5

(Healthy Cities)






.. 2536 (.. 1993)
45.2 .. 2533

(.. 1990) 62 .. 2563

(.. 2020) .. 2543 (.. 2000) 75

.. 2540 (.. 1997)

28 2542

25
2543

(World Health
Organization: WHO)

Healthy Cities Project
.. 2543 (Health for all by the year 2000)


95

 .. 2543

1,000

1.
(healthy cities)

(
2538)

(
2542)

2.
11
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
96

(6)

(7)
(8)
(9)

(10)
(11)

3.

4
(1)

1 1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

100,000

10

(2)

SO2
WHO

70 dB (A)
BOD

1
1,000

()

1,000
(3)

(13-60 )

40

12




(4)

4.

40

.. 2542
11 ( 20 .. 2541)
13 (
26 .. 2541), (Asiaweek, December 17, 1999 vol. 25
no. 50)

( 5.1)

97

 .. 2543

5.1
.. 2541-2542

(Fukuoka)
(Osaka)
(Taipai)
(Tokyo)
(Singapore)

(Bandar Seri Begawan)
(Georgetown)
(Kuala Lumpur)
(Hong Kong)
(Shanghai)
(Chiang Mai)
(Kaohsiung)
(Bangkok)
(Seoul)
(Kuching)
(Pusan)

.. 2541
.. 2542
2
1
3
2
5
2
1
4
4
5
6
6
9
7
13
20
14
26
14
11
14

7
8
9
9
11
11
13
13
15
15

: Asias best cities 1999, Asias best cities 1998, Asiaweek.

21

21


72 . 500 5

98

50

- (Thai-UNCAP)

5

10

()

1)

2)
3)
4)

5)

(..
2542) 1,568.737
5,662,499

10



( 5.1)

5.1 : ()

, 2543

150-200
( 10 )
1
7 30

99

 .. 2543

: 15 2543 27 2543.

.. 2537
(healthy cities)
3

11 .. 2539 (50
) .. 2540

24
3 1.
( 8 ) 2. ( 9
) 3. ( 7 )

5 (healthy) 5 (moderately
health) 4 (borderline)

3 (moderately unhealthy) 2
(unhealthy) 1

18
-



-


-

5 ( 1)
( 2) -
( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( 5.1)

5.1 .. 2542

100

: 2543.

.. 2542

25 1,000
10 1,000
0.5-1.8 1,000
0.8-2.88

(/)
2.5
5.0
10.0

: 2543.

101

 .. 2543

1.

980,460.62 (1,568.737
) 5,662,499 ( .. 2542)
768 3,446.64
5,14,618.2 0.61
1,000 0.98 1
13
2,165.93 3,465,488

0.38 1,000 0.61

1

755 1,280.71 2,049,130

20
1,962.51 (3,140,020 )
(3,446.64 )
5,409.15 (8,654,638 )

0.95
1,000 1.53
.. 2539

16,023.99
()


21,781.62
3.86 1,000 6.17 1 1

(pocket parks)
(parks and flood retaining

ponds) 5,000,000



.

2








3
A 1


100
B 1

100

2
1

102

2543.

400 .. 2541 800

.. 2542 1,000 .. 2543
2543 1,095
( 5.2)

: .

5.2
.. 2541-2543

..

2541
2542
A
59
74
B
82
75
C
506
908

647
1,057
: * 31 2543

2543 *
74
75
946
1,095

.. 2496

5.3
.. 2540

5.3 () .. 2540

()
152,601
189,895
175,420
101,880
272,517
155,313

(..)
46.00
40.00
37.50
27.87
38.90
21.00

(..)
4.12
0.77
1.36
0.58
0.07
0.96

(%)
8.96
1.93
3.63
2.07
0.19
4.57

1,000 ()
16.87
2.53
4.85
3.53
0.17
3.86

103

 .. 2543

160,879
22,231
43,149
43,702
28,839
42,744
42,945
15,545
41,835
34,074
60,369
21,790
18,237
92,461
34,069
41,896
23,554
30,609
17,739
18,404
21,965
45,643
41,260
24,634
89,576
33,831
59,491
45,225
32,248
7,235
21,492
35,537
16,531

