Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Simplified Model For The Spatial Distribution of Temperature in A Motored DI Diesel Engine
A Simplified Model For The Spatial Distribution of Temperature in A Motored DI Diesel Engine
NO
YES
Iterate on temperature
field using line
iteration and finite
difference technique.
(Energy conservation
equation)
Grid Generation
Test: Has
required time
interval been
covered?
Pressure distribution
calculation using the
equation of state. Estimation of the velocity
field.
Calculation of the
density distribution
(Mass conservation
equation)
YES
END
Calculation of the
mean Pressure and
Temperature.
r direction
direction
N
n
e
P
z direction
w
W
r direction
S
E
z
NO
w grid
if z > z piston
w piston
= z
w piston if z z piston
z
piston
(1)
In the present study the grid used has: seven cells in the
r-direction inside the piston cavity, seven cells in the rdirection outside the piston cavity, six cells in the z
direction inside the piston bowl, and twelve to five cells in
the z-direction out of the piston bowl. At present, given that
there is no fuel injection, the quarter is not divided in the
direction.
Reducing the number of cells during piston movement
towards TDC, a significant decrease of the required
computational time is observed. Moreover this technique
provides a more uniform grid since the computational cells
in the piston bowl retain their shape in contrast to the ones
outside the bowl which contract and expand [13].
TEMPERATURE FIELD ENERGY CONSERVATION EQUATION
The energy conservation equation is described in terms
of the cylindrical coordinates [11], which expand and
contract with piston motion as follows:
z piston h
z piston
) + 1 ( u r h ) + 1 ( v h )
r
r
( w h ) 1
r 1
+
=
+
z
r
r
r
h
z
+
+S
z
(2)
k
into EQ(2) we obtain the following equation:
cp
z piston T
z piston
) + 1 ( u r T ) + 1 ( v T )
r
k T
k T
r
r
( w T ) 1 c p r 1 c p
+
+
=
r
r
r
z
k T
c p z S
+
+
z
cp
(3)
(4)
lchar
(7)
cp
(8)
k
and c1,c2,c3 : constants. In this study c1=0.30, c2=0.80,
c3=0.33
In the Reynolds number expression, lchar is the
characteristic length and wchar is the characteristic velocity.
As far as the energy source rate due to pressure changes
is concerned, it is defined as:
P
W/m 3
(9)
S pressure =
t
It is assumed that the gas is ideal which means that the
pressure at each computational cell can be defined by,
P = R T
(10)
The density of the gas at each computational cell is
calculated from the gas motion model described later on.
Solving EQ(2) using the finite volume technique at every
computational cell, the spatial distribution of temperature is
obtained at each crank angle. Consequently the local
pressures can be computed from the perfect gas state
equation EQ(10). The calculation of the spatial distribution
of pressure is essential for the gas motion model, as
explained later on.
S =
the cylinder boundaries
Power due to pressure
+
variation
S = S convection + S pressure
r direction
Start
z direction
Finish
direction 1
i, j,k
Vcell
T
i, j, k cell
(12)
z direction
Pmean =
Start
direction 2
(15)
where P = W + E + N + S + T + B + 0 p SP
and
P 0Vcell
z piston, mean
t
1 t + dt
z piston, mean =
z piston dt .
