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6 TRUSSES
Why trusses?
Realistic shapes
Typical proportions
Truss, depth = span/4
Real applications
Domestic roofing, where the space is available
anyway
Longspan flooring, lighter and stiffer than a beam
Bracing systems are usually big trusses
Wind
load
Bracing
Reactions
Braced wall acting as a truss
page 39
Load causes
bending
Extra member
Web members
Bottom chord
This joint in
equilibrium
A
D
F
Layout and loads.
Diagonals are at 45
4
AB
AD
BC
BD
BA
2
DC
CB C
DB
DA
DF
DC
CE
CF
2
E
EG
EC
EF
Page 40
T3
T2
T1
3m
D
4
1
2
C
3m
B
A
W3
W1
R1
W2
D
F
Layout and loads.
AE
3m
4
(horizontally) AD = 0.
AF
AB
Angle
2
E
2
C
4 x 6 - 1 x 6 - 2 x 3 + CE x 3 = 0. CE = -4.
Using M = 0 about C,
4 x 3 - 1 x 3 - DF x 3 = 0. DF = +3.
page 41
4 bays @ 3m
1
3m
a
h
l
m
3
2
j ,m
e
n
Bows Notation
g, h,o
1
0
d
n
Scal e
for
for ces
Measure the length of each line, using the scale you started
with. This gives the force in each member. There is a
convention for determining tension or compression,
given in the references.
* (That was a play on words, not the official title of the method. )
Maxwell diagram
This method gives the correct answer for one of the chords,
and errs on the safe side for the other one. The more
panels in the truss, the less the error.
The depth, d, is the centre-to-centre distance of the chords,
not the overall depth.
It only finds the chord forces, not the webs, but the chords
are usually critical to see whether the truss is feasible.
This finds the maximum chord forces, which are critical for
the feasibility of the truss.
As the truss gets shallower, the forces go up rapidly.
Page 42
P
e
e
P
W
W
OTM = Hy
R=W
= compressive stress
= tensile stress
P only
M only
P and M
added
Stress diagrams
OTM = Pe
Plan
Elevation
R=W+P
page 43
P only
Smaller
M only
P and M
added
R=W
Tension
Larger
M only
P and M
added
Some
tension
occurs
2P
P
H
Elevation
Plan
Extra
load
avoids
tension Stress diagrams
= compression
= tension
Limit
Page 44
2E
F Cr =
.
(L/r) 2
Buckling mode
(long column)
Compression mode
(short column)
Stress, f
Code
formula
Slender columns
2 EI
PCr =
, or
L2
Slenderness ratio
L/r
page 45
Hollow sections (
)can be made in metal, but they
are not easy to connect together. Large structural steel
columns are usually of broad H rather than the more
slender I section beams.
Timber columns are usually square, or sometimes spaced
sections II joined together at intervals.
Page 46
8 MEMBER SELECTION
The variables in any given situation are:
The spans and arrangement of the building
2. The loads to be carried (which are partly determined by
the size and materials of the building)
3. The cross-sections used for the members
4. The stresses that the materials can safely carry.
We are not going to be able to come up with a single,
mathematically-determined right answer to any problem
involving such an array of variables.
If we know 1, 2 and 3, we can determine the actual stresses
that the materials will be subjected to, and then look up
properties of the material to see whether that is safe.
This is checking an existing design.
In conventional structural design, we usually know 1, 2
and 4. Then we can select cross-sections that will be
suitable.
In remodelling an existing building, we may know 1, 3 and
4. We can check what loads the building can support.
In architectural design, we want to have control over item
1, and to some extent item 3. This unit-of-study will have
given us an introduction to the relationships between all
these factors. Later units-of-study will add to our
experience of working with structural systems and
materials.