47.70
19.00
9.16
16.96
14.90
12.76
4.57
6.06
30.78
21.10
14.77
7.27
15.87
19.85
21.13
7.50
5.40
6.00
7.10
14.00
8.34
4.78
13.34
12.02
18.26
5.40
12.00
24.14
35.55
6.00
9.71
11.63
4.29

1.00
1.20
0.09
0.19
0.40
0.20
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.11
1.09
0.51
0.02
0.07
0.00
0.35
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.02
1.50
0.47
0.10
0.14
0.48
0.04
1.25
0.10
0.10
0.03
0.08
0.36
0.15

2.10
6.32
0.93
1.13
2.68
1.57
2.41
1.71
0.36
0.51
7.36
7.04
0.09
0.34
0.00
4.67
1.89
0.45
0.28
0.17
17.99
9.89
0.75
1.17
2.62
0.74
10.42
0.41
0.27
0.50
0.82
3.10
3.48

()
56,422
46,097
69,715
15,635
23,512
40,041

(..)
16.95
8.70
22.17
6.00
12.41
36.66

(..)
0.03
0.06
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.02

(%)
0.15
0.69
0.55
1.63
0.64
0.05

3.88
33.74
1.23
2.75
8.67
2.92
1.60
4.16
1.67
1.96
11.25
14.69
0.51
0.45
0.01
5.22
2.71
0.56
0.70
0.82
42.68
6.47
1.51
3.55
3.34
0.74
13.13
1.38
1.86
2.59
2.33
6.33
5.63
( 104)

5.3 ()

104

1,000 ()
0.28
0.81
1.10
3.92
2.13
0.31

51,270
89,159
22,171
35,614
15,457
19,108
21,831
19,679
27,579
103,473
45,768
44,611
12,083
29,971
42,755
19,381
108,821

1
54.54
9.27
6.80
8.00
28.00
6.46
7.81
3.50
9.01
68.97
11.39
35.15
6.19
38.00
13.49
8.20
29.04

0.22
0.39
0.08
0.02
0.17
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.27
2.10
0.03
0.50
0.52
0.08
0.06
0.06
1.49

0.40
4.21
1.18
0.24
0.60
0.25
0.16
0.14
3.00
3.04
0.22
1.42
8.33
0.22
0.47
0.73
5.13

2.67
2.73
2.26
0.33
6.79
0.52
0.37
0.16
6.12
12.68
0.34
7.00
26.69
1.71
0.92
1.93
8.55

:
: 2540.

1.80 1,000

55 23

2.

1
(

50)

105

 .. 2543

.. 2540 1.5 ( ..
2540 3.1 .. 2541 0.4
.. 2542 1.7)

..
2539-2542 .. 2542 13.8
.. 2539 13.6
(
1.7
) .. 2542
.. 2539-2542 ( 5.4)
.. 2542 .. 2541
5.4 .. 2539-2542
(: )
..

: 1. . 2. .

106

2539

2540

13,140,000 13,542,230
2,955,970 3,266,385
4,197,500 4,750,475
5,986,530 5,525,370

()

2541

2542

13,594,790
3,101,405
4,449,715
6,043,670

13,825,835
3,281,350
4,499,720
6,044,765

1.72
3.75
2.66
0.57

2,926,411

3,233,635

3,071,475

3,248,500

3.75

29,559

32,663

31,014

32,850

3.80

4,015
2,822,228
347,277
1,400,000

3,163
3,000
2,419
3,231,505 3,071,475 3,248,500
7,100
1,500,000 1,600,000 1,800,000

-15.25
5.10
8.77

1,600,000
28,000
3,400,000

1,400,000
31,800
197,600
1,720,000
18,000
600
70,000
3,220,000

-7.83
4.97
4.50
8.12
61.86
53.30
-0.12

1,305,000
34,500
213,900
1,600,000
18,600
650
75,900
3,110,000

1,250,000
35,000
215,500
21,000
1,400
77,000
3,370,000

07

.. 2543

3.1

.. 2542
( ..
2540)
.. 2543

8 56.3 (
5.2) ..
2541 3.1
( 5.8)
( 1.1)

99
.. 2542 6
.. 2541 0.02

.. 2541 9.1

5.2 .. 2535-2542
100%
80%

60%
40%
20%
0%
2535

2536

2537

2538

: 2542.