t t
0P =
1 t + dt z piston P
dt r dz dr d +
t t
c p t
1 t + dt z piston h A (Twall TP )
dt r dz dr d
c p Vcell
t t
Eq(18)
with
kw
Aw
cp ()WP
kn
An
cp (r )PN
ks
As
cp (r )SP
kt
At
c p (z )PT
kb
Ab
c p (z )BP
( v )e Ae
D e (Pe e ) +
z p, m
max(- Fe ,0 )
( v )w A w
D w (Pe w ) +
z p,m
max(Fw ,0)
( u )n A n
D n (Pe n ) +
z p, m
max(- Fn ,0 )
( u )s As
D s (Pe s ) +
z p,m
max(Fs ,0)
( w )t A t
( w )b A b
D t (Pe t ) +
z p, m
max(- Ft ,0)
D b (Pe b ) +
z p,m
max(Fb ,0)
2500
rpm
X
X
X
50
Calculated
Measured
40
30
20
10
0
40
80
40
30
40
Calculated
20
10
30
Calculated
20
10
0
120
130
140
150
160
170
120
130
60
Measured
30
20
10
0
Calculated
40
160
170
2000 rpm,d/D=54%
50
150
140
2500 rpm,d/D=54%
50
Calculated
Measured
40
30
20
10
0
40
80
40
80
surfaces f and fch shown in Fig. A1. The mean gas velocities
U, W through surfaces f and fch respectively are computed
from the following equations:
u s i, j i, j s
U=
r=
d
2
W=
z = z piston
(25)
w t i, j i, j A t
A f ch
(26)
40
Measured
30
Calculated
20
10
Wm/Wp,m
-1
-2
130
140
150
160
170
Wr/Wp,m
-4
Um/Wp,m
-5
40
80
40
80
120
Wo/Wp,m
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Wr/Wp,m
-3
Um/Wp,m
-4
40
80
1
Wo/Wp,m
Wm/Wp,m
-1
-2
Wm/Wp,m
-1
40
80
40
Wo/Wp,m
80
3
-0.00
-0.01
-0.01
142.87 m/sec
-0.02
-1
0.015 m/sec
Wr/Wp,m
-2
Um/Wp,m
-3
40
80
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
142.87 m/sec
-0.01
0.015 m/sec
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
142.87 m/sec
-0.01
0.015 m/sec
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
-0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
-0.01
-0.00
142.87 m/sec
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02
0.015 m/sec
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
142.87 m/sec
-0.01
0.015 m/sec
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.00
-0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
2000 rpm
-2
d/D=44%
-3
d/D=54%
-4
d/D=64%
-5
40
80
2000 rpm
d/D=44%
d/D=54%
d/D=64%
-1
-2
40
80
584
-0.00
579
-0.01
574
569
-0.01
564
-0.02
559
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
554
747
739
-0.01
415
731
723
-0.00
715
-0.01
410
-0.01
405
400
395
-0.02
390
707
699
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
385
380
-0.02
375
691
683
370
365
-0.03
360
355
675
350
-0.03
345
340
-0.04
850
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
835
820
805
790
775
-0.00
760
745
730
-0.01
715
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
700
685
670
655
640
-0.00
630
610
-0.01
590
-0.01
570
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
550
530
742
510
734
500
-0.00
490
-0.00
726
718
480
-0.01
470
-0.01
710
460
-0.01
450
702
-0.01
694
440
-0.02
430
420
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
410
686
-0.02
678
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
670
750
745
740
739
730
727
720
733
721
715
-0.00
710
-0.00
700
709
703
697
-0.01
690
-0.01
680
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
670
691
685
679
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
661
650
741
733
725
717
709
701
693
-0.01
685
677
-0.01
669
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
655
-0.00
673
667
660
661
653
645
f Vr
Vx
Sx
Wr
Wo
fch
Fr
Vch
r-z plane view
R cr
L
2
() = 1 cos +
1 1
sin
R cr
(A4)
(A5)
(A8)
2
V
dt
+ ()
-1
Axial Velocity - The mass of air contained in the chamber
is,
m ch = Vch
(A9)
As piston moves towards TDC the air is squished into the
piston bowl, changing the mass mch contained in it. The
air mass flow rate through area fch is given from the
following expression :
dm ch
d ( A -8)
f ch w o =
= Vch
dt
dt
(A10)
V
()
w o = ch
2
f ch
+ ()
-1
Radial Velocity- The mass of air contained inside volume
Vr is :
m r = Vr
(A11)
As piston moves, the air is squished and flows through area
f. The air radial velocity wr is derived from the mass flow
rate through area f as follows:
dm r
dV
d r
= r + Vr
= f wr
dt
dt
dt
(A12)
1 dVr
1 d
wr =
+ Vr
f dt
f dt
Replacing the derivative with respect to time by that with
respect to the following expression for the radial
velocity is derived:
V dV
dV
(A13)
w r = r r
f d
V d
where :
Vr = Fr (s x + )
(A14)
and Fr is the area of the piston upper surface (except the
combustion chamber area) as shown in Fig. A1.
