = sd

Lead time:
Tn kho trung binh: AIL =(dT)/2 + P sd
T + LT
56
Periodic Review
So sanh vi h thng Reorder Point, h thng
Periodic Review co:
safety stock va tn kho trung binh nhiu hn 1 it.
Chi phi tn kho cao hn 1 it va service level thp

hn.
Thi gian t hang trong tng lai xac inh c.
T thay i mt it cung ko anh hng nhiu n

TC.
VD, T = 3.29 tun, T = 3 tun hay T = 1 thang.
57
H thng tn kho Min-Max

Sp xi, nhng d thc hin.
H thng lai gia Reorder Point/Periodic
Review .
Hu dung trong trng hp nhu cu lm nhm

(lumpy demand).
t hang M tn kho trong tay, khi tn kho di

ROP.
M = ROP + Q*
58
H thng tn kho Min-Max

t hang M tn kho trong tay, khi tn kho di ROP.
Q=
2DS
IC
ROP = dxLT + Psd
M = ROP + Q
M
ROP
Time
59
Vi du H thng tn kho Min-Max

Q = 350; ROP = 100; LT = 2 days
M = 450
Ngay
Ban
Tn kho
112
64
40t hang 410 = 450 - 40
10
30
25
415
35
380
...
32
121
33
23
34
95
35
40
407
104
= 30 - 25 + 410
98t hang 352 = 450-98

= 95 - 40 + 352
60
Kim soat tn kho tng hp

Phn loai hang hoa theo ABC
Da trn doanh s.
Tp trung vao nhom A
* Phn loai hang hoa theo Pareto: 80/20
Ty s vong quay tn kho = Doanh thu/tn kho

trung binh
Tinh cho mi san phm hay tt ca
La chon m hinh theo tng nhom san phm,

tng nhom nhu cu
61
Cross Filling
Hoan tt n hang cho khach hang t nhiu
im tn kho khac nhau:
Cho phep chia s tn kho tai nhiu nha kho khac
nhau
Giam c safety stock trn tng th.
Phc tap va thach thc trong quan ly kho va vn
chuyn.
oi hoi mt h thng thng tin tich hp tt
62
Cross Filling
Which products and which customers should be
cross filled from which warehouses?
Mi khach hang lin quan

n 1 kho.
Mi khach hang lin quan

n nhiu kho.
Mi kho cha tt ca san

phm.
Mi kho khng cn d tr
tt ca cac loai hang hoa.
63
Just-In-Time (JIT)
H thng san xut co ngun gc t Nht.
Toyota.
c m rng t sa xut qua chui cung

ng.
ang c ng dung kh ni trn th gii
Vai tro nha san xut: san xut l nho vi

cht lng cao, tn kho thp.
Vai tro cua nha cung cp: giao tng l nho
cac component ung thi gian, ung luc,
ung s lng.
64
Muc tiu cua Just-In-Time

ng b hoa toan b chui cung ng ap ng
cho khach hang tt hn, nhanh hn, nho hn
Loai bo tt ca lang phi (tn kho + ph phm)
Muc tiu:
Tn kho bng khng.
L nho
Cht lng 100%.
Lin tuc cai tin giam tn kho, giam c l,

nng cao cht lng
Khng chp nhn lanh phi, ph phm, khuyt tt, tn kho
65
Vn hanh h thng JIT

Loai bo khuyt tt, ph phm, giam tn kho,
giam thi gian chuyn i...
Tn kho, khuyt tt, ph phm = lang phi.
Giam tn kho oi hoi cht lng cao, vn

chuyn tt (khng khuyt tt, khng giao
hang tr!).
Nhn thng xuyn (hang ngay, hang gi)
giao hang nho b sung nhng gi a c
s dung.
San xut vi s lng nho thay th nhng
gi a c tiu thu (ban ra).
66
Vn hanh truyn thng