2539

2540

2541

2542

..

 .. 2543

5.3 .. 2536-2542
20.00

15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
2536

2537

2538

2539

2540

2541

2542

..

-5.00
-10.00

: 2542.

.. 2528


2

.. 2535


.. 2543

83
68

1.
.. 2543
1,131 67
( 67 ) 1
68
43
.. 2544 8
108

32
83
2,836,099

63,955 ( 5.4
5.5)

.. 2528 .. 2543 43
8 51
963,250 (

4 .
. . .) 173,130
5.5

83 ( .. 2528-2543)

()
19,507.50
28,351.37
5,484.55
3,648.81
2,968.41
3,994.47

1
63,955.11

: 1. .
2. .
3. .

5.4 ( .. 2543)
50

()

40
30

43
(51.8%)

20

32
(38.6%)

10
8 (9.6%)
0
:

: .. 2543.
: 2543.

1,136,380

(stabilization pond; SP) 25
(oxidation ditch; OD) 11
(aerated lagoon; AL) 8 (activated
sludge; AS) 4 (rotating bio-

logical contactor; RBC) 3 ( 5.5)

49

( 5.6)

5.5 .. 2528-2543

109

 .. 2543

26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
() 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543
..
Stabilization Pond

Oxidation Ditch

RBC

Activated Sludge

Aerated Lagoons

: .

5.6 51 .. 2543
25

()

20
15

25
(49%)

10
5

11
(21%)

8
(16%)

0
: SP

OD

AL

4 (8%)

3 (6%)

AS

RBC

: .. 2543.
: 2543.

32 28
4 1,699,719

83
2,836,099 (
5.6)

( .. 2543)
110

43
491,537 51
( 5.7)
.. 2543
3

94

1943

( 5.7)

5.6 .. 2543

+ ()

()
()
()
()
(../)

3
4
7
992,000

11
4
9
24
855,550

9
3
4
16
330,300

5
1
4
11
187,430

9
3
13
188,199

6
7
12
282,620

43
8
30
83
2,836,099
: .. 2543.
* 4 . .
. ..
: 2543.

5.7 .. 2543
43
.. 2543
*

(m3/d)

3
capacity (m /d)
()

270,000
255,000
94.0

134,550
47,750
35.4

116,400
27,500
23.6

87,000
16,500
19.0

142,700
54,787
38.3

212,600
90,000
42.3

963,250
491,537
51.0
: .. 2543.
* 4
. . . ..
: 2543.

5.7 .. 2543

111

 .. 2543

100

80

(94.0%)

60
40
(42.3%)

20

(38.3%)

(35.4%)

(23.6%)

(19.0%)

0
.

: .. 2543.
: 2543.

2.
1)

2)

3)

4)

3.
1) 1,131
( .. 2543) 67 67 (
1 )
112

() 5
( 5.8)
74 67

(
99 )
2)

67

1,844,099 ()
.. 2543 866,380
47 ( 5.9)

2,836,099 .. 2543
1,136,380
40 ( 5.10)
3)
3

270,000

4 992,000
.. 2543 27 (
5.11)

13

.. 2543

5.8 .. 2543

100

1,131

80
60
40
20

5%

95%

: 2543.

5.9 ( .) .. 2543
55
50

1,844,099
()

53%

45
47 %
40

: 2543.

5.10 ( .) .. 2543
80
60

(.)
2,836,099

40

60%
40 %

20
0

: 2543.

5.11 .. 2543

 .. 2543

80
60

992,000

73%

40
20

27 %

: 2543.

. 2541.
.. 2540. :
.
____________. 2542.
.. 2541. : .
. 2538. (Healthy Cities).
: .
.
2542. .

. 2542.
: . 29
2542 .
. 2541.

.
.

.
2542 : .
28 2542.

. 2543
().
.

______________. 2543.
1/2543.
28 2543
.

. 2543. :
. .

______________. 2543.
2/2543.

114

8 2543
.

. 2541.
.. 2540. :
.

Asias Best Cities. Asiaweek. December, 1999 vol. 25 no. 50.