From Fig. A1 it follows that:
Vx + V = F(s x + )
(A15)
V + V
(s x + ) = x
F
where F is the cross-section of the cylinder. Substituting
EQ(A15) into EQ(14) it follows that :
Vr =
Fr
(Vx + V)
F
(A16)
and consequently
dVr Fr dVx Fr dV
(A17)
=
=
d
F d
F d
Substituting EQ(A17) and EQ(A16) into EQ(A13) ,and
taking into account EQ(A7) we finally end up to:
V F
()
(A18)
w r = ch r
f F 2
+ ()
-1
NOMENCLATURE
A
:Area of a computational cell which heat is in
contact to the solid wall
A(P)
:Function of the Spatial discretisation scheme
:Specific heat of the gas
cp
d
:Piston bowl diameter
D
:Cylinder bore
dmcell
:Mass which need to be tranfered to a
computational cell in order to have a pressure
equal to the mean pressure
dmst,cell
:Mass which is transfered to each
computational cell through the South and the
Top cell walls
h
:Specific enthalpy of the gas
k
:Conduction heat transfer coefficient
lchar
:Characteristic length
L
:Connecting rod length
:Mass of the gas which is contained in a
mcell
computational cell
P
:Pressure
Pmean
:Mean pressure of the gas in the cylinder
r
:Radial direction
R
:Gas constant
Rcr
:Crank radius
Rm
:Universal gas constant
S
:Volumetric source rate
Sconvection
:Volumetric source rate due to heat transfer
through the cylinder walls
Spressure
:Volumetric source rate due to the change of
the pressure with respect to time
t
:Time
T
:Gas Temperature
Tcell
:Gas Temperature of a computational cell
Twall
:Temperature of the cylinder boundaries
u
:Radial component of gas velocity
v
:Circumferential component of gas velocity
V
:Volume of clearance between piston and
head
Vch
:Chamber volume
Vcell
:Volume of a computational cell
Vs
:Stroke volume
w
:Axial component of gas velocity
wchar
:Characteristic velocity
wgrid
:Axial velocity of grid lines
wo
:Axial velocity of the gas computed by the
phenomenological gas motion model
wpiston
wr
z
zpiston
(r)
(z)
()
Greek Symbols
:Diffusion coefficient
:Circumferential direction
:Dynamic viscocity
:Gas density
Dimensionless Groups
Re
:Reynolds number
Pe
:Peclet number
Pr
:Prandtl number
REFERENCES
1. Fitzgeorge, D. and Allison, J.L., Air Swirl in a RoadVehicle Diesel Engine, Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs.
(A.D.), No 4,pp. 151, 1962-63
2. Kouremenos, D.A., Rakopoulos, C.D., and Hountalas,
D.T., Multi-Zone Combustion Modeling for the
Prediction of Pollutants Emissions and Performance of
DI Diesel Engines, SAE Transactions, paper No
970635, 1997.
3. Rakopoulos, C.D., and Hountalas, D.T., Development
and validation of a 3-D multi-zone combustion model
for the prediction of DI diesel engines performance and
pollutants emissions, SAE Transactions, paper No
981021, 1998.
4. Payri, F., Benajes, J., and Tinaut, F.V., A
Phenomenological Combustion Model for Direct
Injection, Compression Ignition Engines, Applied
Math. Modeling, Vol. 12, pp.293-304, 1988.
5. Ahmadi-Befrui, B., Gosman, A.D., Issa, R.I., Watkins,
A.P., EPISO Implicit non-iterative solution
procedure for the calculation of flows in reciprocating
engine chambers, Computer Methods in Applied
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.