Ti u hoa s anh i va tn dung li th kinh
t nh quy m.
Tn kho = s bao v ht hang
Khuyt tt, ph phm.. = cai ac phai co.
Tn kho cao che y cht lng kem,

Quan ly khng hiu qua
Nhn khng thng xuyn l hang ln khai
thc tinh kinh t nh quy m.
San xut s lng ln ap ng d bao va
khai thc tinh kinh t nh quy m.
67
Anh hng cua vn chuyn

Gi va nhn thng xuyn nhng l hang nho.
oi hoi cht lng vn chuyn rt cao.
Khng hang khng tr hen, khng tn kho.
Giao hang khng c sm, vi khng co ch trng
cha.
68
Anh hng cua ia im

Khuyn khich nha cung cp ong gn khach
hang.
Nha cung cp v tinh ong gn ni lp rap.
Nha kho ong gn ni phn phi
69
Li ich va iu kin
Li ich: giam tn kho va cht lng cao hn!
Danh vn lam chuyn khac, chi phi c hi
Cht lng cao, gia ban cao, doanh thu tt.
iu kin:
Yu cu an toan, chui cung ng ang tin cy (nha
cung cp, cac hang tau vn chuyn va c s ha tng).
Kho khn thc hin:
Yu cu thay i ln trong quy trinh kinh doanh.
S ng long cua cac chui
70
Nht Ban va Just-In-Time

Vi sao Nht Ban thanh cng
VN, ap dung JIT nh th nao?
71
72

Buoi 2 - Ton Kho Trong SCM

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Buoi 2 - Ton Kho Trong SCM

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TN KHO TRONG CHUI CUNG NG

Phn loai tn kho va nhu cu

anh i trong tn kho

kim tra inh ky.

Ban nn t hang kiu nao?

Va kip luc, nhng khng c ht hang?

Chi phi tn khi chim t 20-40% gia

Tai sao phai gi tn kho

Mt phn cua san xut

Rui ro hang hoa li thi.

Che du nhng khim khuyt trong

Phn loai tn kho

Tn kho an toan: bao v chng lai cac nhu

Tn kho trong qua trinh lun chuyn

Hang hoa li thi, hao hut, mt mat

Phn loai nhu cu

Theo chu ky/mua

Lumpy (lm chm): kho d oan.

o lng hiu qua

Mc sn co: % trong kho

Chi phi t hang, chi phi tn tr, ht hang.

Mc phuc vu Service Level: SL

i vi 1 mt hang: SLi = Service Level cho mt

c lng s lng thiu hut/nm i vi mt hang i

Vi du: nu nhu cu la 2400/nm, trung binh thiu

Cho tt ca n hang: WAFR (Weighted Average

I2 (SL = 0.90); I3 (SL = 0.95)

Li nhun cao nht

Chi phi tn kho

Chi phi vn chuyn va tn tr:

Chi phi vn (80%).

Chi phi ht hang.

anh i chi phi

Chi phi t hang va ht

Chi phi tn tr ln hn.

Chi phi t hang thp hn.

Hang hoa sn co nhiu

J.F. Campbell, UM St. Louis 2006

Ht hang h thng ban le

Nhng san phm thng xuyn co sn trong

Nhng nguyn nhn ht hang:

H thng keo va y Pull vs. Push

Tn dung tinh kinh t nh quy m.

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng y

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng keo

Khi nao t hang?

Hay khi mc tn kho giam. (giam nh th nao?)

Hai m hinh tn kho cho h thng keo .

Khac nhau v khoang thi

C inh khoang thi

Linh ng kich thc

Phn chia tn sut n

Thun tin cho quan

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng

Xem xet 1 san phm tai 1 vi tri.

2. Xem xet iu chinh phu hp vi c im

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng

Thng s dung cho: hang hoa quan trong,

Nhng chi phi giam sat cung cao.

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng

LT: lead time

Kim soat tn kho trong h thng

Thi gian gia ln