State of stress and deformation:

In three dimension the state of stress comprise three normal stress components and six sheer
stress components. The orientation of the stressess with respect to an oblique plane is shown
in the figure.

The total stress ij can be devided into hydrostatic or mean stress m, and deviatoric ij. The mean
stress is responsible for uniform volume change but not shape change. The deviatoric component is
sheare in nature and causes the shape change. The decomposition is shown in the figure for two
dimension.

In analogy with equation 2.14, the roots of the cubic equation is given by

It can be seen that J1, J2 and J3 are independent of the orientation of the reference frame. Moreover,
J2 comprise only sheer stressess. Therefore, yielding may be considered in terms of J2 which is the
inverient and deviatoric representation of the state of stress.
Yield criteria

Whenever an elastic body subjected to loads in its 3 dimensions, the stresses will get
developed along the principal axis of the body. These are the principal stresses. These stress
should not exceed the yield stress of the material. Von Mises (1913) postulated that, even
though none of the principal stresses exceeds the yield stress of the material, it is possible for
yielding of the same from the combination of stresses. The Von Mises criterion is a formula
for combining these 3 stresses into an equivalent stress, which is then compared to the yield
stress of the material.

Now, consider a plane where sheer stressess are zero. In the absence of sheer stress, such plane is
critical for deformation and is known as principal plane. The normal stress acting on the principal
plane is called principal stress. The principal stressess in three dimension are given as 1, 2 and 3
against x, y and z, respectively.